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 Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction Callister
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CHAPTER 2

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

Fundamental Concepts
Electrons in Atoms

2.1 Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight.

Solution

Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom, whereas atomic weight is the average (weighted) of the
atomic masses of an atom's naturally occurring isotopes.
 2.2 Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes: 92.23% of 28Si, with an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu,
4.68% of 29Si, with an atomic weight of 28.9765 amu, and 3.09% of 30Si, with an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu. On
the basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28.0854 amu.

Solution

The average atomic weight of silicon ( ASi ) is computed by adding fraction-of-occurrence/atomic weight

products for the three isotopes—i.e., using Equation 2.2. (Remember: fraction of occurrence is equal to the percent
of occurrence divided by 100.) Thus

ASi = f 28 A28 + f29 A29 + f30 A30

Si Si Si Si Si Si

= (0.9223)(27.9769) + (0.0468)(28.9765) + (0.0309)(29.9738) = 28.0854

 64
2.3 Zinc has five naturally occurring isotopes: 48.63% of Zn with an atomic weight of 63.929 amu;

27.90% of 66
Zn with an atomic weight of 65.926 amu ; 4.10% of 67Zn with an atomic weight of 66.927 amu; 18.75%

of 68Zn with an atomic weight of 67.925 amu; and 0.62% of 70

Zn with an atomic weight of 69.925 amu. Calculate

the average atomic weight of Zn.

Solution
The average atomic weight of zinc AZn is computed by adding fraction-of-occurrence—atomic weight

products for the five isotopes—i.e., using Equation 2.2. (Remember: fraction of occurrence is equal to the percent

of occurrence divided by 100.) Thus

AZn = f64 A64 Zn + f66 A66Zn + f67Zn A67Zn + f68 A68Zn + f70 A70Zn
Zn Zn Zn Zn

Including data provided in the problem statement we solve for AZn as

AZn = (0.4863)(63.929 amu) + (0.2790)(65.926 amu)

+ (0.0410)(66.927 amu) + (0.1875)(67.925 amu) + (0.0062)(69.925)

= 65.400 amu
 113 115
2.4 Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes: In with an atomic weight of 112.904 amu, and In
with an atomic weight of 114.904 amu. If the average atomic weight for In is 114.818 amu, calculate the fraction-
of-occurrences of these two isotopes.

Solution
The average atomic weight of indium ( AIn ) is computed by adding fraction-of-occurrence—atomic weight

products for the two isotopes—i.e., using Equation 2.2, or

AIn = f113 A113 + f115 A115

In In In In

Because there are just two isotopes, the sum of the fracture-of-occurrences will be 1.000; or

f113 + f115 = 1.000

In In
which means that

f113 = 1.000 - f115

In In

Substituting into this expression the one noted above for f113 , and incorporating the atomic weight values
In

provided in the problem statement yields

114.818 amu = f113 A113 + f115 A115

In In In In

114.818 amu = (1.000 - f113 ) A113 + f115 A115

In In In In

114.818 amu = (1.000 - f115 )(112.904 amu) + f115 (114.904 amu)

In In

114.818 amu = 112.904 amu - f115 (112.904 amu) + f115 (114.904 amu)
In In

Solving this expression for f115 yields f115 = 0.957 . Furthermore, because
In In

f113 = 1.000 - f115

In In
then

f113 = 1.000 - 0.957 = 0.043

In
 2.5 (a) How many grams are there in one amu of a material?
(b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many atoms are
there in a pound-mole of a substance?

Solution

(a) In order to determine the number of grams in one amu of material, appropriate manipulation of the
amu/atom, g/mol, and atom/mol relationships is all that is necessary, as

æ 1 mol öæ 1 g/mol ö
#g/amu =
6.022 ´ 1023 atoms 1amu/atom

= 1.66  10−24 g/amu

(b) Since there are 453.6 g/lbm,

1 lb-mol = (453.6 g/lbm )(6.022 ´ 10 23 atoms/g-mol)

= 2.73  1026 atoms/lb-mol

 2.6 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom.
(b) Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wave-mechanical atomic model.

Solution

(a) Two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom are (1) that
electrons are particles moving in discrete orbitals, and (2) electron energy is quantized into shells.
(b) Two important refinements resulting from the wave-mechanical atomic model are (1) that electron
position is described in terms of a probability distribution, and (2) electron energy is quantized into both shells and
subshells--each electron is characterized by four quantum numbers.
2.7 Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four quantum numbers specify?

Solution

The n quantum number designates the electron shell.

The l quantum number designates the electron subshell.
The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each electron subshell.
The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron.
 2.8 Allowed values for the quantum numbers of electrons are as follows:

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

l = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n –1 ml

= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . , ±l

1
ms = ±
2

The relationships between n and the shell designations are noted in Table 2.1. Relative to the subshells,

l = 0 corresponds to an s subshell

l = 1 corresponds to a p subshell

l = 2 corresponds to a d subshell

l = 3 corresponds to an f subshell

For the K shell, the four quantum numbers for each of the two electrons in the 1s state, in the order of nlm lms, are
1 1
100( 2 ) and 100 ( - ). Write the four quantum numbers for all of the electrons in the L and M shells, and note which
2

correspond to the s, p, and d subshells.

Answer

For the L state, n = 2, and eight electron states are possible. Possible l values are 0 and 1, while possible ml
1 1
values are 0 and ±1; and possible ms values are ±
2
. Therefore, for the s states, the quantum numbers are 200 ( )
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
and 200 ( - ) . For the p states, the quantum numbers are 210 ( ) , 210 ( - ) , 211( ) , 211( - ) , 21( -1)( ) , and
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
21( -1)( - ).
2

For the M state, n = 3, and 18 states are possible. Possible l values are 0, 1, and 2; possible ml values are 0,
1 1
±1, and ±2; and possible ms values are ± . Therefore, for the s states, the quantum numbers are 300 ( ) ,
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
300 ( - ) , for the p states they are 310 ( ) , 310 ( - ) , 311( ) , 311( - ) , 31( -1)( ) , and 31( -1)( - ) ; for the d
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
states they are 320 ( ) , 320 ( - ) , 321( ) , 321( - ) , 32( -1)( ) , 32 ( -1) ( - ) , 322 ( ) , 322 ( - ) , 32( -2)( ) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
and 32( -2) ( - ) .
2
 2.9 Give the electron configurations for the following ions: P 5+, P3–, Sn4+, Se2–, I–, and Ni2+.

Solution

The electron configurations for the ions are determined using Table 2.2 (and Figure 2.8).

P5+: From Table 2.2, the electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus is 1s22s22p63s23p3. In order to
become an ion with a plus five charge, it must lose five electrons—in this case the three 3p and the two 3s. Thus,
the electron configuration for a P5+ ion is 1s22s22p6.
P3–: From Table 2.2, the electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus is 1s22s22p63s23p3. In order to
become an ion with a minus three charge, it must acquire three electrons—in this case another three 3p. Thus, the
electron configuration for a P3– ion is 1s22s22p63s23p6.
Sn4+: From the periodic table, Figure 2.8, the atomic number for tin is 50, which means that it has fifty
electrons and an electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 4s24p64d105s25p2. In order to become an ion with a
plus four charge, it must lose four electrons—in this case the two 4s and two 5p. Thus, the electron configuration
for an Sn4+ ion is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d10.
Se2–: From Table 2.2, the electron configuration for an atom of selenium is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4. In
order to become an ion with a minus two charge, it must acquire two electrons—in this case another two 4p. Thus,
the electron configuration for an Se2– ion is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6.
I–: From the periodic table, Figure 2.8, the atomic number for iodine is 53, which means that it has fifty
three electrons and an electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p5. In order to become an ion
with a minus one charge, it must acquire one electron—in this case another 5p. Thus, the electron configuration for
an I– ion is 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6.
Ni2+: From Table 2.2, the electron configuration for an atom of nickel is 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2. In order
to become an ion with a plus two charge, it must lose two electrons—in this case the two 4s. Thus, the electron
configuration for a Ni2+ ion is 1s22s22p63s23p63d8.
 2.10 Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K + and I– ions have electron
structures that are identical to which two inert gases?

Solution

The K+ ion is just a potassium atom that has lost one electron; therefore, it has an electron configuration the
same as argon (Figure 2.8).
The I– ion is a iodine atom that has acquired one extra electron; therefore, it has an electron configuration
the same as xenon.
 2.11 With regard to electron configuration, what do all the elements in Group IIA of the periodic table
have in common?

Solution
Each of the elements in Group IIA has two s electrons.
 2.12 To what group in the periodic table would an element with atomic number 112 belong?

Solution

From the periodic table (Figure 2.8) the element having atomic number 112 would belong to group IIB.
According to Figure 2.8, Ds, having an atomic number of 110 lies below Pt in the periodic table and in the right-
most column of group VIII. Moving two columns to the right puts element 112 under Hg and in group IIB.
This element has been artificially created and given the name Copernicium with the symbol Cn. It was
named after Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish scientist who proposed that the earth moves around the sun (and not
vice versa).
 2.13 Without consulting Figure 2.8 or Table 2.2, determine whether each of the following electron
configurations is an inert gas, a halogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a transition metal. Justify your
choices.
(a) 1s22s22p63s23p5
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2
(c) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
(d) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
(e) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d55s2
(f) 1s22s22p63s2

Solution

(a) The 1s22s22p63s23p5 electron configuration is that of a halogen because it is one electron deficient
from having a filled p subshell.
(b) The 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2 electron configuration is that of a transition metal because of an
incomplete d subshell.
(c) The 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 electron configuration is that of an inert gas because of filled 4s and
4p subshells.
(d) The 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 electron configuration is that of an alkali metal because of a single s electron.
(e) The 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d55s2 electron configuration is that of a transition metal because of
an incomplete d subshell.
(f) The 1s22s22p63s2 electron configuration is that of an alkaline earth metal because of two s electrons.
2.14 (a) What electron subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements on the periodic table?
(b) What electron subshell is being filled for the actinide series?

Solution

(a) The 4f subshell is being filled for the rare earth series of elements.
(b) The 5f subshell is being filled for the actinide series of elements.
 Bonding Forces and Energies

2.15 Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and an O2– ion whose centers are separated by a
distance of 1.25 nm.

Solution

To solve this problem for the force of attraction between these two ions it is necessary to use Equation 2.13,
which takes on the form of Equation 2.14 when values of the constants e and  are included—that is

FA =
( )( Z2 )
(2.31 ´ 10-28 N-m2 ) Z1
r2

If we take ion 1 to be Ca2+ and ion 2 to be O2–, then Z1 = +2 and Z2 = −2; also, from the problem statement r = 1.25
nm = 1.25  10-9 m. Thus, using Equation 2.14, we compute the force of attraction between these two ions as
follows:

FA =
( )( -2 )
(2.31 ´ 10 -28 N-m 2 ) +2
(1.25 ´ 10 -9 m)2

5.91 ´ 10-10 N
 2.16 The atomic radii of Mg2+ and F− ions are 0.072 and 0.133 nm, respectively.
(a) Calculate the force of attraction between these two ions at their equilibrium interionic separation (i.e.,
when the ions just touch one another).
(b) What is the force of repulsion at this same separation distance.

Solution

This problem is solved in the same manner as Example Problem 2.2.

(a) The force of attraction FA is calculated using Equation 2.14 taking the interionic separation r to be r0

the equilibrium separation distance. This value of r0 is the sum of the atomic radii of the Mg2+ and F− ions (per
Equation 2.15)—that is

r0 = rMg2+ + rF -

= 0.072 nm + 0.133 nm = 0.205 nm = 0.205 ´ 10-9

m
We may now compute FA using Equation 2.14. If was assume that ion 1 is Mg 2+ and ion 2 is F− then the respective
charges on these ions are Z1 = Z Mg 2+ = +2 , whereas Z2 = ZF - = -1. Therefore, we determine FA as follows:

FA =
(2.31 ´ 10-28 N-m2 ) Z1 ( ) ( Z2
)
r02

=
( )( -1 )
(2.31 ´ 10 -28 N-m 2 ) +2
(0.205 ´ 10-9 m)2

= 1.10 ´ 10-8
N

(b) At the equilibrium separation distance the sum of attractive and repulsive forces is zero according to
Equation 2.4. Therefore

FR = − FA

= − (1.10  10−8 N) = − 1.10  10−8 N

 2.17 The force of attraction between a divalent cation and a divalent anion is 1.67  10-8 N. If the ionic
radius of the cation is 0.080 nm, what is the anion radius?

Solution

To begin, let us rewrite Equation 2.15 to read as follows:

r0 = rC + rA

in which rC and rA represent, respectively, the radii of the cation and anion. Thus, this problem calls for us to

determine the value of rA . However, before this is possible, it is necessary to compute the value of r0 using

Equation 2.14, and replacing the parameter r with r0 . Solving this expression for r0 leads to the following:

r0 =
( )( Z )
(2.31 ´ 10-28 N-m 2 ) Z C A
FA

Here ZC and Z A represent charges on the cation and anion, respectively. Furthermore, inasmuch as both ion are

divalent means that ZC = +2 and ZA = -2 . The value of r0 is determined as follows:

r0 =
(2.31 ´ 10-28 N-m2 ) +2 ( ) ( -2
)
1.67 ´ 10 -8 N

= 0.235 ´ 10-9 m = 0.235

nm

Using the version of Equation 2.15 given above, and incorporating this value of r0 and also the value of rC given in

the problem statement (0.080 nm) it is possible to solve for rA :

rA = r0 - rC

= 0.235 nm - 0.080 nm = 0.155 nm

 2.18 The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, may be represented by the sum of Equations

2.9 and 2.11; that is,

A B
EN = - + (2.17)
r rn

Calculate the bonding energy E 0 in terms of the parameters A, B, and n using the following procedure:
1. Differentiate EN with respect to r, and then set the resulting expression equal to zero, since the curve of
EN versus r is a minimum at E0.
2. Solve for r in terms of A, B, and n, which yields r 0, the equilibrium interionic spacing.
3. Determine the expression for E0 by substitution of r0 into Equation 2.17.

Solution

(a) Differentiation of Equation 2.17 yields

æ Aö æ Bö
d - d
dE N è ç r ø÷ çè r÷n ø
= +
dr dr dr
A nB
= (1 + 1) - (n + 1) = 0
r r

(b) Now, solving for r (= r0)

A nB
=
r02 r0(n + 1)

or
1/(1 - n)
æ Aö
r0 = ç ÷
è nB ø

(c) Substitution for r0 into Equation 2.17 and solving for E (= E0) yields

A B
E0 = - + n
r0 r0

A B
= - 1/(1 - n)
+ n/(1 - n)
æ Aö æ Aö
çè nB ÷ø çè nB ÷ø
 2.19 For a Na+–Cl– ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER, respectively, depend on the

distance between the ions r, according to

1.436
EA = -
r

7.32 ´ 10-6
ER =
r8

For these expressions, energies are expressed in electron volts per Na +–Cl– pair, and r is the distance in
nanometers. The net energy EN is just the sum of the preceding two expressions.
(a) Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER, and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm.
(b) On the basis of this plot, determine (i) the equilibrium spacing r 0 between the Na+ and Cl– ions, and (ii)
the magnitude of the bonding energy E0 between the two ions.
(c) Mathematically determine the r0 and E0 values using the solutions to Problem 2.18, and compare these
with the graphical results from part (b).

Solution

(a) Curves of EA, ER, and EN are shown on the plot below.

(b) From this plot:

r0 = 0.24 nm
E0 = −5.3 eV
 (c) From Equation 2.17 for EN

A = 1.436
B = 7.32  10−6
n=8
Thus,

1/(1 - n)
æ ö
r0 = ç A ÷
è nB ø

é
1/(1 - 8)
1.436 ù
=ê ú = 0.236 nm
ëê (8)(7.32 ´ 10 ) ûú
-6

and
1.436 7.32 ´ 10 -6
E0 = - +
é ù1/(1 - 8) é ù
8/(1 - 8)
1.436 1.436
ê ú ê ú
ê ú ê -6 ú

ë (8)(7.32 ´ 10
-6 )
ë (8)(7.32 ´ 10 û )û

= – 5.32 eV
 2.20 Consider a hypothetical X+–Y– ion pair for which the equilibrium interionic spacing and bonding
energy values are 0.38 nm and –5.37 eV, respectively. If it is known that n in Equation 2.17 has a value of 8, using
the results of Problem 2.18, determine explicit expressions for attractive and repulsive energies E A and ER of

Equations 2.9 and 2.11.

Solution

(a) This problem gives us, for a hypothetical X +-Y- ion pair, values for r0 (0.38 nm), E0 (– 5.37 eV), and n
(8), and asks that we determine explicit expressions for attractive and repulsive energies of Equations 2.9 and 2.11.
In essence, it is necessary to compute the values of A and B in these equations. Expressions for r0 and E0 in terms

of n, A, and B were determined in Problem 2.18, which are as follows:

1/(1 - n)
æ Aö
r0 = ç ÷
è nB ø

A B
E0 = - 1/(1 - n)
+
n/(1 - n)
æ Aö æ Aö
çè nB ÷ø çè nB ÷ø

Thus, we have two simultaneous equations with two unknowns (viz. A and B). Upon substitution of values for r0
and E0 in terms of n, the above two equations become

æ A ö 1/(1 - 8) æ A ö-1/7
0.38 nm = =

8B 8B
and
A B
-5.37 eV = - +
1/(1 - 8) 8/(1 - 8)
æ Aö æ Aö
çè 8 B ÷ø çè 8 B ÷ø

A B
= - +
-1/7 -8/7
æ Aö æ A ö
çè 8B ÷ø çè 10B ÷ø

We now want to solve these two equations simultaneously for values of A and B. From the first of these two
equations, solving for A/8B leads to
A
= (0.38 nm)-7
8B
Furthermore, from the above equation the A is equal to

A = 8B(0.38 nm)-7

When the above two expressions for A/8B and A are substituted into the above expression for E0 (− 5.37 eV), the

following results
A B
-5.37 eV = = - +
-1/7 -8/7
æ Aö æ A ö
çè 8B ÷ø çè 10B ÷ø

8B(0.38 nm) -7 B
= - +
-1/7 -8/7
é(0.38 nm)-7 ùú é(0.38 nm)-7 ùú
êë û êë û

8B(0.38 nm)-7 B
= - +
0.38 nm (0.38 nm)8
Or

8B B 7B
-5.37 eV = = - + = -
(0.38 nm)8 (0.38 nm)8 (0.38 nm)8

Solving for B from this equation yields

B = 3.34 ´ 10-4 eV-nm8

Furthermore, the value of A is determined from one of the previous equations, as follows:

A = 8B(0.38 nm)-7 = (8)(3.34 ´ 10-4 eV-nm8 )(0.38 nm)-7

= 2.34 eV-nm
Thus, Equations 2.9 and 2.11 become

2.34
EA = -
r

3.34 ´ 10-4
ER =
r8

Of course these expressions are valid for r and E in units of nanometers and electron volts, respectively.
 2.21 The net potential energy EN between two adjacent ions is sometimes represented by the expression
C æ rö
EN=- + D exp ç - ÷ (2.18)
r è rø

in which r is the interionic separation and C, D, and ρ are constants whose values depend on the specific material.

(a) Derive an expression for the bonding energy E0 in terms of the equilibrium interionic separation r0 and

the constants D and ρ using the following procedure:

(i) Differentiate EN with respect to r, and set the resulting expression equal to zero.

(ii) Solve for C in terms of D, ρ, and r0.

(iii) Determine the expression for E0 by substitution for C in Equation 2.18.

(b) Derive another expression for E0 in terms of r0, C, and ρ using a procedure analogous to the one

outlined in part (a).

Solution

(a) Differentiating Equation 2.18 with respect to r yields

æ Cö é æ r öù
d - d D exp -

ç ÷ ê ç ÷ú
dE è rø ë è rø û
= -
dr dr dr

æ rö
D exp ç - ÷
C è rø
=
r2 -
r

At r = r0, dE/dr = 0, and

æ r ö
D exp ç - 0 ÷
C è rø
= (2.18a)
r02 r

Solving for C yields

æ r ö
r02 D exp ç - 0 ÷
è rø
C=
r
Substitution of this expression for C into Equation 2.18 yields an expression for E0 as
æ r ö
r02 D exp ç - 0 ÷
è rø
r æ r0 ö
E0 = - + D exp -
r è rø
ç ÷
0

æ r ö
r0 D exp - 0
è rø æ r ö
ç ÷
=- + D exp ç - 0 ÷
r è rø

æ r ö æ r ö
= D 1 - 0 ÷ exp - 0 ÷
è rø è rø

(b) Now solving for D from Equation 2.18a above yields

ær ö
C r exp ç 0 ÷
è rø
D=
2
r0

Substitution of this expression for D into Equation 2.18 yields an expression for E0 as

é ærö ù
ê C r exp ç 0 ÷ ú
C ê è rø ú æ r0 ö
E0 = - + exp -
r ê r2 ú èç r ø÷
0 ê 0 ú
êë úû

C Cr
=- + 2
r0 r0

Cær ö
E0 = ç - 1÷
r0 è r0 ø
 Primary Interatomic Bonds

2.22 (a) Briefly cite the main differences among ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
(b) State the Pauli exclusion principle.

Solution

(a) The main differences between the various forms of primary bonding are:
Ionic--there is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent--there is electron sharing between two adjacent atoms such that each atom assumes a
stable electron configuration.
Metallic--the positively charged ion cores are shielded from one another, and also "glued" together
by the sea of valence electrons.
(b) The Pauli exclusion principle states that each electron state can hold no more than two electrons, which
must have opposite spins.
 2.23 Make a plot of bonding energy versus melting temperature for the metals listed in Table 2.3. Using
this plot, approximate the bonding energy for molybdenum, which has a melting temperature of 2617 C.

Solution

Below is plotted the bonding energy versus melting temperature for these four metals. From this plot, the
bonding energy for molybdenum (melting temperature of 2617C) should be approximately 680 kJ/mol. The
experimental value is 660 kJ/mol.
 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding

2.24 Explain why hydrogen fluoride (HF) has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride (HCl)
(19.4 vs. –85°C), even though HF has a lower molecular weight.

Solution

The intermolecular bonding for HF is hydrogen, whereas for HCl, the intermolecular bonding is van der
Waals. Since the hydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals, HF will have a higher melting temperature.
 Mixed Bonding

2.25 Compute the %IC of the interatomic bond for each of the following compounds: MgO, GaP, CsF,
CdS, and FeO.

Solution

The percent ionic character is a function of the electron negativities of the ions XA and XB according to

Equation 2.16. The electronegativities of the elements are found in Figure 2.9.

For MgO, XMg = 1.3 and XO = 3.5, and therefore,

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(3.5-1.3)2 ù ´ 100 = 70.1%

ë û

For GaP, XGa = 1.8 and XP = 2.1, and therefore,

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(2.1-1.8)2 ù ´ 100 = 2.2%

ë û

For CsF, XCs = 0.9 and XF = 4.1, and therefore,

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(4.1-0.9)2 ù ´ 100 = 92.3%

ë û

For CdS, XCd = 1.5 and XS = 2.4, and therefore,

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(2.4 -1.5)2 ù ´ 100 = 18.3%

ë û

For FeO, XFe = 1.7 and XO = 3.5, and therefore,

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(3.5-1.7)2 ´ 100 = 55.5%

ù
ë û
 2.26 (a) Calculate %IC of the interatomic bonds for the intermetallic compound Al6Mn. (b) On the basis
of this result what type of interatomic bonding would you expect to be found in Al6Mn?

Solution

(a) The percent ionic character is a function of the electron negativities of the ions XA and XB according to

Equation 2.16. The electronegativities for Al and Mn (Figure 2.9) are 1.5 and 1.6, respectively. Therefore the
percent ionic character is determined using Equation 2.16 as follows:

%IC = é1 - exp(-0.25)(1.6-1.5)2 ´ 100 = 0.25%

ù
ë û

(b) Because the percent ionic character is exceedingly small (0.25%) and this intermetallic compound is
composed of two metals, the bonding is completely metallic.
Another random document with
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To which the Beautiful One, looking first at him and then at the child,
made answer:

“My prince, I left my mother at Stamboul, and, [94]with slaves and

guard, in charge of my former nurse and in company with her
daughter, I was coming to be your bride. Upon the way, the nurse,
who had been trustworthy until then, became jealous for the
advancement of her own daughter. First, she took out my eyes; then
she exchanged our clothing, and, finally, left me upon a mountain,
alone, to die of grief and starvation.

“But Allah heard the falling of my tears. He caused a kind old

muleteer to pass that way, who, when he espied me, was moved
with compassion and led me to his house, where both he and his
wife received me as if I had been their own child.

“Shortly afterward I caused some roses, that had bloomed at my

cheeks, to be cried before your palace; with the command that they
must not be sold for gold, but that only by the exchange of an eye,
for each handful, could they be obtained. The evil ones saw the
roses. They would secure them as a present to your Royal
Highness. Eagerness weakened their wisdom to such extent that
they accepted the condition, and thereby did I recover my eyes. As I
put them in place, by Allah’s grace, they became seeing.

“Finally, the roses which I sent were given to you, who received them
and experienced a strange influence. At that very time a golden-
winged messenger [95]appeared to me, bearing this child in his arms
and saying: ‘He will be kept for you until you shall lie in your tomb.
Do not fear! All will yet be well!’

“Then I caused this tomb to be builded, and, shortly after, a witch

was sent by my undoers, who stole this life-keeping amulet from my
arm. At that moment I died. They laid me in this tomb, where I have
remained until, at your approach, the golden-winged messenger
again approached and left the child beside me. I could stir neither
hand nor foot. As to the child, O, prince! it is yours. It was created in
Paradise, when you were holding the roses to your face.”

As this tale unfolded itself and the willing listener was convinced of
its truth, he wept so bitterly at all her sufferings that the tears might
have been of blood. Then, recovering himself, he clasped the
narrator to his heart.

He then lifted her out of the casket, gave her his arm to lean upon,
and, taking the child upon his other arm and surrounded by his
attendants, conducted her to his palace.

After his queen mother had received them, and, summoning slaves,
had made the mother and child comfortable in a most luxurious
apartment, the prince commanded that the wicked nurse and her
daughter [96]should appear before him; when he ordered the chief
headsman to strike them dead.

The man gave them each so heavy a blow that their bones rattled.
Their souls were dispatched to Hades and their bodies were thrown
out to the dogs. Then the prince rejoiced greatly, saying: “Praise be
to Allah that, at last, he has freed me from those evil vixens! Now
has my head become clear again.”

Afterward, he sent fleet messengers to bring the parents of her

whom they had thought dead. And he also called the kind muleteer
and his wife. In the presence of all these and of his court, was he
married to the Beautiful One whose light footstep caused the grass
to grow upon the driest earth; whose laughter filled his life with
roses, and whose tears—even tears of joy at her newly found
happiness—became pearls before his eyes.
The wedding festivities extended throughout the kingdom. They
continued during forty days and forty nights. The prince and his
beautiful wife, and the child which had been given to them, lived
happily ever afterward. With the great sums of gold which rolled from
the head of the true princess whenever she performed her ablutions,
the prince was able to pay great debts which the late war had
entailed upon his country. Thus were his people relieved of the
heavy taxes. Salaam! [97]
[Contents]
 STORY OF THE CRYING POMEGRANATE AND
THE LAUGHING BEAR

The narrator of tales relates that, once upon a time, there lived a
king who had nine daughters. And because there was no son, he
made a vow that he would condemn his wife to death if their next
child were not a boy.

Time came and went until another child was born to the king. And,
although this one, also, was a little girl, the queen, with the careful
assistance of her faithful nurse, concealed the fact, and the child was
supposed to be a boy. The king rejoiced greatly, giving thanks to
Allah, because he believed that a son had come to him, who could
inherit the kingdom.

But after a number of years had gone by, and the time came when
the child was to be enrolled in the royal army corps, the queen knew
that her deceit would be discovered. She shut herself up in her room
and wept bitterly.

The child was greatly disturbed at her grief, and [98]begged to come
in and comfort her. “My mother,” it said, “why do you weep so? What
is there that should trouble you?”

“Ai, my child!” the queen answered, “of all who weep there is no one
who has sadder cause than I. And the cause of my sorrow is this:
When you were a little baby it was told the king, your father—who
greatly desired a son to inherit his throne—that you were a boy. He
has believed it until this day. Now he will learn the truth, and I shall
lose my life.”
But the child—being very wise as well as loving—comforted her
mother with these words: “Do not fear, dearest mother! I will go to my
father, the king, and ask him to delay this ceremony for another
year.”

The next morning, therefore, the child, weeping bitterly, went into her
father’s presence and kissed his hand.

“Why do you cry, my son?” asked the father. “Tears are for girls.
They should not be seen upon the face of the king’s son.”

“O! my father! I am still little. Yet you are going to make me one in
the royal army. Therefore do I weep.”

“Well, well, my son,” said the king, “dry your tears! We will postpone
this matter until your next birthday.” [99]

At these words the girl kissed her father’s hand gratefully and
returned to her mother with rejoicing. The queen was glad, indeed.
She took the child in her arms and kissed her eyes.

The year passed most swiftly, and, at its end, the mother was so
racked with fear that, again, she began to cry. Upon this the child
made bold to approach her father, who, for her sake, delayed the
initiation for another year.

But when the third year came, the queen, knowing in her heart that
there could be no hope, went to her room and gave herself up to
such bitter tears that the child was not able to restrain her own. So
they two wept together.

Then the mother said: “Ai, my daughter! Although your father, the
king, has delayed this important ceremony for two years, I am certain
that he will not defer it a third time. You are now large and well
grown. There is no longer any respite for me. To-morrow I shall be
put to death. This is the last day of my life.”

But the girl was determined to cheer her mother, at all cost. “Ai,
honored mother!” she made answer. “If my father summons me I will
beg for a half hour’s grace, when I will go to the stable, mount a swift
horse, and fly away.”

“But what will become of you, my child?” [100]

“Dearest mother, do not be anxious about me. I will go to foreign

lands and dwell. It will be a small sacrifice to make for your
happiness.”

The next morning tents were pitched in a great open square; and
when it became known that the royal ceremony was to take place,
an immense crowd of people collected.

The king called for the supposed prince, and said: “My son, you are
now fourteen years old. The long-postponed initiation will take place
to-day.”

“Indeed, my honored father, I am now ready. Will you grant that I

may first ride, on horseback, about the square, to view the people
and the grand preparations? After that you will do with me according
to your will.”

“Very well, my son,” answered the king. “Go! Show their prince to my
people!”

The supposed prince then flew to embrace her royal mother; after
which she went to the stables and selected a most beautiful coal-
black steed. As she stood by the horse’s head, tears flowed down
her cheeks.
At this occurred something most strange. The beautiful horse, seeing
the tears of the princess, began to speak: “Ai, my sultana! Why do
you cry?”

Now, the princess was surprised that, while all about supposed her
to be a prince, she should be [101]addressed as sultana. However,
she was too distressed to cavil at anything; so made answer:

“No one has greater cause for grief than I. Ever since my birth, my
father has believed me to be a boy. Now, at the performance of this
ceremony, he will be told what you already know. In that hour he will
cause my mother to be put to death. I have half an hour, only, in
which to escape. My father has given permission that I should ride
about the square to view the people. At the end of that time, I have
decided to make my escape.”

When the princess had confided this sorrow and perplexity to the
horse, he spoke again: “Sultana,” he said, “there is no cause for
grief. Mount my back and, with the favor of Allah, I will bear you to
other lands. But, first, accept a bit of advice. When the time comes
that we are to fly, hold to my neck with all your might. Also keep fast
hold upon the reins; because my speed is so great that, if a bullet be
shot off behind us, it could not overtake me. Bear this in mind and
act accordingly!”

Thereupon the young girl mounted the beautiful coal-black steed and
rode to the public square—from one end to the other of it—while all
the soldiers stood watching one whom they believed to be their
prince.

When the half hour had elapsed, the horse gave a [102]spring, from
the admiring soldiers, and was off like the wind.
When the people saw this they believed that the spirited creature
had become frightened, and that the prince could not manage him. A
crier was sent to the king, while the soldiers set out in pursuit.

But they found no trace of the horse, nor of his rider—not so much
as the prints of hoofs in the road. Then they returned; for they felt
that search was hopeless. The king and all his people went into
mourning for the prince; and the soldiers were ordered back to their
stations.

Now let us come to the princess.

In one day the strange horse brought his rider into a country whose
distance was a six months’ journey from her own kingdom. Here he
stopped and said to her:

“Sultana, this much of your rescue have I been able to accomplish

for you. I can go no farther. Hereafter you must save yourself.”

At this the princess, realizing her lonely condition, dismounted,

saying: “O, my beautiful deliverer! First, it was Allah who saved me,
then he sent me to you, and now I am left to myself. I will go on; but
if danger befall me, what am I to do?” As she spoke tears gathered
in her eyes. [103]

The horse answered: “Ai, sultana! take three hairs from the forelock
which hangs over my eyes. Should trouble perplex you, rub them
together and I will come to your aid.”

The princess took the hairs, gratefully, and put them in her bosom.
Then, flinging her arms about the horse’s neck, she thanked him for
all he had done to help her and bade him adieu.

As she withdrew her arms, he disappeared.

The princess traveled on and on, until she entered another country. It
was evening. Before her stood a grand palace, at the side of which
was a large kitchen. Hastily removing the marks of royalty from her
clothing, she entered and asked of the cooks: “My masters, will you
take me as an assistant?”

But they were in haste and answered her roughly: “Are you blind?
Can’t you see that we are up to our elbows in work? What should we
do with a lad like you?”

However, with all the persuasion at her command, she entreated to

be allowed to try; and, finally, was accepted and set to running of
errands, upstairs and down. After a little, she asked one of the men
why they were cooking such enormous quantities of food and in such
haste.

“Ai, my son,” was the reply, “do you not know [104]that every six years
a dragon comes to this country and feeds on the king’s liver? To-
morrow night is the time of his next coming. It is thought possible
that he may be tempted to eat of other food, if enough is spread in
the banqueting hall. That is why we are in such great haste. Possibly
we may save the life of our king.”

The princess was so amazed that she bit her finger, to learn whether,
indeed, she were awake.

All that night she was not permitted to sleep, but worked as hard as
she could, serving the cooks. When morning came she stole away,
went into the other part of the palace, and climbed the stairs. There,
in a room by herself, she saw a sultana who was dressed from head
to foot in black. Without letting herself be seen, the young explorer
went to another room, in which was seated another princess. This
one, likewise, was dressed in black, and all the room was draped in
mourning. Leaving this, she went to still another room, in which a
sultana, who was arrayed from head to foot in scarlet, was seated
upon a divan. The princess went on, noiselessly, until she came to
the chamber of the king. The court physician had administered a
powder to him, and the king lay unconscious.

During all this, more time had elapsed than the princess dreamed. It
was now evening, and time [105]for the coming of the dragon. She
knew, by savory odors that the feast which she had helped to
prepare, was spread in the banqueting hall. It seemed to her that a
time had come when she should apply for aid. Her heart was
trembling with hope and fear; but she took the hairs from her bosom,
rubbed them together, when—O, joy, the beautiful horse stood
before her once more.

“My princess, art thou in need of me?” he asked. “And what is it that
thou requirest?”

“If it be in your power, my noble deliverer, give me a sword so sharp

and strong that should I strike an enormous dragon with it, he must
be severed in two.”

Without moving from the spot, the horse turned his head and the
princess saw a sword among his caparisons. “Take it, my sultana!”
he answered. “Use it well. And remember that you must not strike a
second blow, in the same place.” With this warning he disappeared.

The princess grasped the sword. Going directly to the king’s

chamber, she hid herself in a corner.

The palace was deserted. It seemed strange that the people should
leave their beloved king to his fate; but this was in the agreement by
which the whole country had been spared. In the middle of [106]the
night a great noise burst forth through all the sky. The moon and
stars became obscured. Everything was black as pitch. Immediately
afterward, with loud snorts, an immense dragon appeared in the
middle of the room.

Scarcely had he appeared when the young princess seized the

sword with both hands and crying, “Yellah!” struck him such a blow
that his head was severed from the body.

Then a terrible sound came from the body of the dragon; and this
sound was like a voice, which formed itself into these words: “O,
valiant youth! Let me know, by striking again, whether you are,
indeed, a boy.”

But the princess remembered the warning of the horse and remained
standing perfectly still, until the soul of the dragon had left his body
and gone to Hades, its rightful place. She then cut off one of his
ears, put it in her pocket, and, hiding the sword in her clothing,
returned to the kitchen and renewed her tasks, running up and down
stairs according to the directions of the cooks.

When morning dawned the king recovered from the effects of the
powder, which the court physician had given him, looked about him
and exclaimed with great astonishment at finding himself still alive.
He saw the pitch-black body of the dragon lying [107]headless in the
middle of his chamber. Even in that condition, one could hardly view
it without losing his wits. He gave thanks unto Allah for his escape;
after which his mind was lost in wonder as to who had killed his
mortal enemy.

After a little he went out of the palace. The whole populace had
gathered to express grief at the calamity which they supposed had
come upon them; but when they saw their beloved king, safe and
sound, they were beside themselves with joy and cried: “Praise be to
Allah! Our Caliph lives!”
After they had shouted thus until they were exhausted, the king
found voice to ask who it was that had killed the dragon. Upon this
the people came forward, one by one, each claiming to have
accomplished the brave feat “I killed it, my lord!” cried each one, in
turn.

The king knew that this could not be true; but he was so glad to be
alive, that he gave backsheesh to each, even to the cooks.
Everybody received a present who went before the king.

The cooks, noticing that their assistant did not go, said to her: “Why
do you stand here listless? See! all we have presents from the king.
Go and receive one for yourself.”

“I am not of this kingdom. Your sovereign will not receive me,” was
the reply. [108]

“Why should he not receive you?” cried they all. “Surely he will give
you, too, something.”

They continued to urge until the young princess went forward, as the
others had done, and, when she had come near to His Majesty, said
to him, “O, my padisha! it was I who killed your adversary, the
dragon.”

But, according to her prediction, the king repulsed her, saying, “How
is that you can claim to have done this thing, seeing that you are not
of my people?”

“My padisha,” answered she, “let me prove the truth of what I say
and the falsehood of that which all these others have said to you.
Here is an ear, which I cut from the head of the monster as soon as
he was dead. Let us go and look at the dragon. You will find that his
right ear has been cut off.”
Accordingly they went, and, behold! it was as the girl had said.

Then the king turned to her and exclaimed, “My son! ask whatever
you will and it shall be given you!”

“My padisha,” was her quiet response, “I ask that Allah may continue
your life unto you.”

“Thou art most courteous, my son; but I desire that thou ask
something for thyself.”

The same request was repeated. A third time [109]the king made his
royal offer; then the supposed youth made answer: “My padisha, I
would like it if you would give to me the maiden in the scarlet robes,
who sits upon a divan in an upper room in your palace.”

“But already I have offered to her many youths—brave as well as

handsome—and she will have none of them. Why do you ask for
her? She is a cruel coquette. In the other rooms, arrayed in black,
are my two other daughters. I will give you one of them.”

But the princess answered: “O, king! my fancy prefers the one in
scarlet raiment. If you will give any to me, let it be this one.”

So the king had no choice. And, since he realized that to the valor of
the one who made the request did he owe his life, he sent a
summons; and the girl who was dressed in scarlet came into his
presence and stood before him, showing deep respect.

“Ai, my daughter!” said the king. “This youth desires to marry you. I
command that you accept him.”

“My honored father,” was the reply. “I pray you give me a little time.
Let me dream over the matter, and, to-morrow, you shall hear the
result.”
This slight request was granted, and the king’s [110]daughter returned
to her own apartment. When night came on and all was still in the
palace, the one who had killed the dragon, stole quietly to her door
and watched through the keyhole, to see what she would do.

The girl, who was arrayed in scarlet, set a golden basin, filled with
various kinds of perfumed waters, in the middle of the floor. Almost
immediately, a dove flew in through the open window, bathed in the
water and turned into a beautiful youth, whom the girl embraced
tenderly; after which the two sat down beside each other.

“Ai, my lord, light of my eyes!” said she. “To-day my father

summoned me into his presence and declared that he would bestow
me, in marriage, upon a youth of mean condition. I persuaded him to
give me this night of grace in which to think upon the matter. In
reality, I wished to consult with you.”

“My princess,” answered the youth, after he had thought for some
minutes, “your father should not expect to marry you to one who is
not willing to do some valiant deed to win your hand. There is a
magic mirror, which the jinns have in charge. No one is capable of
securing it from them. It has often been tried. Now, to-morrow, you
must say that you will marry this presumptuous one, if he will bring
you the magic mirror.” [111]

When morning returned, the youth again took on the form of a dove
and disappeared through the window. After that, the one who had
been watching them went away. She saw, very clearly, that the
princess who wore the scarlet raiment was under an evil
enchantment. And her love for the deluded one was increased by
her pity.

The king’s daughter, arrayed all in scarlet, went to her father with the
condition. “Verily, my king!” she said, “in a certain place, where the
jinns have charge of it, is a magic mirror—into which whoever looks
will thenceforth be happy. I would possess this mirror. If the youth
who seeks my hand will bring it to me, then will I marry him.”

Upon this the king summoned the assistant of the cooks and said to
her: “My son, it is as I told you. This foolish daughter is amusing
herself. Now, before she will marry you, she demands that you bring
to her a mirror, the securing of which will entail great danger.”

The reply came without hesitation: “My padisha, let it please you that
I go and bring the mirror unto your daughter.”

The king, assured that this would end the matter, gave most willing
consent. “Let it be so, then!” he replied. “Go and bring it.”

Having obtained royal permission to leave the [112]palace, the

supposed youth went beyond the sight of any, took the magic hairs
from her bosom and rubbed them together. Immediately the horse
appeared and was greeted most gladly.

“O, you beautiful creature! In a certain place, protected by the jinns,

there is a mirror of which I am in need. You, who are so powerful,
bring it to me, I pray!”

“Verily, I would gladly do as you desire, O, my princess! But it is not

permitted me to touch the mirror. I will help you to obtain it for
yourself. But you have much to do. Let me ask that you mount my
back.”

This done, they were off like the wind.

After going for some time, they came to a high mountain. Here the
horse stopped quite still, saying: “My princess, I have brought you as
far as is permitted me. Dismount and go to the mountain opposite,
where you will come upon the haunt of the jinns. Observe them
carefully. If their eyes are shut, be assured that they are awake; but,
should their eyes be open, you may believe them asleep. Enter
softly. You will see the mirror hanging above their heads. Secure it,
and return to me with all speed, without once looking behind.”

“Very well,” was the answer, “I will do my best.” [113]

Then she climbed to the top of the mountain indicated, and easily
found the place where lived the jinns. Approaching noiselessly, she
saw the mirror hanging above their heads and noted, carefully, that
their eyes were open. Knowing this to be assurance that they were
asleep—although it required great faith in the word of the horse—
she went in boldly, took the mirror, turned about, and, as soon as she
was beyond hearing, ran toward the horse without once looking
behind.

She was no sooner out of the place than the jinns wakened,
discovered their loss, and looked about until they espied the flying
figure of the girl.

“Youth!” they shouted, “bring back our mirror!” And as they said the
words, they rolled down stones that were like a broken mountain for
size.

But the princess, without casting the slightest glance backward, ran
until she reached the side of the horse. As soon as she was upon his
back, he gave a great bound and was off like the wind, leaving the
jinns behind, gnashing their teeth in useless rage.

After a time they two reached the palace, where the princess
dismounted, and the instant her feet touched the ground, the
beautiful coal-black steed vanished. She then entered the palace
and went directly into the presence of the king. [114]
His Majesty was surprised at seeing her, and supposed that she had
come to say that the foolhardy undertaking had been abandoned.
But, instead, after receiving obeisance, these were the words he
heard:

“Behold, O, king! I have brought the mirror which you asked of me.”

The king’s amazement was great. He summoned his daughter—who

came in, wearing the same brilliant garments—and said to her:
“Look! This youth has brought the mirror which you requested!”

For the moment the girl was too amazed to speak. However, quickly
recovering herself, she received the mirror, and made still another
request for delay, while turning it about in her hands:

“O, my kingly father! I beg you to grant another night’s dreaming;

during which I may think upon this strange feat. To-morrow shall my
answer be ready.”

“Let it be as you desire,” replied her father. “Take another night in

which to think upon the matter.”

Then the king’s daughter withdrew. The seeming youth, also, made
obeisance and went out from the king’s audience chamber to hide
away from the cooks until evening, when, as before, she stole to the
door of the one to whom had been delivered [115]the mirror, and
renewed her watch of the night previous.

After the golden basin had been placed in the middle of the floor, the
same snow-white dove flew in at the window, alighted in the
perfumed waters, bathed, and came forth a youth—handsome,
brave, and strong as a lion. He embraced the king’s daughter, who
said to him:
“O, joy of my heart! light of my eyes! my lord! Sad news have I to tell.
The youth of mean condition went to the home of the jinns and
returned with the mirror you described. I knew of nothing to do,
except to beg my father for another night in which to think upon the
matter. How shall we punish this presumptuous fellow?”

“Aha! then he was able to procure the mirror! But do not let that vex
your soul, my princess! We will ask of him something of which no
human being is capable. In another place, under the charge of the
giants, is a rare and costly diamond. None so large ever has been
seen by human eyes. Request this youth to procure the diamond for
you, and when he has failed you will be free to marry me.” This he
said without the slightest intention of marrying anyone.

During all this, the other princess was listening without. She could
see that the one who had been [116]a bird was not in real earnest.
And she was all the more determined to rescue the maiden who had
won her heart unconsciously.

A little later, as the time came when persons were admitted to the
presence of the king, the scarlet princess approached him and said:
“My father, since this youth who asks my hand has no fortune to offer
me, let him procure something which is very precious. There is, in a
certain place under the charge of the giants, a diamond, the like of
which has never been possessed by mortals. Command that he go
forth and secure that. Then will it not seem strange that he should
ask the hand of one who is the daughter of a king.”

Her father’s judgment was affected by the specious reasoning. He

sent for the supposed youth, and, after receiving his obeisance, said
to him: “My son, the giants have a wonderful diamond in charge, of
which my daughter is very desirous. It is fitting that you bring it to
her, before you receive her hand in marriage.”
With a low bow, “Your orders shall be obeyed, my lord, or I will lose
my life in the attempt,” answered the one who had been summoned.
She then turned and quickly left the palace.

After having gone beyond the sight of any, she took the hairs from
her bosom and rubbed them together; [117]whereupon the beautiful
horse appeared and listened to the request that had been made.

“I will do all that I can,” he made answer. “The real accomplishment

of the undertaking lies with you.”

After the maiden had mounted him, the coal-black creature became
like a fire in the image of Asdar. As he started off, a mighty cloud of
dust arose.

In a little while he had reached the foot of a high mountain, where he

stopped and signified to the princess that she must dismount; after
which he said: “Follow this crooked path until you reach the cave of
the giants. If all is quiet and you see no great eyes gleaming in the
darkness, enter. In the middle of the cave you will see a large stone.
Touch this lightly with the little finger of your left hand, and it will open
so that you will discover the diamond, shining in a great space within
the very center. Put the precious gem in your bosom and return to
me, without stopping. Should you but pause, this will be the last day
of your life. Also, be careful not to waken the giants; for whatever
curse they call down upon you will come true.”

Weighed down with the importance of following these instructions,

the brave young princess set out in the path indicated to her, and
soon came upon the cave inhabited by the giants. Entering, she
caused [118]the stone to open, after the manner described, secured
the great, guttering diamond, and turned to fly back with it.