Adaptive Immunity

BIOL41 w/ Dr. Y
Lecture 17

June 13, 2024

Roadmap
• Finish cells of the innate system
• Begin Adaptive immunity
Big questions/goals
• Describe how cellular & humoral responses make up the adaptive
immune system.
• Today focus on the cellular
• Describe how the adaptive & innate arms of the immune system
coordinate to mount a response against pathogens.
B cells & T cells have unique receptors
B cells & T cells recognize the “enemy” via antigens
Start here & review

Blue book:
Compare & Contrast PAMPs from Antigens
• Which receptors recognize each?

• Which part of the immune system do they interact with?

• Innate or Adaptive?
• Which particular cellular & humoral responses?
 Lymphocytes mature in different locations
1. Stem cell -> lymphocyte (Bone marrow)
2. Lymphocyte -> T cells & B cells
3. (travel to different locations)
4. Expand (diversity)
5. Delete defective copies
6. Train (activated) on real pathogens
7. Expand (for some) & form memory
Small lymphocytes have distinct functions
Additional resources (added for reference after lecture)

We didn’t talk about

regulatory T cells**
Additional resources (added for reference after lecture)

We didn’t talk about

Th17 cells**
Additional
resources
(added for
reference
after lecture)
 Key insights
• The adaptive immune system is inducible, specific, and has memory
• Small lymphocytes coordinate the adaptive immune response
• B cells & T cells
• Small lymphocytes recognize antigens via their receptors
• B cells: BCR
• T cells: TCR
• Antigens are fragments of molecules that the immune system looks for =
“mugshot”
• B cells produce antibodies that coordinate humoral response
• T cells coordinate the cell-mediate response

Questions?
 How to make & train T-cells and B-cells?
• A few key factors:
• Specificity: Self vs. non-self
• Activate at the right time
• Memory for the enemy
Same big picture
1. Stem cell > lymphocyte (Bone marrow)
2. Lymphocyte > T cells & B cells
3. (travel to different locations)
4. Expand > diversity
5. Delete defective copies
6. Train (activated) on real pathogens
7. Expand (for some) & form memory
 How to make & train T-cells?
1) T cell goes to thymus

2) Divide & create diversity of TCRs

3) TCR binds & recognizes MHC I (on host)

a. Unable to à

b. Able to à

4) Recognize self vs non-self?

a. Autoantigens
b. Pathogen-specific antigens

5) “Good” T cells
 B cells develop &
train in the bone
marrow
1) Stem cell > lymphocyte

2) B cells stay in the bone marrow

3) Expand & produce diversity of BCRs

4) Do they recognized autoantigens?

5) “good” ones go:

How do we activate these
mature, naïve T cells?
T cells are
activated via
interactions
with APCs
T cells are activated via interactions with APCs
Helper T cells
engage
MHC class II
Cytotoxic T cells
engage MHC Class I
& require 2-step
activation
Activated Cytotoxic T cells find & destroy infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells also destroy early cancer cells!
Study Tip

Here is a schematic
summary of the two
types of MHCs.

You should be able to

define:
• What types of
antigens are
presented?
• What cells present
each MHC?
• What cells receive
each MHC?
More practice: Same idea different figure

What type of
What type of
MHC??
MHC??
What type of
receptor?

Additional surface protein: CD4 or CD8? Additional surface protein: CD4 or CD8?
Reference slide for
your review (not
originally in the
lecture slides)
 Key insights
• Immature T cells expand & train in the thymus
• Naïve T cells are activated in the lymphatic tissues by APCs
• T helper cells engage MHC Class II
• Cytotoxic T cells engage MHC Class I & require 2 steps of activation
• Activated cytotoxic T cells leave the lymphatic sites & seek & destroy
infected cells

Questions?
Key insights
The adaptive immune system is inducible, specific, and has
memory Exit Ticket
Small lymphocytes coordinate the adaptive immune
response (in your blue book:
B cells & T cells include the date!)
Small lymphocytes recognize antigens via their receptors
B cells: BCR 1. What is 1 thing you learned
T cells: TCR
Antigens are fragments of molecules that the immune
today?
system looks for = “mugshot”
B cells produce antibodies that coordinate humoral
response
2. What is 1 thing you want to
T cells coordinate the cell-mediate response
Immature T cells expand & train in the thymus
review?
Naïve T cells are activated in the lymphatic tissues by APCs
T helper cells engage MHC Class II
Cytotoxic T cells engage MHC Class I & require 2 steps of
activation
Activated cytotoxic T cells leave the lymphatic sites & seek
& destroy infected cells
How do we activate these
mature, naïve B cells?
B cells activate in the spleen
For your reference (text explaining B cell
activation)
Be able to identify:

• What receptor
binds the antigen in
step 1?

• What type of MHC

displays the
antigen? & what
type of T cell is
“shaking hands”
with it in this
diagram?
 What do these antibodies do??
• You will explore this in your pre-class content for Week 11!
Note: given your Lab Midterm exam, I am going to split the pre-class
into 2 shorter activities.
• One due before lecture Tuesday (it’ll be pretty short)
• The other due before lecture Thursday (a bit longer)
T cell & B cell interactions help to explain response time
Additional resources: B cell activation
https://www.pearson.com/channels/biology/asset/58b9c42d/bioflix-
adaptive-defenses-b-cells-and-humoral-immunity
shows the process dynamically & might help visual learners
B cells like Cytotoxic T cells require T helper cells
for full activation
Final summary/check
understanding activity:

1. What WBC is this?

2. What MHC should it be
displaying antigen with?
3. What receptor does
helper T cell use to bind
that Q2?
1. What had to
happen before
Helper T cell meets
the WBC?
4. What are the green
balls moving towards
the B cell & Tc cell?
 Key insights
• B cells develop & train in the bone marrow before traveling to the spleen
• B cells further mature in the spleen
• B cells are partially activated when they encounter the right antigen
• B cells fully activate with the help of Th2 cells
• BCR and antibody structures are almost identical!
• IgM & IgD make up BCRs
• There are many immunoglobin classes
• Antibodies have diverse effector functions targeting extracellular
pathogens

Questions?