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• BOTANY SECTION B COMPLETE👇👇

QNO2:
ANS.👇👇

*Prions and viroids*

Prions and viroids differ fundamentally in their composition and mode of

infection:

- **Prions**: These are infectious proteins without any nucleic acid.

They cause neurodegenerative diseases by inducing normal proteins in
the host to misfold, leading to brain damage. Examples include
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease.

- **Viroids**: These are infectious agents composed solely of a short

strand of circular RNA without a protein coat. They primarily infect
plants, causing various diseases by interfering with the plant's gene
expression. An example is the Potato spindle tuber viroid.

QNO.3:
ANS:

Bacteriophages infect bacteria through the following steps:

1. **Attachment**: The phage attaches to the bacterial cell surface using its
tail fibers.
2. **Penetration**: The phage injects its DNA or RNA into the bacterial cell.
3. **Replication**: The phage genetic material hijacks the bacterial
machinery to replicate its own components.
4. **Assembly**: New phage particles are assembled inside the bacterial
cell.
5. **Lysis**: The bacterial cell lyses (bursts), releasing new phages to infect
other bacteria.

QNO.4:
ANS:

Symptoms of AIDS include:

1. Rapid weight loss

2. Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
3. Extreme and unexplained fatigue
4. Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands
5. Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
6. Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
7. Pneumonia

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8. Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the
mouth, nose, or eyelids
9. Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders

QNO.5:
ANS:

Unusual features of nuclear behavior in fungi include:

1. **Dikaryotic Phase**: Fungi can maintain two distinct nuclei (dikaryon) in

a single cell without immediately undergoing fusion, common in
basidiomycetes and ascomycetes.
2. **Nuclear Migration**: Nuclei can move between cells through septal
pores in hyphal compartments.
3. **Mitosis**: Nuclear division often occurs within an intact nuclear
envelope (closed mitosis), unlike in most eukaryotes where the envelope
breaks down.
4. **Multinucleate Cells**: Some fungi (e.g., coenocytic fungi) have cells
containing multiple nuclei within a shared cytoplasm without being
separated by cell walls.

QNO.6:
ANS:

CAM plants close their stomata during the day to reduce water loss through
transpiration while still allowing photosynthesis to occur using the CO\(_2\)
stored at night.

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QNO.7:
ANS:

Mitochondria are similar to bacteria in that they have their own circular
DNA, similar ribosomes, replicate through binary fission, and have a double
membrane structure. These similarities support the endosymbiotic theory.

QNO.8:
ANS:

Desert plants reduce their leaf size to minimize water loss through
transpiration and to conserve water in their arid environment.

QNO.9:
ANS:

NADH serves as an electron carrier in cellular respiration, transferring high-

energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they drive the
synthesis of ATP.

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