India's Best Institute for IES, GATE & PSUs Detailed Solutions ESE-2023 Civil Engineering Mains Test Series TestNo:1 Tukodcleel ne Q4 (2) Solution: Modulus of elasticity of copper (E) = 2 G(1 +») > = 2x 40000 (1 + 0.35) = E = 108000 N/mm? () When the ends do not yield Due to fall in temperature, bar will shorten in length, 81 = ATI 0.000175 x (80 - 20) x 5000 525mm As this bar does not yield, tensile stress gets generated, i.e., al 5.25 “xB = >= x 108000 = 2 TE = Soop * 113.4 N/mm So, Tensile force in bar = 6 x A= 113.4 x 305 34587 N = 34.587 KN Gi) When the ends yield by 2.5 mm Restrained change in length due to fall in temperature, al = (@ATI-25) = 0,0000175 (80 - 20) x 5000 - 2.5 = 2.75 mm o *Solutions updated on 12.04.202342 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY al 2. i = SxXE= Tensile stress developed, 6 = | 5000 59.4 x 305 = 18117 N = 18.117 kN * 108000 = 59.4 N/mm? Force in bar Q.1 (b) Solution: Suppose, P = 100N a = 60° H = 1500mm=1.5m b = 300 mm =0.3 m Free body diagram of point-A: 60° P=100N 60° Let T be the tensile force in the bow string =P, = 0 = 2T cos 60° = 100N > T = 100N Now, free body diagram of segment BC is as shown below, > Teosp xt TsinBxb+M = 0 MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.inMADE ERSY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 13 > M = 100 cos 60° x 0.75 + 100 x sin 60° x 0.3 => M = 63.48 Nm = 63.5 N-m So, bending moment at midpoint of the bow is 63.5 N-m Qi (c) Solution: () Stress in x-direction, 0.8x1 o,= aay tue, aaa)” 00088 + 0.3 x 0,00022) = 83.16 MPa Stress in y-direction, so, = a (Gy tHe,) = 28%10" (0.00022 + 0.3 x 0.00088) 9” G@-wy (1-03?) = 42.55 MPa Gi) 6 = 30° to.x-direction cos20 e+e, sty FS} ( 0.00088 + penen2) . (coun 0.00022 ~ 2 2 = 0.00055 + 0.000165 = 0.000715 = 7.15 x 10+ (ii) Normal stress on the inclined plane, Jeostaxa0" G9 = 6, cos*@ + 6, sin? 8 83.16 cos? 30° + 42.55 sin? 30° 62.37 MPa + 10.6375 MPa 73 MPa Shear stress on the inclined plane, 0 " a ¥ sin 20 2 Jina x 30°) = 17.58 MPa www.madeeasy.in414 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q1 (a) Solution: Outer diameter, D= 70mm Inner diameter, d= D-2t= (70-28) Critical load, P, = FOS x P=2*35=70kN ® (pt _ at) - 2708 4 = (pt -d*) = ~70* - (70-28 Moment of Inertia, eal ) = Gq l70" ~¢ yy WEI _ El We know that, Py= pe =z E L=3 msince pin jointed] x? x210x 10° x Zo" =(70-28)4) > 70 x 108 = 7 3000" > 70' - (70-28) = 6192294.611 = (70 - 28)" = 17817705.39 > 70 -2t = 64.97 = 2t = 70 ~ 64.97 = 5.03 mm > #= 2515 mm ~=252mm So, the minimum required thickness of the tube is 2.52 mm. Q4 (¢) Solution: @ Given, f= 15Hz=15:ps P = 25kW We know that, = NT Long 60 > 25 * 10? = 2n x 15% T = T = 265.258 N-m (@ Maximum shear stress developed, 16T g = ME max (Minimum permissible diameter of the shaft, Tatlowable = 40 MPa > it = 40 x 10° nd www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 15 @) @ ® 16 x 265.258 — > = d = 0.03232 m = 32.32 mm St. Venant’s theory or Maximum principal strain theory: According to this theory, a ductile material begins to yield when the maximum principle strain reaches the strain at which yielding occurs in uniaxial loading test. => = 40 x 10° Mathematically for no failure, s, ase S1_ Noy _ us. For 3-dimensional case, €, = St~ ue - oe Some limitations of this theory are: + Itis not suitable for hydrostatic loading, + Itcan not be applied for pure shear. * It overestimates the elastic strength of ductile material. + This theory is not applicable for brittle matieral. Guest's theory or Maximum shear stress theory: According to this theory, for no failure, maximum shear stress developed in a strained body should be less than or equal to maximum shear stress in uniaxial loading. Mathematically, = > Some limitations of this theory are: * Ibis not applicable when principle stresses are nearly equal and alike. + It is not applicable for brittle materials. + Itresults in oversafe result for ductile material. score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in46 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q2 (a) Solution: Determination of loading diagram: V, = +14 KN > Ry = 14kN Vy = -6KN + Inclined shear force diagram means UDL in loading diagram we > we Now, vertical downward SF means concentrated load at joint . Vs" = -18 kN > -6 +P, = -18 = P, = -18+6=-12kN 12 KN (downward) Now, = -18 KN 10kN Reaction force at support C; -18 +R, = 10kN > R, = 10+18=28kN Now, for portion CD it is given that, 3x2 V = S810 dv = aar-8 At point C (x= 0); F=-8kN Atpoint D (x= 2m); P= 3%2-8=-2kN Now, given a concentrated moment is acting at point B; 12kN 8kN/m Ry=14kN Ms Re=28KN = 2m we mse 2m —Ht www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 17 = 10x2x1+12x2+Mp dix ae Ex 6x2x(992}s 2x2) =0 = 0 > = 2kNm Required loading diagram is: en 8kN/m 10KN/m 2kN/m 4 B D 2kNm © = 2m rege 2m Ht Determination of bending moment diagram: + Section AB (0. $x$ 2m, x from A) M, = 0 2 10KN/m = Ryxx-10x7— My = M, = 14x20 R,= 14 KN . Atx=0; M, = 0kNm Atx=2m; = 4x2 20x2? = 8kNm + Section BC (2m Ry-x-10* 2(e-1) - 12(-2) +2-M,=0 ~18x + 46 www.madeeasy.in418 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Atx=2m; = -18(2) +46 = 10kNm Atx=3m; Mg = -18() +46 =-8 kNm + Section DC (0 x=14m = 14? = Mygy = M4x14-10x5- = 9.8 kN-m Now, bending moment changes sign at a distance x from point A in section BC, such that, M, = -18x +46 =0 > x= 2m =255m 18 www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 19 Required bending moment diagram is shown below, 10kNm 2° 98kNm 255m 8kNm Maximum binding moment for given beam is 10 kNm and point of contraflexure is 2.55 m from point A. Q2 (b) Solution: (@ Consider a shaft which tapers uniformly from d,, to dy from end A to end B and is subjected to a twisting moment T. ‘The diameter d at a distance x from left end A is given by, a= aye( eas): For a small length dy , the angle of twist is 40. T _ Gxd0 Hence, = Ty ae ® where, J, = Polar moment of inertia corresponding to diameter, d= ne G = Modulus of rigidity score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in20 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY 32F dx a = ———" Where, K > Gxnx(d,+K-x* The total angle of twist for the total length of shaft is obtained by integrating the above equation 32r de - fao-j/—"* _ o-J 4nG(d,+K-xy -3 ye cart de _ gar [da+K ay], mG 4(d,+K-x)' 0G (-3)(K) a] or 1 1 xG(BK) [eoe( a a L oO 32T | 1 _ 1 - 32TL 1 _ 1 nG(BK)| dy dy] RGX3(ds—da)| dy dy 327L y-—1 = —2L_J,__1_ roxas =) (#) A dy TL (Eat }oxae 1) = OE xt tk Ly -0 TL(B> -1) GUIp)4(B-1)38° TL(B-1)(B? +1+ = Sea {B= 1 = (B- 16? +1 +B) e= IL (Fs) Gllpal 38° ccoorot MADE EASY www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 24 (i) For tapered bar, Angle of twist, For prismatic bar, Angle of twist, ©) - Gp, According to question, 0, = to, ae (AE) i TL ) > Cpa 3%) ~ 4 GUp)4 = 4 +B +1) = 3p > 38° - 4p? - 4-4 = 0 On solving, B = 2.2098 (other roots are imaginary) dg Hence, Gi, = 22098=221 Q2 (c) Solution: () Tease: the plates are separate and can bend independently, 50 mn —— 15mm NAc 15mm Since, two plates bend independently, each will have its own neutral axis, which will lie at the mid-depth of each section. Assumption : Radius of curvature R is the same for both the plates, SLE y R Evy _E:X¥s _ EyXY Sy www.madeeasy.in22 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY (i) G _ EXYs Given (6,1) teat = a 2 75 7 46N/mm TE gu) prass = 80 N/mm? then, g, = 2.5 x 80 = 200 N/mm? 6, = 200 N/mm? So, take; ¢, = 115 N/mm? and o, = 46 N/mm? +. The total moment of resistance (M) = M, + M, is more than allowable stress in steel 1,+ 54x, Yo Y 115, 50x15° | 46 is, +8 75° 1275 M = 301875 Nmm = 301.875 Nm Let, W = Maximum load applied at centre of a simply supported beam ue WE 4 Wwx30 > 301.875 = 4 > W = 4025N 24 case : The plates are firmly secured throughout their length Here the unit has a single N.A. So, transforming the composite section into an equivalent brass section, ES EC So, the equivalent brass width for steel plate will be 50 x 2.5 = 125 mm m= 25 www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No :1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 23 50mm. 15mm Brass 15mm Steel 50%2,5 = 125 mm Let, ¥ = Distance of C.G of equivalent brass section from bottom face Ary t+ Agy2 _ 125% 15 x7.5+ 50 x15 x (15+7.5) “Apt Ay > 125x15+50x15 > Y =11.79mm Now, moment of inertia about NA is given by 5x15? T= TRIS 412515 x(11.79-75) 50x 15% 4+ DAS" 5015 x (22.5 -11.79)? = 1 = 100090.58 + 69663.94 = 169754.52 mm* = Ee stn fo I 48.21 mm ssa. Vo ny t fy mm Strain Stress ingram diagram (©u)orass = 0; = 80 N/mm? 6, _ 18.21 thin wu” Bar [within bra 80x 3.21 3 = 6, = ~Ggpy = 14.102. N/mm www.madeeasy.in24 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY 6 _ & ae [at junctin of brass and steel] 6 &, 14.102 x 2.x 10° a = 95.255 N/mm? > Sao 5.255 N/mm 63 _ 3.21 ithin steel a = liz [within steel] 35,255 x 11.79 oy = aT 7 12949 N/mm?> (6,1) cu Hence, brass cannot be fully stre o.Take, (,)).jeq) = 115 N/mm? s. So, [within steel] 2 _ M5x321 4, > = 93 = Sy 39 = 31.31 N/mm Sy, . . | o£, [at junctin of brass and steel] 31.31x8x 104 > 6, = = 12524 N/mm 2x10 6 _ 18.21 . a7 [within brass] 6, 3.21 12.524 x 18,21 , > = a 7 LON /mm? < (6t)orass So, Take : 6, = 115 N/mm? and o, = 71.05 N/mm? 71.05 o Now, M= = 662.33 Nm www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 25 Q3 (a) Solution: Free body diagram and displacement diagram are shown below, ase > ° ee i Fy Ry 200mm | 150mm P 400 mm Fo By B c D A 8 ls, Equation of equilibrium: =M,=0 =F, x (200)-P x 150+F, «550 =0 ( Compatibility equation, 50 (i) Also, and (iii) From equation (ii) and (ii), > = .Aiv) and (vi) www.madeeasy.in26 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Now, 150P(550Kp) (2007K , + 550°K,)(550Kp) _ 150P © (200?K 4 +550°Kp) 6 Maximum load, Prax = Fab (200°K, 4 +5507 Ky) ax x = an (200 15(kKN/m) + 5502(25 kN/m)) = 1899.5 N = 1900N Now, forces in spring A and D are 150 x 1900 710x180 __ = 104.747 N {Fromeq. (¥)} (20 |, 3508 25 200 x 15 150.x 1900 (= x15 480.092 {From eq. (vi)} 550x25 ss] Now, reaction force at B: F,+P=Ry+Fp > 104.747 + 1900 = R,, + 480.092 > Ry = 1524.655 N Q3 (b) Solution: Moment of inertia about z-z axis 1, = 100x140? _ 80%100° w 2 12 > 1.62 = 10” mm Moment of inertia about y-y axis 2x 20x 100% | 100x 20° = 2X20x100" | 100x20" = 7 mam! 1, 2 1D 0.34 x 107 mm! ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No :1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 27 Vertical loading diagram: 10sin60" 10 sin 60" 2kN/m P Q be 3 meted me 3 1 So, Vertical reactions, Vp 7 (210+ 2.x 10sin60") > V, 8.66 kN Bending moment diagram corresponding to vertical loading p= Vo 50.98 kNm_ 46.98 kNm_ _46.98 kNm ? Sno mht @ . Maximum bending moment along Z-Z axis is, M,, = 50.98 kNm Horizontal loading diagram: 3Wcos 60° ——-10cos 60° P 3 m—+-——4 m- 3 2 Vp. Vv, Since, loadings are symmetric, 1 , horizontal support reactions, Vp = Vg = 5(210¢0s60*) =5 kN Maximum bending moment diagram corresponding to horizontal loading, 15kNm 15kNm 3m 4m m2 Bending moment along y-y axis M, = 15kNm Sign conventions used are as follows, score MADE EASY www.madeeasy.in28 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Tension (+ve) and compression (-ve) Due to moment M, Due to moment M, oO} A ze Ww Stresses at point A, B, Cand D are as follows: (50.98 x10°) x70. (15x 10°) x50 1621 34x 10" 440.872 MPa (Tension) At point A; (50.98 x10°) x70 _ (15x 10°) x 50 162 x 10° 34x 10° ~0.304 MPa (Compression) At point B; (50.98 x10) x70 , (15x 10° 162x 10° 34x 10° At point C; 6 At point D ; 6p = 0.304 MPa (Tension) (50.98 x 10°) x70 _ (15x 10°) x50 162x 10° 34x 10° ~440.872 MPa (Compression) Now location of neutral axis (NA) - M, c= we yy * 2 iw 50.98 x 10° x y : (15x10%) xz _ 162 x 10° 34x10° = -3.1469y + 4.411762 = 0 > y = 1.40192 MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No:1 y= mz So, m = tan@=1.4019 > © = tan (1.4019) = 54.5° CIVIL ENGINEERING | 29 Since line of action of load passes through I and III quadrant, Hence NA will pass through Mand IV quadrant. . NA will pass at an angle 54.5° from Z-Z axis. Q3 () Solutio Let us assume the plane arrangement as shown in figure, Ulplane Iplane For Il plane: 90 o-+ ot N 3 ~ 5, 90 8 www.madeeasy.in30 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Now, 6, = 90MPa 0 = 90° - 45° 65 MPa As we know, , COs” 0 +6, sin? 8 + 27, sin@cos® => cos” 45° + 90sin? 45° + 2, sin 45° - cos 45° S04 Oty 2K EXE > 2 2 2 = 2K 65 = 6, +904 2tyy > 6, + 2t, 0) For II plane: 905 Here, 110 MPa 30° Now, 6,” = 6, cos” +6, sin? + 2t,y sind" -cos0! > 110 = 6, cos*(-30*) + 90(sin?(-30")) + 2t,, sin(-30*)cos(-30") www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 34 = 350 = 36, —2VB8tyy ..(ii) On solving (i) and (ii), we get 88.6 MPa 24.30 MPa ny [-ve sign indicates that assumed direction is wrong] Similarly for Il plane = 45° (6, -6,)cos0-sind +t,[cos*0-sin?6] = [90-88.6]cos45° sin 45° + (~24.3){ cos” 45° sin? 5 = 0.7 MPa Similarly for III plane, 0 = 30° yr = [90-88.6]cos(~30°)sin(~30°) + (-24.3)| cos?(-30°) - sin?(-30°) | 12.756 MPa Now, 6, = 88.6 MPa Pra = gt Y(Gs 54)? + Atay? - 8 < 94 ; [88.6 - 90] + 4x (-24.3)? = 99.3 + 24.31 Now, p, = 113.61 MPa and p> = 64.99 MPa The final stress element is as shown below, 12.756 MPa 7 MPa 110 MPa. 65 MPa 243 MPa 90 MPa www.madeeasy.in32 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q4 (a) Solution: fr, tr, x Step-1 : Reactions at A and D: ZF,=0 = RytR, EM,=0 = R,x8-30x11+M, EM.=0 = Ry x4-30%7=0 = Ry = 52.5kN . From equation (i), we get Ry = -22.5 kNie. 22.5 kN(Y) and from equation (ii), we get M, = -90 kN-m i.e. 90 kNm (clockwise) Step-2 : Bending Moment Diagram: 90 kNm A 4m BC 90 kNm Step-3 : Conjugate Beam: Intermediate hinge Corresponding to the position of the link in the given beam, an intermediate support is considered for the conjugate beam and corresponding to the intermediate support at D, MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No :1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 33 a hinge is provided in the conjugate beam. Further in the conjugate beam, end A is free and end E is fixed Loading on the conjugate beam consists of the following: 14,90 _ 180, 4 1 Upward load on AB = 54x77 al at 3m from A 2. Downward load on CD = 2x4x 2 = 24 at 4m from 2° "ET EL 3 3. Downward load on DE = £x3x 42 = 923. att mfromD 2°." ET EL Taking moments about the hinge D from the left end Ry x44 280 a8) 90/4 a" 3) > Els =270 _ 270 20 - = downwards) El El 90 , 67.5 270 180 _ 247.5 EI EL EI EI CEE. |) Moment at E = 1 xs = SP (clockwise) () Deflection at E for the beam = B.M at E for the conjugate beam 675 _ 675x110? EI 200x8.3 x10" (ii) Deflection at B for the beam = B.M at B for the conjugate beam 1808 480 ___ 48010” ED~3 EL 200x8.3x107 Slope at B for the beam = Shear force on LHS of B for the conjugate beam From ZF, =0,reactionatE, R, = From EM, = 40.66 mm. = 28.92 mm. 180___180x10° ET 7 200 x8.3%107 Ha" = ~0.01084 radian x8.3X (iv) Slope at C for the beam = S.F. on RHS of B for the conjugate beam — 180 _ 270 _ -90 “EL EL EL -90x 106 = ——————s radian = ~0,005422 radian 200 x 8.3 x 10’ www.madeeasy.in34 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q4 (b) Solution: Copper Tube [len Sin | A TFZAL15 mn “TEES wo Steel Rod ‘Steel plate Given, diameter of steel rod, D, = 15 mm. External diameter of copper tube, D, = 50mm Internal diameter of copper tube, Length of tube, Rise in temperature, AT = 65°C Change in length, Now, area of steel rod, Ag = x tn ‘Area of copper tube, ldo — DP) = 7 (60? — 38%) = 829.38 mm? Case-I : Stresses due to tightening of nuts: When nuts are tightened, the steel rod will be subjected to tensile stress and the copper tube will be subjected to compressive stress. Let p..and p, be the stresses in copper and steel respectively. Total compression in copper = Total tension in steel > Po Ac = Ps As Ac 829,38 5 = Ac. 47 pe Ps vas PC" Teams ty The free expansion of copper is greater than the free expansion of steel. But since the ends of the rod are provided with washers and nuts, the members are not free to expand fully. Final expansion of copper is less than 0, - AT Lz while free expansion of steel is more than a,» AT’. Ls, Hence the steel rod will be subjected to a tensile stress while the copper tube will be subjected to a compressive stress. Let f, and f,-be the stresses in steel] and copper respectively. For the equilibrium of whole system, Tolal tension in steel = Total compression in copper = fg As = fo Ac But, Final expansion of steel = Final expansion of copper as-AT toa Ls = But, AT = 65°C, Lg = 3000 +2 x 25 = 3050 mm Le = 3000 mm AT fo 3050 4.955 1075 x 653000 - Le% 2000 1x10° 1.0510" 2.379 + 0,068 f. = 3.4125 - 0.029 f- > fe = 10.65 N/mm? (Compression) and 47x fo 4,7 10.65 = 50.06 N/mm? (Tensile) The final stresses due to tighening of the nuts and rise of temperature will be as follows: Stress in copper = pe + f= 22.225 + 10.65 = 32.875 N/mm? 1.2.x 107 x 65x 3050+ (Compression) Stress in steel = p, + f,= 104.46 + 50,06 = 154.52 N/mm? (Tensile) www.madeeasy.in36 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q4 (0 Solution: General differential equation is given by, = = Let, R= z Phy = Me General solution of the above differential equation is ye sinkx + C, cos Kr + Me (ii) Differentiating equation (ii), ¥ = CKcosKx -~C)Ksinkx iii) Boundary conditions: Atx= ©. From equation (i), and, atx =0; From equation (ii), On substituting values of C, and C, in equation (ii); cosKx + y = y wa = cosKx) www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 37 Also, at, x= Ljy=0 So, 0 Mog —cosKL) P = cos KL = 1 > KL = 2nn = 0,20, 41,.... = KL = 2n (m= for single bow condition) ee Mee - ~ PEL . An? EI Critical load (P,) = 5 oo) = Now, since 6 is the deflection at midpoint (i.e, x = L/2) Mol1- cosKt 50, d= "Pp 2 KL = 2n 2M, = ier My _ 3 = Po 2 Hence, equation of buckled shape of column is ye 5 (1-coskx) www.madeeasy.in38 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Hees Q5 (a) Solution: Per Capita demand It is annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the domestic use, industrial use, commercial use, public use, waste, thefts ete. Mathematically, Total yearly requirement of city Per capita demand (in Iped) = “365 Design population Estimation of total yearly water required Given, P, = 60,000 P, = 1,20,000 P, = 1,70,000 Now, 2PP1P, ~ Pi (Py + Ps) Saturati aturation population, P, Be 2x 60000 x 120000 x 170000 - 1200007 (60000 + 170000) 60000 x 170000 — 1200007 = 205715 _ PaP _ 205715 ~60000 meh 600002—~CS ne tn] BA =D] 4 LA(B- Po) 1 ,,,{ 80000205715 - 120000) 20° (120000(205715— 60000) } = 0.0612 year? Now, Props = 2025 vhere f = 60 years) * Ty 2aBlog,"(-00612~60) ~ 19974 Now, total yearly water requirement of city = (Population in 2025) x Per capita demand * 365 ccoorot MADE EASY worwmadeeasyinMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 39 = 193745 x 250 x 365 = 17679.2 x 10° litres = 17679.2 million litres Q5 (b) Solution: Given, Population 0000 persons 135 Iped 35 x 10000 I/day 5 MLD Maximum sewage discharge = 2 x Average sewage discharge = 2135 =2.7 MLD 2.7 * 10° x 250 x 10 675 kg/day Now, assuming the organic loading rate in hot climate as 250 kg/hec/day 675 kg/day 250 kg/hec/day Since, area of each pond should be in range of 0.5 to 1 hectare. Average per capita sewage Average sewage discharge So, BOD content in sewage Surface area required = = 2.7 hectares So, Adopt three units of oxidation pond 2.7104 Area of each unit = =F = 9000 m? = 0.9 hee Assuming, length to width ratio be 3 Lx B = 9000 = 3B? = 9000 > B L So, take length and width of pond as 165 m and 55 m respectively 3B =3 x 54.77 = 164.31 m Taking depth as 1.2 m 1.2 * 55 x 165 = 10890 m? Provided volume 10890 27x10° 3 Usually detention time is between 2-6 weeks Detention period = 12.1 days MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.in40 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY However, the given waste water is treated in less time, Hence, use three units of oxidation pond, each having length as 165 m, width as 55 m and overall depth as 1.5 m including 0.3 m as freeboard and detention period of 12 days. Design of inlet pipe: Assuming an average velocity of sewage as 1 m/sec and daily flow for 8 hours then, 2.7x10° 8x 3600 Dicharge ) _ 0.09375 7 = 0.09375 m? = 937.5 em? Sewage discharge in pipe = 0.09375 m?/sec So, area of pipe required = diameter of inlet pipe 549 cm = 35 cm (say) Q5 (c) Solution: () Power of sound, P = 0.0018 W At distance of 10 m from source, P Intensity of sound, I = tw? where ris distance from source nr 0.0018 = Geto 7 143 * 10° Watt/m? Now, sound intensity level, Lyy = 1010g,o( 24) Gi) Intensity of sound at 15 m, hs Therefore, sound intensity level, Ly; = 10108. 2%) www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 44 Now, Lyg = 2Ologyo “== Ry where P.,,, is sound pressure and P, is 20 uPa So, 58.04 = 20lo; Pras , 58.04 = 810 | 20uPa = Pigg = 15959.9 pPa (ii) As we know, where, P,,, is sound pressure at 15 m from source (in Pa) p is density of air in kg/m? Cis speed of sound in air in m/s (15959.9 x 10-6)? 16xC = C = 344.72 m/s (iv) At15 m, there are two sounds of 58.04 dB and 50 dB Now, sound pressure corresponding to 58.04 dB So, 6.37 x 107 = 15959.9 wPa P, Also, 50 = 20h or fa, > Pj, = 6324.56 wPa Hence, equivalent sound pressure ¥(15959.9)? + 6324.56)" = 17167.37 Pa (722) 58.67 dB P Now, sound pressure level = 2oiogn(8,} = 20log1o Q5 (d) Solution: () Organic matter present in water can be assessed in terms of oxygen required to completely oxidise the organic matter to CO, , H,O and other organic species. The oxygen required to oxidise the organic matter present in a given waste water isknown as its ‘Chemical Oxygen Demand’. It can be theoretically computed, if the organics present in waste-water are known. However, it is determined by mixing the sample MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.in42 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY @) of waste water with a standard solution of potassium dichromate in an acid solution and titrating the mix. It is to be noted that organic matter in sewage water can be of two types, i.e. biologically active and biologically inactive. Chemical oxygen demand is a measure of total organic matter (biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable) while biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of biodegradable organic matter only. BOD, of seeded water, BOD, = (B,~ B,) x (D F,) Where, _B, = Initial DO of seeded water only = 8 mg/I B, = Final DO of seeded water only = 7 mg/1 D- F, = Dilution factor when only seeded water is incubated 300 ml 300 ml So, BOD,, = (8-7) x1=1 mg/l (i) Now, when sample is diluted with seeded water, BOD yp X Vipy + BOD ¥ Veo then, BOD aig = Vann + Ven (ii) Where, BOD,,,, = BOD of mix of 5 ml sample and 295 ml seeded water BOD,,,, = BOD of sample Virus = Volume of sample BOD,, = BOD of seeded water 1 mg/] [from equation (i)] V,, = Volume of seeded water Now, BOD,,,, = DO,-DO, Where. DO; = Initial D.O of mix = 8 mg/1 DO, = Final D.O. of mix = 4.5 mg/I = (8-4.5) mg/l 3.5 mg/l (iii) Putting values from equation (iii) and (i) in equation (ii), BOD yy X5+1% 295 5 +295 151 mg/1 355 u 2 gs : " www.madeeasy.inMADE ERSY Test No:1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 43 Q5 (e) Solution: Indore method of composting uses manual turning of piled up mass (refuse + night soil), for its decomposition under aerobic conditions. In this method, layers of vegetable wastes and night soil are alternatively piled in depth of about 7.5 to 10.cm, each to a total depth of about 1.5 mina trench, or above, the ground to form a mound called ‘windrow’ A‘windrow’ isa long mound or stack of the organic MSW dumped on land ina height of about 1.5 m to 2 m, usually about 2.5 m to 3 m wide at base. Most windrows are conical in cross-section and about 50 m in length. The composting waste is aerated by periodically turning the waste mix in the windrow, or in trench, as the case may be, The manual turning with a pitchfork can be adopted at smaller installations, while at larger plants, mechanical devices like self propelled overcab loaders, rotary ploughs etc. may be used to turn the refuse once or twice per week, which serves to introduce oxygen and to control the temperature. The moisture content of turning mas getting optimal decomposition of waste mass. This process of turning is continued for about 4 to 5 weeks, during which the readily biodegradable organics are consumed. The waste compost mass is finally allowed to cure for another 2 to 8 weeks without any turning. The entire process, thus takes about 3-4 months of time to complete, after which compost becomes ready for being taken out for use. is maintained at about 55% for The ‘Bangalore method of composting’ involves anaerobic decomposition of waste and does not involve any turning or handling of mass and is clearance than Indore method. ‘This method is therefore, widely adopted by municipal authorities throughout India ‘The refuse and night soil in this method are piled up in layers and in an underground earthen trench (about 10 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m). This mass is covered at its top by layer of earth of about 15 cm depth, and is finally left over for decomposition. Within 2 to 3 days of burial, intensive biological action starts taking place and organic matter begins to be destroyed. Considerable amount of heat also gets evolved in the process, which raises the temperature of decomposing mass to about 75° C. This heat prevents the breeding of flies by destroying the larvae. After about 4 to 5 months, refuse gets fully stabilized and changes into a brown colored odourless innocuous powdery mass, called ‘humus’. The humus is removed from trenches, sieved on 12.5 mm sieves to remove stones, broken glass, brickbats etc and then sold out in market as manure. score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in44 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q66 (a) Solution: @ 1. (i) 1. Formation of mud balls: Ina rapid sand filter, mud from the atmosphere usually accumulates on sand surface, so as to form a dense mat. If the washing of filter is inadequate, then this mud may sink down into sand bed. This mud then sticks to sand grains and other arrested impurities, thereby forming mud balls. These mud balls slowly and steadily go on increasing in size and weight. They may then sink down into gravel, thus interfering with upward movement of wash water during cleaning ‘They cause turbulence around them and thus hinder with uniform application of wash water. The high velocities created around the edges of these balls, also displace the gravel and thereby forming mounds above the balls and thus the sand is improperly washed and mud gets accumulated. Cracking of filters: ‘The fine sand contained in top layers of filter bed, shrinks and causes the development of shrinkage cracks in sand bed. These cracks are more prominent near wall junctions. With use of filter, the loss of head, and therefore, pressure on. sand bed goes on increasing, which further goes on widening these cracks. The floc, mud and other impurities arrested in filter, penetrate deep into filter through these cracks and thus impairing both the washing of filter and efficiency of filtration 3 lakh 175 ped So, maximum water demand per day = 1.8 x 3 lakh x 175 Iped = 94.5 Million litres ‘As 5% of filtered water is to be used in backwashing, Population of town, Average daily water demand of town 94: Total daily water requirement = jg = 99.47 Milion litres Since 30 minutes is lost daily in backwashing the filter, effective time left for working of filter units 24 - 0.5 = 23.5 hours 99.47 So, total hourly water requirement = 5° = 4.23 Million litres Filtration rate = 24 m3/m?/hr www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 45 08 x10~ Therefore, area of filter required = sexe = 176.25 m2 bo er of filters = AtE2 of filter required Ser number of filters = “Area of one filter 17625 4. = Bp 354 (say) As one filter is to be provided as stand by, therefore 5 filters will be required. 2. Aswe know, D(l-n) = D’(-m/) 0) where, D and D’ are depth of original and expanded bed respectively 1 and 1’ are porosity of original and expanded bed respectively Putting values in (i), 0,6(1 - 0.5) = 0.66(1 - 17) = a = 0.545 Now, (ii) is backwash velocity and V; is settling velocity of particle osas = (28 * V,=18 = - lax [- V,=18 m/min] > 0.047 m/s 5 22 4gHG-) sai Now, V2= 38" G, (iii) Putting values in (iii), we get 4, 98xdx(25—1) 3 5 0.563 mm 0.047? = > d www.madeeasy.in46 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q6 (b) (i) Solution: Break point chlorination is a term which gives us an idea of the extent of chlorine added to water. Infact, it represents that much dose of chlorination, beyond which any further additional chlorine will appear as free residual chlorine. | Formation of free chlorine and presence of chloro-organic compounds not destroyed 3 & a ' i io. i © 0.2/ Destruction of Curve A” z 2 chlorine by - or} ate, year — oL Ao 01802 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Chlorine added, mg/1 When chlorine is added to pure water which has no chlorine demand, a curve, such as curve A in figure above is obtained between applied chlorine and residual chlorine relationship. (i) Asraw water has chlorine demand therefore curve B is generally obtained between residual chlorine and applied chlorine, During the disinfection process, the amount of residual chlorine will be very less in beginning (marked by stage I) in figure, during which various chemicals such as ions of ferrous, sulphides or nitrites present in water, will be oxidised. (ii) Stage-II reflects the forming of combined residuals as the ammonia or amines react with HOCI that has formed. During stage Il, as the demand for disinfection is satisfied, combined residual chlorine goes on increasing till a point Cis reached where amount of combined residual is maximum. The stage of point C is accompanied by bad taste and odour indicating the starting of stage III. (iii) During stage-IIL, oxidation of organic matter present in water starts. Therefore, after point C, with increase in applied chlorine, residual chlorine goes on decreasing as shown by curve CD in figure. In this stage, free chlorine breaks down chloramines into nitrogen compounds. At point D, bad smell and taste disappear showing that oxidation of organic matter is completed. At point D, residual chlorine has minimum ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 47 value and all the organic matter is oxidized. This point is called breakpoint chlorimation. (iv) Further addition of applied chlorine results in increase in residual chlorine as represented by line DE, the slope of which is 45° as shown in figure during stage IV. Point D on curve represents break point since further addition of chlorine breaks through water and residual chlorine. When chlorine is added to water, HOCI is formed which dissociates as expressed by the chemical equation. HOCI = H* +Ocl- _ (H*yIOcr] ¢ [HOCI] 5 focr] __k, ® [HOC] ~ [H+] o Now, percentage distribution of HOC! in freely available chlorine = {BOC __) 499 -( —2_)x100 [HOCH] +[oc-] loc] [Hoc] = Ke |x 100 i) 14+ (H"] Given, 0.8 mg/litre of total chlorine is required at pH = 7 So, at pH=7, % HOCI = 100) —+—,]= 10 _ 75.7% 27x10 | 1+0.27 14°" 10 www.madeeasy.in48 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q6 (b) (ii) Solution: Figure below shows a possible layout of water scheme when a well or river is used as source of water, needing pumping equipments. Pipes to Filters uN distribution Main to “~~ oir 7 a II(h | \ \ | filters g Woy VE | froma ote lift \ river Pump = Pipes to or pump service wells reservoir (II) Distribution system, Similarly, if a dam and reservoir is used, then possible layout of water supply scheme is shown in figure below. Pipe mains to Mains to attatio —_— distribution ( ~ filters(t) systera (I) Dam and \ ry impounding | reservoir / Filters \ Service Distribution reservoir system ‘As dam is used in later case, therefore pumping of water is not required. The various units involved in these supply schemes should be designed to serve the variations in demand along with average daily demand and maximum daily demand when it arises, The following recommendations may be adopted for designs of different components. (a) Source of supply : It may be designed for maximum daily demand or average daily demand depending upon other conditions. (b) Pipe mains: The pipes (I and IT in figure above) taking water from source upto service reservoir may be designed for maximum daily demand. (Filter and Other units: They are also generally designed for maximum daily demand. However, sometimes, due to break-downs and repairs, they are designed for twice the average daily demand. (4) Pumps: Pumps lifting the water may be designed for maximum daily demand. For safety against repairs and break-downs, maximum daily demand is taken as twice the average daily demand for designing of these pumps. MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 49 (©) Distribution system: It also includes the pipes carrying water from service reservoir to distribution system i.e. Type III pipes shown in figure above. These should be designed for maximum hourly draft of maximum day or coincident draft whichever () Service reservoir: It is designed to take care of hourly fluctuations, fire demands, emergency reserves and provision required when pumps have to pump the entire’s day water in fewer than 24 hours more. Q6 (c) Solution: @ Total wet mass of MSW = 25 + 60 +10 +5 =100kg, Total dry mss of MSW = 7.5 +564 +9.8 +4= 77.7 kg So, total moisture present in 100 kg MSW. = 100 - 77.7 = 22.3 kg Total Carbon in MSW = 3.6 + 24.54 + 5.88 + 1.98 = 36 kg Total Hydrogen in MSW = 0.48 + 3.38 + 0.7 + 0.24 = 4.8 kg Total Oxygen in MSW = 2.82 + 24.82 + 2.24 + 71 = 31.59 kg Total Nitrogen in MSW = 0.19 + 0.17 + 0.008 168 kg, Total Sulphur in MSW = 0.03 + 0.11 + 0,004 = 0.144 kg, Total ash in MSW = 0.38 + 3.38 + 0.98 + 0.058 = 4.798 kg It is to be noted that moisture present in waste will also contribute to Hydrogen and Oxygen So, Total Hydrogen in MSW = 4842 x 22.3 =7.28 kg . 16 = Total Oxygen in MSW = 31.5940 22.3 = 51.41 kg Now, 3 Number of moles of Carbon = 822° «3 x 108 7.28 x 10° Number of moles of Hydrogen = —_— = 7.28 x 10° 3 Number of moles of Oxygen = 524110" _ 3.99 x 108 Number of moles of Nitrogen = 0.026 x 10° MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.in50 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY 0.144 x 10° _ 32 As sulphur in chemical formula is given as 1, Number of moles of Sulphur = 45 So normalized moles of other components have to be computed as: Normalized moles of Carbon = deat = 666.67 Normalized moles of Hydrogen = 72810" = 1617.78 Normalized moles of Oxygen = sar 713.33 Normalized moles of Nitrogen = gn6 102 =5.78 Normalized moles of Sulphur = 1 So, chemical formula of solid waste is C6667 A617: r3.33N5.795 o (i) Energy content on wet basis (in kJ/kg) = 337C + saas( 11 - 2) +98 Now, Component Percent by mass Carbon 36 Hydrogen 7.28 Oxygen 5141 Nitrogen 0368 Suphur o14a Ash 4.798 So, Energy content (in kJ/kg) = 337 36+ suns(728 5 a) 49x 0144 = 13352.45 kJ/kg Also, energy content on dry mass basis (in kJ/kg) = 193524520 = 1718462 kJ/kg www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 54 Q7 (a) (i) Solution: Ina gravitational settling chamber, vy _Y, if 5 Te 7 (i) Where, V,= Horizontal velocity in chamber, V, = Settling velocity in chamber L= Length of chamber h= Height of chamber By Stoke's law 2 = Pada . £br0d 6) where p, and p, are mass density of particle and air respectively and p is viscosity of air Combining equation (i) and (ii), we get Vp __g (p.- Pad” Lo 18 ow Putting values in equation (iii), we get (iii) _ -6)2 vp ds 981, (2000 ~ 1.2) x (48 x 10) 75 18 21x10 > V, = 0.598 = 0.6 m/s Q7 (a) (ii) Solution: As we know, {“) Efficiency = 1-e \® (i) where @ is drift velocity in m/s, Q is flow rate of gas stream in m3/s, A is area of collection plates in m? So, putting values we get 172.7 m? u u www.madeeasy.in52 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q7 (a) (iii) Solution: 12x60 = 360m? 2 mv Required area of cloth = Now, Area of one bag = MDH = m x 0.35 x 5.8 = 6.38 m2 ‘Therefore, number of bags required = 20 6 56.43 057 * G38 ~ 5643 = 57 (say) Q7 (b) (i) Solution: 1 Sludge age: It is defined as average time for which particles of suspended solids remain under suspension. It, thus indicates the residence time of biological solids in the system. It is also known as solids retention time (SRT) or mean cell residence time (MCRT). It is generally represented by @,. (in days). It is expressed as ratio of mass of MLSS in aeration tank to mass to suspended solids leaving the system per day. Matematically, Mass of suspended solids in system Sludge age (8.) = Mass of solids leaving the system perday ~~) Now, Mass of solids in reactor, M = VX, (ii) where, V is volume of aeration tank, X, is MLSS in tank (in mg/1) Solids removed from s\ ‘stem per day = Q)Xq+(Q-Q,)X, (ii) where, Quy = Volume of wasted sludge per day, X, = Concentration of solids in returned sludge (in mg/1) Q = Sewage inflow per da X, = Concentration of solids in effluent in mg/1 Putting equation (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get VX, Sludge age, 0. QXn = (Q—Qy Ke +Q-QuwX www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 53 2 Sludge-volume index: Itis used to indicate physical state of sludge produced in a biological aeration system. Itrepresents degree of concentration of sludge in system and hence decides the rate of recycle of sludge (Q,) required to maintain desired MLSS and F/M ratio in aeration tank to achieve the desired degree of purification. It is defined as volume occupied (in ml) by one gram of solids in mixed liquor after settling for 30 minutes and is determined experimentally as explained below. Its measurement involves collection of one litre sample of mixed liquor from aeration tank from near its discharge end ina graduated cylinder. This 1 litre sample of mixed liquor is allowed to settle for 30 minutes and settled sludge volume (V,,) in milli- litres is recorded so as to represent sludge volume. This volume V,, in ml per litre of mixed liquor will represent the quantity of sludge in liquor in ml/1. The above sample of mixed liquor, after remixing settled solids is analysed in laboratory for MLSS by standard procedure adopted for measuring suspended solids ina sewage. Let, concentration of suspended solids in mixed liquor in mg/1 be X,, Then, sludge volume index, SVI = Met Yo 2000 ni/) ‘obteng/l) Xap Food to biomass ratio : It is a manner of expressing BOD loading with regard to microbial mass in system. ‘The BOD load applied to system in kg or gi is represented as Food (F), and the total microbial suspended solids in mixed liquor of aeration tank is represented by M. Daily BOD load applied to system So, F/M ratio = “Total microbial mass in system i Now, Microbial mass in system, M = VX, (ii) where V is volume of tank in m? X, is MLSS in mg/I BOD load applied to system = Q. Sy (iii) where Q is flow rate in m°/day 5, is BOD applied to system in mg/l Putting equation (iii) and (ji) in (i), QSo F/M = yx, www.madeeasy.in54 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Q7 (b) (ii) Solution: Advantages of ASP : 1. Area requirement in this proce: is less as compared to other methods. Effluent of high quality is obtained. en Although conventional process is difficult to operate, but modifications in this process have made the process easy to operate. 4, Loss of head through the plant is quite less, 5. There is no fly or odour nuisance in this type of plantas in the case of a trickling filter. Disadvantages of ASP: 1. Its operating cost is high because of high power consumption for operating air compressors and sludge circulation pumps. 2. If there is variation in volume or character of sewage, then adverse effects are produced on working of process, producing inferior effluent. 3. Quantity of sludge obtained is high and needs suitable thickening and disposal. Q7 (0) (i) Solution: The possible four mechanisms of coagulation are as below: 1. Ionic layer compression: The quantity of ions in water surrounding a colloid has an effect on decay function of electrostatic potential. A high ionic concentration compresses the layer that is composed predominantly of counter ions towards the surface of celluloid. If this layer is sufficiently compressed, then the Van-der Waals forces will be predominant across the entire area of influence, so that net force will be attractive and no energy barriers will exist. An example of ionic layer compression occurs in nature when a turbid stream flows into the ocean, There, the ion content of water increases drastically and coagulation and settling occur. Eventually, deposits are formed from material which was originally so small that it could not have settled without coagulation. 2. Adsorption and charge neutralization: Unlike the ionic layer compression, nature rather than quantity of ions is of prime importance in theory of adsorption and charge neutralization. For instance when alum is used as coagulant in water its ionization produces sulphate anions and aluminium cations. Sulphate ions which may remain in the form of ion or combine with other cation. However, the AI* cations react immediately with water to forma variety of aquometallic ions and hydrogen. These aquometallic ions become part of ionic cloud surrounding colloid, and are adsorbed on the surface of colloid where they neutralize surface charge. Once the surface charge has been neutralized, ionic ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 55 cloud dissipates and electrostatic potential disappears so that contact occurs freely. 3. Sweep coagulation: The last product in hydrolysis of alum when used as a coagulant is aluminium hydroxide. The Al(OH), forms in amorphous, gelatinous flocs that are heavier than water and settle by gravity. Colloids may become entrapped in a floc as it is formed, or they become stricky as the flocs settle. The process by which colloids are swept from suspension in this manner is known as sweep coagulation. 4, Inter-particle bridging: Large molecules may be formed when aluminium or ferric salts dissociate in water. Synthetic polymers also may be used instead of , or in addition to , metallic salts. There polymers may be linear or branched and are highly surface reactive. Thus, several colloids may become attached to one polymer or series of polymer, colloid groups may become enmeshed resulting in a settleable mass. In addition to adsorption forces, charges on polymer may assist in coagulation process. Metallic polymers formed by addition of aluminium or ferric salts are positively charged, while synthetic polymers may carry positive or negative charge or may be neutral Q7 (¢) (ii) Solution: Surface overflow rate, Vy 32 m/day = 0.37 mm/s Now, weight fraction less than or equal to the stated size is calculated below in table by subtracting from 100 Particle size,mm — | 0.1 | 0,09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 ) 0.01 ‘Settling velocity jin mms 106 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 037 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.01 ‘Wt fraction less than stated size 5 5 (H) orstated settiing| °° | 85 | 65 | 35 | 25 | 20) 15 | 10 | 5 | 0 velocity Now, from the table, it can be seen that particles having settling velocities less than 0.37 m/s is 25 percent. So 75% of particles will be removed completely in basin. As we know that partial removal of smaller particles will also occur in case of settling basin. The percentage of smaller particles is given as = 1yy,-ax Vo where, V; = settling velocity corresponding to a size, V, = surface overflow rate score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in56 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Let us divide values between 0 to 25% into five intervals of 5%, each giving AX as 5. Now, the value of V, - AX can be computed from table as: EV, AX = 0.04%5+0.1x5+017*5+0.25x54037%5 = 4.65 4.65 B+ = + 937 7 87:568% So, Efficiency Q8 (a) (i) Solution: Given, Discharge of wastewater, Q,, = 1250 m*/d = 0.0145 m*/s Discharge of stream, Q, = 20000 m3/d = 0.23 m°/s DO of wastewater xQ,, + DO of stream x Q, Qw + Qs = POMS + 8X03 1 ne 0.0145 + 0.23, BOD, of mixture (i.e 5 day BOD at 20° C) BODs of wastewater x Q, + BOD; of stream x Q, Qu + Qs = POOXON15 $2028 54 magi 0.0145 + 0.23 ‘Temp. of wastewater x Q, x Temp. of stream x Q, Temperature of mix OS OtQS~S~S—S Now, DO of mix = 260.0145+22%023 5 y40.6 ~ 0.0145+0.23 0 Now, Ultimate BOD of mixture, Equilibrium concentration of DO of mixture at 22.24° C, 8.83 — 8.99 99 c, = 89 + Bo (2224-22) Therefore, initial oxygen deficit, D. c,-¢ 8.95 ~ 7.52 = 1.43 mg/l ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 57 Also, (Kyzz24 = Ki gon (1.08) 0.35 * (1.04)224-20) = 0.38 day"! (Ka)oaa4 = (K,) (1.02)78 = 0.55 x (1.02) 0.57 day Now, time of critical oxygen deficit, where, Putting values, we get —1__s, ~ 0.38x(1.5—1) = 19 days t n[ asx chile _ 16.63 oasag Critical oxygen deficit, D.=F 13 539 mg/l Therefore, Minimum oxygen level = (8.95 - 5.39) mg/1 56 mg/l Q8 (a) (ii) Solution: Population equivalent: Industrial wastewaters are generally compared with per capita normal domestic wastewaters using the concept of population equivalent. Mathematically, Standard BOD (6 days)] _ [Standard BOD (5 days) of domestic] , (Population of industrial sewage | ~ sewage per person per day equivalent The population equivalent, thus indicates the strength of industrial wastewaters for estimating the treatment required at municiplal sewage treatment plant. Relative stability: It may be defined as ratio of oxygen available in effluent (as DO, nitrite) to total oxygen required to satisfy its first stage BOD demand. It is expressed as percentage of total MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.in58 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY oxygen required and can be expressed by equation, Relative stability, s roo[ 1 -(0.794)'™ ] 1o0[ 1 -(0.630)'" ] where, t,, and fy, represent the time in days for a sewage sample to decolourise a standard volume of methylene blue solution, when incubated at 20° C or 37° C respectively. The decolorization caused by enzymes produced by anaerobic bacteria is an indication of available oxygen used in oxidizing the unstable organic matter. Q8 (b) (i) Solution: L,, is that statistical value of sound pressure level that can be equated to any fluctuating noise levels. It can be defined as a constant noise level, which over a given time, expends the same amount of energy, as is expended by fluctuating noise levels over same time. Mathematically, Ly, = 1Wlog ¥/104/ x, A where, n= Total number of samples, L, = Noise level of any ** sample, 1,= Time duration of #* sample, expressed as fraction of total sample time From the given data: Time (ins) | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 Noise (dBA) | 72 | 74 | 73 | 77 | 75 | 80 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 78 01/01/01) 01/01}01}01)01}01] 01 72|74|7.3|7.7|75|8.0/82|/84|81| 78 M 2 = 84132815.74 Now, 10 Wlogy ¥, 10"! x; 1 = 10 * logy, (84132815.74) = 79.25 dBA www.madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 59 Q8 (b) (ii) Solution: Primary sludge 2 ‘Area of primary clarifier, A a = ix 25? = 490.87 m? 14350 Overflow rate = 49087 > 29.23 m/day Now, mass of solids removed in primary treatment = 1 x SS x Q = 0.6 x 240 x 10° x 14350 = 2066.4 kg/day Now, Solids content in primary sludge = 4% So, sludge formed from 4 kg primary solids = 100 kg 100 Hence, sludge formed from 2066.4 kg primary solids = ~~ 20664 = 51660 kg/day Specific gravity of primary sludge = 1.02 51660 So, volume of primary sludge = 755;¢q999 = 50.647 m’/day Secondary sludge BOD entering in aerator = (1 - 0.3) x 210 = 147 mg/I Effluent BOD = 10 mg/1 So, BOD consumed in aerator = 137 mg/I = 137 x 10-3 x 14350 = 1965.95 kg/day Therefore, Mass of secondary solids = 0.34 x 1965.95 = 668.42 kg/day Now, solid content in secondary sludge = 1% So, sludge formed from 1 kg secondary solid = 100 kg Sludge formed from 668.42 kg secondary solids = 100 x 668.42 = 66842 kg/day Now, specific gravity of secondary sludge = 1.03 So, volume of secondary sludge = <8 — = 64,89 m3/day 1000 x 1.03 Therefore, total mass of sludge = 51660 + 66842 = 118502 kg/day Also, total mass of solids in sludge = 2066.4 + 668.42 = 2734.82 kg/day Total, volume of sludge = 50.65 + 64.89 = 115.54 m?/day Now, assuming negligible solids in thickened supernatant, the total mass of solids in thickened sludge is 2734.82 kg/day MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.in60 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Solids content in thickened sludge = 3% So, thickened sludge formed from 3 kg solids = 100 kg, 100 Thickened sludge formed from 2734.82 kg solids = ~~ 2734.82 = 91160.67 kg/day 9160.67 So, volume of thickened sludge = [35 = 70.12m3 /day 115.54 —70.12 Therefore, el rt ‘duction = | —~-~———— |x 100 = 39.31% exo, pacnt volume eduction» (#554=2022), Q8 () (i) Solution: In general there are four types of water distribution network which are as follows: () Dead end system: This network system is adopted for cities which have developed ina haphazard manner with no definite pattern of growth. Ex- old cities. Dead End or Tree System ‘Main Pipe : Branch ‘Sub Mains = Cut off Valves Advantages: + Itis relatively a cheap system. + Determination of discharge and pressure is easy due to less number of valves being employed in the network. + Laying of pipes is easy. * Pipes used are of lesser diameter and hence economical. Disadvantages: + Owing to a large number of dead ends, stagnation of water occurs which cannot be utilized at locations where demand is high + During repairs and maintenance, entire downstream portion below the valve has to be cut-off, MADE EASY ‘worm madeeasy.inMADE EASY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 64 (ii) Grid iron system: It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout where water mains and branches are laid in a rectangular fashion, Grid-iron System Main Pipe Branch Sub Mains +008 Cut off Valves ‘Advantages: + Due to the absence of dead ends, whole water remains in circulation. + Due to continuously circulating water, there are less chances of water getting contaminated as compared to still water. + Incase of repairs and breakdown, water is available from other locations and only a part of network needs to be isolated, Disadvantages: + Due to large number of valves required to be provided at all branches, itis difficult to compute discharge and pressure and thus exact calculation of pipe size required is difficult. )) Circular/Ring system: In this system of water distribution, the main line is laid all along the periphery roads and sub-mains branch out from the main system of pipes. Ring System \@ ~ te hy ® @ @ 1 @ csunree @® :tranen | Oa score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in62 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY Advantages: + The biggest advantage of this system is that water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions thereby ensuring availability of water for longer time per day. Disadvantages: + More pipe material is required. + Itinvolves high maintenance cost. (iv) Radial system: Here the area is divided into different zones and water is kept in the distribution reservoir provided in the middle of each zone. Supply pipes are laid radially towards the periphery of the system Radial System @t the | aly WO @ ls Se] ©. vistibuton a t Reservoirs WANA t t @ Advantages: + Here calculation of pipe size is very easy. + Water is made available ina short time as compared to other distribution systems. + It is the most economical system if combined pumping and gravity flow are adopted Disadvantages: + House at the distance end faces fluctuations. + Design is very complex. Q8 (6) (i) Solution: @ Airvalve: + Its a special kind of valve which is generally placed along the pipe line at “summits” on both sides of the sluice valves and also on the downstream side of all other sluice valves. ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.inMADE ERSY Test No: 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 63 When placed on summits which are very near to the HGL or sometimes above the HGL (especially during negative water hammers) it ensures the safety of the pipe against collapse. Similarly when placed below the ordinary sluice valves, it will protect the pipe against the negative pressures, ‘A valve which will open out automatically as soon as the pressure in the pipe falls below a certain fixed predetermined value, and thus allowing air to enter the pipe is known as an air inlet valve. Sometimes air gets accumulated at high points when the supply is restored and the pipe is refilled after repairs. The accumulated air obstruct the free flow of water and the pipe may getair locked. Air relief valves are therefore required to be provided at all summits to remove the accumulated air under such circumstances. (ii) Reflux valve: It is sometimes called as non-return valve because it prevents water to flow back in the opposite direction. It may be installed on the delivery side of the pumping set, so as to prevent the back flow of stored or pumped water, when the pump is stopped. Its also installed on pump discharges to reduce water hammer pressures on the pump. It is also required at inter-connections between a polluted water system and a potable water system, so as to prevent the entry of pollution into the pure water. The simplest type of reflux valve or check valve is a flap shutter hinged at the outlet end of pipe, which opens out in the direction of flow but closes the valve due to its own weight when the flow in the permissible direction ceases. (iii) Flanged joint: It is used for pumping stations, filter plants, and at other locations where it may be necessary to occasionally disjoint the pipe. Two flanged pipes are brought together, keeping a rubber washer in between so as to make them water tight. They are then fixed by means of nuts and bolts. These joints are strong but rigid and hence cannot be used where deflections or vibrations are expected. ‘They are expensive and mostly used for indoor works such as pumping stations, filter plants, etc. score MADE EASY www madeeasy.in64 | ESE 2023: MAINS TEST SERIES MADE EASY (iv) Expansion joint: Itis provided at suitable intervals in the pipelines, so as to counteract the thermal stresses produced due to temperature variations. The socket end is cast flanged and the spigot end is kept plain to provide an expansion joint in cast iron pipe. While making this joint, a small space is kept between the face of the spigot and the inner face of the socket and the spigot is filled up by means of a rubber gasket, ‘The flanges are then tightened by means of nuts and bolts. When the pipe expands, the socket end moves forward and the gap left just closes. Similarly, when the pipes contract, the socket moves backward creating the gap. 2000 ccoorot MADE EASY www madeeasy.in