KEY TO

ANTOINE’S SANSKRIT MANUAL

(Parts I & II)

‘SAMVID’

THE SAMSKRITA ACADEMY

CHENNAI

2012
© The Samskrita Academy, Madras

First Edition: 2010

Second (Revised) Edition: 2012

Copies: 500

Price: Rs. 100/-

Editors

Dr. K. SRINIVASAN
Dr.SITASUNDARRAM

Laser Typeset by
Chengamalam Enterprises
Chennai 600 004

Printed at
M/s-SriHarish Printers
Mandaveli, Chennai 600 028
 PREFACE

We are happy to make available the Key to

Sanskrit Manual of R. Antoine S.J. prepared by
Samvid ’ to the public. The Sanskrit Manual in
two parts by R. Antoine S.J. has been serving
the needs of students and general public alike who
wish to learn Sanskrit. Its method of treating a
few topics together in a lesson, and not restricting
each lesson to the discussion of a specific topic
help the learners to learn the language in an easy
and comprehensible way. The passages for
exercises are adequate and the treatment simple,
within the reach of modem Indian student for
whom Sanskrit may be a third language or
language of option. The number of reprints the
book has seen, itself vouchsafes to its popularity
and adequacy.

With senior professionals and corporate

members, who are hard pressed for time
evincing interest in learning Sanskrit, it is felt
that a Key to the Sanskrit Manual will be very
helpful to them.
 iv
‘Samvid ■ who has his hands on the pulse of
management training and who has translated
such Sanskrit works as ‘Tripurarahasya ■
Prabodha Sudhakara' and has authored ‘The
Essence of Yogavasistha' had already prepared
the Key and was sharing it with his fellow
learners. He lent the copy of the same to the
Sanskrit Academy to publish it for the benefit
of all Sanskrit lovers. We thank him for
the same.

A few additions like type casting conjunct

consonants have been made by us and these have
been indicated in the Notes. All references to
the Text are to the 2002 Edition of the
“Sanskrit Manual” (Pts. I & II)

The Academy has been publishing grammar

^-textbooks f„ High School sob
Higher Secondary schools. This Key is a
welcome new addition in this series.

“ “““ ” Men Into

b, Z. Z T"'"
*
Of the users. Accordingly the entire
 V
work had been scrutinised again and necessary
corrections have been made.

Thanks are due to Mr. Venkatesh of

Chengamalam Enterprises for Laser Typeset and
M/s. Sri Harish Printers for the nice get-up.

We hope this book will find favour with

Sanskrit learners and lovers alike.

Chennai K. Srinivasan
30.11.2012 Secretary
PART I
 EXERCISE 1
I. Vowels

II. Consonants

T if T

® * F 5F ’T ?I

U[

5 4 =T <5 K

7 ^ }{ I[ cj-

III. Hard Consonants

IV. Soft Consonants

’T q-
 2

3 3

3
H

VI. H1J:, sW[; ^nPr, 3j^ ggpl,

3i’’far, ^nt:, ^r, arf^,

w, ttferfa, wfa, 3Rtf, 3«t,

* H ^W|to» fa §^T tffo, w rm tEH;

NOTES
Conjunct Consonants

In this key {Uke

-ndered in English
compound consonants as in the text (see no. 4 of p. 3)
 3
In writing conjunct consonants, i.e. two or more
consonants without the intervention of a vowel between
them, special modes of writing , i.e. writing one below
the other or without vertical lines are followed. The
different modes of writing are given below. (In modem

computer printing, depending on the availability of font

or software, a mode not popular in writing also is chosen
and used).

1. Letters which have a separable/distinct vertical

line, are written without vertical line and side by
side. Such letters

5% TO, TO, W, WT,

2. Where the first letters are cursive they are written

one below the other or by the side also. Cursive

letters are £ 3 £ £

£ are written side by side too.

 4

2A. Even in separable vertical lines, letters that have

curves are written one below the other.

3. Where the vertical line passes through the letter

below the others, a small change is made in the

letter, written side by side or one below the other.

Such letters are and

or

4- A consonant + T is written as a slanting fr

the vertical line and as a-'A' ,

s a under cursive letters

ST
£
I 5
ST
ST 31 *

3T
 5
5. + consonant is written as small curve over the

last consonant of the unit.

- In the last word, actually

comes after but is written over ’T.

6. following cursive letters is written as half

TTR^:, W:

7. Nasals and other letters coming after are written

within it

8. Because of the frequency of usage, certain letters

have assumed new forms

+ of = ^r/^r

^4-^ = ^;^+^ = ^;^ + ^ =

+ T = ^r/^; 4- ?T = cd/iT

= 24

9. Nasal written following is doubled in pronoun-

ciation
 6
EXERCISE 2
Add to Vocabulary

^to leave (p. 18), to drop; fa to win; to converse:

to carry, with JT to flow

II Conjugation of the roots

 7

HI. (1) I go. (2) They abandon. (3) We live. (4) They

(two) praise. (5) You cook. (6) You protect. (7) We

(two) eat. (8) He speaks. (9) You (two) grow.

(10) They draw. (11) I dig. (12) We move.

(13) They (two) win. (14) You live. (15) We bum.

(16) He bows. (17) You lead. (18) We (two)

remember. (19) I dwell. (20) They move. (21) They

(two) run. (22) They cook. (23) He knows. (24) You

sow. (25) You are (here). (26) They (two) worship.

(27) We carry. (28) We (two) go.

IV. (1) WT:| (2) ^T:| (3) | (4) ^R |

(5)Wfal (6) rW:l (7) tR I (8) W I

(9) ^R I (10) wRl (11) (12) |

(13) RR I (14) W: I (15) I (16) W: I

(17) I (18) RR I (19) tR I (20) WT: I

(21) W: I (22) STR I (23) ^R I (24) ^R I

(25) | (26) W: I (27) sfR I (28) Rf I

(29) TTR | (30) W: I

 8

EXERCISE 3
Add to Vocabulary

ST - near; 3FT: - below; . misery, sorrow, grief

II. (1) The crow eats the fruits. (2) The water runs
(or flows). (3) They (two) remember misery.
(4) The horses run towards the mountain. (5) The
king praises the conduct. (6) People live. (7) We
(two) leave the country. (8) The trees grow on all
sides of the village. (9) The (two) servants converse
near the well. (10) The body lives without gold.
(11) I know character. (12) Happiness conquers

sorrow. (13) The man carries fuel. (14) The pigeon

leaves the hand. (15) The lotuses grow around the
mountain. (16) The person cooks food. (17) The
horses eat grass. (18) The pigeon drops the leaf
between the (two) vessels. (19) The clouds move.
( ) e on the boy. (21) The lotus grows without
(22) The man sows grass. (23) The king
urns the trees on both sides of the mountain. (24)
The servant goes along with (follows) the king.
(25) The (two) boys salute the king according to
 9

the scripture. (26) The servant cooks the fruits near

the place (or, in front of the place). (27) We live
near the forest. (28) Happiness is above gold. (29)
The king is near the country.

NOTES

1. There is no equivalent to definite and indefinite

articles in Sanskrit. So a ‘book ’ will be rendered
as only and not ‘a man’ -

2. The book’ also has to be rendered only as ^td^h;

if a particular book is intended, then demonstrative
pronoun may be added -

3. If some’ is to be conveyed as in ‘bring me some

book’ may be used - Fd: 3TFflq<il^

4. On to be’. Though H^is conjugated in the sense

‘to be’ it is translated here as in WT you are

(here) ’ as is not an auxilliaiy verb (alone) but

a finite one too.

5. Generally the term ‘preposition’ is used to refer

to 51 etc. which are added to the verbs like
 10

SlftrF:, iftd: etc. are referred to as TTRs

and are rendered by the word ‘indeclinable’ or

in Sanskrit.

6. 31hKH - The king praises the conduct.

It may be a general praise of conduct or one’s
conduct. If anybody’s, then m, the sixth case
pronoun is added - The king praises “his ’ conduct.
If it is general, then while translating in English,
the definite article ‘the ’ is added.

HI- (i) Declension of (a) W: (b) (c) tpfa.

(d) WPf (e)

Since all are similar, only (a) and (e) are given
 11

IV. (1) I (2) WT wR I (3) ?rr 1

(4) I (5) | (6) wt PHfa I
(7) SP^S^T I (8) wrfWt I

V. (1) ^T: Cl$R (sandhi joined -

^wfWT I (2) I
(3) ^T: I (4) 3T< W: I (5) W:
WJTil (6) W: THlfl I (7) PHT
I (8)^: Wfr (9) W:
^5T: I (10) *FTT: T&T Sift I
(11) W: (12) 3TPT <T: I
(13) TO I Pl TlRl (14) f^ 3TFHJ

(15) 3HRT I (16) W: I

(17) WJ- Wfal (18)313 ^T:

(19) FTH OT: I (20) (21)

EXERCISE 4
Add to Vocabulary

t0 be quiet; to be glad; to slip; to rejoice;

to get tired.

II. (1) The king blames the conduct. (2) Flowers grow
around the lake. (3) The body perishes. (4) The
 12

servant nourishes the elephant. (5) We dance near

(or in front of) the palace. (6) The man is weaty
and drinks water. (7) The person sees the moon
and is happy. (8) Leaves fall. (9) The king forgives
the servants. (10) The boys play near the lake.
(11)1 smell the flower. (12) Elephants trumpet.
(13) The grass pierces the hand. (14) The (two)
servants take away the .wealth. (15) The trees stand
on all sides of the lake. (16) We roam. (17) You
(two) are glad. (17) You (all) are quiet. (19) He
bites. (20) The boys are weary and faint. (21) Life
perishes without wealth. (22) We (two) give (two)
flowers. (23) The boys dance and the king sits. (24)
The servant throws the lotus. (25) You hide the
vessel. (26) I restrain the horse and the horse
becomes quiet. (27) The head salutes (or bows).
(28) The pigeon takes away the flower.

III.
 13

Al IA All All AnA AW: AW:

Afr AW An«T; fA

AA Al ^oqA AA Aw f>L<t

IV. (1) 3Wfr| (2) Art nft ^WT: |

(3) W: WK At wA1 (4) TO: Wfa
A AA jAt i (5) w: n ^rA i

(6) wt ^01A A | (7) ~jAiA

mA I (8) A n w i (9) Apt: 1

(10) m AtT: f^A 1(11) TO: fA ^tA

*'1
* I (12) ^11^ A I (13) ST^T:
31H A I (14) fT: 5AA1 (15) WK: W
I^Al (16) WT: 5^Al (17) TO AA I

(18) '4Ai\37$r An jA hA i (19) =A W: 1

(20) 3W: W: A1AI

EXERCISE 5
Add to Vocabulary

$)
A
* to desire; W: weight; A: soldier;
to get; to emit.
 14
IL (1) I desire happiness. (2) The king gives flowers
to the hero. (3) The jackal bites the boy. (4) You
touch the water with both hands. (5) The servant
is weary due to the weight. (6) The swan moves
along the bank. (7) I go to the house along with
the people. (8) The man is pleased with ornaments.
(9) You (two) anoint the body. (10) Lotuses do not
grow without water. (11) You strike the servant
with the hand. (12) He gets jewels. (13) We
sprinkle the flowers with water. (14) Wind breaks
the trees. (15) 1 nourish the elephants with grass.
(16) He blames the boy for his conduct. (17) They
show the moon to the boys. (18) I go to the house
™ fo°d- (19) The (two) swans enter the lake.
)The soldier lives near the palace. (21) The
servants cut the tree for fuel. (22) The man dances
happily (or with or on account of happiness).
23 The hero abandons the house for the country.

on uct creates happiness. (25) The man asks

servant. (26) We (two)
with grief. (27) You (two) release the
qra t » J release the pigeons.
I write with the hand ,
near th a u (29) PeoPIe P^ugh
near the house. (30A &
P L V ' Salutatlon to the hero!
^1) Enough with wealth!
 15

III. fA W: WT: ^|R

1A WI: WT ^4
^A W: AA $^d: ^X^A

R^lR A17: fAp?: ^|R pOT:

fAA fA^: fAv ^A
R
*^R R^d: R^A ^R "^Sd:

IV (1) WA wA wA I (2) A wRt I

(3) AA wA I (4) § A AA ^A | (5) Afr

wA wA I (6) A fAA1 (7) A

A W: I (7) WT: ^lA ^A I

(9)^U: ^TR ^A feA I (10) ^A wR q?A

^i (h)3tAA ?wR i (12) wi< <HA,

HRI
*^ d^A, l4d 1^ t'ld A, Al A I

(13) sAA wA WA i (14) A Aw Apt: i

(15) ^A: ^j'lltfl: 31!A

1** I (16) Al: 'A

^rA I (17) A: (^) wA AA I (18)

AA i (19) w?A tptA AA

^1 (20) AT: At A ^AAl (21) A

fAA i (22) Aw wA i (23) sA 5:A1

 16

EXERCISE 6
Add to Vocabulary

animal; relative; creature; forest;

friend; J Ml: domestic animals.

n. (1) fit: 3TR Wlfa - I go to the village from the

mountain. (2) - The hero

strikes the enemies with an axe. (3) TRt: 3FT:

- The poet finds the arrow below the

heap of grass. (4) 3{^kfT TW: Wlft Wc -

The servant cooks the fruits for the guests.

(5) WT ?k - He breaks the tree with the

(two) arms. (6) W - The (two) children

laugh. (7) < W The fire bums

the trees of the forest. (8) WlT STft

The sun moves over the clouds. (9) W

- Drops of water fall from the vessel.

(10) -JT - The king conquers the
enemy with arrows. (11) W: - They (two)
live in the teacher’s house. (12)
- The man is not pleased with the quarrel
of the (two) boys. (13) .
 17
The relatives sit behind the house. (14) ^'R: 'hl'h:
: *
dR - The pigeon, the crow and
the jackal are animals (beasts). (15) R: ^HT:
PUR - The people stand in the presence of the
sage. (16) f’fe We see the moon
to the east of the mountain. (17) tR Tpr
$5lR - The waters flow (or run) towards the ocean.
(18) ^n^T: wR - Jackals live outside
the village. (19) W: T wR - People

do not rejoice without happiness. (20)

Ri^rR TTfcT - The man leads the children to the

forest from the house.

JwfR: I fRcR: 1 wR I
III.
<3HTs^: I SblPR: or SB 1

IV. (1) tR: 1 (2) 1

(3) WI: JRI: RR I (4) Rl: STfc
^RR I (5) TFT: sR RRR I (6) W:
^R i (7) sRRii sR RR i
(8)^RT: Rt: RR (9) sR: 311^ Pl I

(10) WT W: JR Rd: U1RR I (11)

 18

(l^R) I (12) HJTT W FTFR

stR I (13)3TT 3TT TRT: WTT: ^mR' |

(14) 4^: Wlfa I (15) W4T

I (16) WIT TlW: 3T& ^WT: 1(17) JT4:

R sRR (^44 R) I (17) RqHT 3TFT wfrl I

EXERCISE 7
II. (1) R 4414: mRR - Beasts live in the forest.
(2)^ TTvT: sR f^FBT - Children! you throw

fuel into the fire. (3) '$>41^'40 31 H4 fd - He brings

water from the well. (4) No sandhi - We count the

pigeons. (5) WT jft: wR The sage lives

among the trees. (6) No sandhi - I wash the (two)

hands and face in the house. (7) ^T:

- The king adorns the body with jewels.

(8) No sandhi- Men desire (or long for) happiness.
(9) No sandhi - Pain arises from wealth. (10) No
sandhi - He covers the fruits with'leaves. (11)
<RR - Swans play in the lake. (12)

Note: See no.37 in p. 29 - is another usage

 19

4l^HI Sill It A’aA- Teacher! You blame the conduct

of boys (13) No sandhi - I owe (two) flowers to
the servant. (14) No sandhi - We worship the
heroes in the country. (15) No sandhi - The lotuses
are in the vessels. (16) 'RT: SlAsbWR - Men
cross the ocean. (17) 'pi A'hll - You (two)
sit near the tree. (18) 31 AeA d^uli M'4IAl
MdR- The leaves of the trees fall into the ocean
owing to the wind. (19) : 3R?T ^41A - I eat
food in (two) houses. (20) 3RT: -
The enemies hide the arrows in the forest. (21)
- The moon moves among the clouds.
(22) STAT: - The fire bums down the
(two) trees. (23) No sandhi - The poet proclaims
the king as a hero. (24) No sandhi - The man steals
the wealth from the house of relatives. (25) No
sandhi - I console the children. (26) TRT
R - The sage does not oppress the servant.

III. (1) 3R3T: STATIST I (2) W:

W: WTfA I (3) ATT: At I
(4) WTt: ^53 T1AA I (5) WT
Rl^fd I (6) ^RT WM: I (7) THTT:
 20
^5 i (8) fa7^ wrfar i (9) wfa
mifa i (io) W. W: Amft |
(11) W: ! Wfa HT W | (12) WT:
M 3(3^ I (13) ^fa: ^rfaW I

(14) 3uIHl Wt (15) falj: ^WXT

3^ ’Jjfitl (16) ^RT: 3jW Wf qiXlfar I

(17) W: | (18) ofar

W7TH: I (19)^: wft: faxifal X Wt |

RECAPITULATION
ii. (a) 3^r i faW i Wit | ^pri

(b) ^Wt: | wrqt: | Wt:

(c) *fR I fax | I |

in. faWfa 13^ & A i | Wfa i srgassarfa i

^^5’ ' or I | far-AcH | ifat
aiftl

NOTE
1. + 3^. ,t ,s
not combined as SigWlfa which could be split
as wpr + To mark difference ,s>
(avagraha) or ‘S3’ are used.
 21

In the same way when a word (i.e., stem of case

endings), ends in or sfr, and is immediately

followed by ST, then ST falls silent and 3 mark

is given thus - fWlsT

IV. (a) accusative (b) accusative and instrumental

(c) genitive (d) ablative (e) instrumental (f) genitive
(g) ablative (h) accusative

V. W: W: Wlft TO: WPT:

TO: TO

W: TO:

f&uflfa ftWT: aiJTRTfa SIJWT:

f?WT: fcWT SIJTRfa 3TJW

fvPTrf:

Thrift FJWT: WIN: ^TWT:

W4

^rfcT ^Wfcl WRT:

EXERCISE 8
IL (1) No sandhi - Poets praise the splendour of the
night. (2) No sandhi - The (two) sons return from
 22

the town. (3) No sandhi - The woman puts down

the burden from the head. (4) No sandhi - The (two)
friends dive into the Ganga. (5) W Wt xftft

- The queen takes leave of the sister in the

presence of the king. (6) No sandhi - Monkeys are
fond of fruits, (or fruits appeal to or please

monkeys). (7) JST; Wifi . The wife counts

the coins. (8) |:Wr . Fate is

cause of misery. (9) WfT W WiRT - The

line of clouds adorns the sky. (10) fWt ?T nppft
w - The mother protects the sons like a
lioness. (11) Rpi aifpfTTRppf . king
defeats the enemies in the twilight. (12) No sandhi-
The (two) crows fly round among plantain trees.
(13) No sandhi - The (two) girls search for flowers.

The girls
—of the mother,
z , ’ The poet summarizes
(or abridges) the utterances nf tk
to f 016 saSe- (16)
bv hk . ’ RaghU COnqUerS the enCmiCS
 23

fond of meat. (The meat is pleasing to the jackal).

(18) Tff: ’hR - In sorrow

and happiness, women consult the sages. (19)

3Tf^ T chHrl - The hero does not tremble

even in death. (20) No sandhi - The nurse never

abandons the child. (21) No sandhi - Ganga flows
between (two) forests. (22) W: cfft WT:
- The enemies fight on the bank of the river.
(23) 3TT TT W4T T STfalft - The king
does not sit in the assembly only today. (24)
TTTTT TTT: 3TTOr - Men obtain
health by the grace of God. (25) Tift: FTT 4>Mld I:
^4"-^ - Pigeons fly from tree to tree.

III. (1) O 3RT: BO I

(2) O W T wfa I (3) T1W: O:
Of I (4) O’: W WT: OfH W1 O’ I
(5) Ort O I (6) JFT O’: (TT) TCI:
TTFft O: 3TTTO I (7) HT: O O Tj
(?T) | (8) WIT: ^WTT O: jfO: Of I
(9) 041 Pl I (10)
3TTW I (11) OW (12)^
4T Tlf^TI (13) O WHI:
 24

(16)

IV.

*TPTT

*TPTT:

5W: JW: 5<W^ W

trpfr:
w w

EXERCISE 9
Add to Vocabulary

■ II. 3HW 3fflW ^Wrft

3FH:

3T
*FHTP^ ;3FFT^

viM P|-^$irl |*^ 'STPT^J^

 25

III. UPf: W W{:

TTsfr:

TW Tlfafa:

ufWq; U^P4:

*t)
(TF

71%: 7lf%
*T:

(W:)

71%: 71^71: 71%tWf

(IT^T:)

71%t 7TW: 71f%J

(TW^)

% 71% t 7T%t % W:

IV. (1) ^17 31^4. - The crow took away

the flesh with the beak. (2) JTRn^ 3j<+><=!

-1 set foot on the palace and approached

the king. (3) '•’H'ht-4! 3j|^||(^ sj|0:

3H^ - Due to the order of the father, the boy led

 26

the (two) cows out of the village. (4) No sandhi -

The (two) servants place the pot on the head.
(5) TW 5^: - The son pulls the cow

with the rope. (6) I:

- The (two) girls resort to modesty for the
satisfaction of the mother. (7) No sandhi - Oh
Raghu! You did not desist from work. (8)
- The bee flies from flower
to flowt • with the pollen (dust). (9) 31^11 \
- The dust covers the village due
to the arrival of the enemies. (10) No sandhi -
The (two) sages crgue. (11) No sandhi - You (two)
are sad due to the death of the friend. (12)
3^4^ - They placed the weight on the head.

(13) Wt: - He struck the enemies

with the jaw (or bone) of the animal. (14)
1 lived in the forest. (15)
- The son of the king married
the sister of the teacher. (16) Iwi Sfppq-
- He turned his mind towards the arrival
of the friend (He thought of the arrival of his
 27

friend). (17) W: - Heaps of

grass are on the ground. (18) TPI; T
- A good man does not begin work at night.
(19) SPTt: 9'dl^d 41^1: - The servants

got satisfaction due to the favour of the master.

(20) The son respects
the father and mother. (21) ^PTFTF^ 3PWT -
The father spoke in the assembly. (22) H lOul I

314H^ - The sage praised the conduct of the

women. (23) 41 4) W^T: - The

sages consider the power of God as fate.

V. (1) <WT STfwf^ | (2) W

I (3) OTt: 31^1^1

(4)
TrflW T&: 414^ 3PJWIJ (5)

Ff°T T 3WHJ (6) mg: HT:

T I (7) W: | (8) TTTt
fvH 3TIW: f^TT W41
(9)5^: 3FW 3WWf^ I (10) ^T: 3J^
dTT: 'FRFT ’JHt-'H RHTT (or 41 Rh) 5TT4RHJ

(11) 3mt: 1 (12) w I

 28

(13)f^T (14)f^faf^3Tfc^rf

?t wh;i

EXERCISE 10
WT RRTRt W:

WR W^l<1 F^T:

Ff^FfT

WP

RRPTT F^PT:

W RPt: R^ll^

W’
^RT: RRIRt^^RlR:

IV. (1) No sandhi - Let the conqueror go by the chariot.

(2) TOi . Let the daughters bow to
the mother. (3) No sandhi - Hail to the leader.
(4) 3T3: Hid Tk
1 he rogue stole
the fruits form the garden. (5) %h~dR
* t
3^ - May the hearers be pleased by the
 29

utterances of the teacher. (6) No sandhi - I should

search for the sister with my brother. (7) W
Boy! take leave of the father. (8)
dF: dT Grandson! Don’t be dejected.
(9)Wsi H Id I - The son-in-

law should go to the father’s house along with

the wife. (10) WTt TTT^ WT -
r
The (two) donors gave the garland to the sister-
in-law. (ii) - In
life, doers (or performers) alone obtain happiness.
(12) ^dK STjdTPT- We should follow the leader.
(13) 5TTcT: tlAdl <|R| q<|v|^ _ The sun defeats

the night in the sky at dawn. (14) ^T: -

You all should think again. (15) No sandhi - The
rogue commits sin out of greed. (16) Rld< *1 ld<

- We should respect the father and

mother. (17) did: 3||<^dl^- You (two) should

begin work in the morning. (18) No sandhi - Oh

hearers! You should desist from sin. (19) HHlCl
pHHI 31ft Oh grandsons! You (two)
dispute even in front of friends. (20) No sandhi -
Anger is produced from greed, desire proceeds
 30

from greed, delusion and destruction also (arise)

from greed. Greed is the cause of sin.

V. (1) WT (2) JTW

| (3) sffag | (4) 3^1 HK
WI (5) fWw | (6)

(?) i
(8) ^T: Hi I sfhJR: 3HW l«4 3^“
*
3 srtaij (10) ^if ^TT

(ii) (12)^itto^^5(
(13) |f^K: J( I (14) ^:WT

WT W: I (15) ^kl: 3^, ^5-

EXERCISE 11
 31

III. 3^M. 3^ 5^
3^: 3NN3 3^7T
3^ 3MN3, 3^:

fwr fMt Wrf^ 3N3 3^ 3^

f^TT: fWFTR 3N: 3MI3 3^
Wr Wm W3 3^f !Rnh 35:

FTPf FIN FTPT

FIT: FTN3 FIN

fin; finih; j:
*

IV. (1) H- 3?t^’t ■ The mother-in-law should

not be angry with the bride. (2)

NTW^ The sages can (or may or should) dwell
in the hermitage. (3) No sandhi - Knowledge
should be the wealth of good (people). (4)
TTcT: riW ^3 3UJI^\ - Once upon a time,

I woke up in the morning and came into the field.

(5) ^ii, snfer, nt - oh

leader! Order! There is no fear for the heroes due

to the army. (6) T - Bad people
are not fit for knowledge. (7) No sandhi - Oh (two)
 32

boys! You should always speak truth. (8) STRht

’A0! Hrft: f^rfcT - The sage pierces

the intellects (or minds) of people by the eye as

(if) by a sword. (9) TCT: TBf:

Let the men and women rise up

and leave the country on account of the fear of
enemies. (10) ^JTfcT WT: Tfcl: TRT:

~ The stars tremble around the moon like

female servants around the king. (11) TO I Pl
W|-^: - Teachers should know the
scriptures.
*!:
(12) dirt - You should weigh the

medicine. (13) RT R You

all may not obtain knowledge from books alone.
^
(14) _ If

bad people would conquer in the world, sages

would desist from speech. (15) TOT ft
3 ^3- FR Beat if you wish, but remember

the order of the father. (16) TO

FI/ w * wi W - Man
should wake up to the moming>
 33

worship God, comfort (or console) brothers, speak

the truth; if he would do so, there would never
be a cause for sorrow.

V. (1) ft ftft I (2) ft ri W:

rift W: ftj tfft I (3) W: jftl

snftft i (4) ft ritw i ft jfft fftftr

Sffwft (5) 3TFT: W 3TT

sftft I (6) ft friri Pjft 3W 3Tlft ft: I
(7) fWT ^ft ; WT ft ft I (8) ^HT:

41 A frift ^r, yyi: A A *r

ftrii (9) wri w ft wftr, wri

ftft ft: ^ris^(io)

HT ; ft: trq- ft PTl^l

EXERCISE 12
Add to Vocabulary

aft + ft, to scold; to happen.

II. (1) No sandhi - I may go to the house with the

sick sister. (2) 41 fl Pl ftlT: RW: 41 °4 A - The

fat children play in the clear water.(3) No sandhi -

 34

The (two) wretched daughters of the blind king fell

into misfortune. (4) HT^ 3^101: ^JT:

^71 - The skilful sons should give the rare gem

to the generous mother. (5) TO ITT*
W: WWT 3|># . Tears flow from the

eyes of the old woman due to acute (or sharp) pain.

(6) TO: fij; Qh sister! You should

stay in the father’s house. (7) STT^dl 3T^T

SWTIT^ - The hero rushed at (or attacked)
the enemy wth his swift horse. (8)

- A bad person abuses the lame man.

(9) TO:
The servants
placed the heavy burden (or loads) on their heads.
(10) No sandhi - The good daughter salutes the
mother. (11) SfflV: wj
The (two) female servants fell on the ground on
their (two) knees in the presence of their master
(12) W: W:
Lovely creepers and fragrant flowers grow in the
garden. (13) No sandhi - I may (or should)
the small boy with feigned anger. (14)
 35

H - If you would do regular

(or obligatory) works, you would not fall into
misfortune. (15) - Many I
children long for honey. (16) rft^T 31Rhi

- May we salute the hero killed by the

sharp arrow of the enemy.'. (17) 3TFT HR: JTT:
3TI5 - Let the sages going to
the village drink the sweet water of the well. (18)
No sandhi - There are small houses behind the new
mansion.

III. 1.^1^ Tfftj,

^1

2. TToft, Heft, or

3. WT: or
or ^Rt TTFHJ

4. ^t^t, ^ft^^ft^ft,

IV. (l)THt! WHt W (2)3^:

(3) W: ^T: ^1W (4)

HH: (5) U^ft I
 (6) ’W kRi (7) fWH;
J? f^ftr i (8)
^THt^W^ldilh W: rfW^J (9) WFt
(or ^:) W: gpftfa JWf^F
*W (or or *fct) ^TT (or ^fr) °^R I (10)
^TT cft^T STfaHT I (ll)^nf^TT:

W(: ^T faw (12)

3TN?f: W^l

EXERCISE 13

II. Present passive Imperfect passive

*-^
31 fq ajfa’vqiR^

srMqqi: 31ftR«rP^ 3Tf^-rqsqj^

4l^ 4l<R 3rfWcil\ ^-rq-rf

f^TTR^ ’"' 3^|R^

f^rq

Mt Mt

^r^r
 37

Imperative passive Potential passive

iMdl^

-dHdl\ ^dl\ 414-dl^ +■<! a

III. In this country, a king, Gopala by name, lived. Once,

a sweeper was seen by him in the city, at dawn.
The king was much angry by his sight and ordered
the killing of the sweeper. The innocent man was
bewildered by the order of the king, There was a
courtier by name Sumati in the assembly of the king.
He said to the sweeper: ‘ ‘Come near me just before
killing. Let a word be spoken by you ’ ’. The sweeper
went to the place of killing. Before the killing he
went near Sumati. He spoke a word (or sentence)
to him. But they (the two) were seen by the king.
 38

The king asked Sumati: ‘ ‘What was spoken by that

bad (or wicked) man?” Sumati said: “This is his
speech - ‘The king was seen by me at dawn. My
killing happens on account of his sight. I was seen
at dawn also by the king. But, there is no killing
of him on account of my sight. Which of the two
between us is a wicked man?’” The king thought
about these words. After a moment, he desisted
from anger and released the sweeper.

IV. (1) (2) 3W I (3) WPT: |

I (10)
 39

(30) WP(I (31) HT WJ I (32)

(33) (34) TT: FHP(I (35) 3f( H
(36) H fpfalHJ (37) Tt TIT: H
tanllHJ (38) TIT: rt: H (or 31WTITH) I
(39) 3TFftW]J (40) 3^ (41)
^>^41A °4t4-dl4j (or I (42) HI
ft^THJ (43)

EXERCISE 14

II. (1) The mother never forgets the son; (PV)

WT T I (2) Let me give this last
flower to you; (PV) Ah W T^H 4)441^1
(3) Rama left Sita in the forest; (PV) tTidl <AU1

tA I (4) The small snake bit Hari; (PV)

#T 3TTW I (5) Those (two) tell the story;

(PV) I (6) The (two) messengers

should bring the son of the king; (PV) ’JMcl:

^nw 31^441^1 (7) We should follow the leader

along with the heroes; (PV) Am ^1^1 R:

(8) Carry this light burden; otherwise

your master will beat you: (PV) 3PT T^: HR:
 40

(9) The killing

(or murder) of the girl is ordered by the mean /

lowly man; (AV) 3TTT: TT: ebr'tllill: R| |

(10) If you understand my utterances, you will not

abandon hope; (PV) Tfe TT IRf:

T: W T I (11) We
consider Rama to be a hero; (PV) TIT: I Rf:

I (12) You committed sin; therefore, I

blame you; (PV) rwi TIT , 3RT TT TTT
PHtl 1(13) Many jewels were stolen by the thief;
(AV) ^Pl tdlPl ^rTKT^I (14) It is said by

Sumati ‘ ‘Let the wealth of bad people be taken

away by fate”; (AV) “RfPl:

I (15) ‘Dwell in the palace for a long

time”; (PV) W: fat I (16) Oh

boys! you (two) should serve the teacher silently;

(PV) TMt! W-TT wf:

III. (1) SRlt 3^^ I (2)

3{Rr^T (3) ^T: PTMJ (4) 3^-
STHFfa I (5) (6) WTT

(7) ^T ^tih; (8) ^tr

 41

3HT: | (9) f^yy STRICT |

(10) siftr, rf ^r§^T: | (u) sygsyf.
STFTfar A^dl^l (12) 5fa: f^R ^R4 WI

3^: ^°!X 3Tf^| (13) ^yy; ^yf^y. ^j-

W^i (14)
wt FT (15) rR^ ffcy 3R^ |

RECAPITULATION
(EXERCISE 1 to 14)

ILL ^R: 3RR, WJ, RWT, ’qif f^)

^51^, ^5.?: (^Kt:) ^nf: (^Rt:) ^Hl:,
(^it) WRI^ ^Rt I

2. ^f^-RT TRTRT^
1^ vR5r^l^ ^RrT: Wft:, ^f^RT:
gfW I

3. WR: ^IR:, It: ^ft:

^T: ^T:, ^T: ^T:,

^(Hluli ^ull^ itj ^<1^3 (No vocative since

^T: is there)

Note: From this page onwards sandhi is adopted in all

Sinnelzrit CAnfpnppt
 42

4., W, (5), nfa I

s. 35^5 50, T^:> 50,

5^5 50, W
6. Ft Ft (^5), FW% 3TW% 3^:

(WT:), SFFTt; (Wt) I

7. 3rft, *
STJfrf^T:, 3Ffr
T:, F^:,

III. 3i?'lX 5RTHN ST^RH <5 ^IMnI

3^dlV^5 W'H VWvTT^

^friaiR <JM8iq ^frWT

tiWIT: WlW WI^ 3fxi«d

w?[ ’WK^ viRlBci 3fxt?Jdl\3Rl^

■ IV. ^TI - HK *|R. ^JT ^1

315: ^^5 I
fel- ten TO: 5T -.Tft fey 3^ ,

wjt - n: w i

- TOWI: ^T iterow I
 43
-ffar faw (W)

^T: - -3^ ^T; c$HN (TFT

V. 1. (W) ^pr ftm, >m (^7 £ f^-

(W:) I W[ ^IWT pNft) 1 W
W SffMh

Knowledge of weapon (and knowledge) of scripture-

the (two) learnings are for fame. In old age, the
first is for ridicule. The second is always respected.

2. W T ft TT
ft’TT M I

As the motion of a chariot cannot indeed succeed

(or be accomplished) by one wheel, thus, without
human effort, fate does not succeed.

3. TT#[ WH T I ^IT: W
W jft T ft yfoiA I

Works succeed indeed by effort and not by mere

wishes. Deer indeed do not enter into the mouth
of a sleeping lion!

4. HT I M m I

sfrri (vrft)
 44

Oh Arjuna! Fill (or nourish) the poor. Do not give

wealth to (or bestow wealth on) the lord. Medicine
is beneficial to a sick perosn. What is the use of
medicines to a healthy person?

5. W jfrfct 3TR

W: (3T^R:) epj||^ |

One should not make friendship and also affection

with a bad person. A hot charcoal bums the hand.
A cold one also makes (the hand) black.

EXERCISE 15
n.

1 or i
or 1
 45

31^1

3T^W *•'4:
31 ^

3^qf 3T^F4:

31^1^

3^

i 3T^

IV. (1) *1^1 SiW’Xl - The trees trembled (shook)

due to the wind. (2) HW - The lightning
shines among the clouds. (3) No sandhi - The queen
has affection towards (or for) the king. (4) '’H:
W 3T< - (Two) White horses were

given by the people to the king. (5) H

- The waters of the rivers flow into
the sea. (6) WR RTlA
 46

Kf " White, red and yellow flowers

are in our garden. (7)^Tgft: •fl’Oft: T>KT:

- Stories are told in secret by these women.

(8) WT ^TT: ^TT: TfefT - Suddenly black

clouds were pierced by lightning. (9)

" Miseries are endured in vain by us

(two). (10) gm M: - You (all)

(must) see the beautiful face of the child (who is)

asleep. (11) WK W, gT: ft

Run to the palace at once, for the king summons

you. (12) Kfel: W: - Let the

poor men obtain wealth from you. (13) gft:

- This sage came once. (14) WFT

RT WI ggTHT KTTHT
The splendour of the flowers of the forest increases
by the drops of water and the rays of the sun.
(15)

The mind moves due to greed; miseries enter the

bewildered mind. (16) No sandhi - Let a song be
sung by you (plural). (17) WT1T
 47

As the beauty of lotuses perishes without water,

so, without hope the (sense of) shame of the poor
slowly increases.

V. (1) faff: | (2) (or

fafa^) (3) W: WWfa I (4) fafafa

Wft falfa I (5) ^fa fa T^fa, ft ^faf: W

wffa i (6) fan fa1 fatft, far

'dHfalRl wft ^1 (7) WT
(8) fa (fafa) fa3ffa:? I (9) fafar

cfa fafa: SqfalR, Wit: WTTW Nft I (10)

fa fa far srftiftfafciT: far W:

faf i (ii) far! fa ^far^rfa

J^IW: 3^ fa ^ift W^TT: | (12) ^ifafa

fafST, ^T: 3RW, wffaT ^1

EXERCISE 16
Add to Vocabulary

assembly.

l.
II.
 48

3. ii'liffl, Wfa, tTfik tp-Tir

Wfiri
4. BIT:, 3WJ, 3W, B’lft, BW:, 3W:, giffa,

5. wr, wt, <fw, ^fw, ^fw, ^!(

<W:, |
6. TT1^:, TTHT:, amfe:, TTHTK:, wr^;,
^114%!^ TWH, W^: |

III. (1) The heroes release the arrows among (or at) the

enemies with the bow. (2) The sun and the moon
are the lights of the world. (3) Let the merchant give
the wealth to the poor (people) standing at the door.
(4) The oblation is thrown into the fire by the priests.
(5) Your residence is in the town. (6) I took the pair
of shoes in the hand and entered the water of the
lake. (7) You place the light burden on the head-
I carry the heavy burden with (two) hands. (8) People
see with (two) eyes. (9) My (two) eyes
y the glare of the lightning. (l0) oh dear
 49

brother! May there be happiness in your life!

(11) The army of the enemies was defeated by the
emperor. (12) Let the girls sing with a soft voice.
(13) There is no compassion in the mind of a bad
man. (14) The darkness of the night perishes due
to the energy of dawn. (15) The child drinks the milk
of this cow. (16) The mind of a holy man is clear
(or tranquil) in adversity (misfortune) or prosperity.
(17) The pollen of flowers is taken by bees. (18) (You
two) should serve the wish yielding cow. (19) Let
them decorate the residence with garlands. (20) The
mendicant goes from village to village. (21) The
medicine of the sister was given by the doctor for
the sick man. (22) Enough of speech! Vigour is seen
only in work. (23) Oh, Lord! I am tormented by
hunger, show compassion towards me.

IV. (1) 1 (2)

W: I (or) tPaF: fWTT

W: WrT: (3) cF dT
95% d=T WT, I
(4) WFTT WT: WT: ^F: WW1J (5) WT:
 50

W fW: 3TO5TO | (6)

<K Sj W (or (7)1) W:! TOTTO 3Tnf»
=> STT'Or^ Tpfft) ’TOTO .' (8) TOTO W TOTOT:

inwr, tot qj: tottopj sitoj,

'WTO I (9) Jft: ftft TO: qpf q^

^r 7^1 (10)WtTO: (srfwr £fr) aftTOTO
(11) sift W: fero ftnpi ftf
*f : an^TOl

EXERCISE 17
II. (1). (3RT:) - tfftraf w. TOTOWfTOITO wfa |
(wo froro p) to>to (,) stor ,
(^ ' The tlme of intelligent people passes by

engaging in (reading) poetry and scriptures; (the

time) of fools passes by sleep, quarrel and
dissipation (or fruitless effort or vice). (2) Oh Lord'
Make me strong. (3) The rich and the wealthy do
not obtain happiness even in prosperity. (4) In this
town, a son was bom to a rich merchant (or the
son of the rich merchant was bom). (5) pradent
man (or the intelligent man) laughs at fooI
I was overcome by sleep after ,ong
( ’ The S°n °f PrieSt « the daughter of
 51

the talented (or wise) physician. (8) The learned

mendicant reached the Himalayas. (9) God is our
father. (10) He gives us life, protects us from
adversity and protects us who are asleep.
(11) Therefore, we should worship Him. (12) Fools
speak harsh words. (13) Soft words are spoken by
intelligent people. (14) Oh boys! May you be
long-living! (15) He may be a strong man; if he
does not have modesty what can be done only by
strength? (16) Joys and sorrows turn (or revolve)
like a wheel. (17) Enough of diversion (or pastime)
(18) Work should not be avoided by intelligent
people.

III. (1) 3RW qwtl (2) pftwjj

(3)^T Wtl (4) SFRlfa: 3JWTI

IV (1) (2) fell (3) HTfi

HT^IkllHJ (4) Wt

v. (O^^wf^^T wm (2)W^:I^i
TTTT 3TT^; T I (3) WdT Tfel: W:

pN I (4)
 52

TOT (or
(5) W 3W(^ | (6) feFJT
(or ^4) AwA, |TH^F^ ^PT |TFT

j:ijf fAwfa |

EXERCISE 18
II.I. Wil, W^l, WRIT, W^, wi:,

W:> sni^u

2. sh^hR, sng^R, 3TT^fe,

Wl;

HI. (1) (2) writ: (3)

IHlVjJ (4) ftwog

IV. (1) (2) Wm (3)3TT^

(5) ^twr (6) (7) (8)
(9)f^wr (10)

(1) W (W:

(5^)
 53

VI. (1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (6) (7) WIJ

VII. fad^ Rld^ fad=ldl, facfc^, fad4d:, fad4d:,

fad=lRi, facial

3HW:,

EXERCISE 19

II. There was a forest near a mountain. A lion lived

in that forest. He slept on the mountain by day and
roaming around in the forest during the night ate
animals. At one time, this lion who had collected
much food, was overcome by sleep in the shade of
a tree. Many mice which had come out from a hole
joyfully danced on the body of the lion. The lion
afflicted by that awoke (or became awake). One of
the mice was seized (or caught) by the lion. It was
told by him: ‘ ‘Oh lord! You are heard as the emperor
of animals. Your valour is known. I am small; you
are strong. Therefore, show mercy on me ’ ’. The lion
 54

heard the saying (or words) of the mouse and

released him. After that, a net was tied in that very
tree by a man. That lion fell in that net. He cried
loudly. The mouse who heard that, came (and) said:
“Oh lord! Enough of fear. I shall release you from

this net ’ ’. He cut the net with his teeth. It was

told by the hon ‘ ‘Oh! the gratitude of my friend! ’ ’.

III. (1)
'> TOT 3T<klP|

3^T: (or | (5)

•>

(9) fWFMWfit
(ip)
 55
(7)^t: STT: | (8)

fWHJ (9) ^FT: 3xhMldJ

V. ^^j-. |

dT^0dl31f I kd^ I M.dl^l'^ (or W

5^)
* :

Fd^tk^ (or lk1^l(ktQ

EXERCISE 20

II. Verse 1:. (SM^Tt) - f^T ^f. 3^

I nPFTT 3T^f; f^?

A wicked man, though adorned by knowledge

should be avoided. Is not that snake, adorned by
a gem terrifying?

Verse 2: HklT: T JxbT:, WH I rPT: T

OT: I TO: T W: , Wft WT: I ?[W H

I Pleasures have not been

enjoyed. We alone have been devoured. Austerity
i
has not been performed. We alone are burnt. Time
has not passed. We are gone. Desire has not worn
out (or decayed) We alone have been worn out (or
decayed). (3) How much food should be given to
 56

our guests? (4) As much food as they wish, so

much can be given. (5) Your honour is not pleased
with this much wealth. (6) So many lotuses were

never seen by me in this lake. (7) Your eldest

brother is stronger than you, but you are cleverer
than him. (8) Give the lighter load to that boy.
(9) You should worship God with a firmer
mind. (10) Modesty is the best of all the virtues.
(11) This is the youngest of the boys, but, he
is more intelligent (or talented) than many older
boys. (12) Bhima is the strongest among soldiers.
(13) You (all) should serve the sick (men).
(14) The light of the moon is brilliant in autumn.
(15) The king should not be angry with the
clever minister.
 57

^TT TTpfr

(8) ^tn<
?t c^r^Hfr, W: 4K 3H 3iWxft
(or ^t) I (9) ftW: 3jftpjdT: (or ^;) |

(10) 3ft ^41^1: Uftft: ^kifo | (H)

(or 3^:) ipqt: (or ^ftft:) gft

WT ftrfi^ ftfa: I

EXERCISES 21 and 22

II. (1) (3FT4:) Wl: fftftj ^3 ajft W |

^Sk^W: ^ftcWi T ft ^ftft - Good people

show compassion even towards worthless beings.

The moon does not indeed withhold the light from
the house of an outcast. (2) The greatness of the

Self has been praised by many sages. (3) This

world has been created by Brahma (4) Fame is

obtained by those that have gone by the right path.
(5) I obtained the necklace of the dead woman (or
bride) within the ashes of the fire. (6) Learned

sages have laid down many scriptures. (7) As long

as you remain a kine. so lone there should for can)

 58

be happiness for all of us. (8) Valour is the

ornament of the king. (9) The king gave (two) rare
gems to the hero who had killed so many enemies.
(10) From birth a poor man is overcome by shame
before others.

IV. (1) cH
 59

EXERCISE 23

ii. ^wi inter i wRfr mfe+i i w

i dtet ¥Tter i fteft i tefr <tfr i
sw i ftft fWlfl i mft i <tem
^mr i m mjft i tef wt or w^r i

III. tecq’: I FR?T KW: OTRT: I W

wrft i w w^i wftteterter
tet i mtemfti (wr

IV. (1) (m^T:) - ^rt qfWd41 tet teft i te:

W: 3^: teWL FT

M'RddA i mrr mfr te: ifa tej! i

- Old age stands like a threatening tigress. Diseases
strike the body like enemies. Life flows out like
water from a broken pot. Yet, the world does harm­
ful deeds. Surprising indeed! (2) ^PfT, <ld I,
fT) Wft I ^T:
fT) 4>A: I - A master (who is) forbearing,

generous and appreciative is obtained by merit. A

favourable, pure, competent (or skilful) and learned
poet is very hard to obtain. (3) 4Udd^
\
 60

(T), (STf^T),
w; to, mr^
WT^rfc TO: TFf: I TOt g ^Wpj-
JTfit W?. itea:? | . As long as this body is healthy

and free from disease, as long as old age is at a

distance (or far away), as long as the power of the

senses is unimpaired and as long as there is no

loss (or decay) of life, so long great effort has to
be done by a learned person only for the supreme
good (of oneself). What kind of remedy is the
digging of a well when the house is burning?

EXERCISE 24
n. There is a certain Brahmana in the forest of
Gautama. He having bought a goat from another
village for a sacrifice, had carried it on his
shoulder. He (who was) going was seen by (two)
rogues. Then, those (two) rogues had thought “If
this goat is obtained by some means, our devemess
(W1» be revealed)-. Then, those (two)stoodonthe
path waiting for the arrivai of that Brahmana at
 61

the foot (or base) of (two) trees. There, the

Brahmana who was going was addressed by one
rogue, “Oh Brahmana!Why is the dog carried by

the shoulder? ’ It was told by the Brahmana thus:

This is not a dog, but a sacrificial goat ’ After
that, it was told by the second rogue exactly so.
Having heard that, the Brahmana putting down the
goat on the ground and examining (it) said with
fear thus: ‘ ‘Can my goat become a dog? ’ ’ It was

told by the first rogue thus: “See! Don’t touch.

It can bite you with sharp teeth”. When the
Brahmana had gone away quickly out of fear, the
(two) rogues took away the goat happily.

III. (1) 3^ w cPJxMbV (2) 3jf^ fwj

WWT I (3) TWI'ITIH I (4) t

W (5) 3TWr5 31
W: (6) rTpT vfaft 0#) 3J^{ft
I (7) HI fiRrlf, WT (or
HI ^Tf^TOft) I (8) xMcl 3it^i4) (or Pi),
w 3i=r£ri (9) wipt

W: I (10) rT
 62

’RTvAvi: I (H) i{f

f^TI (12) wfr: W

31l4h-<1l^(or '3Rti<l4A’-d|J() (3THT:

inside) (13) I'Jl (or A), RTrTT

(i4) trfawri
(or 3Tft '^: W rj (Qr

1 (Alternative - W) jt^fT ^IFI f T TfrlWt

EXERCISE 25
II. (1) (3RtT:) JKiRh: yiMrl vft TIT W 3fft
I 31 Rift iftd ^vi^Fl rftrTT t^ tR?rf^

■ Lovers of virtue are not depressed even on seeing

a defect in a virtuous person. The world sees only
with satisfaction even the spot (or mark) fallen on
the moon. (2) ^TT: ^T
^RTTWr Wi$RT:
I - Whomsoever the
king honours with love i
in the assembly, the
courtiers strive for driving away such
1 a person.
(3) vnHm=r =r
7 WT
l^s I . One who
 63

cannot check an enemy or a disease hardly bom,

is killed by that (disease) afterwards. (4) We have
come to bathe in the river. (5) The intelligent man
does not want to hear what the fool says. (6) What
is the use of my virtue, when you are favourable
and what is the use of my virtue, you being (when
you are) unfavourable. (7) The teacher is angry
with them who do not have knowledge. (8) The
woman having said * ‘I am unable to bear so much
misery ’ ’ and becoming depressed sat down under
the tree. (9) Good people think that sin should
be avoided. (10) It was said by her “Go!”.
III. (1) WT: W SftwrfW wfr W
(2) R | (3)
srfcw 53 TRj I (4) rW: ’TH T
I (5) #IT m R ^IxhT:, ft wf:
WfaR HtRi (6) WT
it ^TTTT m3 (or Hvft)
sfiT-T HI I (has lead or is leading).

(7) wj! wKim^ 1

IV. I '1: ^71A 4W HTT

wR I
 (A

EXERCISE 26

(I) (WI:) W, ipfa JWTs fa >H: 7?fa

SMI: WI<lfa<(I: W 4TR I - I am the origin of

all. Everything sets out from me. Thus thinking,

wise men endowed with love (or devotion) worship
me. (2) folH! WW?! W. | zrtj
fa: WJ Wfr =T (vfa) I . King of

physicians! Brother of king Yama, salutation to

you. Yama takes away life; but, the physician (takes
away) life and wealth also!, (3) nfel Wpi
^Xl SfHclf 'ipPtt FTW WT I fa TTT
Wfa? tfHT: TO Ww- a
• i -ns ii. i-rf | . a woman
afflicted by hunger may abandon her son. A female
serpent afflicted by hunger may eat its
own egg.
What sin a hungry (or famished)
man does not do?
Emaciated men become pitiless. (4)

n<t, WE,

1 faults (or defects)

are to he avoided by a man desirine •
'“ring prosperity -
sleep, sluggishness, fear, aneer i •
8er’ lazmess (and)
 65

procrastination (slowness). (5) RR W

«iWr: TOST W frf ,

'W*1‘U ■ Wllere the giver of debt (or a money

lender), a physician, a learned brahmin, and a river
with water are not (found), there oh! friend, one
should not dwell.

III. (1) wwrt ^4: wifa

AsAddl’jJ (2) WT^ TO:

RTf^TOT R (or 5^=1-dl iJTORf) I (3)

W5 W: (

FT: or ^T:) (4) felfe (or ^:)

TOR sAddl-l? (or sftdRJl) (5) HR fWT
it w<t wrft ^rf^r:

(6) ^FpT: shit: <n

(or £^TO) I Q^clTOH - with sandhi).

(7) W: ^TR: TOT^ Wf^T

^H'^h'4td’iKl (8) "ART ^3"

T^Thdl^l (9) W rf ^T: I (10)

^T^R TOf^T, Rrf^T, ^ftR: TO:

I (H) srf^RF: ^RRT: ^T:

 66

IV. Conversation between a Fruit Seller and a Customer

S - Mango! Mango!

C - Of what kind is your fruit? Let me see the

mangoes.

S - You can see. Where is it possible to get

such fruit today?

C - Say how much is the price.

S - Twelve mangoes are sold for four rupees.

C - What do you say? Four rupees! I am not

able to give so much (price).

S - Good. How much can be given by you?

C - Two rupees for twelve.

s - You want to ridicule me! The price at which

these fruits were purchased by me, is more
than your (quoted) price.

C - Let it be. I am going.

S ” Please stay. Let mv savior. <

3 my saying (or words) be
heard.
 67

C - I do not want to hear your words. Enough

of quarrel. It was told by you as ‘four’.
It was told by me as ‘two ’. It is proper
to give three rupees for twelve mangoes.

S - Good! How many fruits do I give?

C - Let one (fruit) be given!

V. Three types of men

W: TRK ftpiR | $WM|;

| . (Work) is indeed
not begun by low (people) for fear of obstacles. The
mediocre, having begun, cease to work (hurt or opposed)
by obstacles. The best people do not forsake (or
abandon) having begun (the work) even though being
obstructed again and again.
PART II
 71

EXERCISE I
II. 1. Mother! Bringing a little hot water, wash the
face of the child (PV) 3^1 (W)

2. 'Go away! Go away!' - having said thus, the

minister fell at the (two) feet of the king (PV)
TIT: TfcRP^I (or

3. The hair of the cowherd became white in three

months (PV) Rl RmIRT: tW: (°r
3P£RT) I

4. Prosperity occurred suddenly due to the favour of

the protector of the world (PV) ftW.

(or I

5. The matted hair of the sage was wasted by old age

and his teeth worn out (AV) ^TT
swivel

Note: Translation into English is given first. The

following Sanskrit sentence gives the change of
voice of the concerned passage in Sanskrit.
 72

6. Roaming at night, the jackal, perceiving (or having

perceived) a cat began to retreat (PV) ARl U-NdT

7. Remove that bad man whose nose is long, neck

is thick, fmgers are sharp (and) hair is dark (PV)
<0
*4 d iRt'bl ^11 rfiVTT: ^>wl:
^T: 3Nf^dlHJ

8. What occupation do you live upon? (PV) ^rfxT:

(?w) sWrt?

9. Whom your honour reviles due to hatred, may food

be given to them out of pity (or compassion) (CV)
W[ ^WSS^K (W^Q

III. (3F^I:) WI W
'ff: | For which king,
the physician, teacher and minister are always dear,
he is forsaken by (or deprived of) the body, rule
(or duty) and treasure quickly.

2.

=T -WT kg: I A pot is filled gradually by the

 73

falling down of water drops. That (gradual

acquisition) is the cause of all knowledge, duty (or
virtue) and wealth.

3. TCTH m M, TO: TO: TOK (M[) |

Trafa SRrfrT JkT: TOlf JrT: TO (Wj)?

One should find (or acquire) a king first, then a

wife and then wealth. When the king is bad how
can there be a wife and how, wealth?

IV. 1.

2. W ^T: 3$^ A, W ^W: I

3. OT ^T:
dl^d:, A, /hl ’Tlrtl I

4. ThT:

5. W: 34^144 “3PJ: W: ^T: (or

WT:) I 3Wr Wlfa”

6. fW Kfac4T (or ¥TW) ^TWTT^I

: TRT4TJ
 74

7. rT I

8. TlttdW: t

9. f^y 3TWT: ■ 3TPPT cfcPTT ST^IWfid^

hwwj

10. W wft M: fcft, 7^1: 3W:

(or STPT^Q I

V.
l. The present tense, the imperfect tense, the
, /
imperative mood and the potential mood are the7
/
conjugational tenses and moods. The division of
verbs into 10 conjugations (or W) does not apply
to all the tenses and moods. It applies exclusively
to the active voice (both parasmai and atmanepada)
of the above two tenses and two moods. In the
passive voice and in all other tenses and moods
all verbs are treated alike without the distinction
of conjugations (or W).

2. The strong forms in 2,3,5,7,8 and 9th conjugation

are marked with a cross in the table in the
text p. 4.
 75

EXERCISE 2
ILL (3T^T:) | |

W: 5:^ 3TM^ I

The intellect moves (or is disturbed) by greed.

Greed produces strong desire (or thirst). The man

afflicted by desire obtains grief here and hereafter
(i.e. the next world).

2. May the village chief obtain a wise son.

3. The king sent the messenger for the general.

4. You should be able to serve (or obey or follow)

the order of the master.

5. Foolish people do not hear the words (or speeches)

of the leader.

6. The wind shakes the trees.

Why did you destroy those flowers which the two

friends chose?

When the clouds pervade the sky, then, the birds

stand (or remain) on the branches of trees.

 76

9. Conquerers should not torment (or give pain to)

even a defeated enemy.

10. Having gone to the forest, we spread leaves on the

ground.

11. Accomplish your own work.

12. The companion (who was) told by'the village-chief,

“sprinkle water on the fire”, did so.

III. 1. 2. 3. 4,
5.3^1^, 6. 7. g.
9. io.
 77

12. I ^lull
oqiHlfa (or 31^) I

EXERCISE 3

ILL Those who help others, amass merit.

2. If there is no offence of mine, for what purpose

then do you harm me?

3. The universe reveals the majesty (or glory) of the

Supreme (Creator).

4. Having seen a jackal, the creatures of the forest

decided to kill him.

5. The two girls had discovered the necklace of the

mother on the dust of the path.

6. Before the arrival of the guests the young woman

(or bride) should cleanse the house.

7. Let a man decorate the body with ornaments, the

intellect with knowledge and the heart with virtues
(or good qualities) as the sky is decorated by stars.
 78

8. If you do not describe the disease, then how can

I remedy (it)?

9. Having covered (or concealed) the bodies of the

killed enemies, the leader appropriated their

arrows.

10. Twelve companions went near the village chief.

11. This pupil eclipses even the teacher by his

knowledge.

12. The wealth wasted by you could have been given

to the poor (people).

13. Fruits should be collected on the 28th day of the

fifth month.

14. Of the seventy five boys who went to obtain

employment in the house of the minister, only

nineteen of them had obtained emni
nea emPloyment (or
occupation).

15. The king attended by eighty three servants entered

the palace.
 79

2.

3. 3^1^^ <HMI<^4 3141^

(3HI^) (3Fn^T)

3W^rt: 3141^

SiMIfiX 3141^11 3141^4^

IV. 21 = U5h$3lfa: I 32 -
43 = fa^rilR^ or ^T^Tfel^l

54 = 65 = I
76 = ^nrfa: I 87 = tlHI^fa: I

98 = STSH^rfa: or ^TSTKfa: I
 80

V. 23rd = TTtfWt or ^4lR\lRld4) I

34th = or I

45th = or IR^lxl4l I

50th = ^1^ or I3Iti4) I

67th = W4l or Wfed4l I (67 = Wife)

78th = or 3Wh41 or 3WdAd4)

or swrfwfr |
81st = W4W or ^1^14^411

90th - ^ftd4t (only one form for 60th, 70th,

80th and 90th).

VI-’ m
^1441^1
 81

5. ^[tMmRmR it Hit

n 3HR i
6. cFT ^T: TO tR ^frftR I

7. mfa 3NtRtT: (or SNRo-})?

8. 3^: WI nH: 311^ ft I

9. W^rtn^dR^^4lAl ^:, 3f( ehi^qi^qf^

(or ftil^fr^ I)

10. gf^T: TO gjrfTOTFTOnt II

11. Wt ftW:, cKT ftiWiflfa II

12. W ^T: ^3 ^rllR^ 3f^, RfT<

13. W:, f^I^^W^^RlI

14. ^fWl: (orftrf^T

or ft<fa'4O I

15. cH ftit^R <113 nr i

 82

EXERCISE 4
/ •
II. 1. Winter, spring, summer, monsoon, autumn and the
cold season - thus the names of the six seasons

of the year are known.

2. Fill the jar with water.

3. Bind him who stole the cow.

4. 0 good (or virtuous) one! Just entering our house,

your honour purifies the thoughts of all.

5. May the Goddess of wealth grant prosperity to

you (all).

6. The female tiger, roaming in the village at night,

took away thirteen cows and tore five women.

7 The minds of those whose heart adheres to

enjoyment do not experience peace.

8. Misery does not torment those whose heart adheres

to God.

9. As the waves of the sea shake a boat, so, the

dangers (or failures) of worldly life disturb the
mind of men (or persons).
 83

10. <: ’’’ tnffc: (fcf)

^1 spf: (^)? WH ^T ft 3T (WcT)?

Tft5T TT I

What purpose is (served) by a son who (is bom),

is neither wise nor virtuous? Or what happens by
the sight (or vision) which is one-eyed? The eye
(or sight) is merely an affliction.

11. q’ftWI'WiiwPt W’THWlfa

aiitoRt, h(^t (3ii[^iRO I

Thousands of causes of sorrow and hundreds of

causes of fear assail a fool; not a learned one.

III. T’ft'iw

3=nft :
*
I

aife'TH

i* N IT. 'jii*Tl wfT,

^1H Id IT. ^HdFT
 84

J^T:

Al
IV. 235

348 = I
579
888
777

V 467th =
600th = ’R^H:
915th — | fcp^rj ^1 r| rl H:
521st =
793rd =
 85

^OTsft^T: tf: T&¥^ (orfttfcfg) fWMfaj

OT smfrjj tf: Tflfr
(f W?t: Wj"^! W rT WWI: W

W WTJ0^ I *TPf: ^W:

^H’l' ^T v5^T JIIHl: I

$nw! wr tl

*FT 3^t ^T: ^fW' I

EXERCISE 5

II. There is an elephant named Karpuratilaka in

Brahmaranya (forest of Brahma). Looking at him,
all the jackals thought: “If this one should die by
some means, then there would be a great meal for
us by his body. * ’ There, an old jackal promised.
‘ ‘I shall accomplish the death of that elephant by
the power of my intelligence . Afterwards that
cheat, going (or having gone) near Karpuratilaka
and (having bowed) bowing (to him) said: “Lord!
Do the favour of (your) look. ’ ’ The elephant said:
‘ ‘Who are you? Wherefrom have you come? * ’ He
said: “I am a jackal. I was deputed to stay near
your honour by all the animals residing in the forest
having met together.We are not able to live without
a king. We chose your honour as the king of this
forest. May the king come quickly with me.”
Then, Karpuratilaka running through the path of
the jackal, sank into dense mud. Then, that elephant
howled: “I who have fallen into the mud (will)
die. See! See! Protect me. ’ ’ The jackal, having
ridiculed him said: ‘May your honour seize my
tail. Trust was placed by you in my word. Therefore
let misery be experienced by you helplessly (or
without refuge). Then, the elephant sunk into the
dense mud, was eaten by the jackals. All the jackals
praised the power of intelligence of the old cheat.
n
r

&
i
ff
IE

£ S F
E
F
&
E
 87

airt;

jV.l.^T feHMOT (or 3^K), if;^< Wft

2. (TlR 3icl4>lulIPl ^ivTlR I

3. I

oqiq^i

5. ^fe: HT3 (or 4^Pl) I

6. CTT (or ^R) 1 or

^wr w rrfa ^r i

7. 3Tt dlH^ Sfa W

8. (or^)^5^

^1
^T: I=m4PT: cT^ ^fH •M’ *iHT: I
9
 88

10. 3^

11. (or Fft TT H^TT HFTI

12. W TT W *^33
• (or ^T: W
WTlfa I

13. W Tlk TT^t (or <Ml) 3fft^ 3j^j

TT 3^^WT|

EXERCISE 6
ILl. (3R^:) ^FTT 3^T ^Tt 3JT:
^T: 3H<HlA I ^T H- (^T: 3wf^) I

The flowers of trees, floods of rivers (and) the

digits of the moon that waste away come again;
the youth(s) of men (or embodied beings) do not
(come again).

2. 3?>kh|fa;

The sky laughs as it were through cranes

s dances
 89

it were through its showers; (hence) it is as it were

mad.

3. wr wm
3d l<-fl 3{W I

One should not practise punishment of someone

for the offence of someone else. Having understood
(the real fact) by himself, he should check or
worship (them).

4. My heart relies on you.

5. When the cat sleeps, then the rats dance.

6. I know that he hates me.

7. May the king kill hundreds of enemies with the

strength of his arms.

8. I am your disciple (or pupil). Instruct (or order)

me.

9. When the wind blew over the leaves of the trees,

then all the birds awoke.
 90

This earth, united with the spring season recently,

shines like a new bride wearing red garments,due
to the forests of Kimsuka trees with red flowers,
with their leaves gone away, bent with flowers
everywhere and resembling a blazing fire.

3. Parasmaipada

Atmanepada
 91

4.
^TT:

5. ^T:

$R i^T: mR

6. 3Rt^ 3T^r
3Rfe /3TM: 3^^ 3F^T

S^Rdl^ 3T^

7. ^WlA ^FTW WIK

'd'hlRr •’I'hl'W^ ’d’+il'W

'I'hlWI^ •Wt^J

8
^ftf^TT: <(WfR;
W^rraiH; ^W:

l.f^:
IV. <SKn^: I’*W
^I

2. ?n^ A^frF^HH; nr wft i

3. mfa cf^MR^r wnwf^ i

4. 3Jjft ^feT: f^rf^
 92

5. (or fWT) ^TT:? 3^

6. |

7. WT:! ^Tl JWW W (or 3^)

ft SWT W?T I

(or JWT^R ^Tft^ll (or 3rftc^r) ftrsftrPT

W) |

8. ’^Hl ft^R cT

9. ^HKW |

10. ving; !

11. T& w. ^1 (or ^?)

12. vppgj^. (

13. ^I'clf’-I <1^.|; ^c|r ft yr. Trrrfrt- rs

3 1^:,

14. ft RK; 3r| |<| |^. | ^f|rt 3rftSr a R *\ r.

W STfelH I
15- *t (

EXERCISE 7
II.l. TOSlft (A, „

Wftiqm 3^: ^ftrai

 93

Glass puts on the lustre of emerald due to contact

with gold. So, a fool attains to proficiency due to

the proximity of the good.

1 TO I

Knowledge gives modesty. One attains worthiness

(good character) through modesty. Due to
worthiness he obtains wealth. From wealth (he
obtains) good (or virtuous) works and happiness
from that (or consequently).

3. TO: TOgl to: 1

I ^TpT:?

Let the sky fall. Let the mountains burst. Let the
oceans meet. Let the world be topsy-turvy. What
is the loss for one without passion?

4. Two young men going on the path with a dog saw

a thief entering the house.

Note: See Text - p.40 title - 2nd line - Third Conjugation

is the generally used term. See also

Text pp.188, 189.

 94

5. What do they fear from, to whom God oiv.

power?

6. What shall (or can) we sacrifice for Indra?

7. All the people abandoned the village within two

days.

8. The mother who abandons the sons snould be

ashamed.

9. As the father nourishes the sons, so God supports

men.

10. Where did you place those vessels which I washed?

 95

4. iq-HI’Hm " "

MM: faM fofiro
finftqra IWraw Mj:

5. c|A^:

3T^q/<Hvi^
6.

3W<I:

7. fat fa^^t '

fa^H f^PTT^ fat^

fa^ldl^ fa^lrn^

8.

Note- In all the nine words of the conjugated verb 4t

there is an alternate form with fa (fafa^nH).
 96

IV.l.SFft *T:
3Pft in |

2. 7TF;

3. 3T< 3^ ft^F ?WRT|

4. ^T: JTW fWcT I

5. ^Wl: f^ilA 3RfT^ gd^^rl: (or 3T^^:) I

6. W, RT fer WBWI' W WT fMN'

(or *nf^) I

7. ^WT: wrrf^ fWr |

8- ^t ^f^j^dchiRr
; TOTSf | ' f '

9. cqrhlA TRTpf

io.
'j > 3T#H2: |
(3Tf^T: Imperfect, 3rd
Person singular of *[ to
!Ct’ lst Person plural oftf
to fear. *•, Imperfect, 3rd r>^
d Person plural of
 97

11. W W: srfWT, W- W:

WflJ
12. M Bo WTT W ^T^TTP^I

13. Mil'rHl '3TT^?P% I

14. T^TI\31 Hl^ ^ift WIT T HI^R

^T Tff: Wife I

EXERCISE 8

ILL (Sit) fl7! <MW ft I

(3BK) I 5PT1! (<TT) chfull
*i^ ‘cKfe'd I

3Tft ^rfti

Oh Lord! I request neither wealth nor the

prosperity of sovereignty nor indeed knowledge.
(I request) only this. Place (or bestow) on me,
atleast a little, your sight overflowing with waves

of compassion.

2. The pupil was told by the teacher: “Kindle the

fire, cut the branches, milk the cow and grind the

grain. ’’
 98
3. We fold hands everyday meditating on Him who
created us. no
4- The Himalaya mountain obstructs with its high
peaks, the movement of the winds.
5- Good people enjoy the fruit of good deeds in
heaven and bad people experience the fruit of bad
deeds in hell.

6- You should anoint the body with oil before bath.

7- The feet of oxen pounded the flowers strewn on

the ground.

Kings appoint m a high position those whom they

protect.

These two men are distinguished by (their)

10. Having seized the enemv k

y y the two arms, the
strong hero split his head.
11. Why did you leave so much food with
(or not having eaten food, whv did
much?) y d'd y°U leave
 99

12. If you join(or place) (your) blessings on my work,

nobody would (or can) break my effort.

13. I

As long as there is a meeting of spectators, so long,

regular work would be long. As long as there is
no spectator, so long everything is abridged.

3Tfcv*TT:
 100

IV.1. ?r

2. ten 5 (

3. 'm.Hin iftrft Tift WW •jijTnfa gWRftl

4' .^. T5
A^dlR ^|
5. Wf^T H^T: 3{f^.

6. W f^: STRfr:
 101

7. STlfe WWl^

PlMd-rfX W< I

8. W W felT: feft: fefe (or

9. 'M Tfe W W<T: 3^=T (or 3^fe«)>

(or^TW:),
(or f^JSffal:), ?W 5Whi SFTT: Rd Hfe} (or
5W: or $:), <^HT fef (or W:)”

WT: TNTH (or |

10. T«ft 3T< T^T 3fpjl

11. W tW^T ^TWfe, feft

ffe: I
12. it fefe ; W

EXERCISE 9

11.1. WI; <WT ^Tb

. 1^ ^rwfe H^WFIT (Hfe) I
 102

Family, wealth, fame, beauty, braveiy, charity and

also penance (or religious austerity) - these seven
are chiefly the causes of pride of men.

By whom is one without virtue worshipped though

he is bom in a virtuous family? For whom is a
barren cow, bom of a family of milch cows, of
use?

3‘ tor,

For people with spotless judgement (or discrimi­

nation), compassion is the only known knowledge,
truth alone is imperishable wealth and good
character alone is a pure family.

4.

People without wealth

seen to be happy and
those with wealth (are seen to be) very distressed
 103

The rising of happiness and grief are subject to

destiny. Of what use is wealth?

5 iwife
hwt i w

ft i
A sick man does not at all touch the food even
by sight. A creature having intense pain longs for

death. All medicines being fruitless, when one

cries, then, say, what does he do with grains and

wealth?

6. Take the milch cow to the field and milk the milk

from her.
7. Many creatures lie afflicted with sickness near that

forest in which the sages live.

8. They attain to immortality who resort to a good

(or virtuous) path.

9. Rama dwelt in a forest for twelve years.

10. People dwelling near a river collect sweet fruits

from the trees every day.

 104

11. From all sides of the pure sky, bright stars shine.

12. The prosperity (or happiness) of the country is

dependent on those who teach politics, to the
disciples.

IILl.(TWf) TH TTTT: I

2. (W) W 1

3. TFT ^ldl\|

4. lift’d FT ^TT TO |

5. 81M |

1V.1.HT: TTfrH

2. W. 3FWPT W: W T 3^1
3. TT FT tt T’TId'dlT,
'ft Wdj

4. '■fllclHI TTTt |

5. W 3W;^5: , w
3T: TFT ^WT TH:
 105

7. W ',1<lljrT ^PTT:

(or |

8. TT cUft Tgufa 3[#h-4: *T:

ftjMI

9. wf^T 3J& TfcT: W: 3mR^H:

10. W RlHT Wl^ 3ffW^ T WTtfcTI

11. W: ^jW..5Wi

EXERCISE 10

in. i w ^fen^¥K: sit, wft ^i-dfan w

Mt i ^3 R^w wiicij wn

Though I am fallen from the conduct of good

people, even then you should protect me resorting
to you due to the fear of the god of death. Noble
ones do not make (or prescribe) the discrimination
(or judgement) of good or bad towards those
«,ina *humbly
u□ OWlfAfc
* J
or who have come for protection

(or refuge), due to distress.

 106

wft T WHa, T I

A rich man is praised always by those who should

be praised and is served by those who are fit to

be served (or worth serving). Even then, he does

not fear nor is ashamed.

3. I ftM
RmH A cT A) I

Some know the weeK days, some the planets, some

the stars. Those who know the group of three are
themselves Lords of speech (sarcastically stated!).

4. Trf^T: Sfaoq-

The speech of opponents (disputants) should

neither be feared nor understood, nor heard by
those desirous of winning in assemblies. It should
be replied to at once.
 107

5. Mt
(n-H) i M p M (aw) i
In this world one (unit) is granted to (or bestowed

on) a learned one, ten to a poet, hundred to an

actor and a thousand to a deceitful (or ostentatious)
person; but nothing to a learned brahmin with

scriptural knowledge.

6. If my word (or order) should be acted upon, you

have to stay here.

7. How much is payable (or is to be given) by me?

8. We have to be always with truthful men.

9. Fruitless trees are to be cut.

10. What is unobtainable, that is not to be desired (or

is not worth desirmg for).

1. 2. 3. Mr, 4. MP 5- "rf-
IV.
6. FTFS4, 7. M 8- *
M
P 9- F’’ 10-
(Meanings 1. Which should be earned 2. Which
should be given 3. to be drunk or worth drinking
 108

4. to be taken away or worth taking away

5. to be held 6. to be abandoned 7. collectable
8. inferable 9. to be done 10. to be taught.

l.
V. Wfr (Wfwft or) ^rd»qifi|

2. |

3. Wi (or |

4. 3Wn: WdM-rT: I

5. rj

6.

7.

8.

9.

svfMfa i
 109

EXERCISE 11
in. tel'.' terteHi tei? wr

fte?

What is the use of a poor donor? What is the use

of a sinful man though of a good family? What
is the use of a pleased (or satisfied) miser? What
is the use of a learned man blinded by pride (or
arrogance)?

2. A^’f ’T *T

It is not possible to check the mind that has

proceeded with (or engaged in) the course of
passion, by learning, by wealth, by conduct or by
work (or ritual).

3. f^T: 5fHTcT
WT: M: W-te: f^T I

Even the sun, due to the whim- of time, is made

young at dawn, youthful at noon and old (when)

at setting, every day.

 110

4. (^T:)

V W W'? Sfflwj mj

WT: sqK: ^P-M 3^Wf^ |

Where does a deer play? Where does it move?

Where does it make its living? Where indeed does
it drink water? Where indeed does it sleep? A
hunter, taking a bow, pursues, for killing, the deer
which is thus without offence and not troubling
(or resisting).

5- | j 3^. , W;

3PT WWT: |

y a learned man should be instructed, but an

unlearned man never. Birds, having instructed
monkeys, then went away fallen from their place
(story given below).

On the bank of the Narmada river the • u-

„ . .. mer there is a big
Salrnal. (or silk-cotton) tree. There, in lhe nests
withmthe cavities of the trees, birds live happily
Then, once upon a time, in the rainy season, there
 111

was a huge shower of rain in the sky covered by

dark clouds. Then, looking at the monkeys staying

at the foot of the tree afflicted by cold and trembling,

it was told by the birds out of compassion:

Oh monkeys! listen.

“STHTlfa: eft: •

Nests have been built by us by grass brought

merely by (our) beaks. Why indeed are you,

endowed with hands, feet and the like, dejected?

Having heard that, it was thought by the monkeys.

“Oh! The happy birds staying within the nests,
protected from the wind, blame us. Let there be
the cessation of the shower first. ’ ’ Afterwards,

when the shower had ceased, all the nests were

broken and their eggs were thrown down by those

monkeys ascending the tree.

hi (i) ‘*what is the use of a learned man?
is the sense of the expression and the noun has

to be put in the instrumental case.

 112
(2) ’FT: T wft
The instrumental case
conveys the notion of the
agent of a passive verb

(3) '3TT^q HHRt - The dark clouds are the

instrument of covering.

(4)
\ 'j'vTT - The instrumental case
indicates the cause or reason for the birds ’ words.

- the agent of the passive verb

(5) » W: - Agent
of a passive verb.
(6)
Instrument of a passive verb.
(7)
- The w°rd monkeys ’ is the
ad‘ °f PaSS1Ve Verb’ W: 1 The'pronominal
jective : Is also put jn fte ,

IV. Nom. Sing. Masculi,

ne of Present Participle Active

or
 113

Nom. Sing. Feminine of Present Participle Active

Rs^Hl I

Pres. Participle passive of following verbs

- <tWT; - WTH: -
|up. - ^^PTFTj ~ and also

WN; sTT - WHH I

V.
l. «uRA

2. ^IT WW ^Frk’Tto:

3. W ^O: 3{f^|

4. HPfar 3TFT^: 31^: I

5. fa^5 srnft W (°r

R’-^'fHl: I

6 qdlRt •
7 ajjfar (or WO ftw W

8 AP^^I
 114

10. W

EXERCISE 12
11. By knowledge, by the body, by speech, by dress

(or garment) and by wealth (or power) - by these

(things) expressed by the words beginning with

(the letter va), a man obtains importance

(--peet). (The awayflof the verse is evident).

For whom days deprived of vim ,

, \ lrtue (or virtuous
*» «... .«M
b“h"«
3.
i mgwR i
 115

Abandon association with bad people. Resort to

association with good ones. Do virtuous acts day

and night. Always remember the instability (or

transient nature) (of life).

4. W dH, ST CO TT

Worship done with lack of faith, charity, sacrifice,

penance and (religious) vow, - everything (done
with lack of faith) goes to (or is reduced to)
uselessness (or failure) like the flower of a barren

(or- fruitless) tree.

5. While the sons were studying, the mother, having

gone to the well, brought water.

6. They thought that the relatives (or friends) were

angry.
7. The hunter, having seen the birds on the tree, killed

two.
8 The soldiers threw many arrows, but were not able

to win.
 116

9- The king Dushyenta did not recognize Sakuntala

10. Where did you two spend the night?

11- All said that four men roaming in the village were

seen by them.

12. When the two girls spoke, then the two boys went.

HI. 1. Wish fa 3FHs|ipfa

Wlsh^:
3^56^:

2.

3.

^rfWn^

4.
 117

Parasmaipada

^^5hS:

Atmanepada

Splash’

Sp^jhlct

IV. 1.3W: I
 118

9-
WJ |

io. sw w to ^fWt

12- yi f^: W:
W: TOWTT

EXERCISE 13

II-1. ’T. *T:

:
W * ^|

s the merit (or virtue) in the goodness of

one who is good towards benefactors? He is said
e good by good men (or sages), who is good
towards evil-doers.

2- A certain man by name Hi^i

. ,. y e D1Paka5 on the birthday
of his wife, presented her a parrot u
, . Parrot. Her two eyes
which had seen the bird became
~ .. Qbecame expanded with joy.
h d th"8: °h-theb«WofthlspaiTot,Cut
w y indeed >s a strmg seen attached to each foot? • >
 119

Dipaka replied: “Let it be seen by pulling one

string ’ Then she pulled the string tied on the left
foot. Just after the string was pulled, the parrot
began to talk thus: ‘ ‘Salutation to you, mother!
Then the string tied on the right foot also was
pulled by her. It was said by the parrot thus: I
am greatly pleased by the sight of your honour ’
And then, she, who was surprised, asked out of
curiosity thus: ‘ ‘if the two strings are pulled
together what would happen?” The parrot spoke
thus: “Oh fool! Then I would fall from the
perch! *

III. 1. Pres. part. act. paras (^)

i. 2. 3. 4. 3^31

2. Pres. part. act. atm (31 N'T)

I.
S tWsW 2. srfWHH 3. 313CTTH
4. I

3. Pres. part, passive

1. 313JWT 2. STftrfewr 3. arfawiH

4. Id
 120

4. Past part, passive (xf)

i. W, 2. aijfira, 3. aTfcfife,
4.
5. Past part, active in

i. 313^3. 313^4.

6. Perfect part, active paras (^>J)

1. 2. 3. 4.

7. Perfect part, active atm (chH^

1- 2. ¥[Fr 3. 4.

IV.
l.

2. Wt Wf, I

3-

4. 315=^: 3^T: ,

5- WT: ,

v.l. ^WTRT ^WTrf^cf

^wrrf^T
^ww ^wrra^:
 /
121

2. iw^
tTOsTO
<TO^

3. WRJJ
Wi?3:
W®:

4. -Mito %totM
witIm -Mirog: -MlTO

■-Mito Mwp ■4)141^:

5. TOWTO TOW3^T TOW4^T

(TOWWC)
TOW^

■’HHcHh+K ^TOTO^: TO=W^>:

EXERCISE 14

II.1. ^FT ^tTO H- 'TO

(^Nfn)? wtv^t (M?r)?

(h^O?
For whom hate does not (become) a defect? Whose
love does not (lead to)prosperity? Whose pride (or
 122

arrogance) does not (lead to) a fall? Whose

modesty does not (lead to) elevation?

2.
WR «tf), vfW qifa
«rt) w twt i

The body deprived of (or without) a limb, the face

(deprived of) an eye, a kingdom (deprived of) law,
food (deprived of) salt, life (deprived of) virtue (or
righteousness) and the night (deprived of) the moon
does (or do) not indeed shine.

3. He who envies others, bears malice towards

himself.

The king welcomed the people who had gone to

the palace for refuge. \
\\

5- A good person worships God for liberation.

6. When you sent this rogue to the friend, then, what

was intended by you?

7. Pride (or arrogance) does not conduce to (or result

in) happiness.
 123

8 Having heard of the defeated enemies, the

commander sent the messenger to the king.

9. God gives peace to him who is not angry even with

enemies, who is not jealous even of rich men and
who is a match for (stands upto) bad people.

m.i. arfanft, wfa,

2. WF, W, WF,

4. Hltfl'FK, d-d,dl4

5. FTT^

6. w, ftem

^T:

2. jfa: dlf^FH; d^TT: 3JNR: d"

I
3. TrTrt ^Tft

4. ^T: WFt cMI'W 3{fWdi: (or W Rid) I

 124

5. W: W: RfR |

6. with: stRt^R
. wi i

EXERCISE 15
11.
1. ^T: srg: 3^: >Rf:

W% I ipi: ^T: T^jR?

In the case of a question on age (or span of life)

a long life should be told by men who are
astrologers. (Then) The living ones think much (or
greatly) (of the astrologer) and whom will the dead
ones ask again?

2. When you (all) will go to the town, then, getting

an opportunity, you will go to my brother’s house.

3. If killed you will obtain heaven or having

conquered you will enjoy the earth.

4. . You will give refuge to me forsaken by all.

5. If I do not confine you (all) to the house, you will

continually afflict me.
 125

6. The hero summoned by the leader, going to the

field of battle, will bend the bow.

7. One hundred and forty two persons will die on

account of the absence of water.

8. When the sage will address you (all), then it is

my hope that you will be attentive.

9. The king will bestow much wealth on the poor.

10. None will interrupt me (who am) speaking.

11. Friend! Hasten , we two will not see anything in

the darkness.
f

12. Many fruits will fall due to the veiy strong

wind.

llLUHlf^

JHI HK:

2. *K1IFT: WTFT:

1 ■H^TFPT:

H'dT
 126

3.

SffaWT

?rfWt ?rPRK:

tw^

TOTN: WW:
W?T: *TWT
W: qr^R
(can be conjugated in Atm. also)

3.

(can be conjugated in Paras.

also)
4.
^WT:
^TW:
 127

iv.i A ^hci04-5ItxI, it ftt *t t^iviA i

2. rt rt ^TT:
dlWulPMAl

3. >r vih< swWr, Tftfa smrf^rt

4. 3t^rt ftwnWA it ftw wi

wiA i

5. ’JTT ^T ct (TffRH)
cwi^^rAi

6. w! 3N^H f^W: 1

7. ri ffi: TT^T HI (or

^FcR’) I

8. ^ftW ^T: wrfti

9. w *pt

a^WlWTT: I

10. ^rfv^rt: Tit: ,fWt TT ^TxT:, it Tit

cT^?f: I
 128
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
* ftwa? ^r, tyg wf ^Ki
EXERCISE 16
II.l. The elephant having been,'sold; what is the dispute

about the goad? y

2.
ace was manifested on the face of the frightened
sister Who was told by me: ‘Take heart!”
3. May God protect the country!
4. May your desires be fulfilled,(^^ + ^i)
5. The forest dwellers gave gift, tn „ b
was about to go. Sakuntala who

6. If you (all) who will be beginning fte WQ. „

propitiate God, you would get success. ’
 129

7 If you had not forsaken the companion in the

forest, he would not have died.

8. When the darkness is about to perish by the rays

of the sun, the entire world trembles in joy.

9. Having carried the burden on your shoulder, do not

fear unexpected failures (or dangers).

10. The thieves, about to be seized, ran having opened

the door.

III.l.^T - WHFTI
TtfWmr i
2. (or I 1

g I
3. ^hR^it
3^|c| 3i H R^d^ ^iidR^d
 130

4. ’FTI^
W: WITT

EXERCISE 17

ILL TTfWTT 3T0IR dWI^

The Goddess of prosperity (or wealth), approaching

nearer (even a little wealth acquired) manifests
arrogance, reveals the ego, causes the thieves to
act (or induces and the thieves) and encourages (or
incites) heirs.

2.

The fool who, having obtained this manhood which

is difficult to obtain, does not perform with effort
(h,s) duty (or virtuous acts), he causes to fall down
 131

into the sea on account of negligence, a wish­

fulfilling gem obtained with much difficulty.

3. Frighten the thieves with the stick.

4. Darkness causes the children to fear (or inspires

fear in children). (Darkness frightens the children).

5. Negligence produces miseiy.

6. The messenger sent by the leader arouses us who

are indifferent.

7. Having caused me to go to the house, what will

you feed me (or cause me to eat)?

8. We cause the branches of trees to boat in the water

of the river.

9. The queen gave birth to a son.

10. Even many defects (or faults) do not put to shame

a bad person.
11 We should cause the two guests suffering from
thirst to drink a little water.

12 You will not be able to cause this work to be done

by anybody. ' .
 132

13. He who causes the wind to blow, the river to flow,

the stars to move and the trees to grow, will show
you the way among the dangers of worldly
existence.

3. HK Wft HPftWT (or I

4- WW: I

5. Mrtf
 133

14. cK itoi

15. ft rri

16.

EXERCISE 18
II. 1. f^ftrWT: 3W4 J to^dA tot

Doctors wish to take away (or plunder) (money)

for getting on in the beginning (of the treatment),
for the sake of (or an account of) medicines in the
middle (of the treatment) and for the sake of high

esteem (or a gift) at the end.

2.
fW WT F Wfa, to F
Ad 41 A,

d4lfrf I d’K'MtfdT ^TWfd?

Knowledge protects like a mother, enjoins (one)

to welfare like a father, gratifies (or pleases) like

Note: Sandhi between adjacent words in a sentence is

adopted in future lessons. The splitting up of words
in a verse and their prose-order are given as before.
 134

a wife removing misery, spreads fame in (all)

directions and extends (or grants) prosperity. What
is it that it does not accomplish, like a wish
yielding heavenly creeper (granting all desires)?

3. Neighing horses desire to eat grass.

4. Those who desire to obtain gold, wish to obstruct

the elevation of others.

The Pandavas and the Kauravas desirious of

fighting, were assembled in Kurukshetra (or the
field of the Kurus).

6. You desire to see the mother five times in the day.

Those who wish to bathe should go to the river.

8‘ 3THT:

May the bad person become a good person! May

the good person obtain peace! May the peaceful
one be released from bonds Mav iu
• iay the liberated one
cause others to be liberated.
 135

9. What do you wish to give me?

10. That thing you wish to purchase for three rupees,

is sold- in my country for two rupees.
/

11. The son wishes to follow the father.

12. What was intended to be said by you?

III. 11 fa fa'lRqA? (or ftwW

2. FT Rpifa'ffa, Fit T tlcWlPl I

3. ^t W: I

4. fat! A cl I

5. WRt T I <T <n^:?

6. sARxh'FT ^TFI WTW: W: I

7. 5£Jsf: (TFT fa Rl'R'JR?

8. 3TT STWft fA farfafA, fa^ hf

Wr ^ttAti
9. w ^T: Tf Rmil^ fW^T (T^ I

10> ftFA: fAwr i

 136

12. Wni

14. m h ftpirofa I

15. m f^?

EXERCISE 19
Il l. The girl, repeatedly crying, sits near (or approa­

ches) the mother afflicted with illness.

Though I repeatedly checked (or chastised) you,

even then, you neglect my order.

3- I repeatedly saw the friend in a dream.

The female singer repeatediy beautifii)

or praise.

5- We repeatedly ate in your house

^_Tfcfruits fall repeatedly at the foot of both

~ uoin the trees.
Note: See Text : p.Ul- p.115 .
 137

7. *T: 3IH: I '<!?£[

W TO ^FRt?

Who is calm in a young age, he is said to be

\
really calm by good people. When the vital
organs of the body (or physical vigour) are
decaying, to whom is calmness not produced?

3JTWI

Where fools are hot worshipped, where grain is

well collected, where there is no quarrel between
man and wife, there the goddess of prosperity
herself has come.

9. rRFfr TO? srft WTO

What will a powerful man, though able, do without

companions? Fire kindled (or blazing) in a
windless place gets extinguished by itself.

10. WW W
nHoqtl
 138

Both a rich man who is not a donor and a nor,,

one who does not practise penance should be
released (thrown) into water, having tied a huge
stone in the neck.
/
I

11111(or '
2. TO I
I i
3. R? |

4. WJf. J,,

5. TTT K ftwisftr <^TSSrRH<JMt$14 SW I

6- TOTWTF^ I

7.

8. Wwn TMt rpt TOlfWfdTft

9- TO: i

10- it 3^5 nftw

>i.
 139

EXERCISE 20
n. 1. miRimi^I 2. 3. <IH^^huT| I

4. SlRHg^l 5. W¥T<i I 6. or I
7. I 8. 3hm(Xm^ I 9. or ^l+l-

io. i li. ^rfWfri 12. 3Tfrwj

13. ^TF^I 14. W^l 15.M^4J 16.^-

17.^1^^ I 18. d^+lflKt I 19. GhlD^or

BHiRR I 20. or ■'Hill I

III. 1. Having forgotten their own caste, the father and

the son went out of the village.

2. When the minister communicated (or told) his

name, then, the rogue and the thief began to
tremble.

3. Your mother and father caused you to grow

(or nourished you).

4. The sister and brother who have come to their

own country from a foreign country will show
(or exhibit) their qualities.

Note: See Text p. 117 pt. 176 “Combine two or more”.

 140

5. Give grass to the horse and the cow.

6. The poems (or poetical compositions) of Bharavi

and Kalidasa have been read by me.

7. The wise man is indifferent to prosperity and

adversity.

8. What is the surety (or certainty or proof)

here, that the king and queen abandoned the
palace?

9 On the arrival of the heroes, houses, roads and

gardens were decorated by leaves, flowers and
garlands.

EXERCISE 21

II. 1. | 2. | 3. | 4> ^wfpr-

5^- I 5. I 6. 7. I
8. I 9. WRPJrT; | 10 |
i2.

14. 31^^. | 15. TOPRf: | 16< |

is. p^:l 19 !
20. I 21. 22. ,
 141

2. Wshlfa W ifW^HlA 3TRHJ

3. I

4. (or tfWfft) jAwfWFT f^fA (or

WTft) I

5. wA (or W:) I

6. W: Wftj ^Tf^l

7. Wp'^AwP HT WW I rTrT: ^flW:

•Jdl’Tt: T^:l

8. *iF
nt A^IW I

9. ^fkr^ w i

10. ^Rl tf: ^+1^1

11. 'IdlRR^lA =1^1 A

12. TKHH ^TR ^iHlA I

EXERCISE 22
II. 1. W fw <W^TT, nfa: ^frT: vJ^T-

nW^T/
 142

What is the use of duration of life to those whose

knowledge has been destroyed by defects and
pride, intelligence has been destroyed by desire and
anger (and) conduct has been destroyed by greed
and delusion?

dW ^dT = I similarly
for diHshl^dl and I

2. Md: 3TV: = Mpd: I

Mt = n^iMti

H^dMt = d^pHti
M: Id WT: = MW: I

Wt Id dMt - ddwM I

41^ I
d^HT ddT W^R: = d^dd^l

WTT ^ddldT W^R: = tMdddJ

3? fetid: ^d: = ^t?d: I

dfW: STRIKE = MMrT[^: I

‘pRdflnTT: = IMW: |
 143

WFT: I
2. **
ftwt^T T:
3. SlfeWHT 3TRTT> 4^!^

4. W ^AtO

wwnj
5. 3£<W: ^TFft: *
"W
<^un^ mRMA\ M^dA^TT: HTd’” I

6. W^W 3Tf^1
7. tnrWr fWr^:
yAlM^T ^dHdMrf I

8. j^oq^ wfO^WP^ I

9. i
10. 1

Note: ’ITAi ^W^JWtT: - which we had to overcome;

*had to ’ has the sense of were obliged to . This
is usually rendered by the causal form <I1 A

^pr^PllAd^: - ‘which we were caused to

overcome’. This may be nearer the implied sense.
 144

EXERCISE 23

By whom swans were made white and parrots

were made green, by whom peacocks were made

Of variegated colours, He will prescribe your
profession (or occupation).

2. One who does not act like a son, he should not

wish for a son.
3. In happiness and misery, you, remaining near me,
always acted like a companion.
4. One who treats friends like enemies he deserves
blame.
5. When you two quarrel, then, we grieve.
6- Making the water cold, make me drink.

The mother afflicted by sorrow was called by the

poor child lying on the stone.'
8. A good man should treat like
sons those who have
come for refuge shedding tears.
9. The heart empty of compassion should not be
praised (or is not worth praising).
 145

10. Those who are treating alike good fortune and

misfortune, experience eternal peace.

III. Expound the underlined samasa-s

1. IWT: '-W: = I - ’ift:

2. 1

3. = WftWT:l

- WW:
4. feft = Ffel(:l -

5. few 3ft = feWT: fe = I -

6. feS: fep=fe^fe[:fe = I -

feW:
7. ife ftfer = Jl+'Pfedi i -

8. W I -

9. 3fe 1 -

iv.i. fefei i

rf fewi fW fer^: I
• C-
2. *
?rfe RxPl'jd 3Tfer
lH I
 146

4.
5. ^stoto i

6. STf^TOT: TOT Txfr^R I

7. : wfw^ Fft: jfiWSTOT^I

8. ^TOT: TOTT: W^R^KTO |

9. W: TTN: W^T ^TOWFT^I

10. fPT *
JiTW ^TOTOT H;r?TTO I

EXERCISE 24
ILL f^RT: srf: TOT^ TT: = TOTL I

2. cftU TOT TO TT: = TftsPTO: I

3. ^T: TOL ^T ^T: - ^II^K: I

4. ^T TOT: = ^|d^<$fl' I

5. = TO: I

6. To ^: = STf^TO *H: or 3TO:

7. fW TOT: TTT = MlW or ftfel I

8. TO^J TO TT: = TshTO-S: I

9. STITO to TT: = |
10. *TFT ^T TT: = Itototrt |

11. faw WT TOI^ TT: = i^T: I

 1147
If
12. Si^hFT ^T ’TFT F: = I
13. f^FT: TFT: "4Fl 1^ F: = A'KKM: or A<IJI: I

14. Mf: W: ’W^ R: i= fa:WT: I

15. 3FR ^FT TT: = I

16. fiW: WTR: ’TFT F: = pM^ITR: I

III.l.^RFFTl’fi' 3Tft 5r wu
#TF^ W fWr tMf I

A man endowed with good qualities who is

continuing for a very long time is not endured (or
tolerated) even by destiny (or god). The beautiful

full moon stays (but) for one night.

2. 3^T! ^ddflT HT:, W^T 3F^

3F^
Alas! The mind of those with crooked intellects
(and) with thoughts difficult to be grasped, is
different in speech, different in the throat and
different in the fold of the lips.
qm STIFT: 3nf^T: WTfrT: f^^RT
3.
KfRt, TO FR 3WT (^Ft) I
 148

As a tired stately elenhant resorting to a tree

desirous of shade, having rested, destroys that tree
so,, a low (or a mean) person (destroys) his own
place of refuge.

4. 3^3 Sift 3 TOrT I ^hl^T

sift

A bad man cannot be made a good man even by

effort. Who will make garlic fragrant even by
purifying?

5- '4fa:, W: (^) WT: I

Gift, enjoyment, (and) loss are the three courses

that happen to (or arise for) wealth. For him who
does not give, nor enjoys, the third course, loss
happens.

A miserable person should see those having greater

misety. A happy person should see those having
greater happiness. One should not give himself up
to joy and sorrow, as if to (two) enemies.
 149

2. ^FFTIW^Ff: tfldiwi): WIWT

?
*°4l Llldcll'iJ

3. t^Mtllddl «l$q| 'ddl STH^T ^fu[ vf|Rd^-xTl'

^NT^I

4. WI: I

5. §^:WfTT: W 3^ (or I

6. dMt <=H^ld^ I

7. wto =[fti mg <^: I

8. ¥t^^fWTT mi ft?TT (TFT A<l=h<Xl

9. smto- wfa wk^Ah’ *

hto i

10. w *
to
tots^r, w ’H: 31 mA cR"

5^

EXERCISE 25

II.l. W I I ^TT: I n^PT: I =[W: I

2. GO TW^I 3^; I to: I I WT: I •

 150

3. |

4. (^) Wl^l W^| tr^|

W{J <4^|
5. (^) W: I W: I W: I Fpf: I

HI.1.(3H) Wfr: I ^fpFRJ

2. (3^) W<lR<h: | | |
3. (^) ’nik: | ^T: |

4. (^50 I I ^lorq^l 3f)<l4^|

5. and TO) OT | ^p,. or !

or I

6. 1 Rl)
*(3 | ^TlRiH I I I ^jf^RT I

7. (faPr) rrrfk^l TOfkj

8- (K> 3^1 ^Hi

9.
 151

EXERCISE 26

II. From Ayodhya Kanda of Ramayana (Cantos. XXIX

and XXX)

1. UW ddd grTT dddd WcTT tftdT

J =11’1 3fs(cf|^|

Having heard this speech of Rama, Sita on her part,

who was deeply attached (to Rama), distressed and

with her face wet with tears, gently spoke thse

words.

2. ddd^di Tfd ftdl: rW ^tftdl: dld^^0^

Rd W, dd FftydfdT: I

The defects (or evils) which were mentioned by

you relating to residence in the forest, know them
to be only merits.They have been enhanced due to
love (for me) by you.

3 & 4. ’FIT: ftftl: W: Rd d, dVT 3RHT: ddTT:

Rd d\ TTdlftd: rT d^f, RIRd!
dd cTT W 3Hd^:l ft
 152

Raghava, antelopes, lions and even so elephants,

tigers and sarabhas, yaks as well as deer and many
others that move about in the forest would all move

away on seeing your form on account of your form

not having been seen before. Because all are afraid
of you.

5. JtM-iwi J.

Due to the order of the elders, I too should go

with you. Rama! Here my life should be given up
due to separation from you.

6.

Raghava! Even Indra, though (being) the lord of

the Devas is not indeed by his might, capable of
overpowering me, staying by your side.
 153

Rama! That woman who is deprived of her husband

will not indeed be able to live. It has been really
shown to me by you in this manner.

8. arcift w! to gir wrof gr

Moreover, formerly, Oh! enlightened one! in my

father’s house, the truth was heard by me from the
Brahmanas that I should indeed live in the forest

(sometime).
9. Wf^T: (s^llf^T: TO gcTT,

Add; (3fW[) I

Powerful one! having heard at my home, the

utterance from the Brahmanas having the proper
attributes (or knowing the signs), I always became
inclined towards (or desirous of) forest life.

10. nAdifr, to ’rf’TOfam to:

I fM
* W1

(I am sure) I shall be permitted (by you). I shall

go with you. The time has arrived. Let the
Brahmana (prove to) be truthful.
 154
11.
fey ftqj
(?ft) WITfa |

Oh hero! I certainly know that sufferings are indeed

always obtained in many ways in forest life by men
having an uncontrolled mind.

Lord! Forest life (for me) was heard by

was unmarried, in my father>s house from a female

ascetic having a life of quietude, in front of my
mother. Here also, formerly, you were indeed
eeched greatly by me (and) going with you for
living in the forest was desired.

fe?ro ft
1W1I ft fe

pure minded one! Following the husband out

e feeling of love, I shall indeed become
stainless (or guiltless) for the husband is the
supreme deity (for the wife).
 155

15 & 16. W <^l ^FTPT: W’T: TWM (3{ft

sTWIhi *131 RAdi gft: ft
- $$01 A> *rr w ftcfft: K’rik srte ^n\

5wrft m wr (Hrft) i

(Then) there will always be my blessed union with

you even in the existence (or state) after having
departed (from this world). Powerful one! For the
holy Vedic text (or sacred utterance) of famous
Brahmanas is heard: ‘ ‘Even in the life after death
a woman continues to be his (wife) to whom she
was given away in this world by her parents with
water in their hands (to solemnize the gift)
according to their own Dharma (or moral code
binding on them)”.

17. ft TFft FT
IF of ftj T STfaWW?

Such being the case, for what reason here do you

not desire to take me, your own wife, devoted and
faithful to her husband and of good conduct,
from this (city)?
 156

18. W Tfetlt WTTTVT- mri

sj ♦ \1
*i I
nr 3T^r i

You ought to take me, devoted, faithful to the

husband, miserable, equal in pleasure and pain and
sharing your joys and sorrows, Oh scion of
Kakutstha!

19. nt n

nr ^4iKijiidx snFTiv) i

If you do not wish at all to take me, afflicted in

this manner, to the forest, I shall resort to poison,
fire or water for the reason of (or with the object
of) death.

20. W! S: W SO S: fw (S:)

(SS) W 1/1 Ri SSI SK I

Rama! That which is (shared) with you is heaven.

That which is without you is hell. Thus knowing
my supreme love (for you) proceed (to the forest)
with me.
 157

From Kalidasa’s Raghuvamsa, Canto IX. 72-82

Bl

Then, sometime, not being observed by attendants

taking (or tracking) the path of a stag in the

forest, he reached the river Tamasa, thickly

crowded with ascetics, on (his) horse that was

discharging foam (from its mouth) through

fatigue.

dW: SPiftl fWT: vWI< I

2.

In the waters of that river there arose loudly a sharp

sound originating from the filling up of a pot (with
water). There, doubting the trumpeting of an,
elephant, he released an arrow hitting the object

making the sound.

 158

3. ^T: W: “IT TO” ^4

ftw: w arR^ ^4
5^ W; 3RT:^T: <3JHft^|

That king also having heard the cry (of distress)

Oh father! ’ ’, dejected and searching for the

origin of that (sound) hidden by the reeds, and

having seen the son of the sage with the pot,

pierced by the arrow, became like one (pierced)

with an arrow inside on account of agony.

^T: SHcHH
WT |

Being asked his race by the king of a

celebrated lineage, who had descended just then
from his horse, he, with his body resting on
the water jar declared himself with faltering
syllables, to be the son of an ascetic who was
other than a Brahmana.
 159

5. ' d^) Rd: ^hR':

RR: fWTI Wftf WT

WOT: mRd dW WTI

Then, urged by him, the king carried him, with

the arrow still not drawn out, to his blind

parents. He told them what he had done

unwittingly to their only son, (they) having

approached him in that state.

6. Rot RR: TOcT: Rw W

^RW(I ^T: I W ^TlRct:

OTWlRRf: TT hRtR WT I

Crying much, the husband and wife caused

the planted arrow to be drawn out by the

killer from the 'breast of the boy. He became

lifeless. Then, the old man cursed the king

with the very water of tears that he had

placed in his hand.

 160

^fcT 3}^T
<T SWW: TWlft: rfkH I

To him who had told (or cursed), as a snake

emitting poison when trampled upon, ‘ ‘You too,

in your old age, shall suffer death due to

grief for your son, as myself” the king of

Kosala, who had offended first, said.

8. WTWwft WRIT TlfiRT: 3RT W:

1 WT fW

'Even this curse which has been cast on me,

who has not seen the loveliness of the lotus

face of a son, is accompanied by a blessing.

Fire, kindled by fuel, though burning arable

land indeed makes it fertile for sprouting

seeds.
 161

srfWi: rW 3^ ^R: 3i3'l^’il: ^:

JTRFW: P'TF^ A I

Under these circumstances, what may this

pitiless one, that is fit to be killed by you, do?

Thus addressed by the king, that sage begged

for burning fuel, desiring to follow his dead

son together with his wife.

10. WIJ: W 3TH WT tUfR W

F I

The king, whose attendants had joined him,

having immediately done his bidding, with his
courage (or peace of mind) all lost through
sin and bearing like the ocean, the submarine
fire, the curse that was deeply etched in his
heart and which was the source of his own
death, returned (to the city).
 162

MISCELLANEOUS VERSES

1. ftdl^l^ 3jft (

A good man devoted to the welfare of others

does not attain to (or suffer) any change (as

of purpose, mind etc) even at the time of

utter loss (or death). The sandal wood tree

makes the forepart of an axe fragrant even on

cutting.

2.

T ‘H’l. I trq- |

That which produces want of appetite (or

aversion), suffering, strong desire, delusion and

excessive wakefulness for misers, is not

wealth. It is only a disease of the heart

(or mind).
 163

EXERCISE 27
(The passage is the beginning of Act I of Sakuntalam
after the prologue. It includes 7 verses for which

and are given).

Then enter the king in a chariot, pursuing a deer,

with bow and arrow in hand and the charioteer.

CHARIOTEER: (Looking at the king and the deer) O

long lived one!

Casting my eye on that black antelope and on you

with your well-stringed bow, I see as it were the
/

Pinaka - wielder (Siva) in person chasing a deer.

KING
* Charioteer! We have been drawn far by that deer,
i
Even now, he again

(yqiA) I
 164

Looking (back) often gracefully by the bending of

his neck at the chariot which is following him,
drawing himself mostly into the forepart of his
body, his posterior half through fear of the falling
arrow, strewing his path with grass, half-chewed,
dropping from his mouth kept open due to
exhaustion, see (how) by reason of his lofty leaps,
he moves much more through the air and (only)
a little on the ground.

(With wonder) how now this (deer) is (only)

discernible with effort to me, though I have been
pursuing him?

CHARIOTEER: Long-lived one! Seeing that the ground

was uneven, the speed of the chariot was made
I
slow by drawing in the reins. By that, this deer
became one with an extended interval (in distance).
Now, for you who are on level ground, it will not
be difficult to be overtaken.

KING: Then, let the reins be loosened.

 165

CHARIOTEER: As the long-lived one commands.

(Exhibiting by gesticulation the speed of the

chariot). Long lived one! Look! Look!

3. 5^3 W:

The reins having been loosened, the chariot­

horses run as if impatient of the speed of

the deer, with the fore-part of their bodies well

stretched out, with the chowrie-crests (or

decorated crests) motionless, with ears steady

and erect, not to be overtaken even by the dust

raised by themselves.

KING: 4^. SW f^T 1

W.M W: M) 1 MM
 166

What was minute to my sight, that attains to

largeness suddenly. What was really divided, that

is as it were united. What was bent naturally that

too appears straight to my eyes. On account of the

speed of the chariot, nothing, even for a moment,

appears either near or distant. Charioteer! Behold

him being slain.

(Acts fixing an arrow in the bow).

(Behind the scenes).

O King! This is a deer of the hermitage. It should

not be killed. It should not be killed.

CHARIOTEER: (Listening and looking)

Long-lived one! Between you and this black

antelope that is in the path of your arrow, ascetics
have indeed arrived.

KING: (Hastily) Well, then, let the horses be restrained.

CHARIOTEER: So be it (Stops the chariot). (Then,

enters a hermit, with two others).
 167

HERMIT: (Raising his hand). King! This deer of the

hermitage should not be killed, this should not be

killed.

5. T
STfjT: I ¥W
RRldRMIdT: =TWRT: W:?

Not indeed, not indeed, must this arrow be made

to fall upon this tender body of the deer, like fire

upon a heap of flowers. Alas! Where is the very

frail existence of fawns and where are your sharp­

falling adamantine arrows?

Therefore, withdraw your well-aimed arrow. Your

weapon is (meant) for the protection of the

distressed, not for throwing upon the innocent.

KING: This is withdrawn (Does as said).

 168

HERMIT: This is worthy of you, the light of the race

of Puru.

7. (FT, W yt: WTfET

This is worthy of you, who were bom in the

lineage of Puru. May you have a son who will

be an emperor of the world and endowed with
like virtues.

OTHERS: (Raising their hands) By all means, may you

have a son, the sovereign of the world.

KING: (Bowing) It is accepted.

HERMIT: King! We have set out to collect twigs (for

the sacred fire). This which is seen on the bank
of Malini river is indeed the hermitage of
Kanva, the teacher-sage. If there is no inter­
ference with any other duty, then please enter
and accept the hospitable reception proper for
a guest.

* * * * *