maths ZT

Unit - II: Z - TRANSFORMS ...
Transformation OR Transform: A transform is a mathematical devices which

transforms one function to the another function. Most of the science and engineering
problems are ending with the mathematical equations like equations, ordinary
differential equations, partial differential equations and difference equations.
In the present topic, we discuss the basic definition of Z - transform, properties of Z -
transforms, Z - transforms of the standard functions, problems on Z - transforms,
initial value and final value theorem of the Z - transforms and problems, inverse Z -
transforms, definition of the inverse Z - transforms, formulas of the inverse Z
-transforms of standard functions and problems. Application of Z -transforms to
solve difference equations.
Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Engineering
054 Mathematics - IV - IM41 May 5, 2022 1 / 99
Continued Unit - II on Z - Transforms ...
Definition of the Z - transforms: The Z - transforms of the discrete function un ,

defined for all n ≥ 0 and un = 0, for n < 0, is denoted by ZT [un ] OR Z[un ] OR U (z)
OR Ū (z) and is defined as,
∞
X
ZT [un ] = Z[un ] = un z −n = U (z) = Ū (z)
n=0
Where Z OR ZT is the Z - transforms operator and z is the Z - transforms parameter.

Definition of the Inverse Z - Transforms: The function U (z) is said to be
inverse Z - transforms of the function un . The inverse Z - transforms of the function
U (z) is denoted by Z −1 [U (z)] and is given by
un = Z −1 [U (z)]
where, Z −1 is the inverse Z - transforms operator.

Properties of the Z - transforms:
1. Linearity Property: If c1 , c2 , ..., cp all are constants then
Z[c1 u1 (n) + c2 u2 (n) + ... + cp up (n)] = c1 Z[u1 (n)] + c2 Z[f2 (x)] + ... + cp Z[up (x)]

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Properties of the Z - Transforms ...
Poof: We have, by definition of Z - transforms

∞
X
Z[c1 u1 (n) + c2 u2 (n) + ... + cp up (n)] = (c1 u1 (n) + c2 u2 (n) + ... + cp up (n))z −n
n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
Z[c1 u1 (n)+c2 u2 (n)+...+cp up (n)] = c1 u1 (n)z −n +c2 u2 (n)z −n +...+cp up (n)z −
n=0 n=0 n=0
Z[c1 u1 (n) + c2 u2 (n) + ... + cp up (n)] = c1 Z[u1 (n)] + c2 Z[u2 (n)] + ... + cp Z[up (n)]
2. Damping Property OR Damping rule: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that (i)
Z[an un ] = U ( az ), (ii) Z[a−n un ] = U (az).
Poof: (i) We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = un z −n = U (z)
n=0
Therefore,
∞
X
Z[an un ] = (an un )z −n
n=0

Engineering
∞
X z −n
Z[an un ] = un
n=0
a−n
∞
X z
Z[an un ] = un ( )−n
n=0
a
z
Comparing this with the definition here instead of z is a
z
Z[an un ] = U ( )
a
(ii) We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = un z −n = U (z)
n=0
Therefore,
∞
X
Z[a−n un ] = (a−n un )z −n
n=0
X∞
Z[a−n un ] = un (az)−n
n=0

Engineering
Comparing this with the definition here instead of z is az
Z[a−n un ] = U (az)
3. Left Shifting Property: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that (i)
Z[un+1 ] = z[U (z) − u0 ],
(ii) Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [U (z) − u0 − uz1 ],
(iii)Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [U (z) − u0 − uz1 − uz22 ] and
Pk−1
(iv) Z[un+k ] = z k [U (z) − r=0 ur z r ].
Poof: (i) We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0
∴
∞
X
Z[un+1 ] = un+1 z −n
n=0
Multiply and dividing by z in the RHS
∞
1 X
Z[un+1 ] = (z)( ) un+1 z −n
z n=0

Engineering
∞
X 1
Z[un+1 ] = z un+1 z −n
n=0
z
∞
X
Z[un+1 ] = z un+1 z −1 z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z[un+1 ] = z un+1 z −n−1
n=0
∞
X
Z[un+1 ] = z un+1 z −(n+1)
n=0
Expanding the summation in the RHS
Z[un+1 ] = z[u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...]
Now, adding and subtracting the missing term u0 in the RHS
Z[un+1 ] = z[u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ... − u0 ]
Z[un+1 ] = z[(u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...) − u0 ]

Engineering
∞
X
Z[un+1 ] = z[ un z −n − u0 ]
n=0
Z[un+1 ] = z[U (z) − u0 ]

(ii) We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0
∴
∞
X
Z[un+2 ] = un+2 z −n
n=0
Multiply and dividing by z 2 in the RHS

∞
1 X
Z[un+2 ] = (z 2 )( ) un+2 z −n
z 2 n=0
∞
X 1 −n
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 un+2 z
n=0
z2
Engineering
∞
X
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 un+2 z −2 z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z[un+2 ] = z 2
un+2 z −n−2
n=0
∞
X
Z[un+2 ] = z 2
un+2 z −(n+2)
n=0
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + u4 z −4 + ...]
Now, adding and subtracting the missing terms u0 and u1 z −1 in the RHS
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ... − u0 − u1 z −1 ]
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [(u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...) − u0 − u1 z −1 ]
∞
X u1
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [ un z −n − u0 − ]
n=0
z
u1
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ]
z
Engineering
(iii) We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0
∴
∞
X
Z[un+3 ] = un+3 z −n
n=0
Multiply and dividing by z 3 in the RHS

∞
1 X
Z[un+3 ] = (z 3 )( ) un+3 z −n
z 3 n=0
∞
X 1 −n
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 un+3 z
n=0
z3
∞
X
Z[un+3 ] = z 3
un+3 z −3 z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z[un+3 ] = z 3
un+3 z −n−3
n=0

Engineering
∞
X
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 un+3 z −(n+3)
n=0
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [u3 z −3 + u4 z −4 + u5 z −5 + ...]
Now, adding and subtracting the missing terms u0 , u1 z −1 and u2 z −2 in the RHS
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ... − u0 − u1 z −1 − u2 z −2 ]
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [(u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...) − u0 − u1 z −1 − u2 z −2 ]

∞
X u1 u2
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [ un z −n − u0 − − 2]
n=0
z z
u1 u2
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [U (z) − u0 −
− 2]
z z
Similarly, we can prove (iv) Z[un+k ] = z k [U (z) − k−1 z r ].
P
r=0 u r

Engineering
4. Right Shifting Property: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that

Z[un−k ] = z −k U (z), k > 0.
Property - 05: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that Z[np ] = −z dz
d
[Z(np−1 )], where p is
any positive integer.
Poof: We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[np ] = np z −n
n=0
Multiply and dividing by n and z in the RHS

∞
X 1 1
Z[np ] = (z) (n)( )np ( )z −n
n=0
n z
∞
X
Z[np ] = z nn−1 np z −1 z −n
n=0
∞
X
Z[np ] = z nnp−1 z −n−1 (1)
n=0

Engineering
Again, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[np−1 ] = np−1 z −n
n=0
Differentiating w.r.t. z on both sides

∞
d d X p−1 −n
Z[np−1 ] = [ n z ]
dz dz n=0
∞
d X d p−1 −n
[Z(np−1 )] = [n z ]
dz n=0
dz
∞
d X
[Z(np−1 )] = np−1 (−n)z −n−1
dz n=0
∞
d X
[Z(np−1 )] = − nnp−1 z −n−1
dz n=0
∞
X d
nnp−1 z −n−1 = − [Z(np−1 )] (2)
n=0
dz
Engineering
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get

d
Z[np ] = z[− [Z(np−1 )]]
dz
d
Z[np ] = −z [Z(np−1 )]
dz
Hence, the property is proved.

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Z - Transforms of the Standard Functions ...
1. Find the Z - transforms of 1.
Solution: We know that, by definition of the Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = un z −n = U (z)
n=0
but, here un = 1
∞
X
Z[1] = (1)z −n
n=0
∞
X 1
Z[1] = n
n=0
z
∞
!n
X 1
Z[1] =
n=0
z
We have, by Binomial expansion
∞
X
(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... = xn
n=0

Engineering
1
here, x = z
in the above equation
!−1
1
Z[1] = 1−
z
!−1
z−1
Z[1] =
z
z
Z[1] =
z−1
Replace 1 by −1 , we get
z
Z[−1] =
z+1
2. Find the Z - transforms of an .
∞
X
Z[un ] = un z −n = U (z)
n=0
but, here un = an
∞
X
Z[an ] = (an )z −n
n=0
∞
Engineering
054
X
Mathematics
n an
- IV - IM41 May 5, 2022 15 / 99
∞
X a
Z[an ] = ( )n
n=0
z
∞
X
(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... = xn
n=0
a
here, x = z
!−1
a
Z[an ] = 1−
z
!−1
n z−a
Z[a ] =
z
z
Z[an ] =
z−a
Replace a by −a , we get
z
Z[(−a)n ] =
z+a
Engineering
Similarly, the Z - transforms

(a)
z
Z[enθ ] = Z[(eθ )n ] =
z − eθ
(b)
z
Z[e−nθ ] = Z[(e−θ )n ] =
z − e−θ
(c)
z
Z[einθ ] = Z[(eiθ )n ] =
z − eiθ
(d)
z
Z[e−inθ ] = Z[(e−iθ )n ] =
z − e−iθ
(e) Z - transforms of any constant k
kz
Z[k] =
z−1

Engineering
We know that,
I.
einθ = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)
II.
e−inθ = cos(nθ) − i sin(nθ)
III.
einθ + e−inθ
cos(nθ) =
2
IV.
einθ + e−inθ = 2 cos(nθ)
V.
einθ − e−inθ
sin(nθ) =
2i
VI.
einθ − e−inθ = 2i sin(nθ)
VII.
enθ − e−nθ
sinh(nθ) =
2
VIII.
enθ + e−nθ
cosh(nθ) =
2
Engineering
3. Obtain the Z - transforms of sinh(nθ) and cosh(nθ).

Solution: (i) To obtain the Z - transforms of sinh(nθ)
We know that,
z
Z[enθ ] =
z − eθ
and
z
Z[e−nθ ] =
z − e−θ
Also, we have
enθ − e−nθ
sinh(nθ) =
2
Applying the Z - transforms on the both sides
enθ − e−nθ
Z[sinh(nθ)] = Z[ ]
2
" #
1 nθ −nθ
Z[sinh(nθ)] = Z[e ] − Z[e ]
2
Substituting Z[enθ ] = z
z−eθ
and Z[e−nθ ] = z
z−e−θ

Engineering
" #
1 z z
Z[sinh(nθ)] = −
2 z − eθ z − e−θ
" #
1 z(z − e−θ ) − z(z − eθ )
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
2 (z − eθ )(z − e−θ )
1 z 2 − ze−θ − z 2 + zeθ
Z[sinh(nθ)] = [ ]
2 z 2 − ze−θ − zeθ + eθ e−θ
" #
1 z(eθ − e−θ )
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
2 z − z(eθ + e−θ ) + e0
2
" #
1 z(2 sinh(θ))
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
2 z 2 − z(2 cosh(θ)) + 1
" #
1 z(sinh(θ))
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
1 z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
z sinh(θ)
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
Engineering
(ii) To obtain the Z - transforms of cosh(nθ)

We know that,
z
Z[enθ ] =
z − eθ
and
z
Z[e−nθ ] =
z − e−θ
Also, we have
enθ + e−nθ
cosh(nθ) =
2
Applying the Z - transforms on the both sides
enθ + e−nθ
Z[cosh(nθ)] = Z[ ]
2
" #
1 nθ −nθ
Z[cosh(nθ)] = Z[e ] + Z[e ]
2
Substituting Z[enθ ] = z
z−eθ
and Z[e−nθ ] = z
z−e−θ

Engineering
" #
1 z z
Z[cosh(nθ)] = +
2 z − eθ z − e−θ
" #
1 z(z − e−θ ) + z(z − eθ )
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
2 (z − eθ )(z − e−θ )
" #
1 z 2 − ze−θ + z 2 − zeθ
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
2 z 2 − ze−θ − zeθ + eθ e−θ
" #
1 2z 2 − z(eθ + e−θ )
Z[cosh θ)] =
2 z 2 − z(eθ + e−θ ) + e0
" #
1 2z 2 − z(2 cosh(θ))
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
2 z 2 − z(2 cosh(θ)) + 1
" #
1 z 2 − z(cosh(θ))
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
1 z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
z 2 − z cosh(θ)
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
Engineering
4. Obtain the Z - transforms of sin(nθ) and cos(nθ).

Solution: We know that,
einθ = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)
Applying Z - transforms on both sides
Z[einθ ] = Z[cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)]
Z[cos(nθ)] + iZ[sin(nθ)] = Z[einθ ]

Substituting Z[einθ ] = z
z−eiθ
in the RHS
z
Z[cos(nθ)] + iZ[sin(nθ)] =
z − eiθ
z
z − (cos(θ) + i sin(θ))
z
(z − cos(θ)) − i sin(θ)
Now, rationalize RHS

Engineering
z((z − cos(θ)) + i sin(θ))

((z − cos(θ)) − i sin(θ))((z − cos(θ)) + i sin(θ))
(z 2 − z cos(θ)) + iz sin(θ)
(z − cos(θ))2 − (i sin(θ))2
z2 − 2z cos(θ) + cos2 (θ) − i2 sin2 (θ)
z2 − 2z cos(θ) + cos2 (θ) + sin2 (θ)
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
Separate the real and imaginary parts in the RHS
z 2 − z cos(θ) z sin(θ)
Z[cos(nθ)] + iZ[sin(nθ)] = +i 2
z2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1 z − 2z cos(θ) + 1
Comparing the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

Engineering
z sin(θ)
Z[sin(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
and
z 2 − z cos(θ)
Z[cos(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
5. Find the Z - transforms of n.
Solution: We know that, by property
d
Z[np ] = −z [Z(np−1 )]
dz
Substitute p = 1
d
Z[n1 ] = −z [Z(n1−1 )]
dz
d
Z[n] = −z [Z(n0 )]
dz
d
Z[n] = −z [Z(1)]
dz
z
substituting Z[1] = z−1
in the RHS
Engineering
d z
Z[n] = −z [ ]
dz z − 1
Differentiate using the quotient rule
(z − 1)(1) − (z)(1)
Z[n] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)2
z−1−z
Z[n] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)2
−1
Z[n] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)2
z
Z[n] =
(z − 1)2
6. Find the Z - transforms of n2 .
d
Z[np ] = −z [Z(np−1 )]
dz
Substitute p = 2
d
Z[n2 ] = −z [Z(n2−1 )]
dz
Engineering
d
Z[n2 ] = −z [Z(n1 )]
dz
d
Z[n2 ] = −z [Z(n)]
dz
z
substituting Z[n] = (z−1)2
in the RHS
d z
Z[n2 ] = −z [ ]
dz (z − 1)2
(z − 1)2 (1) − (z)2(z − 1)(1)
Z[n2 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)4
z − 1 − 2z
Z[n2 ] = −z(z − 1)[ ]
(z − 1)4
−z − 1
Z[n2 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)3
z2 + z
Z[n2 ] =
(z − 1)3
Engineering
d
Z[np ] = −z [Z(np−1 )]
dz
Substitute p = 3
d
Z[n3 ] = −z [Z(n3−1 )]
dz
d
Z[n3 ] = −z [Z(n2 )]
dz
z 2 +z
substituting Z[n2 ] = (z−1)3
in the RHS
d
Z[n3 ] = −z [f racz 2 + z(z − 1)3 ]
dz
(z − 1)3 (2z + 1) − (z 2 + z)3(z − 1)2 (1)
Z[n3 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)6
(z − 1)(2z + 1) − 3(z 2 + z)
Z[n3 ] = −z(z − 1)2 [ ]
(z − 1)6
Engineering
2z 2 + z − 2z − 1 − 3z 2 − 3z
Z[n3 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)4
−z 2 − 4z − 1
Z[n3 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)4
z 3 + 4z 2 + z
Z[n3 ] =
(z − 1)4
d
Z[np ] = −z [Z(np−1 )]
dz
Substitute p = 4
d
Z[n4 ] = −z [Z(n4−1 )]
dz
d
Z[n4 ] = −z [Z(n3 )]
dz

Engineering
z 3 +4z 2 +z
substituting Z[n3 ] = (z−1)4
in the RHS
d z 3 + 4z 2 + z
Z[n4 ] = −z [ ]
dz (z − 1)4
(z − 1)4 (3z 2 + 8z + 1) − (z 3 + 4z 2 + z)4(z − 1)3 (1)
Z[n4 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)8
(z − 1)(3z 2 + 8z + 1) − 4(z 3 + 4z 2 + z)
Z[n4 ] = −z(z − 1)3 [ ]
(z − 1)8
(z − 1)(3z 2 + 8z + 1) − 4z 3 − 16z 2 − 4z
Z[n4 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)5
3z 3 + 8z 2 + z − 3z 2 − 8z − 1 − 4z 3 − 16z 2 − 4z
Z[n4 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)5
−z 3 − 11z 2 − 11z − 1
Z[n4 ] = −z[ ]
(z − 1)5
z 4 + 11z 3 + 11z 2 + z
Z[n4 ] =
(z − 1)5
Engineering
9. Find the Z - transforms of n1 , for n ≥ 1.
" # ∞
!
1 X 1
Z = z −n
n n=1
n
" # ! ! !
1 1 −1 1 −2 1 −3
Z = z + z + z + ...
n 1 2 3
" #
1 1 1 1
Z = + + 3 + ...
n z 2z 2 3z
" #
1 (1) ( z1 )2 ( 1 )3
Z = z + + z + ...
n 1 2 3
! !2 !3
1 1 1
z z z
1
Z[ ] = −[− − − − ...]
n 1 2 3
We know that, by logarithmic series
x2 x3
log(1 − x) = −x −
Engineering
054 −
Mathematics - IV - IM41 − ... May 5, 2022 31 / 99
1
Here, x = z " # " !#
1 1
Z = − log 1 −
n z
" # !
1 z−1
Z = − log
n z
" # !−1
1 z−1
Z = log
n z
" # !
1 z
Z = log
n z−1
1
10. Find the Z - transforms of n+1 , for n ≥ 0.
" # ∞
!
1 X 1
Z = z −n
n+1 n=0
n+1
" # ! ! ! !
1 1 0 1 −1 1 −2 1 −3
Z = z + z + z + z + ...
n+1 1 2 3 4
Engineering
Multiply and dividing by −z in the RHS
" #
1 (1) ( 1 )2 ( 1 )3
Z = (−z)[− z − z − z − ...]
n+1 1 2 3
We know that, by logarithmic series

x2 x3
log(1 − x) = −x − − − ...
2 3
" #
1 1
Z = (−z)[log(1 − )]
n+1 z
" # !
1 z−1
Z = −z log
n+1 z
" # !−1
1 z−1
Z = z log
n+1 z
" # !
1 z
Z = z log
n+1 z−1
Engineering
11. Define unit step sequence for discrete and hence find its Z - transforms.
Solution:
Definition of the unit step sequence for discrete:
The unit step sequence for discrete is denoted by u(n) or H(n) and is defined as
(
1, f or n≥0
u(n) = H(n) =
0, f or n<0
To find the Z - transforms of the unit step sequence for discrete:

We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[H(n)] = (H(n))z −n
n=0
Z[H(n)] = H(0)z 0 + H(1)z −1 + H(2)z −2 + H(3)z −3 + ...

! !2 !3
1 1 1
Z[H(n)] = 1 + + + + ...
z z z

Engineering
(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...
!−1
1
Z[H(n)] = 1 −
z
!−1
z−1
Z[H(n)] =
z
z
Z[H(n)] =
z−1
12. Define unit impulse sequence for discrete and hence find its Z - transforms.
Solution:
Definition of the unit impulse sequence for discrete:
The unit impulse sequence for discrete is denoted by δ(n) and is defined as
(
1, f or n=0
δ(n) =
0, f or n 6= 0

Engineering
To find the Z - transforms of the unit impulse sequence for discrete:

We have, by definition of Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[δ(n)] = (δ(n))z −n
n=0
Z[δ(n)] = δ(0)z 0 + δ(1)z −1 + δ(2)z −2 + δ(3)z −3 + ...
Z[δ(n)] = 1 + (0) + (0) + (0) + ...

Z[δ(n)] = 1

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Formulas of the Z - Transforms of the Standard
Functions ...
1.
z
Z[1] =
z−1
2.
z
Z[−1] =
z+1
3.
z
Z[an ] =
z−a
4.
z
Z[(−a)n ] =
z+a
5.
z sinh(θ)
Z[sinh(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
6.
z 2 − z cosh(θ)
Z[cosh(nθ)] =
z2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1

Engineering
Functions ...
7.
z sin(θ)
Z[sin(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
8.
z 2 − z cos(θ)
Z[cos(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
9.
z
Z[n] =
(z − 1)2
10.
z2 + z
Z[n2 ] =
(z − 1)3
11.
z 3 + 4z 2 + z
Z[n3 ] =
(z − 1)4

Engineering
Functions ...
12.
z 4 + 11z 3 + 11z 2 + z
Z[n4 ] =
(z − 1)5
13.
1 z
Z[ ] = log( )
n z−1
14.
1 z
Z[ ] = z log( )
n+1 z−1
15.
z
Z[H(n)] =
z−1
16.
Z[δ(n)] = 1
17.
kz
Z[k] =
z−1

Engineering
Continued Unit - II Problems on Z - Transforms ...
Problem - 01 : Find the Z - transforms of the 3n + sin(5n) − cosh(4n) + 5.
Solution: By data 3n + sin(5n) − cosh(4n) + 5
Applying the Z - transforms for the problem
Z[3n + sin(5n) − cosh(4n) + 5] = 3Z[n] + Z[sin(5n)] − Z[cosh(4n)] + Z[5]
z z sin(5) z 2 − z cosh(4)
Z[3n+sin(5n)−cosh(4n)+5] = 3( )+( 2 )−( 2 )+
(z − 1)2 z − 2z cos(5) + 1 z − 2z cosh(4) + 1
3z z sin(5) z 2 − z cosh(4) 5z
Z[3n+sin(5n)−cosh(4n)+5] = + − +
(z − 1)2 z 2 − 2z cos(5) + 1 z 2 − 2z cosh(4) + 1 z − 1
Problem - 02 : Find the Z - transforms of the cos(3n + 2).
Solution: By data cos(3n + 2)
cos(3n + 2) = cos(3n) cos(2) − sin(3n) sin(2)
Applying the Z - transforms on both sides
Z[cos(3n + 2)] = Z[cos(3n) cos(2) − sin(3n) sin(2)]
Z[cos(3n + 2)] = Z[cos(3n) cos(2)] − Z[sin(3n) sin(2)]
Z[cos(3n + 2)] = (cos(2))Z[cos(3n)] − (sin(2))Z[sin(3n)]
Engineering
z 2 − z cos(3) z sin(3)
Z[cos(3n + 2)] = (cos(2))( ) − (sin(2))( 2 )
z2 − 2z cos(3) + 1 z − 2z cos(3) + 1
z 2 cos(2) − z cos(3) cos(2) − z sin(3) sin(2)
Z[cos(3n + 2)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(3) + 1
z 2 cos(2) − z(cos(3) cos(2) + sin(3) sin(2))
Z[cos(3n + 2)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(3) + 1
z 2 cos(2) − z(cos(3 − 2))
Z[cos(3n + 2)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(3) + 1
z 2 cos(2) − z cos(1)
Z[cos(3n + 2)] =
z 2 − 2z cos(3) + 1
Problem - 03 : Find the Z - transforms of the sin( π4 − nπ
2
).
Solution: Given sin( π4 − nπ
2
)
π nπ π nπ π nπ
sin( − ) = sin( ) cos( ) − cos( ) sin( )
4 2 4 2 4 2
But, sin( π4 ) = 1
√
2
and cos( π4 ) = √1
2

Engineering
π nπ 1 nπ 1 nπ
−
sin( ) = ( √ ) cos( ) − ( √ ) sin( )
4 2 2 2 2 2
π nπ 1 nπ nπ
Z[sin( − )] = ( √ )Z[cos( ) − sin( )]
4 2 2 2 2
π nπ 1 z 2 − z cos( π2 ) z sin( π2 )
Z[sin( − )] = √ [( 2 π ) − ( )]
4 2 2 z − 2z cos( 2 ) + 1 z 2 − 2z cos( π2 ) + 1
sin( π2 ) = 1 and cos( π2 ) = 0
π nπ 1 z 2 − z(0) z(1)
Z[sin( − )] = √ [( 2 )−( 2 )]
4 2 2 z − 2z(0) + 1 z − 2z(0) + 1
π nπ z2 − z
Z[sin( − )] = √
4 2 2(z 2 + 1)
Problem - 04 : Find the Z - transforms of the 4n2 + cos( nπ 4
) + 10a3 .
2 nπ 3
Solution: Given 4n + cos( 4 ) + 10a Applying the z - transforms for the given
problem
nπ nπ
Z[4n2 + cos( ) + 10a3 ] = 4Z[n2 ] + Z[cos( )] + Z[10a3 ]
4 4
Engineering
nπ z2 + z z 2 − z cos( π4 ) 10a3 z
Z[4n2 + cos( ) + 10a3 ] = 4( ) + ( )+( )
4 (z − 1)3 z 2 − 2z cos( π4 ) + 1 z−1
but, cos( π4 = √1
2
nπ 4(z 2 + z) z 2 − z( √12 ) 10a3 z

Z[4n2 + cos() + 10a3 ] = + 1 +
4 (z − 1) 3
z − 2z( 2 ) + 1
2 √ z−1
√
nπ 4(z 2 + z) 2z 2 − z 10a3 z
Z[4n2 + cos( ) + 10a3 ] = +√ √ +
4 (z − 1) 3
2z − 2z + 2
2 z−1
Problem - 05 : Find the Z - transforms of the (3n + 2)2 .
Solution: By data (3n + 2)2
(3n + 2)2 = (3n)2 + (2)2 + 2(3n)(2)
(3n + 2)2 = 9n2 + 4 + 12n
Applying the z - transforms on both sides
Z[(3n + 2)2 ] = Z[9n2 + 4 + 12n]
Z[(3n + 2)2 ] = 9Z[n2 ] + 4Z[1] + 12Z[n]
Engineering
z2 + z z z
Z[(3n + 2)2 ] = 9( ) + 4( ) + 12( )
(z − 1)3 z−1 (z − 1)2
9(z 2 + z) 4z 12z
Z[(3n + 2)2 ] = + +
(z − 1)3 z−1 (z − 1)2
Problem - 06 : Find the Z - transforms of the (2n − 1)3 .
Solution: By data (2n − 1)3
(2n − 1)3 = (2n)3 − 3(2n)2 (1) + 3(2n)(1)2 − (1)3
(2n − 1)3 = 8n3 − 12n2 + 6n − 1
Applying the z - transforms on both sides
Z[(2n − 1)3 ] = Z[8n3 − 12n2 + 6n − 1]
Z[(2n − 1)3 ] = 8Z[n3 ] − 12Z[n2 ] + 6Z[n] − Z[1]
z 3 + 4z 2 + z z2 + z z z
Z[(2n − 1)3 ] = 8( ) − 12( ) + 6( )−( )
(z − 1)4 (z − 1)3 (z − 1)2 z−1
8(z 3 + 4z 2 + z) 12(z 2 + z) 6z z
Z[(2n − 1)3 ] = − + −
(z − 1)4 (z − 1)3 (z − 1)2 z−1
Engineering
Problem - 07 : Find the Z - transforms of the an n.
Solution: By data an n
We know that, by damping property
z
Z[an un ] = U ( )
a
z z
Here, un = n and U (z) = Z[n] = (z−1)2 , Replace z by a
z
Z[an n] = [ ]z→ az
(z − 1)2
( az )
Z[an n] = [ ]
( az
− 1)2
az
Z[an n] =
(z − a)2
Problem - 08 : Find the Z - transforms of the a−n n2 .
Solution: By data a−n n2
z 2 +z
Here, un = n2 and U (z) = Z[n2 ] = (z−1)3
, Replace z by az
Engineering
z2 + z
Z[a−n n2 ] = [ ]z→az
(z − 1)3
(az)2 + az
Z[a−n n2 ] = [ ]
(az − 1)3
a2 z 2 + az
Z[a−n n2 ] =
(az − 1)3
Problem - 09 : Find the Z - transforms of the an n2 .
Solution: By data an n2
z
Z[an un ] = U ( )
a
z 2 +z
Here, un = n2 and U (z) = Z[n2 ] = (z−1)3
, Replace z by z
a
z2 + z
Z[an n2 ] = [ ]z→ az
(z − 1)3

Engineering
( az )2 + ( az )
Z[an n2 ] = [ ]
( az − 1)3
az 2 + a2 z
Z[an n2 ] =
(z − a)3
Problem - 10 : Find the Z - transforms of the a−n ebn .
Solution: By data a−n ebn
Here, un = ebn and U (z) = Z[ebn ] = z

z−eb
, Replace z by az
z
Z[a−n ebn ] = [ ]z→az
z − eb
az
Z[a−n ebn ] = [ ]
az − eb
az
Z[a−n ebn ] =
az − eb
Engineering
Problem - 11 : Find the Z - transforms of the an cos(nθ).
Solution: By data an cos(nθ)
z
Z[an un ] = U ( )
a
z 2 −z cos(θ) z
Here, un = cos(nθ) and U (z) = Z[cos(nθ)] = z 2 −2z cos(θ)+1
, Replace z by a
z 2 − z cos(θ)
Z[an cos(nθ)] = [ ]z→ az
z2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
( az )2 − ( az ) cos(θ)
Z[an cos(nθ)] =
( az )2 − 2( az ) cos(θ) + 1
z 2 − az cos(θ)
Z[an cos(nθ)] =
− 2az cos(θ) + a2
z2
Problem - 12 : Find the Z - transforms of the a−n sin(nθ).
Solution: By data a−n sin(nθ)
z sin(θ)
Here, un = sin(nθ) and U (z) = Z[sin(nθ)] = z 2 −2z cos(θ)+1
, Replace z by az
Engineering
z sin(θ)
Z[a−n sin(nθ)] = [ ]z→az
z 2 − 2z cos(θ) + 1
az sin(θ)
Z[a−n sin(nθ)] =
(az)2 − 2az cos(θ) + 1
az sin(θ)
Z[a−n sin(nθ)] =
a2 z 2 − 2az cos(θ) + 1
Problem - 13 : Find the Z - transforms of the an sinh(nθ).
Solution: By data an sinh(nθ)
z
Z[an un ] = U ( )
a
z sinh(θ) z
Here, un = sinh(nθ) and U (z) = Z[sinh(nθ)] = z 2 −2z cosh(θ)+1
, Replace z by a
z sinh(θ)
Z[an sinh(nθ)] = [ ]z→ az
z 2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
( az ) sinh(θ)
Z[an sinh(nθ)] =
( az )2 − 2( az ) cosh(θ) + 1
Engineering
az sinh(θ)
Z[an sinh(nθ)] =
z 2 − 2az cosh(θ) + a2
Problem - 14 : Find the Z - transforms of the a−n cosh(nθ).
Solution: By data a−n cosh(nθ)
z 2 −z cosh(θ)
Here, un = cosh(nθ) and U (z) = Z[cosh(nθ)] = z 2 −2z cosh(θ)+1
, Replace z by az
z 2 − z cosh(θ)
Z[a−n cosh(nθ)] = [ ]z→az
z2 − 2z cosh(θ) + 1
(az)2 − (az) cosh(θ)

Z[a−n cosh(nθ)] =
(az)2 − 2(az) cosh(θ) + 1
a2 z 2 − az cosh(θ)
Z[a−n cosh(nθ)] =
a2 z 2 − 2az cos(θ) + 1

Engineering
1
Problem - 15 : Find the Z - transforms of the n(n+1) .
1
Solution: By data n(n+1) , adding and subtracting n in the numerator
1 n+1−n
=
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
1 (n + 1) − n
=
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
1 (n + 1) n
= −
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
1 1 1
= −
n(n + 1) n n+1
1 1 1
Z[ ] = Z[ ] − Z[ ]
n(n + 1) n n+1
We know that
1 z
Z[ ] = log( )
n z−1
and
1 z
Z[ ] = z log( )
n+1 z−1
Engineering
Using these results in the above equation
1 z z
Z[ ] = (log( )) − (z log( ))
n(n + 1) z−1 z−1
1 z
Z[ ] = (1 − z) log( )
n(n + 1) z−1
n
Problem - 16 : Find the Z - transforms of the n+1 .
n
Solution: By data n+1 , adding and subtracting 1 in the numerator
n n+1−1
=
n+1 n+1
n (n + 1) − 1
=
n+1 n+1
n (n + 1) 1
= −
n+1 n+1 n+1
n 1
=1−
n+1 n+1
n 1
Z[ ] = Z[1] − Z[ ]
n+1 n+1
Engineering
We know that
z
Z[1] =
z−1
and
1 z
] = z log(
Z[ )
n+1 z−1
Using these results in the above equation
n z z
Z[ ]= − z log( )
n+1 z−1 z−1
1 1 1
Problem - 17 : Show that ZT [ n! ] = e z , and hence evaluate (i) ZT [ (n+1)! ],
1
(ii) ZT [ (n+2)! ].
Solution: We have, by definition of Z - transform
∞
1 X 1
ZT [ ]= ( )z −n
n! n=0
n!

1 1 1 1 1
ZT [ ] = [( )z 0 + ( )z −1 + ( )z −2 + ( )z −3 + ...]
n! 0! 1! 2! 3!
Engineering
1 (1) ( 1 )2 ( 1 )3
] = 1 + z + z + z + ...
ZT [
n! 1! 2! 3!
We know that, by exponential series
x x2 x3
ex = 1 + + + + ...
1! 2! 3!
1
Here x = z
1 1
ZT [ ] = ez
n!
1
(i) To evaluate ZT [ (n+1)! ]
1 1 1 1 1
Taking un = n! , un+1 = (n+1)! , u0 = 0!
= 1, and U (z) = ZT [un ] = ZT [ n! ] = ez
We have, by shifting property
ZT [un+1 ] = z[U (z) − u0 ]
Now, substituting all results

1 1
ZT [ ] = z[e z − 1]
(n + 1)!

Engineering
1
(ii) To evaluate ZT [ (n+2)! ]
1 1 1 1
Taking un = n! , un+2 = (n+2)! , u0 = 0!
= 1, u1 = 1!
= 1, and
1 1
U (z) = ZT [un ] = =e
ZT [ n! ] z

u1
ZT [un+2 ] = z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ]
z
Now, substituting all results
1 1 1
ZT [ ] = z 2 [e z − 1 − ]
(n + 2)! z

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Initial Value of the Z - Transforms ...
Initial Value Theorem of the Z - transforms:
Statement: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that u0 = lim U (z). Hence prove that
z→
(i) u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ],
z→
u1
(ii) u2 = lim z 2 [U (z) − u0 − z
],
z→
(iii) u3 = lim z 3 [U (z) − u1
u0 − z − uz22 ].
z→
Proof: We know that, by definition of the Z - transforms
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0

U (z) = u0 z 0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + ...
u1 u2
U (z) = u0 (1) + + 2 + ...
z z
Applying the limit z → ∞ on both sides
u1 u2
lim U (z) = lim [u0 + + 2 + ...]
z→∞ z→∞ z z
lim U (z) = [u0 + (0) + (0) + ...]
z→∞

Engineering
u0 = lim U (z)
z→∞
Hence initial value theorem is proved (i) To prove this u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ],
z→
We know that, by definition of the Z - transforms
X∞
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0

U (z) = u0 z 0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...
u1 u2 u3
U (z) − u0 = + 2 + 3 + ...
z z z
Multiplying throughout by z
u2 u3
z[U (z) − u0 ] = u1 + + 2 + ...
z z
u2 u3
lim z[U (z) − u0 ] = lim [u1 + + 2 + ...]
z→∞ z→∞ z z
lim z[U (z) − u0 ] = [u1 + (0) + (0) + ...]
z→∞
u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ]
Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560 054 z→∞
Engineering Mathematics - IV - IM41 May 5, 2022 57 / 99
(ii) To prove this result
u1
u2 = lim z 2 [U (z) − u0 − z
],
z→
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0

U (z) = u0 z 0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + u4 z −4 + ...
u1 u2 u3 u4
U (z) − u0 − = 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
z z z z
Multiplying throughout by z 2
u1 u3 u4
z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ] = u2 + + 2 + ...
z z z
u1 u3 u4
lim z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ] = lim [u2 + + 2 + ...]
z→∞ z z→∞ z z
2 u1
lim z [U (z) − u0 − ] = [u2 + (0) + (0) + ...]
z→∞ z
Engineering
u1
u2 = lim z[U (z) − u0 − ]
z→∞ z
(iii) To prove this result
u1 u2
u3 = lim z 3 [U (z) − u0 − z
− z2
],
z→
∞
X
Z[un ] = U (z) = un z −n
n=0

U (z) = u0 z 0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + u4 z −4 + ...
u1 u2 u3 u4
U (z) − u0 − − 2 = 3 + 4 + ...
z z z z
Multiplying throughout by z 3
u1 u2 u4 u5
z 3 [U (z) − u0 − − 2 ] = u3 + + 2 + ...
z z z z
u1 u2 u4 u5
lim z 3 [U (z) − u0 − − 2 ] = lim [u3 + + 2 + ...]
z→∞ z z z→∞ z z
Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Initial Value and Final Value Theorem of the Z -
Transforms ...
u1 u2
lim z 3 [U (z) − u0 −
− 2 ] = [u3 + (0) + (0) + ...]
z→∞ z z
3 u1 u2
u3 = lim z [U (z) − u0 − − 2]
z→∞ z z
Final Value Theorem of the Z - Transforms:
Statement: If Z[un ] = U (z), then prove that lim un = lim (z − 1)U (z).
n→∞ z→1

Engineering
Continued Unit - II Problems on Initial Value of the Z - Transforms ...
Problem - 01: Find the values of the u0 , u1 , u2 and u3 , given that
2
U (z) = 5z(z−1)
+3z+12
4 .
2
Solution: By data U (z) = 5z(z−1)
+3z+12
4
(i) To find the value of u0

We know that, by initial value of Z - transforms
u0 = lim U (z)
z→∞
Substituting U (z) in the RHS

3 12
5z 2 + 3z + 12 2 5 + z + z2 5 + z3 + z122
u0 = lim [ ] = lim z [ 1 ] = lim [ ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ z 4 (1 − z )4 z→∞ z 2 (1 − 1 )4
z
3 12
1 5 + z + z2 5 + (0) + (0)
u0 = lim [ ] = (0)[ ] = (0)(5)
z→∞ z 2 (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4
u0 = 0
(ii) To find the value of u1
u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ]
z→∞

Engineering
Substituting U (z) and u0 in the RHS
3 12
5z 2 + 3z + 12 5z 2 + 3z + 12 3 5 + z + z2
u1 = lim z[ − 0] = lim z[ ] = lim z [ ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ z 4 (1 − z1 )4
5 + z3 + z122 3 12
1 5 + z + z2 5 + (0) + (0)
u1 = lim [ 1 4 ] = z→∞
lim [ 1 4 ] = (0)[ ] = (0)(5)
z→∞ z(1 − z ) z (1 − z ) (1 − 0)4
u1 = 0
(iii) To find the value of u2
u1
u2 = lim z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ]
z→∞ z
Substituting U (z), u0 and u1 in the RHS
5z 2 + 3z + 12 5z 2 + 3z + 12 5 + 3 + 122
u2 = lim z 2 [ − 0 − 0] = lim z 2 [ ] = lim z 4 [ 4 z 1 z 4 ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ (z − 1) 4 z→∞ z (1 − z )
5 + z3 + z122 5 + (0) + (0) 5
u2 = lim [ ]=[ ]=
z→∞ (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4 1
u1 = 5
Engineering
(iv) To find the value of u3

u1 u2
u3 = lim z 3 [U (z) − u0 − − 2]
z→∞ z z
Substituting U (z), u0 , u1 and u2 in the RHS
5z 2 + 3z + 12 5 2
3 5z + 3z + 12 5
u3 = lim z 3 [ − 0 − 0 − ] = lim z [ − 2]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z2 z→∞ (z − 1)4 z
5z 4 + 3z 3 + 12z 2 − 5(z − 1)4

u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4
But (z − 1) = (z − 1) (z − 1)2
4 2
(z − 1)4 = (z 2 − 2z + 1)(z 2 − 2z + 1)
(z − 1)4 = (z 4 − 2z 3 + z 2 − 2z 3 4z 2 − 2z + z 2 − 2z + 1)
(z − 1)4 = (z 4 − 4z 3 + 6z 2 − 4z + 1)
5z 4 + 3z 3 + 12z 2 − 5(z 4 − 4z 3 + 6z 2 − 4z + 1)
u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4

Engineering
5z 4 + 3z 3 + 12z 2 − 5z 4 + 20z 3 − 30z 2 + 20z − 5

u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4
23z 3 − 18z 2 + 20z − 5 23 − 18 + z202 − 5
z3
u3 = lim z 3 [ ] = lim z 6 [ z
]
z→∞ z (z − 1)
2 4 z→∞ z (1 − z1 )4
6
18
23 − z
+ z202 − 5
z3 23 − (0) + (0) − (0) 23
u3 = lim [ ]=[ ]=
z→∞ (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4 1
u3 = 23
2z 2 +4z+12
Problem - 02: Find the values of the u0 , u1 , u2 and u3 , when U (z) = (z−1)4
.
2
Solution: By data U (z) = 2z(z−1)
+4z+12
4
(i) To find the value of u0

u0 = lim U (z)
z→∞
Substituting U (z) in the RHS

4 12
2z 2 + 4z + 12 2 2 + z + z2 2 + z4 + z122
u0 = lim [ ] = lim z [ ] = lim [ ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ z 4 (1 − z1 )4 z→∞ z 2 (1 − 1 )4
z

Engineering
4 12
1 2 + z + z2 2 + (0) + (0)
u0 = lim [ ] = (0)[ ] = (0)(2)
z→∞ z 2 (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4
u0 = 0
(ii) To find the value of u1
u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ]
z→∞
Substituting U (z) and u0 in the RHS

4 12
2z 2 + 4z + 12 2z 2 + 4z + 12 3 2 + z + z2
u1 = lim z[ − 0] = lim z[ ] = lim z [ 1 ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ z 4 (1 − z )4
2 + z4 + z122 4
1 2 + z + z2
12
2 + (0) + (0)
u1 = lim [ ] = lim [ 1 4 ] = (0)[ ] = (0)(2)
z→∞ z(1 − 1 )4 z→∞ z (1 − ) (1 − 0)4
z z
u1 = 0
(iii) To find the value of u2
u1
u2 = lim z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ]
z→∞ z
Engineering
Substituting U (z), u0 and u1 in the RHS
2z 2 + 4z + 12 2z 2 + 4z + 12 2 + 4 + 122
u2 = lim z 2 [ − 0 − 0] = lim z 2 [ ] = lim z 4 [ 4 z 1 z 4 ]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z→∞ (z − 1) 4 z→∞ z (1 − z )
2 + z4 + z122 2 + (0) + (0) 2

u2 = lim [ ]=[ ]=
z→∞ (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4 1
u1 = 2
(iv) To find the value of u3
u1 u2
u3 = lim z 3 [U (z) − u0 − − 2]
z→∞ z z
Substituting U (z), u0 , u1 and u2 in the RHS
2z 2 + 4z + 12 2 2z 2 + 4z + 12 2
u3 = lim z 3 [ − 0 − 0 − 2 ] = lim z 3 [ − 2]
z→∞ (z − 1)4 z z→∞ (z − 1)4 z
2z 4 + 4z 3 + 12z 2 − 2(z − 1)4

u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4
Engineering
But (z − 1)4 = (z − 1)2 (z − 1)2

(z − 1)4 = (z 2 − 2z + 1)(z 2 − 2z + 1)
(z − 1)4 = (z 4 − 2z 3 + z 2 − 2z 3 4z 2 − 2z + z 2 − 2z + 1)
(z − 1)4 = (z 4 − 4z 3 + 6z 2 − 4z + 1)
2z 4 + 4z 3 + 12z 2 − 2(z 4 − 4z 3 + 6z 2 − 4z + 1)
u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4
2z 4 + 4z 3 + 12z 2 − 2z 4 + 8z 3 − 12z 2 + 8z − 2
u3 = lim z 3 [ ]
z→∞ z 2 (z − 1)4
8 2
12z 3 + 8z − 2 12 + 2 − 3
u3 = lim z 3 [ ] = lim z 6 [ 6 z 1 4z ]
z→∞ z (z − 1)
2 4 z→∞ z (1 − z )
12 + z82 − z23 12 − (0) + (0) − (0) 12
u3 = lim [ ]=[ ]=
z→∞ (1 − z1 )4 (1 − 0)4 1
u3 = 12

Engineering
z
Problem - 03: If ZT (un ) = z−1 − z2z+1 , then find ZT (un+1 ).
z
Solution: By data ZT (un ) = U (z) = z−1 − z2z+1
u1
ZT (un+1 ) = z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ]
z
To find the value of u0 , by initial value theorem
u0 = lim U (z)
z→∞
z z z z
u0 = lim [ − 2 ] = lim [ − 2 ]
z→∞ z − 1 z +1 z→∞ z(1 − 1 ) z (1 + z12 )
z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u0 = lim [ −( ) 1 ] = [ − (0) ]=[ − (0)( )]
z→∞ (1 − 1 ) z (1 + 2 ) (1 − 0) (1 + 0) (1) (1)
z z
u0 = 1
To find the value of u1 , by initial value theorem
u1 = lim z[U (z) − u0 ]
z→∞
z z z(z 2 + 1) − z(z − 1) − (z − 1)(z 2 + 1)

u1 = lim z[ − 2 − 1] = lim z[ ]
z→∞ z−1 z +1 z→∞ (z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
Engineering
z3 + z − z2 + z − z3 − z + z2 + 1 z+1
u1 = lim z[ ] = lim z[ ]
z→∞ (z − 1)(z 2 + 1) z→∞ (z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
(1 + z1 ) (1 + z1 ) 1 (1 + z1 )
u1 = lim z 2 [ ] = lim [ ] = lim ( )[ 1 ]
z→∞ z 3 (1 − z1 )(1 + 1
z2
) z→∞ z(1 − z1 )(1 + 1
z2
) z→∞ z (1 − 1 )(1 +
z z2
)
(1 + 0)
u0 = (0)[ ] = (0)(1) = 0
(1 − 0)(1 + 0)
Substituting U (z), u0 and u1 in the above equation
z z (0)
ZT (un+1 ) = z 2 [ − 2 −1− ]
z−1 z +1 z
z z
ZT (un+1 ) = z 2 [ − 2 − 1]
z−1 z +1

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Inverse Z - Transforms and Formulas ...
Definition of the Inverse Z - Transforms: The function U (z) is said to be
inverse Z - transforms of the function un . The inverse Z - transforms of the function
U (z) is denoted by Z −1 [U (z)] and is given by
un = Z −1 [U (z)]
where, Z −1 is the inverse Z - transforms operator.
Formulas of the Inverse Z - Transforms of standard functions:
1.
z
Z −1 [ ]=1
z−1
2.
z
Z −1 [ ] = −1
z+1
3.
z
Z −1 [ ] = an
z−a
4.
z
Z −1 [ ] = (−a)n
z+a
5.
1
Z −1 [ ] = an−1
z−a
Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Formulas of the Inverse Z - Transforms ...
6.
1
Z −1 [ ] = (−a)n−1
z+a
7.
1
Z −1 [ ] = (n − 1)an−2
(z − a)2
8.
1
Z −1 [ ] = (n − 1)(−a)n−2
(z + a)2
9.
1 1
Z −1 [ ] = (n − 1)(n − 2)an−3
(z − a)3 2
10.
z2
Z −1 [ ] = (n + 1)an
(z − a)2
11.
z3 1
Z −1 [ ] = (n + 1)(n + 2)an un
(z − a)3 2!

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Formulas of the Inverse Z - Transforms ...
12.
z
Z −1 [ ] = nan−1
(z − a)2
13.
az
Z −1 [ ] = nan
(z − a)2
14.
az 2 + a2 z
Z −1 [ ] = n2 an
(z − a)3
15.
z
Z −1 [ ] = H(n)
z−1
16.
Z −1 [1] = δ(n)

Engineering
Continued Unit - II Problems on Inverse Z - Transforms ...
z
Problem - 01 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of (z−1)(z+2)
.
z
Solution: by data (z−1)(z+2) , Take
z
U (z) =
(z − 1)(z + 2)
U (z) 1
= (3)
z (z − 1)(z + 2)
Applying the partial fraction for the RHS expression
1 A B
= +
(z − 1)(z + 2) (z − 1) (z + 2)
1 = A(z + 2) + B(z − 1)
put, z = 1, we get 1 = A(3) + B(0), A = 31
−1
put, z = −2, we get 1 = A(0) + B(−3), B = 3
. Substituting the value of A and B
1 1 1
= − (4)
(z − 1)(z + 2) 3(z − 1) 3(z + 2)

Engineering
Using Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (3)
U (z) 1 1
= −
z 3(z − 1) 3(z + 2)
Multiply throughout by z
1 z 1 z
U (z) = ( )− ( )
3 z−1 3 z+2
Applying inverse Z - transforms on both sides
1 −1 z 1 z
Z −1 [U (z)] = Z [ ] − Z −1 [ ]
3 z−1 3 z+2
z 1 1
Z −1 [ ] = (1) − (−2)n
(z − 1)(z + 2) 3 3
z 1
Z −1 [ ] = [1 − (−2)n ]
(z − 1)(z + 2) 3

Engineering
5z
Problem - 02 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of (2−z)(3z−1)
.
5z
Solution: by data (2−z)(3z−1) , Take
5z
U (z) =
(2 − z)(3z − 1)
U (z) 5
= (5)
z (2 − z)(3z − 1)
5 A B
= +
(2 − z)(3z − 1) (2 − z) (3z − 1)
5 = A(3z − 1) + B(2 − z)
put, z = 2, we get 5 = A(5) + B(0), A = 1
put, z = 31 , we get 5 = A(0) + B( 53 ), B = 3. Substituting the value of A and B in the
above equation
5 1 3
= + (6)
(2 − z)(3z − 1) (2 − z) (3z − 1)

Engineering

U (z) 1 3
= +
z (2 − z) (3z − 1)
z z
U (z) = +3
(2 − z) (3z − 1)
z z
Z −1 [U (z)] = Z −1 [ ] + 3Z −1 [ ]
−(z − 2) 3(z − 13 )
5z 3 1
Z −1 [ ] = (−1)(2)2 + ( )n
(2 − z)(3z − 1) 3 3
5z 1
Z −1 [ ] = −(2)2 + ( )n
(2 − z)(3z − 1) 3

Engineering
2z 2 +3z
Problem - 03 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of (z+2)(z−4)
.
2
2z +3z
Solution: by data (z+2)(z−4)
, Take
2z 2 + 3z
U (z) =
(z + 2)(z − 4)
U (z) 2z + 3
= (7)
z (z + 2)(z − 4)
2z + 3 A B
= +
(z + 2)(z − 4) (z + 2) (z − 4)
2z + 3 = A(z − 4) + B(z + 2)
put, z = −2, we get −1 = A(−6) + B(0), A = 16
put, z = 4, we get 11 = A(0) + B(6), B = 116
. Substituting the value of A and B in
the above equation
2z + 3 1 11
= + (8)
(z + 2)(z − 4) 6(z + 2) 6(z − 4)

Engineering

U (z) 1 11
= +
z 6(z + 2) 6(z − 4)
1 z 11 z
U (z) = [ ]+ [ ]
6 (z + 2) 6 (z − 4)
1 −1 z 11 −1 z
Z −1 [U (z)] = Z [ ]+ Z [ ]
6 (z + 2) 6 (z − 4)
2z 2 + 3z 1 11 n
Z −1 [ ] = (−2)n + (4)
(z + 2)(z − 4) 6 6
2z 2 + 3z 1
Z −1 [ ] = [(−2)n + 11(4)n ]
(z + 2)(z − 4) 6

Engineering
4z 2 −2z
Problem - 04 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of z 3 −5z 2 +8z−4
.
2
4z −2z
Solution: by data z 3 −5z 2 +8z−4
, Take
4z 2 − 2z
U (z) =
z3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
Factorize the denominator expression z 3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4 = (z − 1)(z − 2)2
4z 2 − 2z
U (z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)2
U (z) 4z − 2
= (9)
z (z − 1)(z − 2)2
4z − 2 A B C
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)2 (z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 2)2
4z − 2 = A(z − 2)2 + B(z − 1)(z − 2) + C(z − 1)
put, z = 1, we get 2 = A(1) + B(0) + C(0), A = 2,
put, z = 2, we get 6 = A(0) + B(0) + C(1), C = 6,
put, z = 0, we get −2 = A(4) + B(2) + C(−1), −2 = 8 + 2B − 6, B = 0. Substituting
the value of A, B and C in the above equation
Engineering
4z − 2 2 0 6
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)2 (z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 2)2
4z − 2 2 6
= + (10)
(z − 1)(z − 2)2 (z − 1) (z − 2)2
U (z) 2 6
= +
z (z − 1) (z − 2)2
z z
U (z) = 2 +6
(z − 1) (z − 2)2
z z
Z −1 [U (z)] = 2Z −1 [ ] + 6Z −1 [ ]
(z − 1) (z − 2)2
4z 2 − 2z
Z −1 [ ] = 2(1) + 6n(2)n−1
z 3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
Engineering
4z 2 − 2z
Z −1 [ ] = 2 + 6n(2)n−1
z3 − 5z 2 + 8z − 4
8z−z 3
Problem - 05 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of (4−z)3
.
8z−z 3
Solution: by data (4−z)3
, Take
8z − z 3 8z − z 3
U (z) = =
(−1) (z − 4)
3 3 −(z − 4)3
z 3 − 8z
U (z) =
(z − 4)3
We can observe in the denominator expression has repeated linear factors and we
2
have Z −1 [ (z−4)
z
] = 4n , Z −1 [ (z−4)
4z
2 ] = n4
n
and Z −1 [ 4z +16z
(z−4)3
] = n2 4n We have, apply
the partial fractions for the RHS expression for the above equation
z 3 − 8z z 4z 4z 2 + 16z
=A +B +C
(z − 4) 3 z−4 (z − 4)2 (z − 4)3
z 3 − 8z = Az(z − 4)2 + 4Bz(z − 4) + 4Cz(z + 4)

Engineering
Canceling z on both sides
z 2 − 8 = A(z − 4)2 + 4B(z − 4) + 4C(z + 4)
put, z = 4, we get −8 = A(0) + 4B(0) + 4C(8), C = 14 .

Equating the coefficient of z 2 on both sides, we get, A = 1.
Again by equating the coefficient of z on both sides, we have, 0 = −8A + 4B + 4C,
we get, B = 74 . Substituting the value of A, B and C in the above equation
z 3 − 8z z 7 4z 1 4z 2 + 16z
= (1) + ( ) + ( )
(z − 4)3 z−4 4 (z − 4)2 4 (z − 4)3
Applying the inverse Z - transforms on both sides
z 3 − 8z z 7 −1 4z 1 −1 4z 2 + 16z
Z −1 [ ] = Z −1
[ ] + Z [ ] + Z [ ]
(z − 4)3 z−4 4 (z − 4)2 4 (z − 4)3
Using the above results, we get
z 3 − 8z 7 1
Z −1 [ ] = 4n + n4n + n2 4n
(z − 4)3 4 4

Engineering
z 3 −20z
Problem - 06 : Find the inverse Z - transforms of (z−2)3 (z−4)
.
z 3 −20z
Solution: by data (z−2)3 (z−4)
, Take
z 3 − 20z
U (z) =
(z − 2)3 (z − 4)
We can observe in the denominator expression has repeated linear factors in first
−1 2z 2 +4z
factor and we have Z −1 [ (z−2)
z
] = 2n , Z −1 [ (z−2)
2z n
2 ] = n2 , Z [ (z−2)3 ] = n2 4n and
Z −1 [ (z−4)
z
] = 4n We have, apply the partial fractions for the RHS expression for the
above equation
z 3 − 20z z 2z 2z 2 + 4z z
=A +B +C +D
(z − 2) (z − 4)
3 z−2 (z − 2)2 (z − 2)3 z−4
z 3 − 20z = Az(z − 2)2 (z − 4) + 2Bz(z − 2)(z − 4) + C(2z 2 + 4z)(z − 4) + Dz(z − 2)3

Engineering
Canceling z on both sides
z 2 − 20 = A(z − 2)2 (z − 4) + 2B(z − 2)(z − 4) + C(2z + 4)(z − 4) + D(z − 2)3
put, z = 2, we get −16 = A(0) + 2B(0) + C(−16) + D(0), C = 1.

put, z = 4, we get −4 = A(0) + 2B(0) + C(0) + D(8), D = −1 2
.
Equating the coefficient of z 3 on both sides, we get, A + D = 0, A = 21 .
put, z = 0, we get −20 = A(4)(−4) + 2B(8) + C(−16) + D(−8), B = 0. Substituting
the value of A, B, C and D in the above equation
z 3 − 20z 1 z 2z 2z 2 + 4z −1 z
=( ) + (0) + (1) +( )
(z − 2) (z − 4)
3 2 z−2 (z − 2)2 (z − 2)3 2 z−4
z 3 − 20z 1 z 2z 2 + 4z 1 z
Z −1 [ ] = Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ] − Z −1 [ ]
(z − 2) (z − 4)
3 2 z−2 (z − 2)3 2 z−4
Using the above results, we get
z 3 − 20z 1 1
Z −1 [ ] = 2n + n2 2n − 4n = 2n−1 + n2 2n − 22n−1
(z − 2)3 (z − 4) 2 2

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Application of the Z - Transforms to Solve the
Difference Equations ...
Introduction:
Definition of Difference equation: An equation which involving the set of values
of the dependent variable is known as a difference equation.
Let us consider the second order forward difference of y0 is equal to zero, that is
∆2 y0 = 0
∆(∆y0 ) = 0
we have, ∆y0 = y1 − y0
∆(y1 − y0 ) = 0
∆y1 − ∆y0 = 0
(y2 − y1 ) − (y1 − y0 ) = 0
y2 − 2y1 + y0 = 0
This kind of equation is called as a difference equation Examples:
1. yn+2 + 5yn+1 + 6yn = 3n .
2. un+2 − 3yn+1 + 2yn = n2 .

Engineering
Continued Unit - II on Application of the Z - Transforms to Solve the
Difference Equations ...
Working procedure to solve the difference equations:

Step - 01: Applying the Z - transforms on both sides.
Step - 02: Substituting the shifting property of Z - transforms, that is
Z[un+1 ] = z[U (z) − u0 ]
Z[un+2 ] = z 2 [U (z) − u0 − uz1 ]
Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [U (z) − u0 − uz1 − uz22 ]
Step - 03: Substituting the given initial conditions and simplify U (z) in terms of z.
Step - 04: Applying the inverse Z - transforms on both sides, we get the solution of
the given difference equation.

Engineering
Continued Unit - II Problems on Application of the Z - Transforms to
Solve the Difference Equations ...
Problem - 01: Solve the difference equation un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = 2, given that
u0 = 3, u1 = 7, by using Z - transforms.
Solution: By data un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = 2, and u0 = 3, u1 = 7
Z[un+2 ] − 5Z[un+1 ] + 6Z[un ] = Z[2]
Substituting the shifting property of the Z - transforms

u1 2z
z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ] − 5(z[U (z) − u0 ]) + 6(U (z)) = ( )
z z−1
Substituting the given initial conditions u0 = 3 and u1 = 7
7 2z
z 2 [U (z) − (3) − ] − 5(z[U (z) − (3)]) + 6(U (z)) = ( )
z z−1
Simplify
2z
z 2 U (z) − 3z 2 − 7z − 5zU (z) + 15z + 6U (z) =
z−1
2z
z 2 U (z) − 5zU (z) + 6U (z) = + 3z 2 + 7z − 15z
z−1
Engineering
2z
(z 2 − 5z + 6)U (z) = + 3z 2 − 8z
z−1
2z + 3z 2 (z − 1) − 8z(z − 1)
(z − 2)(z − 3)U (z) =
z−1
3z 3 − 11z 2 + 10z
U (z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3)
U (z) 3z 2 − 11z + 10
= (11)
z (z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3)
Now, applying the partial fractions for the RHS expression
3z 2 − 11z + 10 A B C
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3) z−1 z−2 z−3
3z 2 − 11z + 10 = A(z − 2)(z − 3) + B(z − 1)(z − 3) + C(z − 1)(z − 2)
put, z = 1, we get, 2 = A(−1)(−2) + B(0) + C(0), A = 1.
put, z = 2, we get, 0 = A(0) + B(1)(−1) + C(0), B = 0.
put, z = 3, we get, 4 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2)(1), C = 2. Substituting the values of the
A, B and C in the above equation
Engineering
3z 2 − 11z + 10 1 0 2
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3) z−1 z−2 z−3
3z 2 − 11z + 10 1 2
= +
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3) z−1 z−3
U (z) 1 2
= + (12)
z z−1 z−3
z z
U (z) = +2
z−1 z−3
z z
Z −1 [U (z)] = Z −1 [ ] + 2Z −1 [ ]
z−1 z−3
but, Z −1 [U (z)] = un
un = (1) + 2(3n ) = 1 + 23n
This is required solution for the given difference equation.
Engineering
Problem - 02: Solve yn+2 + 2yn+1 + yn = n, given that y0 = 0, y1 = 0, by using Z -
transforms.
Solution: Given yn+2 + 2yn+1 + yn = n and y0 = 0, y1 = 0
Z[yn+2 ] + 2Z[yn+1 ] + Z[yn ] = Z[n]

y1 z
z 2 [Y (z) − y0 − ] + 2(z[Y (z) − y0 ]) + (Y (z)) = ( )
z (z − 1)2
Substituting the given initial conditions y0 = 0 and y1 = 0
0 z
z 2 [Y (z) − (0) − ] + 2(z[Y (z) − (0)]) + (Y (z)) =
z (z − 1)2
Simplify
z
z 2 Y (z) − (0) − (0) + 2zY (z) − (0) + Y (z) =
(z − 1)2
z
(z 2 + 2z + 1)Y (z) =
(z − 1)2
Engineering
z
(z + 1)2 Y (z) =
(z − 1)2
z
Y (z) =
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)2
Y (z) 1
= (13)
z (z − 1)2 (z + 1)2
Applying the partial fractions for the RHS expression
1 A B C D
= + + +
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)2 (z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z + 1) (z + 1)2
1 = A(z − 1)(z + 1)2 + B(z + 1)2 + C(z + 1)(z − 1)2 + D(z − 1)2
put, z = 1, we get, 1 = A(0) + B(4) + C(0) + D(0), B = 41 .
put, z = −1, we get, 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0) + D(4), D = 41 .
Rewrite the above equation
1 = A(z 3 + z 2 − z − 1) + B(z 2 + 2z + 1) + C(z 3 − z 2 − z + 1) + D(z 2 − 2z + 1)
Equating the coefficient of z 3 on both sides A + C = 0 Equating the coefficient of z 2
on both sides A + B − C + D = 0, A − C = −1 2
,
Engineering
−1
solving these two equations, we get A = 4
and C = 14 . Substituting the values of A,
B, C and D in the above equation.
1 −1 1 1 1
= + + + (14)
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)2 4(z − 1) 4(z − 1)2 4(z + 1) 4(z + 1)2
Using Eqn. (14) in (13)
Y (z) −1 1 1 1
= + + +
z 4(z − 1) 4(z − 1)2 4(z + 1) 4(z + 1)2
1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z
Y (z) = − + + +
4z−1 4 (z − 1)2 4z+1 4 (z + 1)2
1 z z z z
Z −1 [Y (z)] = − [Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ]]
4 z−1 (z − 1)2 z+1 (z + 1)2

Engineering
but, Z −1 [Y (z)] = yn
1 1
yn = [−(1) + n(1)n−1 + (−1)n + n(−1)n−1 ] = [−1 + n + (−1)n + n(−1)n−1 ]
4 4
Problem - 03: Solve yn+2 − 4yn+1 + 3yn = H(n), given that y0 = 0, y1 = 0, by
using Z - transforms.
Solution: Given yn+2 − 4yn+1 + 3yn = H(n) and y0 = 0, y1 = 0
Z[yn+2 ] − 4Z[yn+1 ] + 3Z[yn ] = Z[H(n)]

y1 z
z 2 [Y (z) − y0 − ] − 4(z[Y (z) − y0 ]) + 3(Y (z)) = ( )
z (z − 1)
Substituting the given initial conditions y0 = 0 and y1 = 0
0 z
z 2 [Y (z) − (0) − ] − 4(z[Y (z) − (0)]) + 3(Y (z)) =
z (z − 1)

Engineering
Simplify
z
z 2 Y (z) − (0) − (0) − 4zY (z) − (0) + 3Y (z) =
(z − 1)
z
(z 2 − 4z + 3)Y (z) =
(z − 1)
z
(z − 1)(z − 3)Y (z) =
(z − 1)
z
Y (z) =
(z − 1)2 (z − 3)
Y (z) 1
= (15)
z (z − 1)2 (z − 3)
Applying the partial fraction for RHS expression in the above equation
1 A B C
= + +
(z − 1)2 (z − 3) (z − 1) (z − 1)2 (z − 3)
1 = A(z − 1)(z − 3) + B(z − 3) + C(z − 1)2

Engineering
put, z = 1, we get, 1 = A(0) + B(−2) + C(0), B = −1 2
.
put, z = 3, we get, 1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(4), C = 14 .
put, z = 0, we get, 1 = A(3) + B(−3) + C(1), A = −1 4
. Substituting the values of the
A, B and C in the above equation
1 −1 −1 1
= + + (16)
(z − 1)2 (z − 3) 4(z − 1) 2(z − 1)2 4(z − 3)
Using Eqn. (16) IN Eqn.. (15)
Y (z) −1 −1 1
= + +
z 4(z − 1) 2(z − 1)2 4(z − 3)
1 z 1 z 1 z
Y (z) = − − +
4 (z − 1) 2 2(z − 1)2 4 (z − 3)
1 z 1 z 1 z
Z −1 [Y (z)] = − Z −1 [ ] − Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ]
4 (z − 1) 2 (z − 1)2 4 (z − 3)

Engineering
But, Z −1 [Y (z)] = yn
1 1 1 −1 n (3)n
yn = − (1) − (n) + (3)n = − +
4 2 4 4 2 4
Problem - 04: Solve the difference equation un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = Hn , given that
u0 = 0, u1 = 1, where Hn is a unit step sequence, by using Z - transforms.
Solution: Given un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = Hn and u0 = 0, u1 = 1
Z[un+2 ] − 5Z[un+1 ] + 6Z[un ] = Z[Hn ]

u1 z
z 2 [U (z) − u0 − ] − 5(z[U (z) − u0 ]) + 6(U (z)) = ( )
z (z − 1)
Substituting the given initial conditions u0 = 0 and u1 = 1
1 z
z 2 [U (z) − (0) − ] − 5(z[U (z) − (0)]) + 6(U (z)) =
z (z − 1)

Engineering
z
z 2 U (z) − 0 − z − 5zU (z) − 0 + 6U (z) =
(z − 1)
z z + z2 − z
(z 2 − 5z + 6)U (z) = +z =
(z − 1) (z − 1)
z2
(z − 2)(z − 3)U (z) =
(z − 1)
z2
U (z) =
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3)
U (z) z
= (17)
z (z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3)
Applying the partial fractions for the RHS expression
z A B C
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3) (z − 1) (z − 2) (z − 3)
z = A(z − 2)(z − 3) + B(z − 1)(z − 3) + C(z − 1)(z − 2)

Engineering
put, z = 1, we get, 1 = A(2) + B(0) + C(0), A = 12 .

put, z = 2, we get, 2 = A(0) + B(−2) + C(0), B = −1 2
.
put, z = 3, we get, 3 = A(0) + B(0) + C(2), C = 32 . Substituting the values of the A,
B and C in the above equation
z 1 −1 3
= + +
(z − 1)(z − 2)(z − 3) 2(z − 1) 2(z − 2) 2(z − 3)
U (z) 1 −1 3
= + +
z 2(z − 1) 2(z − 2) 2(z − 3)
1 z 1 z 3 z
U (z) = − +
2z−1 2z−2 2z−3

Engineering

1 −1 z 1 z 3 z
Z −1 [U (z)] = Z [ ] − Z −1 [ ] + Z −1 [ ]
2 z−1 2 z−2 2 z−3
But, Z −1 [U (z)] = un
1 1 3 1 (3)n+1
un = (1) − (2)n + (3)n = − (2)n−1 +
2 2 2 2 2

Engineering

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Unit - II: Z - TRANSFORMS ...

Transformation OR Transform: A transform is a mathematical devices which

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Definition of the Z - transforms: The Z - transforms of the discrete function un ,

Where Z OR ZT is the Z - transforms operator and z is the Z - transforms parameter.

where, Z −1 is the inverse Z - transforms operator.

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Poof: We have, by definition of Z - transforms

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Expanding the summation in the RHS

Z[un+1 ] = z[u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...]

Now, adding and subtracting the missing term u0 in the RHS

Z[un+1 ] = z[u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ... − u0 ]

Z[un+1 ] = z[(u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...) − u0 ]

Z[un+1 ] = z[U (z) − u0 ]

Multiply and dividing by z 2 in the RHS

Multiply and dividing by z 3 in the RHS

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Expanding the summation in the RHS

Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [u3 z −3 + u4 z −4 + u5 z −5 + ...]

Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ... − u0 − u1 z −1 − u2 z −2 ]

Z[un+3 ] = z 3 [(u0 + u1 z −1 + u2 z −2 + u3 z −3 + ...) − u0 − u1 z −1 − u2 z −2 ]

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

4. Right Shifting Property: If Z[un = U (z)], then prove that

Multiply and dividing by n and z in the RHS

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Differentiating w.r.t. z on both sides

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Similarly, the Z - transforms

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

3. Obtain the Z - transforms of sinh(nθ) and cosh(nθ).

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

(ii) To obtain the Z - transforms of cosh(nθ)

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

4. Obtain the Z - transforms of sin(nθ) and cos(nθ).

einθ = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)

Applying Z - transforms on both sides

Z[einθ ] = Z[cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)]

Z[cos(nθ)] + iZ[sin(nθ)] = Z[einθ ]

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

z((z − cos(θ)) + i sin(θ))

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

We know that, by logarithmic series

To find the Z - transforms of the unit step sequence for discrete:

Expanding the summation in the RHS

Z[H(n)] = H(0)z 0 + H(1)z −1 + H(2)z −2 + H(3)z −3 + ...

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

We have, by Binomial expansion

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

To find the Z - transforms of the unit impulse sequence for discrete:

Expanding the summation in the RHS

Z[δ(n)] = δ(0)z 0 + δ(1)z −1 + δ(2)z −2 + δ(3)z −3 + ...

Z[δ(n)] = 1 + (0) + (0) + (0) + ...

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

Dr. Vijaya kumar, MSRIT, Bengaluru - 560

nπ 4(z 2 + z) z 2 − z( √12 ) 10a3 z