-JEE 2024 Exam-

❑ Subject – Inorganic Chemistry

❑ Chapter – Chemical Bonding
OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi
Lecture No. - 17
 1 Home Work Discussion

2 Ionic Bonding

Today’s Targets
Question
The correct order of increasing intermolecular hydrogen bond strength is
[2022/27 June/Shift-2]
A HCN < H2O < NH3

B HCN < CH4 < NH3

C CH4 < HCN < NH3

D CH4 < NH3 < HCN

Question
Boiling point of water is 373 K, then boiling point of H2S is
[2020/2 sep/Shift-1]
A Less than 300 K

B More than 300 K but less than 373

C More than 373 K

D More than 300 K

 Question
In an ice crystal, each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to __________
neighbouring molecules. [2020/6 April/Shift-II]
 Question
Consider the following sets of H-bonds

P:–O–H–––––:N– Q:–O–H–––––:O–

:
R:–N–H–––––:N– S:–N–H–––––:O–

The correct order of H- bond strengths is :

A Q>P>S>R

B R>Q>S>P

C R>S>P>Q

D P>Q>R>S
 Question
Amongst NH3, PH3, AsH3 and SbH3 the one with highest boiling point is :

A NH3 because of lower molecular weight

B SbH3 because of higher molecular weight

C PH3 because of H-bonding

D AsH3 because of lower molecular weight

 Question
The correct order boiling point is:

A H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te

B H2O > H2Se > H2Te > H2S

C H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te

D H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S

 Ionic Bonding

The chemical bond formed between two or more atoms as a result of transfer
of one or more electrons between them.

Ionic bonding is non-directional in nature but covalent bonding is directional in

nature .
 Ionic Compounds

A B
Cation Anion NaF
KCl
a) Metal a) Non-metal
CaO
b) Group of atoms b) Group of atoms having
NH4Cl
having (+)ve charge (–)ve charge
Na2SO4
 Ionic Bonds / Electrovalent bonds

Favourable Condition :

Less I.E.

More E.A.

Energy released because of the combination of cation and anion

should be high. This energy is also defined in terms of lattice
enthalpy.
 Lattice Energy
Energy which is released when the component ions (in gas phase) were
brought together from infinity to make the lattice of the crystal.

Factor affecting LE
NaF NaCl

Na2O MgO Al2O3

NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3

LiCl NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl

AlN Al2O3 AlF3

 Fajan’s Rule Covalent character in ionic compound
Polarisation
Distortion of electron cloud

Polarising power of cation

Polarizability of anion

Covalent Character
Polarising power Li+ Na+ K+

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+

Polarising power F- Cl- Br- I-

N3- O2- F-

Covalent character : LiCl NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl

Ionic character : AlN Al2O3 AlF3

 Ionic character AlF3 AlCl3

Ionic character BeF2 BeCl2

BeCl2 MgCl2

Note : Cation having pseudo-inert gas configuration, has more polarising power
than other cations .
CuCl NaCl
 Ionic character Melting point & Thermal stability
melting point of covalent compound < melting point of ionic compound
BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2

CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2

Colour The colour of some compounds can be explained on the basis of polarisation
of their bigger negative
The bigger anions are more polarised and hence their electrons get excited by partial
absorption of visible light.

1. AgCl is white AgBr, AgI is yellow .

2. SnCl2 is white but SnI2 is black.

3. PbCl2 is white but PbI2 is yellow
 Question
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their covalent character.
(a) NaF, Na3N and Na2O (b) NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4 and PCl5

Sol. (a) NaF, Na2O , Na3N (b) NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4 , PCl5
According to Fajan’s rule as size of anion increases and charge on anion increases
polarizability of anions increases and thus covalent character increases. Hence
they follow the following order.
 Question
SnCl4 has melting point –15°C where as SnCl2 has melting point 535°C. why?

Sol. According to Fajan’s rule as charge on cation increases its polarizing power
increases resulting in to the greater polarization of anion. Thus covalent character
increases and melting point decreases.
 Question
SnCl2 is white but SnI2 is red. Why?
 Question
Which of the following is in order of increasing covalent character?

A CCl4 < BeCl2 < BCl3 < LiCl

B LiCl < CCl4 < BeCl2 < BCl3

C LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4

D LiCl < BeCl2 < CCl4 < BCl3

Sol. As charge on cations increases, their polarizing power increases and thus
covalent character increases.
+ 2+ 3+ 4+
LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < C Cl4
 Question
Which of the following combination of ion will have highest polarization?

A Fe2+, Br–

B Ni4+, Br–

C Ni2+, Br–

D Fe, Br–

Sol. Increase in oxidation state (Ni4+) increases the polarizing power of cation and
thus increases the polarization of Br– ion.
 Question
The correct order of decreasing polarizability of ion is :

A Cl–, Br–, I–, F–

B F–, I–, Br–, Cl–

C I–, Br–, Cl–, F–

D F–, Cl–, Br–, I–

Sol. As the size of anions decrease the distance of valence shell electrons from nucleus
decreases and so polarizability decreases.