Mechatronics Lab Manual Final Dce 23.7.16

DhanalakshmiCollegeofEngineering
Manimangalam,Tambaram,Chennai–601301
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICALENGINEERING
ME6712–MECHATRONICSLABORATORY
VIISEMESTER-R2013
LABORATORYMANUAL
Name :
RegisterNo. :
Section :
DHANALAKSHMICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING
VISION
DhanalakshmiCollegeofEngineeringiscommittedtoprovidehighlydisciplined,conscientiousand enterprising
professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.
MISSION
 Toprovidecompetenttechnicalmanpowercapableofmeetingrequirementsoftheindustry
 Tocontributetothepromotionofacademicexcellenceinpursuitoftechnicaleducationatdifferentlevels
 To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart and soul
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
VISION
Rendering the services to the global needsof engineering industries by educating students to become professionally sound
mechanical engineers of excellent caliber
MISSION
Toproducemechanicalengineeringtechnocratswithaperfectknowledgeintellectualandhandson experience
andto inculcatethe spirit of moral valuesand ethics to serve the society
1 FormatNo:DCE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
PROGRAMMEEDUCATIONALOBJECTIVES(PEOs)
1. Fundamentals
To impart students with fundamental knowledge in mathematics and basic sciences that will mould them to
be successful professionals
2. Corecompetence
To provide students with sound knowledge in engineering and experimental skills to identify complex software
problems in industry and to develop a practical solution for them
3. Breadth
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap betweentheory and practice which enable them
to find solutions for the real time problems in industry and organization and to design productsrequiring
interdisciplinary skills
4. Professionalskills
To bestow students with adequate training and provide opportunities to work as team that will build up their
communication skills, individual, leadership and supportive qualities and to enable them to adapt andto work
inever changing technologies
5. Life-longlearning
To develop the ability of students to establish themselves as professionals in mechanical engineering and to create
awareness about the need for lifelong learning and pursuing advanced degrees
PROGRAMMEOUTCOMES(POs)
OncompletionoftheB.E.(Mechanical)degree,thegraduatewillbeable
1. Toapplythebasicknowledgeofmathematics,scienceandengineering
2. To design and conduct experiments as well as to analyze and interpret data and apply the samein the career
or entrepreneurship
3. Todesignanddevelopinnovativeandcreativesoftwareapplications
4. Tounderstandacomplexrealworldproblemanddevelopanefficientpracticalsolution
5. Tocreate,selectandapplyappropriatetechniques,resources,modernengineeringandITtools
6. Tounderstandtheroleasaprofessionalandgivethebesttothesociety
7. To develop a system that will meet expected needs within realistic constraints such as economical
environmental, social, political, ethical, safety and sustainability
8. To communicate effectively and make others understand exactly what they are trying to tell in both
verbal and written forms
9. To work in a team as a team member or a leader and make unique contributions and work with
coordination
10. Toengageinlifelonglearningandexhibittheirtechnicalskills
11. Todevelopandmanageprojectsinmultidisciplinaryenvironments
ME6712 – MECHATRONICS LABORATORY
SYLLABUS
COURSEOBJECTIVES
To know the method of programming the microprocessor and also the design, modeling & analysis of basic
electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic systems, which enable the students to understand the concept of mechatronics
LISTOFEXPERIMENTS:
1. Assembly language programming of 8085– Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Sorting

CodeConversion.
2. Steppermotorinterface.
3. Trafficlightinterface.
4. SpeedcontrolofDCmotor.
5. Studyofvarioustypesoftransducers.
6. Studyofhydraulic,pneumaticandelectro-pneumaticcircuits.
7. Modelingandanalysisofbasichydraulic,pneumaticandelectricalcircuitsusingsoftware.
8. StudyofPLCanditsapplications.
9. Studyofimageprocessingtechnique.
COURSEOUTCOMES
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to design mechatronics system with the help of microprocessor, PLC
and other electrical and electronics circuits.
ME6712 – MECHATRONICS LABORATORY
CONTENTS
Page
Expt.No. NameoftheExperiment
No.
1. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–Addition 7
2. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–8bitsubtraction 8
3. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–8bitmultiplication 9
4. I. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–8bitdivision 10
5. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–Sortinginascendingorder 11
6. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–Sortingindescendingorder 13
7. Assemblylanguageprogrammingof8085–BCDtoHEXconversion 15
8. II. Steppermotorinterfacewith8051–Microcontroller 17
9. III. Microcontrollerbasedtrafficlightsystem 19
10. IV. SpeedmeasurementofDCmotorusingopticalsensor 23
11. Strainmeasurementsystem 25
Experimentation on the characteristics of LVDT position sensor with respect to
12. 27
thedifferentialvoltage
V.
Experimentation on the characteristics of the pressure cell with respect to the bridge
13. 29
voltage
14. Temperaturemeasurementsystem 30
15. Actuationofsingleactingcylinderusingatwowaypressurevalve 32
Actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter-in circuit
16. 33
Actuation of double acting cylinder using electrical push button switch in meter- out
17. 35
circuit
Actuation of rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in meter-out circuit
18. 37
19. Actuationofrotaryactuatorusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmanualmode 39
20. Continuousreciprocationofsingleactingcylinder 41
VI.
21. Continuousreciprocationofdoubleactingcylinderusing5/2doublepilotvalve 42
22. Actuationofdoubleactingcylinderusing5/2singlepilotvalve 44
23. Actuationofdoubleactingcylinderusing5/2doublepilotvalve 46
Actuation of single acting cylinder using 3/2 single solenoid valve (electropneumatic)
24. 47
25. ActuationofsingleactingcylinderusingON-delaytimer 48
26. ActuationofsingleactingcylinderusingOFF-delaytimer 50
27. Designandtestingoflogicalcontrolofdoubleactingcylinderusing'OR'gate 52
28. Simulationofdoubleactingcylinderwithtimedelay 54
29. SimulationofdoubleactingcylinderinthesequenceofA+B+B-A- 55
VII.
Design and testing of pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multi cylinder in
30. 57
the sequence of A+B+A-B-
Design and testing of pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multi
31. 59
cylinderinthesequenceofA+B+B-A-usingCascadingmethod
Design and testing of the operation of double acting cylinder using electro pneumatic
32. 61
circuit
Design and testing of multi cycle operation of double acting cylinder using electro
33. 62
pneumatic circuit
Design and testing of electro pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multi
34. 63
cylinder in the sequence ofA+B+B-A-
35. ActuationofsingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingANDgate 66
36. ActuationofsingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingORgate 68
37. ActuationofsingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingONdelaytimer 70
38. VIII. SimulatetheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwithplcusingOFFdelaytimer 71
39. ActuationofdoubleactingcylinderwithPLCusing5/2singlesolenoidvalve 73
40. AutomaticactuationofsingleactingcylinderusingPLC 75
41. AutomaticactuationofdoubleactingcylinderusingPLC 77
42. IX. Studyofimageprocessingtechnique 80
ADDITIONALEXPERIMENT–BEYONDTHESYLLABUS
43. StudyofPIDcontroller 83
44. SpeedcontrolofservomotorusingPIDcontroller 86
X.
45. RealtimetemperaturecontrollerusingPID 87
46. StudyofPerformancecharacteristicsofpressurecontrollers 88
47. XI. Hydraulicsymbols 92
48. XII. Pneumaticsymbols 94
Expt.No.1 ASSEMBLYLANGUAGEPROGRAMMINGOF
8085–ADDITION
Aim:
Toperformthe8-bitadditionusing8085Microprocessor
Apparatusrequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Starttheprogram.
2. MovetheData1totheaccumulator.
3. AddtheData2withtheaccumulatorandtheresultgetsstoredintheaccumulator.
4. Movetheresult,whichisintheaccumulator,tothe30Haddresslocation.
5. Stoptheprogram.
Program:
ORG 0000H
MOVA,#Data1
ADD A, #Data2
MOV 30H, A
HLT: SJMP HLT
END
Input:
Data123
Data211
Output:
920034
92010
Result:
Thustheprogramforaddingtwo8-bitnumberswasexecuted.
8085–8BITSUBTRACTION
Aim:
Toperformthe8-bitsubtractionusing8085Microprocessor
Apparatusrequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Starttheprogram.
2. Movethefirstdatalowerorderbytetoaregister.
3. Addtheseconddatalowerorderbytewitharegister.
4. Movethelowerorderbyteresultdatafromareg.to50Hmemorylocation.
5. Movethefirstdatahigherorderbytetoaregister.
6. AddAreg.andsecondhigherorderbytewiththecarryflag.
7. Movethehigherorderbyteresultdatafromareg.to51Hmemorylocation.
8. Clear52Hmemorylocation.
9. Checkthecarryflag;ifitis1,dotheincrementin52Haddresslocation.
10. Stoptheprogram.
Program:
ORG0000H
CLR C
MOV A, 40h ;LSB Data1
ADD A, 42h ;LSB Data2
MOV 50H,A
MOVA,41H;MSBData1
ADDC A, 43H ;MSB Data2
MOV 51H,A
CLR52H
JNCHLT
INC52H
HLT: SJMP HLT
END
Input& output:
Data123
Data211
920012
92010
Result:
Thustheprogramforsubtractingtwo8-bitnumberswasexecuted.
Expt.No.3 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING
OF8085 – 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION
Aim:
Tomultiplytwo8-bithexadecimalnumbersusingmemorypointerwith8085microprocessor
Apparatusrequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Movethemultiplicandtoaccumulator.
2. Movethemultiplierto‘B’register(SFRwithdirectaddressFOH).
3. Multiplythecontentsofaccumulatorand‘B’register.
4. Storethelowerbyteresultfrom‘A’registerto8300memorylocation.
5. Storethehigherbyteresultfrom‘B’registerto8301memorylocation.
6. Stoporhalttheprogramexecution.
Program:
ORG0000H
MOV DPTR,#8250H
MOVXA,@DPTR
MOV B,A
INCDPTR
MOVX A, @DPTR
MUL AB
MOV DPTR,#8300H
MOVX@DPTR,A
INC DPTR
MOVA,B
MOVX @DPTR,A
HLT:SJMPHLT
END
Input& Output:
8201INPUT15
8202INPUT23
8203PRODUCTF
8204CARRY0
Result:
Thustheprogramtomultiplytwo8-bithexadecimalnumbersusing8085wasexecuted.
8085–8BITDIVISION
Aim:
Todividetwo8-bithexadecimalnumbersusing8085microprocessor
Apparatusrequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Movethedividendtoaccumulator.
2. Movethemultiplierto‘B’register(SFRwithdirectaddressFOH).
3. Multiplythecontentsofaccumulatorand‘B’register.
4. Storethelowerbyteresultfrom‘A’registerto8300memorylocation.
5. Storethehigherbyteresultfrom‘B’registerto8301memorylocation.
6. Stoporhalttheprogramexecution.
Program:
LDA8201
MOVB,A
LDA8200
MVIC,00
JCStore
SUB B
INR C
JMPAgain
STA8203
MOV A,C
STA8202
HLT
Input:
8200DIVIDEND6
8201DIVISOR3
Output:
8202REMINDER2
8203QUOTIENT0
Result:
Thustheprogramfordividingtwo8-bithexadecimalnumbersusing8085Microprocessorwasexecuted.
8085–SORTINGINASCENDINGORDER
Aim:
Tosortanarrayof‘n’elementinascendingorderusing8085microprocessor
ApparatusRequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. LoadtheR6registerwiththevalueof"lengthofthearray–1".
2. LoadtheR7registerwiththevalueof"lengthofthearray–Iterationno".
3. LoadtheR0registerwitharraystartingaddress
4. LoadR1registerwithfirstdataandaccumulatorwithseconddata
5. SubtracttheR1registerfromtheaccumulator.
6. Checkthecarryflag.
7. If carry flag is not there, then a register is greater which means second data is larger than the first
data.So,donotexchangetheAandR1register.
8. If carry flag is there, then R1 register is greater which means first data is larger than the second data.So, exchange
the first address location data and second address location data.
9. ChecktheR7register.IfR7isnotequal to zero,repeatfromthe4thstepforsecondandthirddata processing. Else
decrement R6.
10. ChecktheR6register.IfR6isnotequaltozero,repeatfromthe4thstepforseconditeration.
11. Stoptheprogram.
Program:
ORG 0000h
MOVR6,#04h
MOVR0,#50h
MOV A, R6
MOV R7, A
MOVA,@R0
MOV R1, A
INC R0
MOVA,@R0
SUBBA,R1
JNCContinue2
MOVA,@R0
XCH A, R1
MOV@R0,A
DEC R0
MOV A, R1
MOV@R0,A
INC R0
DJNZ R7
DJNZ R6
SJMP
END
Input:
8200No.ofElements6
8201DATA15
8202DATA28
8203DATA33
8204DATA46
8205DATA57
8206DATA615
Output:
8201DATA13
8202DATA25
8203DATA36
8204DATA47
8205DATA58
8206DATA615
Result:
Thustheprogramtosortanarrayof‘n’elementinascendingorderusing8085microprocessorwas executed.
8085–SORTINGINDESCENDINGORDER
Aim:
Tosortanarrayof‘n’elementindescendingorderusing8085microprocessor
ApparatusRequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. LoadtheR6registerwiththevalueof"lengthofthearray=1".
2. LoadtheR7registerwiththevalueof"lengthofthearray=Iterationno".
3. LoadtheR0registerwiththearraystartingaddress.
4. LoadR1registerwiththelastdataandaccumulatorwiththeseconddatafromthelastone.
5. SubtracttheR1registerfromtheaccumulator.
6. Checkthecarryflag.
7. If carry flag is not there, then A register is greater which means second data is larger than the first
data.So,donotexchangetheAandR1register.
8. If carry flag is there, then R1 register is greater which means first data is larger than the second data.So, exchange
the first address location data and second address location data.
9. Check the R7 register. If R7 is not equal to zero, repeat from the 4thstep for second and third data processing.
Else decrement R6.
10. ChecktheR6register.IfR6isnotequaltozero,repeatfromthe4thstepforseconditeration.
11. Stoptheprogram.
Program:
LXIH,8200
MOV E, M
MOV B, M
MOV C, E
INX H
DCR C
MOVA,M
INX H
CMP M
JNCAhead
MOV D,M
MOV M,A
DCX H
MOVM,D
INX H
DCR C
JNZ
DCRB
JNZ
HLT
Input:
8200No.ofElements6
8201DATA106
8202DATA218
8203DATA31B
8204DATA42C
8205DATA51A
8206DATA615
Output:
8201DATA12C
8202DATA21B
8203DATA31A
8204DATA418
8205DATA515
8206DATA606
Result:
Thus the program to sort an array of ‘n’ element in descending order using 8085 microprocessor was executed.
8085–BCDTO HEX CONVERSION
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to convert 8- bit two digit BCD number system into hexadecimal number
system
ApparatusRequired:
8085Microprocessor
Algorithm:
1. Starttheprogram.
2. Getthedatafromthe8300memorylocationtoR5register(R5=99).
3. SeparatetheMSBandLSBofR5registerusingANL0FHandANLF0Hcommands.
4. MovetheMSBtoaccumulatorandLSBtoR2register(A=09,R2=09).
5. MultiplytheMSBwith0AHdata(09x0A=5A).
6. AddtheaccumulatorwithLSBofthedata(5A+9=63).
7. Movetheaccumulatorto8301memorylocation(8301=63).
8. Stoptheprogram.
Program:
ORG0000H
MOV DPTR,#8300h
MOVXA,@DPTR
MOV R5,A
ANLA,#0F0h
SWAP A
MOV R1,A
MOV A,R5
ANLA,#0Fh
MOV R2,A
MOV A,R1
MOVB,#0Ah
MUL AB
ADDA,R2
INCDPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A
HLT: SJMP HLT
Input:
8301BCDData=
Output:
8301HEXData=
Result:
ThustheassemblylanguageprogramwaswrittentoverifytheBooleanequationandexecuted.
Outcome:
Abletoreadandwritethe 8085assembly languageprogram andunderstoodaboutaddition,subtraction, multiplication, division,
sorting and code conversions of hexadecimal codes.
Applications:
Amicroprocessorbasedsystemsareusedininstructions,automatictestingproduct,speedcontrolof motors, traffic light control,
Washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones etc.
Viva-voce
1. WhatisaMicroprocessor?
2. Whatarethebasicfunctionalblocksofamicroprocessor?
3. Whataretheadvantagesofmicroprocessorbasedsystem?
4. Whatarethedisadvantagesofmicroprocessorbasedsystem?
5. Whatisabus?
6. Define–Bit,ByteandWord
7. Whatismeantbyaninstructionset?
8. Whatismeantbybandwidth?
9. Define–Mnemonics
10. Define–Op-codeandoperand
11. Whatisthedifferencebetweenthemicroprocessorandmicrocontroller?
12. Howmanyinterruptsaretherein8085?
13. Whatarethevariousregistersusedin8085?
14. Whatisaflag?
15. Whatarethevariousflagsusedin8085?
16. Whatismeantbyprogramcounter?
17. In8085whichiscalledashigherorder/loworderregister?
18. Whatarethedrawbacksoffirstgenerationmicroprocessors?
19. WhatisthedifferencebetweenCPUbusandSystembus?
20. Define–ALE
Expt.No.8 STEPPERMOTORINTERFACEWITH8051–
MICROCONTROLLER
Aim:
Torunasteppermotoratdifferentspeedsanddifferentdirectionsusing8051assemblylanguage
Apparatusrequired:
1. Steppermotor
2. Interfaceboard
Procedure:
1. Switch'ON'themicrocontroller.
2. Initializethestartingaddress.
3. Enterthemnemonicscodeinthemicrocontroller.
4. Resetthemicrocontroller.
5. Executetheprogram.
Program:
ORG4100H
START
MOV DPTR, #4500H
MOV R0, #04
MOVX A, @DPTR
PUSH DPH PUSH
DPL
MOV DPTR, #FFCOH MOV
R2, #04H
MOVR1,#FFH
MOVR3,#FFH
DJNZ R3, DLY
DJNZR1,DLY1
DJNZR2,DLY1
MOV @DPTR, A
POP DPL
POPDPH
INCDPTR
DJNCR0,J0
SJMPSTART END
Result:
Thustheprogramtorunthesteppermotoratdifferentspeedsanddifferentdirectionswaswrittenusing 8051 assembly

language and executed.
Outcome:
Abletolearntheworkingprincipleofsteppermotorusing8051microcontroller.
Applications:
Thesteppermotorisusedforprecise positioning with amotor, such as hard disk drives, robotics,
antennas,telescopes, and some toys.Stepper motorscannot run at high speeds, but have a high holding torque.
Viva-voce
1. Whatismicrocontroller?
2. Whatismeantbybaudrate?
3. Listtheinterruptsof8051–Microcontroller.
4. Whatarethefourdistincttypesofmemoryin8051?
5. Whataretheregisterbanksin8051microcontroller?
6. Whatisthegeneralpurposeregistersof8051?
7. Whatistheasynchronousdatatransmissionformatof8051serialport?
8. Whatismeantbymemory–MappedI/O?
9. DifferencebetweenRETandRET1instructionin8051.
10. WhatisthesizeofRAMandROMin8051?
11. ListthevariousflagsinthePSWregister.
12. Whatarethedifferenttypesofinstructions?
13. Whataretheinstructionstoaccesstheprogrammemory?
14. Whatareaddressingmodes?
15. Whatissteppermotor?
16. Whataretheapplicationsofsteppermotorinmechatronicssystem?
17. WhatismeantbyALU?Stateitsfunction.
18. Whataretheinterfacemethodsavailableinsteppermotor?
19. Statetheapplicationofsteppermotorandservomotorinmechatronicsystems.
20. Whatismeantbykeybounce?
Expt.No.9 MICROCONTROLLERBASEDTRAFFICLIGHTSYSTEM
Aim:
Tocontrolatrafficlightsystembyusing8051microcontroller
Apparatusrequired:
1. Trafficlightcontrolsystem
2. Interfaceboard
Procedure:
1. Switch'ON'themicrocontroller.
2. Initializethestartingaddress.
3. Enterthemnemonicscodeinthemicrocontroller.
4. Resetthemicrocontroller.
5. Executetheprogram.
Program:
ORG 4100H
MOVA,#80H
FF 0F MOV DPTR,#CONTRL MOVX
@DPTR,A
MOVR4,#04H
MOV DPTR,#LOOK1
MOV R2,DPH
MOVR3,DPL
MOV DPTR,#LOOK
MOV R0,DPH
MOVR1,DPL
GO:
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV R0,DPH
MOV R1,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTA
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R1
MOV DPH,R0
MOV DPL,R1
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOVR0,DPH
MOVR1,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTB
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R1
MOV DPH,R0
MOV DPL,R1
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV R0,DPH
MOV R1,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTC
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R1
LCALL DELAY
MOV DPH,R2
MOV DPL,R3
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV R2,DPH
MOV R3,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTA
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R3
MOV DPH,R2
MOV DPL,R3
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV R2,DPH
MOV R3,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTB
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R3
MOV DPH,R2
MOV DPL,R3
MOVX A,@DPTR
MOV R2,DPH
MOV R3,DPL
MOV DPTR,#PORTC
MOVX @DPTR,A
INC R3
LCALLDELAY1
MOV DPH,R0
MOV DPL,R1
DJNZ R4,GO
LCALLSTART
DELAY: MOV R5,#12H
MOV R6,#0ffH
MOVR7,#0ffH
DJNZ R7,L1
DJNZ R6,L2
DJNZ R5,L3
RET
DELAY1: MOV R5,#12H
MOV R6,#0ffH
MOVR7,#0ffH
DJNZ R7,L4
DJNZ R6,L5
DJNZ R5,L6
RET
LOOK:DB44H,27H,12H
922B10DB92H,2BH,10H
849D10DB84H,9DH,10H
84 2E 48 DB 84H,2EH,48H
LOOK1: DB 48H, 27H, 12H
419E924B10DB92H,4BH,10H
41A1849D20DB84H,9DH,20H
41A4042E49DB
Result:
Thus the programto control traffic light control system was written using 8051 assembly language and executed.
Outcome:
Able to read and write the 8051 assembly language program and learn the working principle of traffic light control
system using 8051 microcontroller.
Applications:
Amicrocontrollercanbeconsideredaself-containedsystemwithaprocessor,memoryandperipherals and can be used
as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollersin use today are embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems.
Viva-voce
1. Whatismeantmicrocontroller?
2. Distinguishbetweenparalleldatatransferandserialdatatransfer.
3. Whataretheinterfacingdevicesusedin8051?
4. Whatismeantbysynthesis?
5. Define–Compiler
6. Define–Interpreter
7. Define–Assembler
8. Define–InterruptPriority
9. Define–SamplingRate
10. Define–FetchCycle
11. HowwillyouinterfacetheI/Odevices?
12. WhatismeantbyperipheralmappedI/O?
13. Whatistheaddressrangeofthebit-addressableinternalmemoryofthe8051?
14. Whymicrocontrollersareoftencalledsinglechipcomputers?
15. Listthebitsizeforautomobileenginecontrolandrobotarm.
16. Define–StockPointer
17. Define–PSW
18. Distinguishbetweenregisterandflags.
19. Whatismeantbysub-routinesandnestedsub-routines?
20. Distinguishbetweendirectaddressingmodeandindexedaddressingmode.
Expt.No.10 SPEED MEASUREMENTOF DCMOTORUSING
OPTICALSENSOR
Aim:
TomeasurethespeedofDCmotorusingopticalsensor
Apparatusrequired:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. DCservomotor
3. Patchchords
Procedure:
1. InterfacetheDCmotorwithVTT-01trainer(BackPanel).
2. Switch'ON'thetrainerandselectthespeedtransducerusingpushbutton.
3. ConnectthemultimeteracrossO/P5andT13in"DC-Volt"mode.
4. Varythecontrolvoltagefrom0-5Vinstepwisemanner.
5. Measuretheoutputvoltageandthespeeddisplayed.
6. Plotthegraphbetweenspeedandoutputvoltage.
Tabulation:
Sl.No. Speed(rpm) OutputVoltage(mV)
Result:
ThusthespeedofDCmotorismeasuredusingopticalsensor.
Outcome:
AbletolearntheDCmotorspeedcontrolmethodsandtheworkingprincipleofopticalsensor.
Applications:
DCmotorisanindustry workhorse forhigh and lowpower, fixed and variablespeedelectric drives. Applications
range from cheap toys to automotive applications. They are inexpensive to manufacture and are used in variable speed
household appliances such as sewing machines and power tools.
Viva-voce
1. Whatisaprincipleofopticalencoder?
2. WhatistheprincipleofoperationofaD.CMotor?
3. WhatarethevarioustypesofD.C.motors?
4. WhatisthecontrolmethodsusedinD.C.motors?
5. ComparethefunctionsofserieswoundD.C.motorsandshuntwoundD.C.motors.
6. Whatisbacke.m.forcountere.m.f?
7. HowcanyoureversethedirectionofrotationofaD.CMotor?
8. WhathappenswhenaD.CmotorisconnectedacrossanA.Csupply?
9. WhatarethetypesofstartersusedforstartingofD.CMotors?
10. Whatarethefactorstobeconsideredintheselectionofamotor?
11. Whatistheroleofacommutator?
12. WhatarethedifferenttypesoflossesinDCMachines?
13. Whatismeantbyembeddedsystems?
14. Whatarethetwotypesofpositionencoders?
15. Whatismeantbyanencoder?
16. Whatarethevarioustypesofencoder?
17. Whatismeantbyanincrementalencoder?
18. Whatismeantbyanabsoluteencoder?
STUDYOFVARIOUSTYPESOFTRANSDUCERS
Expt.No.11 STRAINMEASUREMENTSYSTEM
Aim:
Tostudythecharacteristicsbetweenthestrainsappliedtothecantileverbeamstrainsensorandthe bridge voltage
Apparatusrequired:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. Multimeter(mV)
3. Cantileverbeamstrainsensorsetup
4. Weight(100gramx10Nos.)
5. Powerchord
Formulatobe used:
TheoreticalStrain:
Where,
Applied load to the beam (P) = 1 kg
Thickness of the beam (t) =0.25cm
Breath of the beam (B) = 2.8 cm
Length of the beam (L) =21.58cm
Young'smodulus(Y)ofthebeam=2×106kg/cm2
Procedure:
1. Installthecantileverbeamstrainsensorsetupandinterfacethe9pinDconnectorwithVTT-01
2. ConnectthemultimeterinmillivoltmodeacrossT2andT3forbridgevoltagemeasurement.
3. Switch'ON'themoduleandselectthestraintransducerbyswitchingtheselectbutton.
4. Initially,unloadthebeamandnullifythebridgevoltageusingafineadjustmentPOT.
5. On applying the load to the beam, strain will develop on the beam. Then measure the bridge voltage
(mV)acrossT2andT3.
6. Graduallyincreasetheloadonthebeamandnotedownappliedloadandthebridgevoltage(mV).
7. Tabulatethevaluesofappliedload,theoreticalstrainandthebridgevoltage(mV).
8. Plotagraphbetweentheoreticalstrainversusbridgevoltage(mV).
Tabulation:
Theoretical Bridge output voltage %
Appliedload(gram) Actualstrain
strain (mV) Error
Result:
Thusthecharacteristicsbetweenthestrainappliedtothecantileverbeamstrainsensorandthebridge
voltagewasstudiedandthegraphwasplotted.
Expt.No.12 EXPERIMENTATIONONTHECHARACTERISTICSOF
LVDT POSITION SENSOR WITH RESPECT TO
THEDIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE
Aim:
TostudythecharacteristicsofLVDTpositionsensorwithrespecttothedifferentialvoltage
Apparatusrequired:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. LVDTsetups
3. Multimeter(CRO)
4. Powerchord
Procedure:
1. InstalltheLVDTpositionsensorandinterfacethe9pinDconnectorwithVTT-01trainer(Backpanel).
2. Switch'ON'thetrainerandselectthedisplacementtransducerusing"select"button.
3. Connect the multimeter (in AC- mV mode) CRO across the T6 and T7 for the differential voltage
measurement.
4. Adjust the micrometer to 0 mm displacement and tune the fine adjustment POT to 0 mm displacement on display.
5. Adjustthemicrometerto20 mmdisplacementandtunethespanadjustmentPOTto20mmonthe
display.ThevoltageacrosstheO/P2andT7shouldbe5V.
6. Repeatthefineandspancalibrationuntilthecoredisplacementis0for0mmdisplacementin
micrometerand20for20mmdisplacementinmicrometer.
7. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core of the LVDTsensor.
8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 0 mm to 20 mm and note down the forward
coredisplacementonthedisplayanddifferentialvoltage(mV).
9. Similarly, decrease the micrometer displacement from 20 mm to 0 mm and note down the reverse core
displacementonthe display and differential voltage (mV) across O/P2 andT7.
10. Tabulatethereadingsofthecoredisplacement,micrometerdisplacementanddifferentialvoltage (mV).
11. Plotthegraphbetweencoredisplacement(mm)anddifferentialvoltage(mV).
Tabulation:
Micrometerdisplacement(mm) Coredisplacement(mm) Differentialvoltage(mV)
Result:
ThusthecharacteristicsoftheLVDTpositionsensorwithrespecttothedifferentialvoltagewerestudied.
Expt.No.13 EXPERIMENTATIONONTHECHARACTERISTICSOF
THE PRESSURE CELL WITH RESPECT TO THEBRIDGE
VOLTAGE
Aim:
Tostudythecharacteristicsofthepressurecellwithrespecttothebridgevoltage
Apparatusrequired:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. Multimeter(mV)
3. Pressurecellsetup
4. Powerchord
Procedure:
1. Installthepressurecellsetupandinterfacethe9pinDconnectorwithVTT-01trainer(Backpanel).
2. Connectthemultimeter(DC-mV)acrossT9andT10forbridgevoltagemeasurement.
3. Switch'ON'themodule.
4. Initially, open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the bridge voltage by using
fineadjustmentPOT.
5. Now, close the air release valve. By pressing the pump piston, the pump sucks the air from
atmosphereandsuppliesittothecylinder.Then,thepressurewillbedevelopedinthecylinderand
nowmeasurethebridgevoltage(mV)acrossT9andT10.
6. Graduallyincreasethepressurebypressingthepump pistonandnotedownthebridgevoltage(mV) for corresponding
gauge pressure.
7. Tabulatethereadingsandplotthegraphbetweengaugepressureandbridgevoltage(mV).
Tabulation:
Bridgevoltage(mV)
GaugePressure(psi)
Result:
Thusthecharacteristicsofthepressurecellwithrespecttobridgevoltagewerestudied.
Expt.No.14 TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSYSTEM
Aim:
Tostudy thecharacteristicsoftemperaturemeasurementsystem andtheaccuracyofsignal conditioning board
Apparatusrequired:
1. VTT-01trainer
2. Waterbath
3. Thermometer
4. Multimeter
5. Powerchord
Formula:
Procedure:
1. PatchthewiresofRTDtotheVTT-01trainer(Backpanel).
2. Switch'ON'theVTT-01trainer.Selectthetemperaturetransducerby"select"button.
3. Now adjust the fine potentiometer to read 30°C at the display. This is done for initial setup of the
trainerandthisadjustmentshouldnotbedisturbed.
4. InserttheRTDintothewaterbathandnotethetemperaturewithoutanyheatingatambientcondition.
5. Placethemultimeterin"voltagemode"acrosstheO/P4andT14terminals.
6. Gradually start heating the water bath and note down the actual temperature, output voltage and the
displayedtemperatureofthetrainersimultaneously.
7. PlotthegraphfortemperatureVsvoltage.
8. Calculatethe%errorandplotthegraphfortemperatureVs%error
Tabulation:
Actualtemperature(oC) Outputvoltage(V) Displayedtemperature(oC) %Error
Result:
Thus the study of temperature measurement system and the accuracy of signal conditioning board were done and
the graph is drawn.
Outcome:
Able to understand the working principle of strain measurement system, pressure measurement system, temperature
measurement system and displacement measurement system.
Applications:
Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.Transducers are often
employedattheboundariesofautomation,measurement,andcontrolsystems,whereelectricalsignalsare converted to and
from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.).
Viva-voce
1. Whatismeantbysensor?
2. Whatismeantbystrain?
3. WhatismeantbyTransducer?
4. Writeanexampleforatransducerandstateitstransductionprinciple.
5. Distinguishbetweenameasurementsystemandacontrolsystem.
6. Whatarethevarioustypesofcontrolsystem?
7. Define–Hysteresis
8. Define–Sensitivity
9. Writetwofactorsthatneedtobeconsideredinselectingasensorforaparticularapplication.
10. Whatismeantbysignalconditioning?
11. WhatismeantbyRTD?Stateitsapplications.
12. Whatismeantbyseebackeffect?
13. Distinguishbetweenclosedloopsystemandopenloopsystem.
14. Whatarethevariouselementsofaclosedloopsystemforcontrollingthetemperature?
15. Whatarethetypesofstraingauges?
16. Define-LVDT
17. WhatisaHallEffectsensor?
18. Define–RangeandSpan
19. Define–AccuracyandPrecision
20. Define–Non-linearityerror
STUDYOFHYDRAULIC,PNEUMATICANDELECTRO-PNEUMATICCIRCUITS
Expt.No.15 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
ATWOWAYPRESSUREVALVE
Aim:
Toconstructapneumaticcircuittoactuatethesingleactingcylinderusingatwo-waypressurevalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Two-waypressurevalve
4. Singleactingcylinder
Procedure:
1. Drawthecircuitdiagram.
2. ConnectthecompressedairsupplytoFRLunit.
3. TheoutputofFRLunitisdirectlyconnectedtoboththe3/2pushbuttonvalves.
4. Theoutputofthe3/2pushbuttonvalveisconnectedtotheANDgateinput.
5. Whenboththepushbuttonsarepressed,thecylindergetsactivated.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthepneumaticcircuitusingatwowaypressurevalvewasconstructedandexecuted.
Expt.No.16 ACTUATIONOFDOUBLEACTINGCYLINDERUSING
ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON SWITCH IN METER -
INCIRCUIT
Aim:
Tostudytheactuationofdoubleactingcylinderusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmeter-incircuit
Apparatusrequired:
1. Pumpunit
2. 4/3handlevervalve
3. Doubleactingcylinder
4. Onewayflowcontrolvalve
5. Pushbutton
6. Valvesolenoid
7. Electricalconnection24V
Procedure:
1. Drawthecircuit.
2. Switch'ON'thesinglephasemotor.
3. WhenthepushbuttonintheLHSispressed,thesolenoidvalveS1getsactuated.
4. Thentheoilwillflowthroughtheonewayflowcontrolvalve,thepistonmovesontheforward direction.
5. WhenthepushbuttonontheRHSispressedthesolenoidvalve(S2)willgetactivated.
6. Thentheoilwillflowthroughtheonewayflowcontrolvalvetopushthepistoninreversedirection.
Circuitdiagram:
Result:
Thus theactuationofdouble acting cylinder usingelectrical pushbuttonswitch in meter- incircuit was
experimentallystudied.
Expt.No.17 ACTUATIONOFDOUBLEACTINGCYLINDERUSING
ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON SWITCH IN METER -
OUTCIRCUIT
Aim:
Tostudytheactuationofdoubleactingcylinderusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmeter-outcircuit
Apparatusrequired:
1. Pumpunit
5. Pushbutton
6. Valvesolenoid
Procedure:
1. Drawthecircuit.
2. Switch'ON'thesinglephasemotor.
4. Thentheoilwillflowthroughtheonewayflowcontrolvalve,thepistonmovesonthereverse direction.
6. Thentheoilwillflowthroughtheonewayflowcontrolvalvetopushthepistoninforwarddirection.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheactuationofthedoubleactingcylinderusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmeter -outcircuit was experimentally
studied.
Expt.No.18 ACTUATIONOFROTARYACTUATORUSING
ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON SWITCH IN METER-
OUTCIRCUIT
Aim:
Tostudytheactuationoftherotaryactuatorusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmeter-outcircuit
Apparatusrequired:
1. Pumpunit
3. Pushbutton
4. Valvesolenoid
5. Semi-rotaryactuator
Procedure:
1. Drawthecircuit.
2. Switchonthesinglephasemotor.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve, the rotary actuator rotates on the forwarddirection.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve to rotate the rotary actuator on the reverse direction.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thus the actuation ofthe rotary actuator using electrical push button switch in meter- out circuit was
experimentallystudied.
Expt.No.19 ACTUATIONOFROTARYACTUATORUSING
ELECTRICAL PUSH BUTTON SWITCH IN
MANUALMODE
Aim:
Tostudytheactuationoftherotaryactuatorusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmanualmode
Apparatusrequired:
1. Pumpunit
3. Semi-rotaryactuator
5. Pushbutton
6. Valvesolenoid
Procedure:
1. Drawthecircuit.
2. Switchonthesinglephasemotor.
4. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve, the rotary actuator rotates on the reversedirection.
6. Then the oil will flow through the one way flow control valve to rotate the rotary actuator on the forward
direction.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheactuationoftherotaryactuatorusingelectricalpushbuttonswitchinmanualmodewas experimentallystudied.
Expt.No.20 CONTINUOUS RECIPROCATION OF SINGLE
ACTINGCYLINDER
Aim:
Toconstructapneumaticcircuittoactuatethesingleactingcylinderusingapilotoperatedvalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2Rollerlevervalve
Procedure:
2. ConnectthecompressorairsupplytoFRLunit.
3. Connectthecircuitasperthecircuitdiagram.
4. Observethecontinuousreciprocationofsingleactingcylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthecontinuousreciprocationofsingleactingcylinderwasachievedusingapilotoperatedvalve.
Expt.No.21 CONTINUOUS RECIPROCATION OF DOUBLE
ACTINGCYLINDER USING 5/2 DOUBLE PILOT
VALVE
Aim:
Toconstructapneumaticcircuittocontrolthecontinuousactuationofadoubleactingcylinderusing5/2 double
pilotvalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
3. 3/2rollerlevervalve
4. 5/2doublepilotvalve
5. Flowcontrolvalve
Procedure:
2. ConnectcompressorairsupplytoFRLunit.
3. OneoftheoutputofFRLunitisconnectedto5/2directioncontrolunit(port1).
4. Theport4ofDCVisconnectedtoblankendofthedoubleactingcylinder.
5. AnotheroutputofFRLunitisconnectedtotheinputof3/2rollerlevervalvetogivepilotpressurefor
5/2doublepilotvalve.
6. Theoutputoftherollerlevervalvesareconnectedtobothsidesofthe5/2doublepilotvalve.
7. WhentheFRLunitisopened,thehighpressureairenterstheblankendofthecylinderthroughthe DCV and the piston
moves forward.
8. Attheendoftheforwardstroke,thepistonrodgivespressuretotherollerlevervalve.Theoutputof roller lever valve is
sent to the double acting cylinder tochange the position.
9. Nowthehighpressureair fromtheFRLunitissenttotherodendofthedoubleactingcylinder
throughthesecondpositionoftheDCVandthepistonretracts.
10. Attheendofthereturnstroke,therollervalveispressed.Theoutputoftherollervalveissenttothe DCV to change the
position. This will be repeated until the FRL unit is closed.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthecontinuousreciprocationofdoubleactingcylinderwasachieved.
Expt.No.22 ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING5/2 SINGLE PILOT VALVE
Aim:
Toconstructanelectro-pneumaticcircuittocontrolthedoubleactingcylinderusing5/2singlepilotvalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 5/2Singlepilotvalve
4. Electricaltrainer
6. Batchcard
Procedure:
1. DrawthecircuitdiagramandconnecttheairsupplytoFRLunit.
2. Connecttheelectricalcircuitfrom24VDCsourcetoON/OFFswitch.
3. Solenoidsareconnectedtothepushbuttonswitch.
4. When the solenoid is given the signal by a push button switch, the DCV is activated to actuate the
doubleactingcylinder.
5. When the OFF button is pressed, the signal to the solenoid is cut and the solenoids are de-
energizedandtheDCVcomestotheoriginalpositiontoretractthecylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthedoubleactingcylinderwascontrolledelectricallyusinga5/2singlepilotvalve.
Expt.No.23 ACTUATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING5/2 DOUBLE PILOT VALVE
Aim:
Toconstructapneumaticcircuittoactuatethedoubleactingcylinderusing5/2doublepilotvalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. 3/2pushbuttonvalve
3. 5/2doublepilotvalve
4. FRLunit
Procedure:
2. ConnectthecompressorairsupplytoFRLunit.
3. The outputs of FRL unit are directly connected to 3/2 push button valves inlet. The outputs of 3/2 push
buttonvalvesareconnectedto5/2doublepilotvalve.
4. 5/2doublepilotvalveoutputsareconnectedtodoubleactingcylinder.
5. Observetheactuationofdoubleactingcylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthedirectioncontrolofadoubleactingcylinderusing5/2doublepilotvalvewasachieved.
Expt.No.24 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER USING3/2
SINGLE SOLENOID VALVE
(ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC)
Aim:
To construct an electro - pneumatic circuit to actuate the single acting cylinder using 3/2 single solenoid valve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2Singlesolenoidvalve
4. Electricaltrainer
6. Batchcard
Procedure:
2. Theelectricaltrainergivesvoltagetopneumaticpanel.
3. ConnecttheairsupplytoFRLunit.
4. The output of FRL unit is connected to the 3/2 single solenoid valve which is activated by the electrical trainer.
5. Theoutputofthe3/2singlesolenoidvalveisconnectedtothesingleactingcylinder.
6. Observetheactuationofthesingleactingcylinderusing3/2singlesolenoidvalve.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwascarriedoutusing3/2singlesolenoidvalve.
Expt.No.25 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING‘ON’ DELAY TIMER
Aim:
ToconstructanelectropneumaticcircuitfortheactuationofsingleactingcylinderusingONdelaytimer
ApparatusRequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. Timedelayvalve
4. Electricalcontroller
6. 3/2Singlesolenoidvalve
7. Batchcard
Procedure:
1. Thepowersupplyisprovidedtoelectricalcontrollerbyinterfacingthe+veto+veand-veto-ve.
2. Thepowersupplyisprovidedtopneumatictrainerfromelectricalcontrollerbyinterfacing24+veto
+veand-veto-ve.
3. UsingtheSPDTswitchenergizethecorrespondingsolenoidtogetthedesiredmovementofthe cylinder.
4. Actuatethetimedelaycircuit.
5. Fromthetimedelay,giveconnectiontosingleactingcylinderaccordingtothetimeset.
6. Designanddrawthepneumaticcircuit.
7. Testthecircuit.
8. Observetheworkingofthecylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThustheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwascarriedoutusingONdelaytimer.
Expt.No.26 ACTUATION OF SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
USING‘OFF’ DELAY TIMER
Aim:
ToconstructanelectropneumaticcircuitfortheactuationofsingleactingcylinderusingOFFdelaytimer
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. 3/2Singleactingcylinder
4. Electricalcontroller
6. OFFdelaytimer
7. Batchcard
Procedure:
1. Providepowersupplytopneumatictrainerfromelectricalcontrollerbyinterfacing24+and24-.
2. Provide24Vpowersupplytotimer.
3. AnyoneoftheoutputofFRLunitdirectconnectto3/2singlesolenoidvalve.
4. Singlesolenoidvalveoutputisconnectingtosingleactingcylinder.
5. Give+24Vand-24VinTimer.
6. OutputofTimerconnectedtosolenoidcoil.
7. Checktheallcircuit.
8. Observetheworkingofcylinder.
9. Observetheworkingcircuit.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThusthemovementofsingleactingcylinderwascarriedoutusingOFFdelaytimer.
Expt.No.27 DESIGN AND TESTING OF LOGICAL CONTROL
OFDOUBLE ACTINGCYLINDERUSING ‘OR’ GATE
Aim:
Toconstructthepneumaticcircuittoactuateadoubleactingcylinderusingtwoidenticalpushbutton operated valves and a
shuttle valve
Apparatusrequired:
2. 3/2wayvalves
3. 5/2wayvalve
4. Compressor
5. Shuttlevalve(ORgate)
Procedure:
1. Thecircuitisconstructedasperthediagram.
2. ThecompressorisconnectedtotheFRLunit.
3. Thetwo3/2wayvalvesareconnectedtotheshuttlevalvewhichispilotoperated.
4. Whenboth ofthe pushbuttons arepressed orany oneofthepush buttonis pressed,the piston extends and retracts
upon release.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthecircuitisconstructedandtestedasperthegivenapplication.
Outcome:
1. Able to learn the working principles of hydraulic system, basic pneumatic system and electro-
pneumatic system were studied.
2. Able to understand the operation of direction control valves, flow control valves and pressure control valves.
Applications:
Hydrauliccircuits–precisecontroloflargerforcese.g.earthmovers,materialhandlingequipment,etc.
Pneumaticcircuits -A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automaticsolenoid valvesis selected when it
provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative toelectric motors and actuators.
Pneumatics also has applications indentistry,construction,mining, and other areas.
Electropneumaticcircuits–industrialautomation
Viva-voce
1. Whatismeantbyfluidpower?
2. Whatisacheckvalve?
3. Whatisasolenoidvalve?
4. Define–FRLunit
5. Define–DCV
6. Differentiatebetweenmeter-inandmeter-outcontrols.
7. Whatisthefunctionofanunloadingvalve?
8. Whatisthefunctionofasequencevalve?
9. Whatisthefunctionofashuttlevalve?
10. Whatisthefunctionofaspoolvalve?
11. Whatisthefunctionofaprocesscontrolvalve?
12. Whatisthefunctionofa2-waypressurevalve?
13. Whyhydraulicpowerisespeciallyusedinheavyworks?
14. Wherearepneumaticsystemspreferred?
15. Namethebasiccomponentsofahydraulicsystem.
16. Whatisthefunctionofareliefvalveinahydraulicsystem?
17. Drawthesymbolsforapressurereliefvalveandapressurereducingvalve.
18. WhatismeantbyNCandNOcontacts?
19. Whatisthefunctionofacompressor?
20. Whatisthefunctionofanaccumulator?
MODELINGANDANALYSISOFBASICHYDRAULIC,PNEUMATICAND
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS USING PNEUMOSIM SOFTWARE
Expt.No.28 SIMULATION OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
USINGTIME DELAY VALVE
Aim:
To design a pneumatic circuit to actuate a double acting cylinder using time delay valve and simulate the circuit in
Pneumosim software
Apparatusrequired:
1. Flowcontrolvalve
2. Timedelayvalve
3. 3/2wayspringoperatedvalve
4. 5/2wayvalve
5. Pneumosimsoftware
Procedure:
1. Thecircuitisdesignedasperthegivenexperiment.
2. Openanewfilefromthepulldownmenubar.
3. Selectanddragtherequiredcomponentsfromthecomponentslibrary.
4. Connectthecomponentsasperthecircuitconnection.
5. Simulatethecircuittochecktheactuation.
6. Observetheactuationofdoubleactingcylinderusingtimedelayvalve.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThusthecircuitisdesignedandsimulatedbyusingPneumosimsoftwareforthegivenapplication.
Expt.No.29 SIMULATIONOFDOUBLEACTINGCYLINDERSIN
THESEQUENCEOF A+B+B-A-
Aim:
TosimulatedoubleactingcylindersinthesequenceofA+B+B-A-usingPneumosimsoftware
Apparatusrequired:
1. Doubleactingcylinders
2. 5/2doublesolenoidvalve
3. Compressor
4. LimitSwitches
5. Pushbuttonvalves
6. PneumosimSoftware
Procedure:
1. Thecircuitisdesignedasperthegivenexperiment.
2. Openanewfilefromthepulldownmenubar.
3. Selectanddragtherequiredcomponentsfromthecomponentslibrary.
4. Connectthecomponentsasperthecircuitconnection.
5. Simulatethecircuittochecktheactuation.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thus the simulation of double acting cylinders in the sequence of A+B+B-A- was achieved using Pneumosimsoftware.
Expt.No.30 DESIGNANDTESTINGOFPNEUMATICCIRCUITFOR
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF
MULTICYLINDERSINTHESEQUENCEOFA+B+
A-B-
Aim:
To design and test a pneumatic circuit for single cycle automation of multicylinders in the sequence of A+B+ A-
B-
Apparatusrequired:
1. DoubleActingCylinder
2. 5/2waypilotoperatedvalve
4. Rolleroperatedvalves
Procedure:
1. Thecircuitisdesignedasperthegivenapplication.
2. ThecompressorisconnectedtoFRLunit.
3. The cylinder A extends when the roller operated valve R2 is actuated, whichinitiates the extension ofcylinder B.
4. ThisactuatestherolleroperatedvalveR4whichretractsthecylinderA.
5. TheretractedcylinderAactuatestherolleroperatedvalveR1whichresultsintheretractionof cylinder B.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthepneumaticcircuitforthegivenapplicationisdesignedandtested.
Expt.No.31 DESIGNANDTESTINGOFPNEUMATICCIRCUITFOR
SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF
MULTICYLINDERSINTHESEQUENCEOFA+B+
B-A-
Aim:
Todesignandtesta pneumaticcircuitforsinglecycleautomationof multicylinderinthesequenceof A+B+ B- A- using
cascading method
Apparatusrequired:
1. DoubleActingCylinder
4. Rolleroperatedvalves
Procedure:
3. The cylinder A extends when the roller operated valveR2 is actuated which initiates the extension of cylinder
B.
4. ThisactuatestherolleroperatedvalveR4whichretractsthecylinderA.
5. TheretractedcylinderAactuatestherolleroperatedvalveR1whichresultsinretractionofcylinderB.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Expt.No.32 DESIGNANDTESTINGOFTHEACTUATIONOF
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
ELECTROPNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
Aim:
Toactuateadoubleactingcylinderusingelectricallyoperatedsolenoidvalve
Apparatusrequired:
3. Compressor
Procedure:
2. The5/2doublesolenoidvalveisoperatedbytheswitchesS1andS2.
3. When the start button is pressed, solenoid valve 1 gets energized and the cylinder moves in forward direction.
4. Atthe endoftheforward stroke,theswitchs1gets closedanditclosesrelay coil RL2,thenthe solenoid valve 2 gets
energized and the cylinder moves in reverse direction.
5. Thisprocessisrepeated.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheelectropneumaticcircuitforgivenapplicationisdesignedandsimulated.
Expt.No.33 DESIGNANDTESTINGOFMULTICYCLEOPERATION
OF DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER USING
ELECTROPNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
Aim:
To actuate a double acting cylinder in multi cyclic continuous reciprocation using electrically operated solenoid valve
Apparatusrequired:
3. Compressor
Procedure:
2. The5/2doublesolenoidvalveisoperatedbyswitchesS1andS2.
3. When the start button is pressed, it closes the relay coil RL1 and solenoid valve 1 gets energized
whichmovesthecylinderforwarddirection.
4. Attheendoftheforwardstroke,theswitchS1getsclosedanditclosestherelaycoilRL2,thenthe solenoid valve S2
gets energized and the cylinder moves in reverse direction.
5. Attheendofthereturnstroke,theswitchS2getsclosedanditclosesrelaycoilRL2.Thenthe solenoid valve 1 gets
energized and the cylinder moves in forward direction.
6. Thisprocessisrepeated.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheelectropneumaticcircuitforgivenapplicationisdesignedandsimulated.
Expt.No.34 DESIGNANDTESTINGOFELECTROPNEUMATIC
CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE CYCLE AUTOMATION OF
MULTICYLINDERS IN THE SEQUENCE OF A+B+B-A-
Aim:
Todesignandtestaelectropneumaticcircuitforsinglecycleautomationofmulti cylinders in the
sequence of A + B + B - A -
Apparatusrequired:
1. Doubleactingcylinders
3. Compressor
Procedure:
3. The cylinder A extends when the solenoid valve S1 is actuated which further initiates the extension ofcylinder B.
4. ThisactuatesthemagneticswitchS1andthesolenoidvalveS4whichresultsintheretractionof cylinder B.
5. TheretractedcylinderBactuatesthesolenoidvalvewhichresultsinretractionofcylinderA.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Outcome:
Able to understand the design and simulation of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits using Hydro-sim and Pneumo-
sim software respectively.
Applications:
Hydrauliccircuits–precisecontroloflargerforcese.g.earthmovers,materialhandlingequipment,etc.
Pneumaticcircuits -A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automaticsolenoid valvesis selected when it
provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternativeto electric motors and actuators.
Pneumatics also has applications indentistry,construction,mining, and other areas.
Electropneumaticcircuits–industrialautomation
Viva-voce
1. Whatismeantbyanactuator?
2. Whatarethetypesofactuators?
3. Whatisacontrolvalve?
4. Whatarethetypesofcontrolvalves?
5. Whatisacircuitcontrolvalve?
6. Whatisthefunctionofflowcontrolvalve?
7. Distinguishbetweenflowcontrolandneedlevalve.
8. Whatisthefunctionoftimedelayvalve?
9. Whatisthefunctionofpilotoperatedvalve?
10. Whatisaquickexhaustvalve?
11. Whatisthedifferencebetweenastrainerandafilter?
12. Distinguishbetweenhydraulicsandpneumatics?
13. Whatisthepurposeofapressureregulator?
14. Whylubricatorisusedinpneumaticsystems?
15. Whataretheadvantagesofhydro-pneumatics?
16. Whatismeantbylogiccontrol?
17. Namethedifferentpneumaticpositionsensors.
18. Howdoyourateacompressor?
19. Whatistheuseofableed–offcircuit?
20. ListtheimportanceofHydrosimandPneumosimsoftware.
STUDYOFPLCANDITSAPPLICATIONS
Expt.No.35 ACTUATIONOFSINGLEACTINGCYLINDERWITHPLC
USING‘AND’GATE
Aim:
ToactuatethesingleactingcylinderusingANDgatewithPLCladderdiagram
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
5. VersaProsoftware
6. 3/2singlesolenoidvalve
Procedure:
2. Provide+24Vand-24VfromPLCtrainertoelectropneumaticpanel.
3. TheoutputofthePLC(Q1)isconnectedtotheinputof3/2singlesolenoidvalve.
4. ThenopentheVersaProsoftwareindesktop.
5. InterfacethePLCwiththesystemusingRS232cable.
7. TheoutputofFRLunitisconnectedtothe3/2singlesolenoidvalve.
8. ChecktheLadderdiagram.
9. RunthePLC.Whentwoinputs(1i,2i)arehigh,thenoutputalsowillbehigh.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThustheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingANDGatewasdone.
USING‘OR’GATE
Aim:
ToactuatethesingleactingcylinderusingORGatewithPLCladderdiagram
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
3. VersaProsoftware
5. PLC
Procedure:
2. Provide+24Vand–24VfromPLCtrainertoElectropneumaticpanelkit.
3. OpentheVersaProsoftwareindesktop.
4. InterfacethePLCwiththesystemusingRS232cable.
5. Drawladderdiagram.
6. TheoutputofPLC(q1)isconnectedtotheinputofsolenoidvalve.
7. Checktheladderdiagram.
9. RunthePLC.Whenanyoneinputishigh,thentheoutputwillbehigh.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThustheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwithORGatewasdoneusingPLC.
USING'ON'DELAYTIMER
Aim:
ToactuatethesingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingONdelaytimer
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
5. singleactingcylinder
6. VersaProsoftware
Procedure:
2. Provide+24Vand–24VfromPLCtrainertopneumaticpanelkit.
4. InterfacethePLCwithPCusingRS232cable.
5. Drawaladderdiagram.
9. RunthePLCuponthedelay,thecylindershouldbeactivated.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThustheactuationofsingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingONdelaytimerwasdone.
Expt.No.38 SIMULATETHEACTUATIONOFSINGLEACTING
CYLINDERWITHPLCUSING'OFF'DELAYTIMER
Aim:
ToactuatethesingleactingcylinderwithPLCusingOFFdelaytimer
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
5. singleactingcylinder
6. VersaProsoftware
Procedure:
5. Drawtheladderdiagram.
6. TheoutputofPLC(q1)isdirectconnectedtotheinputofsolenoidvalve.
9. RunthePLC.Observetheworkingofsingleactingcylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
ThusthesingleactingcylinderisactuatedwithPLCusingOFFdelaytimer.
Expt.No.39 ACTUATIONOFDOUBLEACTINGCYLINDERWITHPLC
USING5/2SINGLESOLENOIDVALVE
Aim:
ToactuatethedoubleactingcylinderwithPLCusing5/2singlesolenoidvalve
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
6. VersaProsoftware
Procedure:
9. Run the PLC input (1i), switch continuously ON and OFF. When it reaches the preset value (pv), the
cylindergetsactuated.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thusthedoubleactingcylinderisactuatedwith5/2singlesolenoidvalveusingPLC.
Expt.No.40 AUTOMATICACTUATIONOFSINGLEACTING
CYLINDERUSINGPLC
Aim:
TosimulatetheautomaticsequenceofsingleactingcylinderbyusingPLC
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
6. VersaProsoftware
Procedure:
9. RunthePLC.Observetheautomaticreciprocationofsingleactingcylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheladderdiagramfortheautomaticrunningofsingleactingcylinderisdrawnandexecuted.
Expt.No.41 AUTOMATICACTUATIONOFDOUBLEACTING
CYLINDERUSINGPLC
Aim:
TosimulatetheautomaticsequenceofdoubleactingcylinderusingPLC
Apparatusrequired:
1. Compressor
2. FRLunit
4. PLC
6. VersaProsoftware
7. Flowcontrolvalve
Procedure:
6. BoththeoutputsofPLC(q1andq2)aredirectlyconnectedtotheinputsofsolenoidvalves.
9. RunthePLC.Observetheautomaticreciprocationofdoubleactingcylinder.
Circuit diagram:
Result:
Thustheladderdiagramfortheautomaticrunningofdoubleactingcylinderisdrawnandexecuted.
Outcome:
1. Abletoconstructtheladderlogicprogrammingforvariousapplications.
2. Alsotolearntheworkingprincipleofprogrammablelogiccontroller.
Applications:
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a special computer deviceused in industrial control systems. Due to its
robust construction, exceptional functional features like sequential control, counters and timers, ease of programming,
reliable controlling capabilities and ease of hardware usage– this PLC is used as more than a special-purpose digital
computer in industries as well as in other control-system areas.
The programmable logic controller is used not only for industrial purpose but also in civil applications such as
washing machine, elevators working and traffic signals control.
Viva-voce
1. Whatisaprogrammablelogiccontroller?
2. WhatarethebasicelementsofaPLC?
3. WhatarethevariousapproachesforenteringtheprogramforPLC?
4. Whatisaladderdiagram?
5. Whatisthepurposeofanelectricaltimer?
6. Drawthegeneralladderrungstorepresentalatchcircuit.
7. HowdoesaPLCdifferfromrelaylogic?
8. WhatistheuseofJUMPcontrolinPLC?
9. WhatarethefeaturesofaPLC?
10. WhatismeantbyaninternalrelayinPLC?
11. Define–LogicalRack
12. WhatisthefunctionofaPLCinputmodule?
13. WhatisthefunctionofaPLCoutputmodule?
14. ListthebasicsectionsofanI/Omodule.
15. Whatisthefunctionofmanuallyoperatedswitch?
16. Whatisthefunctionofmechanicallyoperatedswitch?
17. Whatisthefunctionofproximityswitch?
18. Distinguishbetweenasequentialandacombinationcontrolprocess.
19. Distinguishbetweenthetimedandinstantaneouscontactsofapneumatictimer.
20. WhatdeterminesthemaximumspeedoftransitionsthataPLCcancount?
Expt.No.42 STUDYOFIMAGEPROCESSINGTECHNIQUE
Introduction:
We use photography as a way of recording and presenting information visually in everyday life to create a permanent
record of our visual experiences. There are two major areas of application of digital imageprocessing techniques: 1)
improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation and 2) processing of scene data for autonomous machine
perception. In machine perception, interest focuses on procedures for extracting image information in a form suitable for
computer processing.
Segmented images are formed from the generalized image by gathering its elements into sets thatare
likelytobeassociatedwithmeaningfulobjectsinthescene.
Inproducingthesegmentedimage,knowledgeabouttheparticulardomainisimportanttosave computation and also to
overcome problems of noise and inadequate data.
Geometric representations are used to capture the all-important data of two-dimensional and three- dimensional
shape. These geometric representations must be powerful enough to support complex and general processing, such as
'simulation' of the effects of lighting and motion.
Relational models are complex assemblages of representations that are used to support sophisticated high-
levelprocessing.
ImageFormation:
Image formation occurs when a sensor registers radiation that has interacted with physical objects. Both
humanvisionandphotographyrequirealightsourcetoilluminateascene.Thelightinteractswiththeobjects
inthesceneandsomeofitreachestheobserver,whereuponitisdetectedbytheeyesorbyacamera. Information about the
objects in the scene is recorded as variations in the intensity and colour of the detected light.
There are other forms of energy, besides light, that can be used to create images. Light is merely the visible
portion of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. EM radiation is produced by the oscillation of electrically charged material,
and haswave-like properties. EM radiation can interact with matter in different ways, depending on its wavelength.
Images acquired at different wavelengths may have very different properties.
Electromagnetic(EM)Spectrum:
ElectromagneticRadiation:
Energy emitted in the form of waves (light)or particles (photons). All the devices make use of electromagnetic waves.
Radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x rays are all examples of electromagnetic
wavesthatdifferfromeachotherinwavelength.
Thefullrangeofwavelengths(andphotonenergies)iscalledthe"electromagneticspectrum."
The ALS generates light in the far ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions, which span the wavelengths suited tostudying
molecules and atoms.
Thevisiblepartofthespectrummaybefurthersubdividedaccordingtocolor,withredatthelongwavelength end and violet at the
short wavelength end, as illustrated (schematically) in the following figure.
Image/VideoProcessing–Examples
Imageprocessingisageneraltermforthewiderangeoftechniquesthatexistformanipulatingand modifying images in various
ways.
 ImageEnhancement
 ImageRestoration
 ImageReconstruction
 FeatureExtractionandRecognition
 Compression
Result:
ThusthevarioustechniquesofImageprocessingwerestudied.
Outcome:
Abletolearnthevarioustechniquesofimageprocessing.
Applications:
Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital
images.Asasubcategory or field ofdigital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over
analog image processinge.g. remote sensing, digital camera, etc.
Viva-voce
1. Whatismeantbylightingsystem?
2. Define–CCD
3. Define–Resolution
4. Define–Pixel
5. Listthehardwareorientedcolormodel.
6. Whatismeantbygraylevel?
7. Whatismeantbysampleseeding?
8. Whatismeantbyimagemasking?
9. Whatismeantbyimageprocessing?
10. Whatismeantbyimagesegmentation?
11. Whatismeantbyimageformation?
12. Whatismeantbyimageextraction?
13. Whatismeantbyimagerestoration?
14. Whatismeantbyfeatureextraction?
15. Define–SamplingandQuantization
16. Whatismeantbyreflectance?
17. Whatismeantbyimageenhancement?
18. Whatarethedifferentmethodsofimageenhancement?
19. Whatarethevarioustypesofredundanciesavailableintheimage?
20. Whatarethevariousimagecompressiontechniquesforreducingthesizeofimages?
ADDITIONALEXPERIMENT –BEYONDTHE SYLLABUS
Expt.No.43 STUDYOFPIDCONTROLLER
Aim:
To study and verify different control actions such as On-Off control, Proportional control, Derivative control,
Integral control, Proportional + Derivative control, Proportional + Integral, Proportional + Integral +
Derivativecontrolwithatemperaturecontroller
IntroductiontoPIDcontroller:
A controller is a device which compares the output of a system with the required conditions and converts the error
signal into control action, designated to reduce the error in a closed loop control the system. The error might arrive due
to changes in the conditions being controlled or due to change in set value.
Typesofcontrolactions:
1. On–off/twostepmodecontrol
Inatwostepmode,thecontrollerisjustaswitchwhichisactivatedbytheerrorsignalandsupplies just an on-off
correcting signal. It is a discontinuous control action. A consequence of this is that oscillations ofthe controlled variable
occur about the required condition. Two step control action is used where changes are taking place very slowly i.e. with a
process with a large capacitance. On-off controllers are not restricted to mechanical switches such as bimetallic strips.
Thyristor circuits can also be employed for rapid switching. This control mode is not precise as it involves oscillations
with long periodic times.
2. Proportionalcontrol
With the proportional mode, the size of the controller output is proportional to the size of the error signal. It
means that correction element receives a signal which is equal to the size of the correction required.
Fig. shows how the output of such a controller varies with the size and sign of the error. The linear
relationship between controller output and error tends to exist for a specific portion of the graph, which is known as
proportional band. Within the proportional band the equation of the straight line is represented as
Changeincontrolleroutputfromsetpoint=Kpe
WhereeistheerrorandKpisaconstantknownasproportionalconstant.Kpisthusthegradientof
thestraightline.Thecontrolleroutputisgenerallyexpressedintermsofpercentageofthefullrangeof possible outputs
within the proportional band. Generally a 50% controller output is specified for zero error. It
isnotpossibletoachievethechangeinthepercentoutputofcontrollerwiththechangeinsetvaluewithzero error setting.It
requiresa permanenterror setting called 'offset'.The sizeofthe offsetis proportionalto the size of load changes and
inversely proportional to Kp, so a higher value of Kp gives more steeper graph. This mode is utilized in processes where
the value of transfer function can be increased large enough so as to reduce the offset to an acceptable level.
BlockdiagramofPIDtrainersystem:
3. Derivativecontrol
Withthederivativemode of control thechangeincontroller output from setpointis proportional totherate of change with
respecttotime of error signal. This canbe representedby theequation
Iout-IO=KDde/dt
WhereIOisthesetpointoutputvalueandIoutistheoutputvaluethatwilloccur
whentheerroris'e'changesattherateofde/dt.Itisusualtoexpressthesecontrolleroutputsaspercentageofthefullrangeof
theoutputandtheerrorasthepercentageoffullrange.Withthederivativemode,theerrorsignalbeginsto
changetherecanbequitealargeoutputsinceitisproportionaltotherateofchangeoferrorsignalandnot
thevalueoferrorsignal.Thecontroller outputisconstantastherateofchangeisalsoconstantandoccurs immediately as the
deviation occurs. Derivative mode is not suitable for steady state error signals.
4. Integralcontrol
TheintegralmodeofcontrolisonewheretherateofchangeofthecontroloutputIisproportionalto the error signale.
dI/dt=KIe
Precautions:
1. EnsurethePIDtrainerisconnectedto230VACmains.
2. Ensurenoanyerrordetectedwhileself-diagnosticcheckduringpowerON.
3. Ensurethepropermodeofcontrolactionisselected.
4. EnsuretheproperPIDconstantsareprogrammed.
5. Ensurethepropersetpointisprogrammed.
Result:
ThusthevarioustypesofPIDcontrollerwerestudied.
Expt.No.44 SPEEDCONTROLOFSERVOMOTORUSING
PIDCONTROLLER
Aim:
Tocontrolthespeedofservomotor(PMDCmotor)
Requirements:
1. Speedcontrolunit
2. MicrocontrollerPLC/PC
3. Servomotor
4. Opticalsensor
5. PCpowercordandcable
Procedure:
1. TheservomotorPCpowercordandopticalsensorareconnectedtothespeedcontrolunitandPID controller.
2. ThepowerfromPIDcontrollercontrolsthevoltagerequiredforthesetspeed.
3. NowconnectPIDcontrollerandservomotorbyapowercord.
4. SwitchonthePIDcontroller.
5. SelectINCforautomodeaftergivingthemaximumrangeofspeedofmotoras1000rpm.
6. Enterthesetpointas50andthevalueasKp=1000,Ki=000.010andKd=0.
7. Selecttheenterkey.
8. Afterthefewrecords,theservomotorrunswiththegiven1000rpm.
9. Theexperimentcanberepeatedandcheckedfordifferentspeeds.
Result:
ThusthespeedcontrolofservomotorusingPIDisstudiedandtheexperimentwasdone.
Expt.No.45 REALTIMETEMPERATURECONTROLLERUSINGPID
Aim:
TocontrolthetemperatureoftheprocessusingPID
Requirements:
1. VRITCOLUnit(Versatileandhighlyreliablestandardrealtimetemperaturecontroller)
2. Microcontroller/PLC
3. Heatersetup
4. RTD
5. PCpowercordandcable
Procedure:
1. Theheater,powersupplyandsensorareconnectedtothePID.
2. Theswitchisprovidedtocontroltheheatersupplyvoltageeithermanuallyorinautomode.
3. Iftheswitchisselectedas“intmode”potentiometerisprovidedtocontroltheheatersupplyvoltage.
4. Iftheswitchisselectedas"extmode"theheatsupplyvoltageiscontrolledbyanymodeofthe controller.
5. Interfacingshouldbefollowedas1stpintogrid2ndpintoADC(negative),3rdpintoADC(Positive).
6. PALoutputisfedontothe4th,5thpinand9thpinDconnector.
7. NowswitchonVRTTC-01unitandheatersetup.
8. Enterthecontrolparameteras
a. Maximumrange>600C
b. Setpoint >500C
c. Kp> 5
d. Ki>0.001
e. Kd> 0
9. Basedonoptimumparameterthetemperaturereachestothedesiredlevelof600C.
10. Forthegivensetpoint,processresponsevariesby temperaturechangeandreachesthedesired temperature of
600Caftera few minutes.
Result:
Thustherealtimetemperaturecontrollerisstudiedandtherequiredisachieved.
Expt.No.46 STUDYOFPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOF
PRESSURECONTROLLERS
Aim:
TostudytheperformanceofON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PIDcontrolleronpressureprocess
Introduction:
VMPA–62isamultiprocessstationwhichcontrolsflow,pressureandtemperature.
Here PC acts as an error detector and controller. Set point is given manually to the computer. It gets process
variables from the process and accordingly it generates error. According to instantaneous error controller output is
developed andagain feedback is sent to the process for controlling.
Water is in the reservoir tank is pumped either directly to rotometer or through overhead tank using pumpand with the
help of some hand valves.
Pressurecontrol:
In pressure control, pressure is developed in the head level of the process tank using the height of the fluid in it.
This bottom pressure is taken and transmitted by a piezo resistive pressure transmitter and the output is generated.
This is feed to the pneumatic control valve through current to pressure (I to P) converter by opening and closing of
valve gets controlled by the amount of flow into the process tank is adjusted. It controls theheight of the fluid in the
pressure tankandthus thebottom pressure.
Apparatusrequired:
1. VMPA–62
2. DataAcquisitioncard/Digitalcontrollerwithcable
3. PCwithprocesscontrolsoftware
4. Patchchords
Hand valve settings:
HV1–Partiallyclosed
HV2–Fullyopened HV3–
Fullyclosed
HV4–Fullyclosed
HV5–Fullyopened
HV6–Fullyclosed HV7
– Partially opened
Pressurerange:
Input = 0 –500 mm of water column
Output=4 -20mA
Procedure:
1. EnsuretheavailabilityofAirandwater.
2. InterfacetheDataAcquisitioncardorDigitalcontrollerwiththeprocessandPC.
3. Maketheconnectionsasrequired.
4. Maintainthegaugepressure(G2)at20psibyusingairregulatorknob.
5. Ensurethehandvalvesettingsarecorrect.
6. SwitchontheVMPA–62unitandDataAcquisitioncardwithPC.
7. Invokeprocesscontrolsoftware.
8. Select"Pressure<<control<<ON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PID".
9. SwitchONthepumpandselectdesiredspeedofthepumpbyvaryingspeedcontrolknob.
10. Entertheparametersandobservetheresponsesofvariouscontrollersatvarioussetpoints.
11. Notedownthecurrentreadingsforvariouspressurereadings.
12. SwitchOFFthepump.
13. SavetheresponseanddrawthegraphbetweenpressureVsoutputcurrentandconcludethe behavior of pressure
process.
Tabulation:
Gauge Pressure Pressure transmitter
Sl.No.
(mm of water column) currentOutput(mA)
Modelgraph:
Output
Current(mA)
Pressure(mmwc)
89 FormatNo:D CE/Stud/LM/34/Issue:00/Revision:00
Blockdiagram:
Result:
ThustheperformanceofON-OFF/P/PI/PD/PIDcontrolleronpressureprocesswasstudied.
Outcome:
Abletolearnthetypesofcontrolmodesandthefunctionofelementsintheclosedloopcontrolsystem.
Applications:
APID(ProportionalIntegral Derivative) controller is a common instrument used inindustrialcontrol
applications. A PID controller can be used for regulation of speed, temperature, flow, pressure and
otherprocessvariables.
Viva-voce
1. Whatarethetypesofcontrollers?
2. Define–PIDController
3. Define–DerivativeGain
4. Define–IntegralGain
5. Define–ProportionalGain
6. Define–ResetRate
7. Whatismeantbyfeedback?
8. WhatisthefunctionofanON/OFFcontroller?
9. Whatisthefunctionofaproportionalcontroller?
10. Whatisthefunctionofaderivativecontroller?
11. Whatisthefunctionofanintegralcontroller?
12. Define–MRAC
13. Define–ProportionalBand
14. Whatismeantbyselftuning?
15. Whatismeantbyerror?
Expt.No.47 HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS
Expt.No.48 PNEUMATICSYMBOLS
ME6712-MECHATRONICSLABORATORY
LISTOFPROJECTS
 AutomatedDoubleHacksaw
 Design&FabricationofAttachableWheelchairAutomator
 ElectromagneticBrakingSystem
 Electronicassistedhydraulicbrakingsystem
 TwoWheelerAutomationwithsecuritySystem
 SensorBasedInspectionConveyor
 Automaticdrunkendriveavoidingsystemforautomobile
 AutomaticSolarTrafficandStreetLightController
 AutomaticWheelChairforphysicallydisabledperson
 FabricationofAutomaticjack

Mechatronics Lab Manual Final Dce 23.7.16

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Mechatronics Lab Manual Final Dce 23.7.16

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mechatronics Lab Manual Final Dce 23.7.16

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DhanalakshmiCollegeofEngineering

mechanical engineers of excellent caliber

andto inculcatethe spirit of moral valuesand ethics to serve the society

problems in industry and to develop a practical solution for them

inever changing technologies

environmental, social, political, ethical, safety and sustainability

verbal and written forms

1. Assembly language programming of 8085– Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Sorting

Thustheprogramtorunthesteppermotoratdifferentspeedsanddifferentdirectionswaswrittenusing 8051 assembly

Micrometerdisplacement(mm) Coredisplacement(mm) Differentialvoltage(mV)

Actualtemperature(oC) Outputvoltage(V) Displayedtemperature(oC) %Error

You might also like