GLAZEBROOKE PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALEM

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ON

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS

NAME : R.NARESH
CLASS : XII - A
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that R. NARESH student of Class XII, Glaze

Brooke Public School, Salem, has successfully completed the
project titled ‘ COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL
ANTACIDS ’ during the academic year 2024-25 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for CHEMISTRY Practical Evaluation, under
my supervision.

Principal
School Seal Mrs. Hasina Banu

Internal Examiner External Examiner

S.Vanitha
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all these

individuals for mentoring and supporting me in completing
this project.

Our esteemed Principal Mrs.Hasina Banu, M.Com.,M.Phil.,

B.Ed., for fostering an environment of learning and
creativity within our school.

My Chemistry teacher Mrs.S.Vanitha,M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,

for providing me with invaluable insight and direction.

To my parents, their constant encouragement patience

and understanding have been the pillars of my success.

I am grateful to my friends who contributed ideas

and perspectives that enriched the project. Thank you
everyone for shaping this project and enhancing my
learning experience.
COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF COMMERCIAL
 INTRODUCTION
It is well known that the food we take undergoes a
series of complex reactions within the body which constitute
digestion and metabolism. These reactions are catalysed by
enzymes which are very specific in their action and can
function properly only when the pH of the medium is within a
specific range.

Some enzymes require mildly alkaline conditions while

others operate only in weakly acidic media. Amongst the latter
category of enzymes are the enzymes that control the
digestion of proteins present in the food as it reaches the
stomach. In the stomach, dilute hydrochloric acid is secreted
and it provides mildly acidic conditions required for the
functioning of protein digesting enzymes in the stomach.

Gastric acid is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach.

It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 and is composed of 0.5 % hydrochloric
acid (HCl). It is produced by cells lining the stomach,which are
coupled to systems to increase acid production when needed.

Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate to

buffer the acid, ensuring the pH does not drop too low (acid
reduces pH). Also cells in the beginning of the small intestine,
or duodenum, produce large amounts of bicarbonate to
completely neutralize any gastric acid that passes further
down into the digestive tract. The bicarbonate-secreting cells
in the stomach also produce and secrete mucus. Mucus forms
a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from
damaging the stomach.

However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete

an excess of HCl. This leads to a condition known as Gastric
Hyperacidity. This condition can also be triggered by the intake
of to much food or highly spiced food. This, in turn, makes the
stomach lining cells to secrete more acid resulting in
Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute discomfort due to
indigestion.

To counter this situation, substances like Antacids or

literally anti - acids, have been developed. Antacids are
commercial products that neutralize the excess acid in the
stomach providing a sensation of relief to the person. The
action of antacids is based on the fact that a base can
neutralize an acid forming salt and water.

Common antacids satisfy the condition – right amount

of alkali that can neutralize the acid. If the content of alkali in
the antacid is too high, no doubt acidity is relieved, but it’ll
create alkaline conditions that makes the digestive enzymes
ineffective.
 WORKING OF ANTACIDS

Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they

buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the
stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in
the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central
nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed,
as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
oesophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may
contribute, such as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting
smooth muscle cell contraction and delaying gastric emptying.

TYPES OF ANTACIDS

>> Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and
Others): Sodium bicarbonate (commonly known as baking
soda) is perhaps the best-known of the sodium- containing
antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name suggests, it
is high in sodium. If you're on a salt - restricted diet, and
especially if the diet is Intended to treat high blood pressure
(hypertension),take a sodium-containing antacid only under a
doctor's orders.

>> Calcium Antacids (Tums, Alka-2, Titralac and

Others): Antacids in the form of calcium carbonate or calcium
phosphate are also potent and fast - acting. Regular or
heavy doses of calcium (more than five or six times per week)
can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this
product may clog your kidneys and cut down the amount
of blood they can process. Extended use of calcium antacids
can also cause kidney stones.

>> Magnesium Antacids ( Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan,

Gelusil and Others ): Magnesium salts come in many forms
-- carbonate, glycinate, hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and
aluminiosilicate. Magnesium has a mild laxative effect; it can
cause diarrhea. For this reason, magnesium salts are rarely

used as the only active ingredients in an antacid, but are

combined with aluminium, which counteracts the laxative
effect.(The brand names listed above all contain magnesium
- aluminium combinations ) Like calcium, magnesium may
cause kidney stones if taken for a prolonged period,
especially if the kidneys are functioning improperly to begin
with. A serious magnesium overload in the bloodstream
(hypermagnesaemia) can also cause blood pressure to drop,
leading to respiratory or cardiac depression -- a potentially
dangerous decrease in lung or heart function.

>> Aluminium Antacids (Rolaids, ALternaGEL, Amphojel

and Others): Salts of aluminium (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or
phosphate gel) can also cause constipation. For these reasons,
aluminium is usually used in combination with the other three
primary ingredients. Used heavily over an extended period,
antacids containing aluminium can weaken bones,
especially in people who have kidney problems. Aluminium
can cause dietary phosphates ,calcium , and fluoride to leave
the body, eventually causing bone problems such as
osteomalacia or osteoporosis.

AIM
To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by
determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they can
neutralize.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. BURETTE
2. PIPETTE
3. TITRATION FLASK
4. BEAKERS
5. SODIUM HYDROXIDE
6. SODIUM CARBONATE
7. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
8. PHENOLPHTHALEIN
9. MEASURING FLASK
10. WEIGHT BOX
11. FRACTIONAL WEIGHTS
12. VARIOUS SAMPLES OF ANTACIDS

THEORY
The efficiency of antacid tablets may be determined
and compared by finding the number of grams of HCl that
can be neutralized by 1 gram of the tablet, The higher the
amount of HCl that can be neutralized by 1 gram of the
tablet, the more efficient the antacid. In determining the
efficiency of an antacid tablet, the volume of un-reacted
HCl in the antacid mixture is titrated with NaOH.

The chemical equation that describes the reaction between HCl and NaOH is :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
The equation to calculate for the amount of HCl neutralized is:
 MHCl x VHCl = MNaOH X VNaOH

Acid-base titration is the combination of an acid solution with a

base solution until one fully neutralizes the other. The one that is
fully neutralized is of unknown concentration. At the point of
neutralization, the amount added to reach neutralizat ion determines
how much base or acid was in the solution of unknown concentration.
The solution of known solution is called the “standard solution”or the
“titrant.” Acid-base titrations are not the only type of titration but
they are the most common.

Antacids increase the pH of the stomach almost immediately

to relieve acid indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and gastro -
oesophageal reflux disease(GERD). Antacids, like all medications, are
attached to a base. Antacids are attached to sodium, calcium,
magnesium, or aluminium.

PROCEDURE
1.Standardization of NaOH – First we will take 20 ml of 0.1 M
HCl and titrate it with unknown concentration solution of
NaOH to find it’s concentration.
2.Determine the mass of antacids for analysis–Since maximum
of our antacids are tablet, so we will pulverize and /or grind
the antacid tablet with a mortar and pestle. Measure no

more than 0.2 g of the pulverized commercial antacids tablet

in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask having a known mass.
3.Prepare the antacid for analysis – Pipette 40 ml of
standardize 0.1 M HCl into the flask and swirl.
4.Prepare the burette for titration – Prepare a clean burette.
Rinse the clean burette with 3 to 5 ml portions of a standard
NaOH solution. Record the actual molar concentration of
the NaOH.
Fill the burette with NaOH solution. Be sure no air bubbles
are in the burette tip. Wait for 30 seconds and then read its
initial volume.
5.Titrate the sample – Once the antacid solution has colled,
titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to a blue and
point. Watch closely, the endpoint may only take a few
millilitres, depending on the concentration of the antacid in
the sample. When a single drop of NaOH solution changes
the sample solution from yellow to blue.Wait for 30 seconds
and then read the final volume of NaOH solution in the
burette.
6.Repeat the titration of the same samples – Refill the burette
and repeat the experiment
7.Analyse another antacid – Perform the experiment for
another antacid. Record all data on the observation table.

OBSERVATION
Table 1: Standardization of NaOH solution using 0.1 M HCl

S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

O Solution Solution Valum value
(ml) (ml) e
Initial Final (ml)
1. 20 0 11.2 11.2
11.2
2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3

3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2

Table 2: Titration of GELUCIL using 0.1 M HCl

S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

O Solution solution Volum Value
(ml) (ml) e (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 o 8.1 8.1
8.1
2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2

3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1

Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using 0.1 M HCl

S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

 O Solution Solution Value value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.4 15.4
15.4
2. 40 15.4 30.9 15.5

3. 40 30.9 46.3 15.4

Table 4: Titration of ENO using 0.1 M HCl

S.NO Pipette Burette Titrat Concordant

Solution Solution e Value
(ml) (ml) Value
Initial Final (ml)

1. 40 0 13.3 13.3
13.3
2. 40 13.3 26.7 13.4

3. 40 26.7 40 13.3

Table 5: Titration of OCID 20 using 0.1 M HCl

 S.N Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
O Solution Solution Value Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 14.6 14.6
14.6
2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7

3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6

Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using 0.1 M HCl

S.NO Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

Solution Solution Value Value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.7 15.7
15.7
2. 40 15.7 31.5 15.8

3. 40 31.5 47.2 15.7

RESULT
Clearly from the observation Gelucil requires least amount
of NaOH for reaching end point . Thus it is more effective than
other antacid products used . Arranging in descending order of
antacids used :

GELUCIN > ENO > OCID 20 > DIGENE > GAS-O-FAST

CONCLUTION
Antacids are the substances used to neutralize
stomach acids. The active ingredients of most of the antacids
are bases of calcium, magnesium and aluminium. In our work
we used five antacids for the investigation of acid
neutralization efficiency. 1 g of each solid sample was taken
and it was neutralized with HCl .The mixture was then titrated
against NaOH to neutralize the remaining acid. The volume of
NaOH required for the neutralization of acid left in each
sample indicated its neutralization efficiency. From the
volume of HCl required for neutralizing a definite amount of
antacid matter was calculated. This study lead to the
conclusion that GELUCIL is the most effective.

PRECAUTION
o All apparatus should be clean and washed properly.
o Burette and Pipette must be rinsed with the respective
solution to be put in them.
o Air bubbles must be removed from the Burette.
o Last drop from the pipette should not be removed by
blowing.
o The flask should not be rinsed with any of the solution
which are being titrated .

BIBLIOGRAPH
1. https://www.scribd.com/
2. https://www.academia.edu/
3. https://www.studocu.com/
4. https://ijbpas.com/
5. https://www.slideshare.net/