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Document (1) (1) (1) (4)
SHREYOSI DASH
REGD. NO- 211704400014
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF MEDICAL RADIATION
TECHNOLOGY
in
- - - - 2021-2024- - - - - - - -
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR CAMPUS
SIGNATURE
Asst. Professor
Certified that the above-mentioned project has been duly carried out
as per the norms of the college and statutes of the university
SIGNATURE
MS. SOUMYA JAL
Professor
DEPARTMENT SEAL
SPECIMEN COVER PAGE
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
in
PARAMEDICS AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR CAMPUS
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report Role of mdct in evaluation of different types
Haemorrhages stroke in brain special in old age patient is the bonafide work of
“SHREYOSI DASH – 211704400014 who carried out the project work under my
supervision. This is to further certify to the best of my knowledge, that this project has
not been carried out earlier in this institute and the university.
SIGNATURE
Asst. Professor
Certified that the above mentioned project has been duly carried out as per
the norms of the college and statutes of the university.
SIGNATURE
Ms. Soumya Jal
DEAN OF THE SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT SEAL
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled “Role of mdct in evaluation of different types Haemorrhages stroke
in brain special in old age patient” submitted for the “Project” of 6th semester Bsc. MRT is my original work
and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma or any other similar titles in
any other University.
Place: Bhubaneswar
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Asst. Prof., Ms. Ashwati Krishna Department of
Radiology, SoPAHS, Bhubaneswar Campus, who guided me into the intricacies of this project nonchalantly
with matchless magnanimity.
I thank Prof. Monali Mishra, Head of the Dept. of SoPAHS, Bhubaneswar Campus and Prof. Soumya Jal, Dean,
School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Bhubaneswar Campus for extending their support during
Course of this investigation.
I would be failing in my duty if I don’t acknowledge the cooperation rendered during various stages of my
project.
I am highly grateful to my friends who evinced keen interest and invaluable support in the progress and
successful completion of my project work.
I am indebted to my family for their constant encouragement, co-operation and help. Words of gratitude are
not enough to describe the accommodation and fortitude which they have shown throughout my endeavor.
Place: Bhubaneswar
Date:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………….i
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Chapter-1……………............................................................................................ 1
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 MDCT………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 CT Scan of brain…………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.3 Anatomy of the brain................................................................................1
Chapter-2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Review of Literature ………………………………………………………………………………………2
2.1 RL1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
2.2 RL2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Chapter – 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Aim and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………..3
3.1 Aim…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………3
3.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………….3
3.3 Different types of hemorrhage ……………………....….……....….….….….………..3
Chapter – 4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………….4
4.1 Methods …………..………………………………………………………………………………….4
4.2 Materials ……………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Chapter-5……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Chapter-6 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Discussion and Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….6
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MDCT :-
cross-sectional technique into a true 3D imaging modality that allows for arbitrary
cut planes as well as excellent 3D displays of the data volume. Multislice CT scanners
provide a huge gain in performance that can be used to reduce scan time, to reduce
section collimation, or to increase scan length substantially. The following article will
various detector systems and gives an introduction to the most important acquisition
A CT of the brain is a noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedure that uses special X-rays
measurements to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the brain.
Brain CT scans can provide more detailed information about brain tissue and brain
structures than standard X-rays of the head, thus providing more data related to injuries
During a brain CT, the X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body, allowing many
different views of the brain. The X-ray information is sent to a computer that interprets
Cerebrum :- The cerebrum (supratentorial or front of brain) is composed of the right and left
hemispheres. Functions of the cerebrum include: initiation of movement, coordination of movement,
temperature, touch, vision, hearing, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, and learning.
Brainstem :- The brainstem (midline or middle of brain) includes the midbrain, the pons, and the
medulla. Functions of this area include: movement of the eyes and mouth, relaying sensory messages
(hot, pain, loud, etc.), hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature,
involuntary muscle movements, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Cerebellum :- The cerebellum (infratentorial or back of brain) is located at the back of the head. Its
function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance, and
equilibrium.
Pons :- A deep part of the brain, located in the brainstem, the pons contains many of the control
areas for eye and face movements, facial sensation, hearing, and equilibrium.
Medulla :- The lowest part of the brainstem, the medulla is the most vital part of the entire brain and
contains important control centers for the heart and lungs.
Spinal cord :- A large bundle of nerve fibers located in the back that extends from the base of the
brain to the lower back, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the
body.
Frontal lobe :- The largest section of the brain located in the front of the head, the frontal lobe is
involved in personality characteristics and movement.
Parietal lobe :- The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person to identify objects and
understand spatial relationships (where one’s body is compared to objects around the person). The
parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body.
Occipital lobe :- The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision.
Temporal lobe :- The sides of the brain, these temporal lobes are involved in memory, speech, and
sense of smell.
CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Aim
Role of mdct in evaluation of different types Haemorrhages stroke in brain special in old
age patient
3.2 Objective
Identify the most common causes of hemorrhagic stroke and the most common site of
the bleeding
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), otherwise called a stroke, is the third major cause of
morbidity and mortality in many developed countries. Stroke can be either ischemic or
hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is due to the loss of blood supply to an area of the brain. It
Hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel.
Hemorrhagic stroke may be further subdivided into intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH is bleeding into the brain parenchyma, and SAH is
bleeding into the subarachnoid space. Hemorrhagic stroke is associated with severe
morbidity and high mortality. Progression of hemorrhagic stroke is associated with worse
outcomes. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential given the usual rapid expansion of
dysfunction.
Fig 3.1 types of hemorrhage
3.4 Etiology
focal dilatations are seen in the arterioles. The microaneurysms are named as
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms.
small penetrating arteries originating from basilar arteries or the anterior, middle,
eclampsia, acute hypertension can also cause ICH, known as postpartum ICH.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cause of primary lobar intracerebral
This causes ICH in older adults, commonly associated with variations in the gene
encoding apolipoprotein E.
The incidence of CAA increases with age to the extent that around 50% of those
aged more than 70years have CAA. Recurrent hemorrhages can occur due to
CAA.
Chronic liver disease also increases the chance of ICH due to coagulopathy and
thrombocytopenia.
Decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low triglycerides are also risk
factors.
Old age and male sex. The incidence of ICH increases after 55 years of age. The
The tumors which are more prone to bleed are glioblastoma, lymphoma,
dural sinus thrombosis, and pituitary apoplexy. The risk factors are hypertension,
4.1 Methods
images of the brain from various angles, resulting in high-resolution, detailed images. This
allows for the detection and differentiation of different types of hemorrhages, such as
4.2 Materials
MDCT ( Multi – Detector computed tomography) requires contrast agents to enhance the
visualization of blood vessels and perfusion patterns within the brain. These contrast
agents are typically administered intravenously. Additionally, MDCT may utilize advanced
imaging techniques such as perfusion imaging and CT angiography to assess blood flow
RESULTS
SL
No Ag Se
. Name e x History Result
1 Kantilata Sahoo 65 F ? CVA Acute ICH with surrounding edemain right Lentiform nucleus
2 Tilotama Parida 60 F HTN Intraventricular Hemorrhage
3 Syed Maabud 56 M ? CVA Left badal gangila hemorrhage surrounding by edema
Hari mohan Convulsion
4 Tripathy 61 M s disorder left gangliothalamic hemorrhage
Susama
5 Samantaray 92 F HTN left basal ganglia hemorrhage
6 Phula Behera 58 F ? CVA Intraventricular hemorrhage
7 Urmila Prusty 69 F ? CVA Left basal ganglia hemorrhage
8 Sridhar Rout 56 M HTN Left gangliocapsular hemorrhage
9 Dhusasana Parida 72 M Old CVA Left capsulo - ganglionic acute hematoma
10 Rama ch Kandi 55 M ? CVA Left basal ganglia hemorrhage surrounded by edema
11 Bauria Arish 75 M ? CVA Right gangliocapsular and thalamic hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage
Convulsion
12 Sarita Hansda 90 F s disorder Intraparenchymal hematoma
13 Lata Pradhan 75 F ? CVA Intracerebral hemorrhage
Convulsion
14 Kumari Sahoo 65 F s disorder Left gangliothalamic hemorrhage with extension to ventricles
15 Lata Bhoi 80 F HTN Intraparenchymal hematoma
Anirudha
16 Mohapatra 65 M ? CVA Left thalamic hemorrhage with extension to ventricles
Convulsion
17 Dipu Nayak 70 M s disorder Intracerebral hemorrhage
18 Ramesh Mohanty 85 M Old CVA Intraventricular hemorrhage
19 Sabita Parida 62 F ? CVA Right gangliocapsular and thalamic hemorrhage
20 Rajalaxmi Behera 67 F ? CVA Intracerebral hemorrhage