SmartSizer: Revolutionizing Online

Apparel Shopping through an AI-

Enabled Instant Size Estimation Web
App

By
Sara Khan

Department of Information Technology

University Name
April, 2024
SmartSizer: Revolutionizing Online
Apparel Shopping through an AI-
Enabled Instant Size Estimation Web
App

By

Sara Khan
001066263-4

Supervised by
Dr. X

Department of Information Technology

University Name
April, 2024
SmartSizer: Revolutionizing Online
Apparel Shopping through an AI-
Enabled Instant Size Estimation Web
App

By
Sara Khan

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Degree of

BACHELORS/ MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

Department of Information Technology

University Name
April, 2024
 SmartSizer: Revolutionizing Online
Apparel Shopping through an AI-
Enabled Instant Size Estimation Web
App
By
Sara Khan

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A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS
IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

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Department of Information Technology

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April, 2024
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 Acknowledgements

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 Table of Contents

Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 This is the heading of the chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
This is the sub-heading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Requirement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 4 Evaluation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 List of Figures

Figure Description Page

1 Figure 1 description shall be written here 1
2 Figure 2 description shall be written here 2
 List of Tables

Table Description Page

1 Table 1 description shall be written here 1
2 Table 2 description shall be written here 2
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

This section provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics of online shopping,

emphasizing its convenience amid the challenges posed by hectic lifestyles. Notably, the
surge in e-commerce, particularly among the 25-34 age group, is discussed alongside the
prevalence of garment returns, with size and fit issues accounting for a significant
portion. Data from a market survey and EU-28 online shopping patterns in 2015 shed
light on the frequency and habits of online shoppers. The pioneering studies concludes by
highlighting the key challenges faced by online retailers, primarily centered around
addressing size-related concerns, as illustrated by recent research on apparel returns.
Overall, it paints a nuanced picture of the evolving landscape of online consumer
behavior and its associated complexities.
Furthermore, we will delve into a detailed discussion of recent research efforts focused
on estimating the human body from outer surface measurements. Towards the end, we
will also examine previous applications in this field.

2.1 Pioneering Studies

In today's fast-paced world, characterized by hectic schedules and demanding lifestyles,

the traditional practice of visiting physical shopping malls has become increasingly
challenging for many. With time emerging as a precious commodity, individuals find
themselves caught up in the whirlwind of daily responsibilities, leaving little room for
leisurely excursions to brick-and-mortar stores. The convenience of online shopping has
emerged as a solution to this time crunch, offering a streamlined and efficient way for
people to fulfill their shopping needs without the constraints of physical proximity.
However, a significant issue arises when it comes to garments; most customers are
frustrated with ill-fitting items, leading to a high rate of cloth returns. Research conducted
by Niinimäki (2020) shows that consumers collectively waste approximately 3 billion
hours every year returning incorrectly-sized clothes ordered online. Online shops grapple
with a return rate exceeding 50%, and a substantial 75% of these returns are attributed to
size-related issues, such as the wrong size or poor fit. Each return costs an average of
£17. In the UK, an item that is returned for purchase goes through an average of seven
pairs of hands before it is listed for resale. The estimated cost of online returns in the UK
is $34 billion SGD [1]. Figure 1 illustrates the return rate for products purchased online.
 Figure 1: Return rate for products purchased online.

According to our market survey, a substantial 65% of all internet users have engaged in
online shopping within the past 12 months. Notably, the age group of 25-34 appears to be
particularly active in e-commerce, with an impressive 74% of users in this demographic
participating in online shopping. This data underscores the growing trend of digital
commerce, especially among the younger age brackets [2]. Figure 2 shows the percentage
of internet users in the EU-28 who purchased or ordered goods and services for private
use over the internet in the previous 12 months, based on data from 2015. This chart
highlights the prevalence of online shopping within the European Union during that
period, offering insights into the digital consumer behavior of the region.
 Figure 2: Contribute to a better understanding of the e-commerce landscape in the EU-28
in 2015.

More specifically studies illustrate that, 31% of consumers have reported shopping only
once per month, while 24% said once every two weeks, and 20% said once per week.
Conversely, only 25% of consumers shop online 3-4 times per quarter or less [3]. Figure
3 shows online shopping ratio.

Figure 3: Online shopping ratio.

Recent research demonstrates the primary factors behind online shopper returns. Survey
revealed that the predominant cause for returns in the online apparel sector, spanning
various categories, is size and fit issues, as reported by 53% of all respondents. Following
closely are reasons such as color discrepancies at 16% and product damage at 10%.
These insights shed light on the key challenges faced by online retailers, emphasizing the
significance of addressing size-related concerns to enhance the overall customer
satisfaction and reduce return rates [4]. Figure 4 shows the Reasons for Apparel Returns
in the Last 12 Months.

Figure 4: Reasons for Apparel Returns in the Last 12 Months.

In the realm of apparel categories, findings from the survey indicate that 60% of the
surveyed apparel companies acknowledge variations in return frequencies across
different categories. Notably, items such as pants, shirts/blouses, dresses, and
outerwear/jackets are reported to be returned more frequently compared to suits, skirts,
and undergarments/lingerie. This insight underscores the importance of recognizing
distinct patterns in return rates for specific apparel categories, possibly influenced by
factors such as sizing discrepancies, style preferences, or perceived fit concerns within
these distinct product groups. Figure 5 show’s the categories of Apparel Returned More
Often in the Last 12 Months
 Figure 5:Categories of Apparel Returned More Often in the Last 12 Months

Previous studies underscore the crucial need to enhance shoppers' comprehension of item
fit during online purchases, prompting apparel brands and retailers to embrace technology
as a solution to mitigate return rates. According to recent survey [4], a substantial 85% of
apparel brands and retailers either currently utilize or have intentions to implement virtual
try-on tools. This reflects a strategic shift within the industry towards leveraging
technology to provide consumers with a more accurate and personalized online shopping
experience, aiming to address the persistent challenge of returns associated with size and
fit issues. Figure 6 demonstrate whether Brands and Retailers Are Using or Plan To
Implement a Virtual Try-on Tool.

Figure 6: Whether Brands and Retailers Are Using or Plan To Implement a Virtual Try-
on Tool.

Furthermore, to enhance the online shopping experience for consumers, researchers have
focused on improving user experiences, with a primary emphasis on introducing body
scanning technology as a pivotal solution. This approach involves an exploration of
anthropometry and body analytical technology. Anthropometric methods, traditionally
foundational in understanding human body dimensions and guiding sizing standards in
the apparel industry, are recognized as outdated and overly generalized. These methods
lack the adaptability required for diverse body types, ignore individual preferences, and
limit design flexibility. To address these shortcomings, researchers are exploring
alternative methodologies, including determining optimal body poses for accurate
measurements [5], and investigating the use of tight-fitting clothing for more precise
estimations of body shape for improved size determination [6]. This innovative work
aims to revolutionize the way size and fit are approached in the online shopping
landscape.

2.2 Related Work

In recent years, there has been significant development in various body measurement
tools, employing diverse techniques to capture precise body measurements. Common
methods include full-sized 3D body scanners, mobile or handheld scanners, and wearable
scanners [7]. Despite the progress, limitations persist in these devices, primarily
attributed to their size and inconvenient methods of obtaining measurements. To address
these challenges, a growing body of related work focuses on integrating Artificial
Intelligence (AI) into body measurement applications. By leveraging AI, researchers aim
to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and user convenience in obtaining body measurements,
thereby advancing the capabilities of these tools and potentially revolutionizing the way
size and fit are determined in the context of online shopping and apparel design.

2.2.1 Automatic human body feature extraction and personal size measurement.

Xiaohuia et al. [8] developed a technique to automatically extract feature points and
measure clothing on 3D human bodies. The method requires a depth-sensing platform,
which is currently unavailable to the majority of online customers. Additionally,
numerous poses must be captured. The proposed approach focuses on accurately
calculating human body size, including metrics such as the width of shoulders and girths
of bust, hips, and waist. The methodology involves employing a depth camera as the 3D
model acquisition device to capture a comprehensive 3D human body model.
Subsequently, an automatic extraction method utilizing random forest regression analysis
of geodesic distances is applied to identify focal features on the 3D human body,
extracting predefined feature points and lines. Finally, individual human body size is
computed based on these extracted feature points and lines. The scale invariant heat
kernel signature is harnessed to facilitate feature proximity, ensuring the method's
insensitivity to various postures and shapes of 3D human bodies. These key advantages
contribute to the robustness and accuracy of feature extraction and size measurement,
making the proposed method effective across diverse postures and body shapes. Figure 7
shows the 3D Body size measurement on application of virtual-fitting.

Figure 7: shows the 3D Body size measurement on application of virtual-fitting.

2.2.2 Anet: A Deep Neural Network for Automatic 3DAnthropometric
Measurement Extraction

Nourbakhsh Kaashki et al. [9] developed Anet, a deep neural network for automating 3D
anthropometric measurements from 3D human body scans. Anet consists of two
components: a feature extraction network and an anthropometric measurement extraction
network. Features are recovered from a 3D scan, including posture, shape, and
proportions. The anthropometric measurement extraction network then uses these
features to automatically estimate 3D anthropometric measurements. Compared to
existing methods, Anet had a mean absolute error of less than one centimeter. This
suggests Anet could reduce the cost and time associated with obtaining anthropometric
measurements and generate digital human models for virtual reality and computer
animation. Such software, however, may be overly complex for practical deployment,
due to estimating anthropometric measurements from dense accurate 3D data. Figure 8
shows the proposed method of Anet.

Figure 8: The proposed method of Anet.

2.2.3 SHAPY: Accurate 3D Body Shape Regression using Metric and Semantic
Attributes

The SHAPY framework, created by Michael Black et al. [10], which provides a novel
method for accurate 3D body shape estimation without explicit 3D shape supervision.
The framework uses linguistic shape attributes and anthropometric measurements as
proxy annotations for training a regressor, enabling accurate body shape predictions. The
framework is evaluated on various datasets, including the “Human Bodies in the Wild”
(HBW) dataset, which provides natural and varied body shapes and clothing in real-world
settings. The HBW dataset is comprised of photographs of individuals in lab settings as
well as in the field, accompanied by 3D shape data derived from body scans. Figure 9
shows the SHAPY framework methodology.
 Figure 9: The SHAPY framework methodology.

2.2.4 AI System to Measure the Human Body using a Single Camera for the
Clothing and Fashion Industry

Montazerian, M., & Leymarie, F. F. (2023) [11] developed a system that estimates upper
human body measurements using a set of computer vision and machine learning
techniques. In a nutshell, the main steps involve: (1) using a portable camera (such as
from a smartphone); (2) improving the image quality; (3) isolating the human body from
the surrounding environment; (4) performing a calibration step; (5) extracting features of
the body from the image; (6) indicating markers on the image; (7) producing refined final
results. Using a single RGB camera to obtain accurate body dimensions rather than
measuring these manually or via more complex multi-camera or more expensive laser-
based sensors, has a high application potential for the apparel (fashion) industry. Figure
10 shows the proposed methodology of AI System to Measure the Human Body using a
Single Camera.
Figure 10 The proposed methodology of AI System to Measure the Human Body using a
Single Camera.

2.3 Previous Applications

Understanding the workings of previous applications is essential for developing an

effective system. The following applications have been researched as part of the
development process for the SmartSizer Application.

2.3.1 Fits.me

1. Gather user information: body shape, fit preference, purchase history.

2. Compare with existing database of body shapes;
3. Tailor shopping experience for online clothing shops.
4. View 3d modeled clothes of their actual designs and fabric characteristics.
5. View where the garment is tight or loose using tension maps.
6. View how it behaves while moving in various ways in all angles.
7. View while comparing it side-by-side with other sizes and styles.
8. View different outfits with shoes of different styles and heels. Figure 11 shows the
Fits.me app interface.

Figure 11: The Fits.me app interface.

2.3.2 CyberFIT

1. Kinect 3D scan (<10s) Navigation by hand gestures.

2. View different sizes, Shop on Adidas site.
3. 3rd Prize in CeBIT Innovation Award 2013. Figure 12 shows the CyberFIT interface.

Figure 12: The CyberFIT app interface.

2.3.3 Acustom Apparel. NY

1. Body scanner (<7s,>2000 data point - accurate)

2. Digital bespoke algorithm (create custom garments)
3. Influence “I tried it on and it was perfect!”
“I can say is wow! What a fit!” Figure 13 shows the Acustom Apparel. NY app interface.
 Figure 13: The Acustom Apparel. NY app interface.

References
1. References Market research Financial times - UK retailers count the cost of returns. 27. Jan
2016. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.https://www.ft.com/content/52d26de8-c0e6-11e5-846f-79b0e3d20eaf
2. Eurostat: Statistics explained - Internet users who bought or ordered goods or services for
private use over the internet in the previous 12 months, EU-28, 2015 (% of internet users). 7. Dec
2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2016.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.phpFile:Internet_users_who_bought_or_ord
ered_goods_or_services_for_private_use_over_the_internet_in_the_previous_12_months,_EU-
28,_2015_(%25_of_internet_users).png
3. 20+ Fascinating Online Shopping Statistics [2023]: Online Shopping Vs. In-Store Shopping -
Zippia20+ Fascinating Online Shopping Statistics [2023]:
Onhttps://www.zippia.com/advice/online-shopping-statistics/
4. The True Cost of Apparel Returns: Alarming Return Rates Require Loss-Minimization
Solutions—Survey Insights | Coresight ResearchThe True Cost of Apparel Returns: Alarming
Return Rates Require Loss-Minimization Solutions—Survey Insights | Coresight Research
The True Cost of Apparel Returns: Alarming Return Rates Require Loss-Minimization
https://coresight.com/research/the-true-cost-of-apparel-returns-alarming-return-rates-require-loss-
minimization-solutions/
5. Hu, P., Kaashki, N. N., Dadarlat, V., & Munteanu, A. (2020). Learning to estimate the body
shape under clothing from a single 3-D scan. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(6),
3793-3802.
6. Tiwari, G., Bhatnagar, B. L., Tung, T., & Pons-Moll, G. (2020). Sizer: A dataset and model for
parsing 3d clothing and learning size sensitive 3d clothing. In Computer Vision–ECCV 2020:
16th European Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 23–28, 2020, Proceedings, Part III 16 (pp. 1-
18). Springer International Publishing.
7. Foysal, K. H., Chang, H. J., Bruess, F., & Chong, J. W. (2021). Body size measurement using a
smartphone. Electronics, 10(11), 1338.
8. Xiaohui, T., Xiaoyu, P., Liwen, L., & Qing, X. (2018). Automatic human body feature
extraction and personal size measurement. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing, 47, 9-18.
9. Nourbakhsh Kaashki, N., Hu, P., Munteanu, A.: Anet: A deep neural network
for automatic 3d anthropometric measurement extraction. IEEE Transactions on
Multimedia, 1–1 (2021)
10. Choutas, V., Muller, L., Huang, C.-H.P., Tang, S., Tzionas, D., Black, M.J.:
Accurate 3d body shape regression using metric and semantic attributes. arXiv
preprint arXiv:2206.07036 (2022)
11. Montazerian, M., & Leymarie, F. F. (2023). Designing a Contactless, AI System to Measure
the Human Body using a Single Camera for the Clothing and Fashion Industry.
12. Ashmawi, S., Alharbi, M., Almaghrabi, A., & Alhothali, A. (2019). Fitme: Body
measurement estimations using machine learning method. Procedia Computer Science, 163, 209-
217.
13. Familie Redlich - Agentur Für Marken Und Kommunikation GmbH. "CeBIT Innovation
Award." Preisträger 2013:. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov.
2016 .http://www.cebitaward.de/preistraeger/preistraeger-2013.html
14. "Acustom Apparel." Yelp: Acustom Apparel. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
https://www.yelp.com/biz/acustom-apparel-new-york?
hrid=XJZuH2d5n_lrxUTMqEQs4A&rh_type=phrase&rh_ident=technology