CLIMATE

Climate is the average weather in a given area

over a longer period of time. A description of a
climate includes information on, e.g. the
average temperature in different seasons,
rainfall, and sunshine.
 4.3.1 DISCUSS THE FACTORS
Precipitation refers to the falling
THAT INFLUENCE THE CLIMATE down of water particles on the surface
OF PAKISTAN of the earth in form of rainfall,
snowfall, sleet, and hail. They cause
rainfall during the month of July and
August in Coastal areas and the Indus
plain. Winter Monsoons blow from
north to south which is dry and cold.
These winds make the temperature
precipitation fall causing cool days and shivering
nights in the Indus plain and coastal
areas. Rainfall impacts the
temperature and is itself an important
factor in shaping the climate of any
area within Pakistan.
 Western Depressions refer to the
cyclones that originate in the
Mediterranean sea. Winds created
by these cyclones move towards
Iran and Afghanistan with huge
moister in them. They enter the
WESTERN DEPRESSIONS northern part of Pakistan, strike
with northern and north-western
mountains, and move towards
Balochistan. During their travel
through many parts such as
Peshawar Pakhtunkhwa and
Southwestern Parts of Balochistan
and cause rainfall in there from
December to March.
 Monsoon

THE SUMMER MONSOON IS ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY RAINFALL.

IT USUALLY HAPPENS BETWEEN APRIL AND
SEPTEMBER.MONSOON RAINS BRING MUCH AWAITED RELIEF
FROM THE SCORCHING SUMMER HEAT. THESE MONSOON RAINS
ARE QUITE HEAVY BY NATURE AND CAN CAUSE SIGNIFICANT
FLOODING, EVEN SEVERE FLOODING IF THEY INTERACT WITH
WESTERLY WAVES IN THE UPPER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.
 TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF

Topography is what your land looks while relief mostly refers to how high
mountains are. Topography is often used to measure how high or low a place
is.Topographic relief affects the climate in that it influences wind patterns
and weather patterns. For example, mountains block cold air from flowing
over the warm ground below them, which results in warmer temperatures on
one side of the mountain range than on the other side. Temperatures and
precipitation are influenced by varied terrain. Temperatures generally
decrease with height, thus the higher elevation regions tend to be cooler
 latitude

Latitude is the measurement of distance north or south of the

EquatorLatitude is the measurement of distance north or south of the
EquatorLatitude is a measurement of distance north or south of theEquator.
There is a relationship between latitude and temperature around the world, as
temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler
approaching the Poles. There are variations, though, as other factors such as
elevation, ocean currents, and precipitation affect climate patterns.
 4.3.2 describe the major climatic regions of Pakistan

Arid
This region includes the northwestern part of Baluchistan
Province. Here winters are cold, and in summer, the temperature
goes higher enough, and often dust storms prevail. Although it has
a higher altitude, due to poor rainfall, these have turned into arid
desert.
 Semi-Arid
This region includes areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces. It has a
generally semi-arid climate. Here summer remains long and hot, but
winters are cool and short. It has the hottest places such as Jacobabad
and Sibbi. The rainy season starts in mid of summer. The western part
of this plain is drier than the eastern due to very poor rainfall e.g. Thal
and Cholistan deserts in Punjab and Nara and Tharparker desert in
Sindh.
 Coastal

This region includes the coastal strip around Karachi and the Makran
coast in Baluchistan. Here due to the influence of the sea, the
temperature remains moderate; a large amount of humidity remains in
the atmosphere.
 Highland

This region includes the mountains in the North and West of the Indus
plain. In this region, winters are cold and lengthy and often the
temperatures go below the freezing point, and the higher peaks remain
snow -covered throughout the year.