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Chapter 01
Test Bank
1. According to the text, the term ______ can refer to the state of being male, female, or trans.
A. gender
B. sex
C. sexual behavior
D. sexual anatomy
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Differentiate sex and gender.
Topic: Gender
Topic: Sex
Feedback: Sex and Gender
2. According to the text, sexual behavior is defined as

A. the behavior that is chiefly associated with reproduction.
B. the behavior that produces arousal and increases the chance of orgasm.
C. penis-in-vagina intercourse.
D. the sexual activity that is associated with masculine and feminine roles in some way.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Sex
Feedback: Sex and Gender
3. Which of the following societies openly acknowledged homosexuality and heterosexuality?

A. the Victorian Europeans
B. twentieth-century Chinese
C. the ancient Greeks
D. fifteenth-century Christians
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast how the great world religions view sexuality.
Topic: Culture
Topic: Religion
Feedback: Religion
4. For the ancient Greeks, the norm of sexuality in their society was
A. homosexuality.
B. open acknowledgement of both heterosexuality and homosexuality.
C. open heterosexuality and repressed homosexuality.
D. persecution of homosexuals.
1-1
Copyright © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Topic: Religion
Feedback: Religion
5. Fifteenth-century Christians believed that wet dreams resulted from

A. sexual dreams.
B. intercourse with tiny spiritual creatures.
C. hidden homosexual behavior.
D. weak control over the body.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Religion
Feedback: Religion
6. According to the Malleus Maleficarum, the person who had wet dreams was guilty of
A. homosexuality and bestiality.
B. sodomy and witchcraft.
C. incestuous relationships.
D. unsafe sexual practices.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Religion
Feedback: Religion
7. Which of the following statements is true of religious understandings of sexuality?

A. Fifteenth-century Christians believed that "wet dreams" resulted from homosexual behavior.
B. Muslims have believed that sexual intercourse is one of the finest pleasures of life.
C. The ancient Greeks condemned homosexual behavior.
D. Fifteenth-century Christians believed that a person who had "wet dreams" had great spiritual powers.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Religion
Feedback: Religion
8. When the early sex researchers began their work in the Victorian era (the late 1800s), the norms about sexuality were extraordinarily
A. liberal.
B. similar to that of the ancient Greeks.
C. hedonistic.
D. rigid and oppressive.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Recall the contributions of key sex researchers.
Topic: Culture
Topic: Sex Researchers
Feedback: Science
9. Which of the following scientists discovered sperm swimming in human semen?

A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
B. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
C. Henry Havelock Ellis
1-2
D. Oskar Hertwig
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
10. Which of the following scientists first observed the actual fertilization of the egg by the sperm in sea urchins?
A. Henry Havelock Ellis
B. Oskar Hertwig
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
11. Identify the Viennese physician who contributed to our understanding of the psychological aspects of human sexuality and who is also credited as
the founder of psychiatry and psychoanalysis.
A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Oskar Hertwig
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
12. The Victorian era, from which Freud and Ellis emerged, was characterized by
A. sexual permissiveness for both sexes.
B. aberrant and obscene sensuality.
C. sexual repression.
D. sexual fulfillment.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Science
13. Which of the following researchers in Victorian England compiled a vast collection of information on sexuality—including medical and
anthropological information—and can be considered the forerunner of modern sex research?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Magnus Hirschfeld
C. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
D. Henry Havelock Ellis
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
1-3
Feedback: Science
14. ______ was the author of Studies in the Psychology of Sex.

A. Sigmund Freud
B. Magnus Hirschfeld
C. Henry Havelock Ellis
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
15. Which of the following is true about Henry Havelock Ellis?

A. He urged society to reject sexual deviation.
B. He believed that women, like men, are sexual creatures.
C. He was primarily interested in the study of sexually-deviant behaviors.
D. He was a psychologist by profession.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Science
16. Richard von Krafft-Ebing had a special interest in

A. sexual malfunction.
B. sexually transmitted diseases.
C. normative sexual behavior in children.
D. pathological sexuality.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
17. Psychopathia Sexualis was authored by

A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Henry Havelock Ellis.
C. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
D. Magnus Hirschfeld.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
18. Identify the early sex researcher who coined the concepts of sadism, masochism, and pedophilia.
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Henry Havelock Ellis
C. Magnus Hirschfeld
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
1-4
Feedback: Science
19. The first institute of sexual research was founded by

A. Henry Havelock Ellis.
B. Alfred Kinsey.
C. Magnus Hirschfeld.
D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
20. Which of the following was an accomplishment of early sex researcher Magnus Hirschfeld?
A. He was the founder of psychiatry and psychoanalysis.
B. He established the first journal on the study of sex.
C. He coined the terms heterosexuality and homosexuality.
D. He was the first to observe the ovum in humans.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Science
21. One of Magnus Hirschfeld's special areas of interest in the study of human sexuality was
A. the sexual response cycle.
B. pedophilia.
C. masochism.
D. homosexuality.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
22. In the twentieth century, investigations of sexual disorders and the physiology of the sexual response were conducted by
A. Oskar Hertwig.
B. Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Gregor Mendel.
C. Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
D. Masters and Johnson.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Science
23. Which of the following is true of the scientific study of sex?

A. It is now a dying field of scientific study.
B. It has emerged as a separate, unified academic discipline.
C. It is dominated primarily by religious views of sexuality.
D. It tends to be an interdisciplinary effort among several scientific disciplines.
Bloom's: Understand
1-5
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Science
24. ______ refers to the notion that people begin to think that what they see on television and in other media really represents the mainstream of what
happens in our culture.
A. Agenda setting
B. Cultivation theory
C. Collectivism
D. Ethnocentrism
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sexuality and the media.
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
25. Avid viewers of TV soap operas may begin to believe that sexual intercourse between unmarried individuals is mainstream because this is the
most frequently shown sexual activity on these programs. Which of the following types of media influence is exemplified in this case?
A. sexual repression
B. cultural diversity
C. cultivation
D. agenda setting
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
26. The media's constant stereotypical depiction of good-looking people as being happier, healthier, more successful, and living more glamorous
lives causes many young viewers to overestimate the importance of physical appearance in real life. Which of the following types of media influence
is best described in this example?
A. social learning
B. cultivation
C. agenda setting
D. ethnocentrism

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
27. Which of the following examples is representative of the differential susceptibility model?
A. A teenage girl who regularly sees the people she follows on Instagram vacationing in foreign locales starts to think that most people are wildly
successful and are traveling almost all the time.
B. A teenage boy with aggressive tendencies thinks of himself as a tough kid and a fighter, and he seeks out media that celebrate physical combat,
thereby reinforcing his interest in violence.
C. A local newscast chooses to regularly downplay reports of sexual violence in favor of stories about robberies and home break-ins.
D. A teenager who was abused in childhood is deeply upset by depictions of sexual violence in films, while his movie companions remain largely
unaffected.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
1-6
28. ______ refers to the idea that the media influence our thinking about what is important by drawing attention to certain topics and not others.
A. Cultivation theory
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Framing theory
D. Schematization
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
29. In a particular year, news channels extensively reported the high-profile divorce of a celebrity while providing very little coverage of a hurricane
in the same country. Thus, stories concerning the lives of celebrities were given more importance by the media than the destruction of lives and
property. This example best illustrates which of the following types of media influence or phenomena?
A. social learning
B. ethnocentrism
C. framing theory
D. cultivation

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
30. A television network only telecasts sensational stories on the lives of the rich and the famous and their sexual exploits. This example best
illustrates which of the following?
A. framing theory
B. cultivation
C. social learning
D. ethnocentrism

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
31. In communications theory, ______ is the idea or theory that the media provide role models whom we imitate.
A. social cognitive theory
B. agenda setting
C. cultivation theory
D. ethnocentrism
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
32. Fiona is a teenager in high school and a fan of a TV show that centers on the lives of a group of rich socialites. She emulates the characters so
much that even her wardrobe resembles that of the female leads on the show. Which of the following is best described or represented in this scenario?
A. social cognitive theory
B. framing theory
C. ethnocentrism
D. indoctrination

1-7
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Media
Feedback: The Media
33. ______ is the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and way of life are the
standards by which other cultures should be judged.
A. Ethnology
B. Ethnomethodology
C. Ethnicity
D. Ethnocentrism
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe unique traits of human sexuality and how culture influences them.
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality
34. Which of the following best defines culture?

A. It refers to the idea that the media provide role models whom people imitate.
B. It refers to the view that exposure to the mass media makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what really occurs.
C. It refers to the part of the environment created by humans, including the set of meanings that a group adopts.
D. It refers to the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and way of life are the
standards by which other ethnic groups should be judged.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
35. Sharon, an American, states that a slim figure is the only standard of beauty that exists. Mia, her friend, states that being plump is considered
attractive in certain cultures. Sharon disagrees with Mia and states that being plump is a sign of abnormality. In this case, Sharon's understanding of
beauty is most likely influenced by
A. familismo.
B. machismo.
C. cultivation.
D. ethnocentrism.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
36. A group of twelve engineering students from California travel to China for an extended study tour. While staying there, the students realize that
the Chinese have a completely different understanding of sexual expression. Couples rarely hug or kiss in public places, advertisements of products
related to sexuality are few, and sexual content in the media is heavily censored. The students experience a conflict between how sexuality is
perceived in America and China. Which of the following concepts best explains this conflict?
A. xenocentrism
B. ethnocentrism
C. ambivalent sexism
D. huo yin yang

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
1-8
37. ______ refers to a regulation prohibiting sexual interaction between blood relatives.
A. Oedipal taboo
B. Kinship taboo
C. Electra complex
D. Incest taboo
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
38. Incest taboos are

A. predominantly a Western phenomenon.
B. weaker now than a century ago.
C. nearly universal.
D. regulations that prohibit extramarital affairs.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
39. Which of the following is true of sexual techniques?

A. Romantic sexual kissing is the most universal of sexual practices across cultures.
B. The frequency of sexual intercourse between partners is remarkably stable across cultures.
C. Cunnilingus is condemned in American culture.
D. In societies that incorporate pain into sexual intercourse, it is most common for both men and women to mutually inflict pain on each other.
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Topic: Sex
Feedback: Variations in Sexual Techniques
40. Which of the following is true of the frequency of intercourse for married couples?
A. Almost every society encourages sexual intercourse for a period of time after a woman has given birth.
B. Surveys of U.S. sexuality in the 1990s indicated that frequency of intercourse in American society was the highest when compared with all other
societies.
C. The frequency of intercourse for married couples is the same across all cultures.
D. Most societies have restrictions that forbid intercourse at certain times or in certain situations.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
41. Self-stimulation of the genitals to produce sexual arousal is called

A. cunnilingus.
B. fellatio.
C. masturbation.
D. incest.
Bloom's: Remember
1-9
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Masturbation
Feedback: Masturbation
42. Which of the following is true of attitudes toward masturbation?

A. All human societies discourage masturbation during childhood and adolescence.
B. Almost all human societies have similar attitudes toward masturbation.
C. Almost all human societies express some disapproval of adult masturbation.
D. All human societies condemn female masturbation.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Masturbation
43. Sex education is nonexistent, and there seems to be no knowledge of French kissing, mouth stimulation of erotic parts, or homosexuality, in
A. the culture of Inis Beag.
B. the Lesu culture.
C. Mangaian culture.
D. Greek culture.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
44. Which of the following is true of sexuality among the people of the island of Mangaia?
A. Masturbation is the only form of sexual activity undertaken by adolescents.
B. Premarital sex is essentially unknown.
C. Boys learn about cunnilingus from male experts who perform the superincision ritual.
D. Foreplay is limited to kissing and fondling of the buttocks.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
45. Researchers have found that on the island of Mangaia,

A. older men instruct young girls in sexual matters.
B. older women and men instruct young boys in sexual matters.
C. after their mid-forties, men and women abstain from sex.
D. female orgasm is thought to be nonexistent or deviant.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
46. Which of the following societies has the lowest frequency of sexual intercourse?
A. Ponape
B. Eastern Polynesia
C. Mangaia
D. Inis Beag
1-10
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
47. When sexual behavior is examined across cultures, which of the following is the most strictly prohibited type of sexual contact?
A. premarital sex
B. incest
C. extramarital sex
D. masturbation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Premarital and Extramarital Sex
48. Which of the following types of sexual contact would be strictly forbidden across the highest number of different cultures?
A. a woman who performs oral sex
B. a married woman having sexual intercourse with someone other than her husband
C. sexual relations between a father and a daughter
D. sexual relations between married individuals

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
49. Which of the following is the second most prohibited type of sexual contact across all cultures?
A. extramarital sex
B. cunnilingus
C. incest
D. premarital sex
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
50. Across cultures, even when extramarital sex is permitted, it is subjected to regulations. Identify the most common pattern of restriction.
A. extramarital sex allowed for middle-aged couples
B. extramarital sex allowed as long as the married individuals are discreet about their infidelities
C. extramarital sex allowed for husbands but not wives
D. extramarital sex allowed for wives in the case that they have no children
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
51. Which of the following is true regarding homosexuality?

A. Same-gender sexual behavior is nearly universal across societies.
B. Outside the Western world, it tends to be the predominant form of sexual behavior for adults.
C. It is found only in Western cultures.
D. Attitudes toward homosexuality vary little across cultures.
1-11
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Sex with Same-Gender Partners
52. Which of the following is a general rule, across cultures, regarding same-gender sexual behavior?
A. Same-gender sexual behavior is never the predominant form of sexual behavior for adults in any of the societies studied.
B. Same-gender sexual expression exists only in Western nations.
C. Same-gender sexual behavior is now accepted by all the major world religions.
D. Across the world, there is little variation in attitudes toward same-gender sexual expression.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Sex with Same-Gender Partners
53. Which of the following is a general rule, across cultures, regarding the standard of attractiveness?
A. An attractive woman is a thin woman.
B. A poor complexion is unattractive.
C. Having small ears and a small nose is considered attractive.
D. A plump woman is considered unattractive.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Beauty
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Standards of Attractiveness
54. Among the Nawa women of Africa, it is considered attractive to have ______ labia majora.
A. tattooed
B. elongated
C. small
D. hairy
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Beauty
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Standards of Attractiveness
55. According to research based on social-class variations and sexuality, which of the following women is most likely to use the birth control pill for
contraception?
A. Millie, a high school drop-out
B. Kelly, a master's degree holder
C. Sandra, a college sophomore
D. Joan, a high school diploma holder

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Abortion
Feedback: Social-Class and Ethnic-Group Variations in the United States
1-12
56. The key to understanding the differences and similarities in sexuality among ethnic groups in the United States is the
A. biological differences among the groups.
B. cultural context of the different groups.
C. birth rate prevalent in their country of origin.
D. opportunity for sexual activities.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
57. Which of the following is one of the defining factors that makes the sexuality of Blacks somewhat different from that of Whites?
A. the cultural code of machismo
B. the current economic and social conditions
C. the cultural code of marianismo
D. the current trend toward globalization
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
58. According to the data published by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2000, which of the following groups has the lowest ratio of men to women in
American society?
A. Whites
B. Asian Americans
C. Latinos
D. African Americans
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
59. Which of the following is most likely to be the reason for lower marriage rates among African Americans?
A. the higher rate of abortions than any other ethnic group
B. the greater incidence of same-sex sexual behavior
C. the repressive culture as a legacy of the Victorian era
D. the unequal ratio of men to women
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
60. Which of the following is most likely to be the reason for lower marriage rates among African Americans?
A. There is an unequal gender ratio among Blacks, with men being in the majority.
B. African American men face obstacles in seeking and maintaining the jobs necessary to support a family.
C. Most African American women prefer not to get married.
D. African Americans are more concerned with building their careers than starting families.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
1-13
61. Which of the following cultural values of Latinos emphasizes the importance of family—nuclear and extended—in matters such as support,
loyalty, solidarity, and family honor?
A. ancestry
B. lineage
C. familismo
D. kinship
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
62. Among Latinos, the cultural code of ______ in its extreme form means tolerating men's sexual infidelities.
A. modern values
B. machismo
C. adultery
D. marianismo
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
63. The cultural code of machismo in the Latin American culture

A. includes an emphasis on male virginity until marriage.
B. mandates that the man be responsible for his family's well-being and honor.
C. advocates males' sexual exclusivity within marriage.
D. means tolerating women's sexual infidelities.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
64. In the traditional Latino culture, gender roles are epitomized by the concepts of machismo and marianismo, which in their extreme forms
A. tolerate extramarital sex for men and discourage it for women.
B. discourage extramarital sex for both men and women.
C. discourage extramarital sex for men and tolerate it for women.
D. tolerate extramarital sex for both men and women.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
65. Among Latinos, the cultural code that emphasizes virginity and the importance of motherhood is
A. familismo.
B. marianismo.
C. adultery.
D. machismo.
Bloom's: Remember
1-14
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
66. As part of a traditional Mexican family, Juanita knows that she must refrain from premarital sex. It would shame her family if she lost her
virginity before she was married. This example illustrates the concept of ______ in Latino culture.
A. familismo
B. marianismo
C. machismo
D. huo yin yang

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
67. Which among the following is a similarity between Latin American and Asian American cultures?
A. Asian American women and Latin American women have more sexual freedom than their male counterparts.
B. Protection of family honor is given significant importance in both cultures.
C. Open expression of emotions among men and women is discouraged in both societies.
D. Men and women of both these cultures are considered to be promiscuous.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
68. The concept of family honor is particularly important to both

A. Asian Americans and African Americans.
B. Latin Americans and Asian Americans.
C. Whites and Latin Americans.
D. African Americans and Whites.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
69. Because of core values that include collectivism, conformity to norms, and emotional control, Asian Americans as an ethnic group tend to be the
most sexually ______ of the various ethnic groups in America.
A. permissive
B. liberal
C. conservative
D. progressive
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
70. Deena refrains from public displays of affection toward her husband, as this would pose a threat to her family name. Which of the following is
the core Asian value relevant to sexuality depicted in this example?
A. ethnocentrism
B. machismo
C. marianismo
1-15
D. collectivism

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
71. David Chang, an Asian American, always tries to put the needs of others—especially those of his family—before his own. This illustrates the
core Asian value of
A. collectivism.
B. romanticism.
C. liberalism.
D. hedonism.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
72. Which of the following represents a core Asian value?

A. Individuals can freely express homosexual tendencies.
B. Individuals openly express their emotions.
C. Individuals consider their own needs before those of their family.
D. Individuals should conform to the expectations of the family and society.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
73. Which of the following examples illustrates a core value in Asian culture?
A. a woman who engages in an extramarital affair with a work colleague
B. a man who engages in sexual intercourse with multiple partners
C. a woman who puts her own needs before those of her family
D. a man who shows restraint in his open expression of love and passion toward his wife

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
74. Which of the following groups has the lowest incidence of multiple sexual partners?
A. Asian Americans
B. African Americans
C. Latinos
D. Whites
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
1-16
75. Which of the following statements about American Indians is true?
A. American Indians have generally been well-represented in most major national sex surveys.
B. American Indian women have been less visible in the popular media than men.
C. American Indian women have experienced a greater visibility in the popular media than men.
D. American Indian men have been historically portrayed in the popular media as sexless, violent savages.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
76. ______ are subtle insults directed at people of color, often done nonconsciously.
A. Sexual orientation microaggressions
B. Gender microaggressions
C. Racial microaggressions
D. Microaggressions against trans people
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
77. Which of the following is true of racial microaggressions in the United States?
A. They have become rare.
B. They are frequently experienced by members of ethnic minorities.
C. They are very obvious forms of prejudiced attitudes and behaviors.
D. They have been replaced by overt racism.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
78. Cross-cultural studies of human sexual behavior show that

A. variation in behavior across cultures can be attributed to differences in biological makeup.
B. there is no variation in behavior across cultures.
C. enormous variation in sexual behavior exists across cultures.
D. variation in sexual behavior is completely dependent on drives and instincts.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies
79. Among the Chinese, ______ is the term used for sexual intercourse.
A. yan ju
B. huo yin yang
C. yin yang
D. yin fu
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
1-17
Feedback: Ethnicity and Sexuality in the United States
80. Of the three major religions of China, ______ is the only truly indigenous one; and it is one of the few religions to advocate the cultivation of
sexual techniques for the benefit of an individual.
A. Taoism
B. Buddhism
C. Confucianism
D. Dongbaism
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
81. Which of the following is true regarding sexual attitudes in China?

A. The Chinese have always condemned homosexuality.
B. Attitudes about sexuality were strongly influenced by Christian puritanism.
C. Negative and repressive attitudes about sexuality became dominant under the neo-Confucianists.
D. Attitudes about sexuality have been influenced by puritanical Taoist beliefs.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
82. Since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, attitudes and laws toward sexuality in China have predominantly demonstrated
A. severe repression of all forms of sexuality.
B. tolerance of sexual expression in general.
C. tolerance for male homosexuality but not female homosexuality.
D. encouragement of sexual freedom and fulfillment only among married individuals.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
83. Cross-cultural studies of human sexual behavior have shown that

A. developed societies are regressing to a more conservative outlook on sexuality.
B. culture has a profound impact on sexual expression.
C. different societies are no longer distinguished by their unique sexual practices.
D. human sexual behavior is primarily determined by biological makeup.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies
84. In which of the following would you most likely find an honor culture?
A. Canada
B. Japan
C. the northeastern United States
D. Western Europe
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
1-18
Topic: Culture
85. If parents rearing a child are very focused on teaching the child the importance of one's reputation in the community and respect for one's elders,
the family most likely lives in what type of culture?
A. collectivistic
B. honor
C. individualistic
D. ethnocentric

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
86. _____ cultures stress autonomy whereas _____ cultures emphasize interdependence.
A. Honor; collectivistic
B. Collectivistic; honor
C. Collectivistic; individualistic
D. Individualistic; collectivistic
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
87. Which of the following is true of romantic sexual kissing?

A. Romantic sexual kissing is one of the few sexual behaviors that is almost universal in its acceptance as sexually arousing.
B. In recent research, kissing was not present in more societies than it was present.
C. In societies where it does exist, the technique is suprising similar across cultures.
D. It is particularly common in African and Middle Eastern cultures.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
88. According to data on social-class varations in sexuality in the U.S., which of the following is a true statement?
A. Historical associations of education and social class are misleading.
B. The percentages of first marriages for men that are still intact after 20 years is much higher for college educated men than for men with a high
school education or less.
C. Female college graduates are more likely to use the pill for birth control than are female high school graduates, but only marginally.
D. It may be true that a person's sexuality influences their social class, especially for women.

Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
Feedback: Social Class and Sex
89. The percentage of first marriages that are intact after ten years is highest for which ethnic group?
A. African Americans
B. Latinos/Latinas
C. Asian Americans
D. Whites
1-19
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
90. Which of the following terms gets around traditional gender designations?
A. Latina
B. famillismo
C. Latinx
D. Latino
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
91. In 2000, the U.S. Census allowed respondents to indicate more than one race for themselves. Roughly what percentage of Americans identified
themselves as multiracial?
A. 2 percent
B. 5 percent
C. 7 percent
D. 9 percent
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: Culture
92. Identify a characteristic of microaggressions.

A. They are also known as overt racism, as they are done consciously.
B. They are directed at members of a majority group.
C. They are ambiguous and can be a source of stress.
D. They are rare in the United States, as they have largely been replaced by overt racism.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
93. Deena, an American Indian, attends a lecture on international relations. The professor talks about the positive impact of the recent meetings
between the ambassadors of the United States and developing nations. Deena voices her opinion that such meetings are inconsequential without the
discussion of the history between the United States and the developing nations. The professor asks Deena to calm down and says that the United
States has done more good than harm to the developing nations. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario?
A. racial microaggression
B. reverse discrimination
C. disparate treatment
D. overt racism

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Culture
1-20
94. Research on nonhuman species suggests that same-gender sexual behavior is

A. nonexistent in all other species apart from humans.
B. found only in primates.
C. found in many species.
D. the predominant form of sexual interaction among nonhuman species.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Compare the sexuality of humans and other species.
Topic: Cross-Species Perspective
Feedback: Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
95. Which of the following statements concerning cross-species observations of sexuality is true?
A. Masturbation is absent in all mammalian species except humans.
B. Same-gender sexual attraction is a unique facet of sexual behavior in humans.
C. Sexual signaling is observed in animals but not humans.
D. Female masturbation is found among many species beside our own.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Masturbation; Same-Gender Sexual Behavior; Sexual Signaling
96. Observations of other species indicate that our basic mammalian heritage is
A. created by the expression of heterosexual tendencies alone.
B. composed exclusively of same-gender sexual behavior.
C. composed of both heterosexual and homosexual elements.
D. markedly asexual in nature, as procreation does not require sexual intercourse.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
97. There are several species of mammals among which the males often mount other males, and anal intercourse has been observed in some male
primates. The most likely explanation of this behavior is that
A. there is a scarcity of females in all species.
B. basic mammalian heritage is composed exclusively of homosexual tendencies.
C. basic mammalian heritage is composed exclusively of heterosexual tendencies.
D. there is homosexual behavior among many species of mammals.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
98. A female "parades" in front of a group of males and then makes eye contact with one of them. Which of the following best describes this behavior
by the female?
A. sexual signaling
B. phallic aggression
C. the "brush-off"
D. the "caution" look
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Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Feedback: Sexual Signaling
99. When interacting with males, the female patas monkey puffs out her cheeks and drools. This is an example of
A. the incest taboo.
B. phallic aggression.
C. marianismo.
D. sexual signaling.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Sexual Signaling
100. Which of the following is the general trend observed in the sexual behavior of higher species (primates), as compared with lower species (e.g.
mice)?
A. Males generally engage in sexual activity during estrus.
B. Sexual behavior is controlled more by the brain than hormones.
C. Sexual behavior is completely controlled by hormones.
D. The environment has no influence in the sexual behavior of higher species.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: Human Uniqueness
101. In virtually all mammalian species, females engage in sexual behavior

A. at regular intervals that are determined primarily by the availability of mature males.
B. only when they are in "heat."
C. only when the male initiates it.
D. about once a week.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
102. Studies have shown that if rhesus monkeys are reared in isolation, their adult sexual behavior is severely disturbed, to the point where they may
be incapable of reproducing. However, if mice are reared in isolation, their adult sexual behavior will nonetheless be normal. Which of the following
statements best explains the difference in outcomes?
A. For all higher species, sexual activity is limited to a natural mechanism of reflexes and hormones.
B. Sexual activity is purely a function of biology in monkeys.
C. Monkeys are incapable of learning through observing their environment.
D. Environmental influences play a stronger role in sexuality in higher species than in lower ones.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
103. The key difference in human female sexuality from that of other "lower" species is that
A. only females of the human species experience orgasm.
B. in nonhuman species, female sexual behavior is strongly controlled by hormones.
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C. in nonhuman species, the females often have more than one sexual partner.
D. the females of nonhuman species attain sexual maturity late in their life cycles.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
104. Which of the following is an example of sexual behavior used for nonsexual purposes?
A. any individual engaging in sexual activity as an end in itself
B. a rapist using sex as an expression of power over a woman
C. an individual renting a porn movie on a Sunday afternoon for physical stimulation
D. an individual engaging in sexual intercourse when the female is potentially fertile
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: The Nonsexual Uses of Sexual Behavior
105. Which of the following statements is true regarding the sexual health movement?
A. It exclusively promotes physical sexual health.
B. It is purely a social movement.
C. Its only focus is the prevention of sexual diseases.
D. It involves a vision of positive sexual relationships.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain the sexual health perspective.
Topic: Sexual Health Perspective
Feedback: The Sexual Health Perspective
106. An example of a negative sexual right is the

A. freedom to experience sexual pleasure.
B. freedom from sexual violence.
C. right to reproductive self-determination.
D. freedom to express one's sexuality with same-gender partners.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
107. Freedom from all forms of discrimination based on sex, sexuality, or gender is an example of a(n) ______ sexual right.
A. variable
B. positive
C. negative
D. affirmative
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
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108. Which of the following is an example of a positive sexual right?
A. freedom from physical abuse
B. freedom to coerce a partner into nonconsensual sex
C. freedom from sexual abuse
D. freedom to experience sexual pleasure
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
109. Identify an example of a positive sexual right.

A. the right of a man to have nonconsensual sex with a woman
B. the right of a man to have consensual sex with his same-sex partner
C. the right of a woman to be free of sexual abuse
D. the right of a person to discriminate against others based on their sexual orientation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
110. What is meant by the terms sex and gender? Why are the differences between the two terms important?
In this textbook, the term sex refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, while gender refers to the state of being male or female or some other
gender such as trans. It is important to make a distinction between these two terms, because sometimes the word sex is used in a very ambiguous
manner. In certain cases, it may refer to the state of being male or female, while in other cases it may refer to sexual behavior or reproduction.
Though a lot of this ambiguity can be done away with by taking into account the context in which the word is used, it can still cloud our thinking.
Thus, sex and gender are made out to be two different but interrelated concepts.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Gender
Topic: Sex
111. What are some of the similarities in the works of the early researchers who undertook the scientific study of sex?
The scientific study of sex began in the nineteenth century, when some of its early proponents were Oskar Hertwig, Sigmund Freud, Henry Havelock
Ellis, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, and several others. Though all of these researchers contributed something unique to the understanding of sexuality,
upon closer inspection certain similarities can be found among them. Most evident is the fact that most of these researchers' works were conducted
during the Victorian era—i.e., in a cultural context where norms about sexuality were extraordinarily rigid and oppressive. Also, each of these
researchers had quite varied research interests in sexual beliefs and behavior. For example, while Richard von Krafft-Ebing focused on "pathological"
sexuality, Oskar Hertwig contributed to understanding the biological aspects of sexuality. Lastly, the early researchers often let their own beliefs and
values influence their areas of study. For example, it has been suggested that Magnus Hirschfeld's special interest in the study of homosexuality
resulted from the fact that he was himself both homosexual and a transvestite. Also, Richard von Krafft-Ebing's works are considered to be lacking in
objectivity.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
112. Describe three of the theories of media influence developed by communications theorists, and give an example of each.
Communications theorists developed several theories to describe different types of media influence. The first, called cultivation theory, refers to the
notion that people begin to think that what they see on television and in other media really represents the mainstream of what happens in our culture.
For example, college students who watch the soaps are more likely than nonviewing students to overestimate the incidence of divorce. Framing
theory refers to the tendency of media to select certain topics to ignore or report, and within the stories they report, what to emphasize. A news
1-24
channel that focuses more on celebrity gossip instead of stories that are actually newsworthy is an example of agenda setting. Social cognitive theory
contends that characters on television, in the movies, or in romance novels may serve as models whom we imitate, perhaps without even realizing it.
Research has found, for example, that teens who watch more sexy television engage in first intercourse earlier than do other teens. In reinforcing
spiral theory, our social identities and ideologies predict our media use, which in turn affects our identity and beliefs. For example, a Latino student
with strong beliefs about cultural heritage may seek out only Latino-centric programming, which in turn reinforces their beliefs about their culture.
The differential susceptibility model suggests that not everyone reacts the same to the same media exposure: A person with higher levels of inherent
aggressiveness might be more susceptible to violent programming than someone without those tendencies, for example.
Student examples may vary.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Media
113. In the context of human sexuality, what are the advantages and disadvantages of Internet use?
The Internet is a powerful mass media influence. Computer and Internet use is spreading more rapidly than any previous technology, and today 89
percent of U.S. adults use the Internet. This is bound to have both positive and negative effects on sexual health. A number of sites, such as that for
the American Social Health Association, provide excellent information about sexuality and promote sexual health. At the same time, a repeated, well-
sampled study of youth between the ages of 10 and 17 indicated that, whereas in 2000, 19 percent had been sexually solicited on the Internet, by
2010 the number had actually fallen to 9 percent. Most youth who received a solicitation responded by removing themselves from the situation
(blocking the solicitor, leaving the site) or by telling the solicitor to stop. Experts believe that there is greater online safety for youth today than in the
past, for a number of reasons. One is that they receive more talks about online safety from teachers and police.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Media
114. Compare the various sexual perspectives and rituals in the societies of Inis Beag and Mangaia.
A small island off the coast of Ireland called Inis Beag and the South Pacific island of Mangaia represent two extremes in terms of sexual behavior.
Inis Beag is considered to be one of the most naive and sexually repressive societies in the world, while in Mangaia sex—for pleasure and for
procreation—is a principal interest. Several comparisons can be drawn between these two societies.
On the island of Inis Beag, people seem to have no knowledge of a number of sexual activities, and sex education is virtually nonexistent, as parents
shy away from discussing sex with their children. In contrast, Mangaian boys and girls receive sexual instruction from older men and women at a
very young age, and the superincision ritual among boys is considered to be an initiation into manhood. Another area in which Inis Beag and
Mangaia differ significantly is premarital sex. While premarital sex is practically unheard of in Inis Beag, parents in Mangaia encourage their
daughters to have sexual experiences with several men. In Mangaia, the average "nice" girl may have three or four successive boyfriends, while a boy
may have up to 10 or more girlfriends. Also, in Inis Beag, the concept of female orgasm either is believed not to exist or is considered deviant. This
of course is in sharp contrast to Mangaia, where all women learn how to have orgasms. These vast differences in the sexual behavior of the
inhabitants of these islands highlight the varying cross-cultural perspectives and attitudes on sexuality.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
115. How do the concepts of machismo and marianismo affect the sexual expression of Latin Americans?
In traditional Latino culture, gender roles are epitomized in the concepts of machismo and marianismo. Literally, machismo means "maleness" or
"virility." More generally, it refers to the "mystique of manliness." The cultural code of machismo among Latin Americans mandates that the man
must be responsible for the well-being and honor of his family. However, in its extreme form, it also means tolerating a man's sexual infidelities.
Marianismo is the female counterpart of machismo and is derived from Roman Catholic worship of Mary, the virgin mother of Jesus. Thus,
motherhood is highly valued, and virginity until marriage is closely guarded.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
1-25
116. Briefly explain the concept of racial microaggressions with an example.
Old-fashioned, obvious, overt racism has become rare in the United States. It has been replaced by more subtle forms of prejudiced attitudes and
behaviors. Racial microaggressions are subtle insults directed at people of color, often done nonconsciously. Members of ethnic minorities in the
U.S. experience them frequently, and they can be a source of stress. For example, consider the following scenario in which a White professor
provides a lecture on Greco-Roman contributions to the history of psychology. An African American student seems frustrated and says that the
history of psychology is ethnocentric and Eurocentric, and that it leaves out contributions from African, Asian, and Latin American cultures and
psychologies. The professor responds by asking the student to calm down and implies that American psychology is the norm and it influences other
societies, with no consideration of the possibility that other societies might have developed psychological concepts and principles on their own.
Telling a person to calm down is often an expression of dominance that invalidates the legitimacy of the person's feelings. The subtlety and
ambiguity of microaggressions makes them even more difficult to deal with.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Culture
117. Describe some aspects of human sexuality that are unique to our species.
The main difference between the sexual behavior of humans and that of lower species is that sexual behavior in humans tends to be controlled more
by the brain, while in lower species, sexual behavior is more hormonally controlled and instinctive. Environmental influences are much more
important in shaping primate—especially human—sexual behavior than they are in shaping the sexual behavior of other species. Aspects of human
sexuality such as masturbation, same-gender sexual behavior, sexual signaling, and orgasm have been found to exist among nonhuman species as
well. In summary, then, there is little in human sexuality that is completely unique to humans, except for elaborate, complex cultural influences. In
other respects, we are on a continuum with other species.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
118. Give three examples that highlight the use of sexual behavior for nonsexual purposes.
The following are some examples that highlight the use of sexual behavior for nonsexual purposes:
An employee who uses sexual favors to climb up the corporate ladder

A student who uses sex as a way to gain popularity in school
An aspiring actor who uses the "casting couch" to get a break in Hollywood
Student answers will vary.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
119. Should same-sex marriages be made a basic sexual right? Why or why not?
Student answers will vary. Answers could include information on the nature versus nurture debate, the impact on society, equal civil rights,
discrimination, and the role of sexual health. It may be noted that arguments in favor of same-sex marriages as a basic right have gained momentum
worldwide, and that Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and now the United States recognize them.

Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 119
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 52
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 48
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 19
Bloom's: Apply 17
Bloom's: Remember 45
1-26
Bloom's: Understand 57
Difficulty: Easy 46
Difficulty: Hard 16
Difficulty: Medium 57
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast how the great world religions view sexuality. 5
Learning Objective: Compare the sexuality of humans and other species. 12
Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sexuality and the media. 11
Learning Objective: Describe unique traits of human sexuality and how culture influences them. 64
Learning Objective: Differentiate sex and gender. 3
Learning Objective: Explain the sexual health perspective. 7
Learning Objective: Recall the contributions of key sex researchers. 17
Topic: Abortion 1
Topic: Beauty 2
Topic: Cross-Species Perspective 12
Topic: Culture 66
Topic: Gender 2
Topic: Masturbation 1
Topic: Media 11
Topic: Religion 5
Topic: Sex 4
Topic: Sex Researchers 17
Topic: Sexual Health Perspective 7
1-27
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Longfellow says,—
“Deeds are better things than words are.”
Longfellow somewhere says that deeds are better than words.

2. When words are quoted from a foreign language, they should be printed in
italics, and the quotation marks omitted; as, “They have their good glebe lands in
manu, and care not much to rake into title deeds.”—Lamb.
3. When words are to be italicized, a straight mark should be drawn underneath
the words.
4. When a quotation is followed by a comma, semicolon, colon, or period, the
punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks; as, “Mr. M’Adam
writes sometimes with genuine humor, and an occasional entirely original simile
shows evidence of the possession of what phrenologists call the faculty of
‘comparison;’ but the charm of the book is its rare perspicacity.”—Harper’s
Magazine.
5. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the
punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks, if it forms a part of
the quotation; as, “I feel almost like groaning, when a young mother shows me
some marvel of embroidery or machine-stitching, saying triumphantly, ‘There, I did
every stitch of that myself!’”—Scribner’s Monthly.
6. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the
punctuation mark should be placed outside of the quotation marks, if it belongs to
the whole sentence and not to the quotation; as, “We wonder what Handel would
have said to Mozart’s scoring of ‘I know that my Redeemer liveth’!”—Atlantic
Monthly. “Why cannot we hear, for instance, the wonderful curioso, ‘He gave his
back to the smiters,’ that forms the second part of the air, ‘He was despised,’ and
the duet for contralto and tenor, ‘O death where is thy sting’?”—Atlantic Monthly.
Rule II. Titles of Books.—Titles of books are generally inclosed in

quotation marks.
examples.
Morris’s “Story of Sigurd.”—Scribner’s Monthly.
“The Mikado’s Empire.”—N. A. Review.
“Daniel Deronda.”—Contemporary Review.
The Rev. W. W. Capes’s history of “The Early Roman Empire.”—
Appleton’s Journal.
remarks.
1. The names of magazines and papers are generally printed in italics; as, The
Atlantic, N. Y. Nation, Fraser’s Magazine, Appleton’s Journal, Nature, Popular
Science Monthly.
2. In examining The Atlantic, Nation, Scribner’s Monthly, Harper’s, Appleton’s
Magazine, Lippincott’s, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, Eclectic, N. A. Review,
New Englander, London Quarterly, British Quarterly, Westminster Review,
Edinburgh Review, Contemporary Review, The Fortnightly Review, we find that
thirteen of these use quotation marks, and four use italics, in referring to the titles
of books; eleven use italics, and six use quotation marks, in referring to magazines
and papers.
Rule III. A Quotation within a Quotation.—When there is a

quotation within a quotation, single marks should be used in addition
to double marks.
examples.
“Who was the blundering idiot who said that ‘fine words butter no
parsnips.’ Half the parsnips of society are served and rendered
palatable with no other sauce.”—Thackeray.
“There is a small but ancient fraternity, known as the Order of
Gentlemen. It is a grand old order. A poet has said that Christ
founded it; that he was ‘the first true gentleman that ever lived.’”—
Winthrop.
remarks.
1. Sometimes the quotation within a quotation has a word or phrase that is
quoted. The word or phrase must be inclosed in double marks.
2. In quoting Scripture, it is customary to place only double marks at the
beginning and end of the quotation; as, “And Jesus, moved with compassion, put
forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.”—Mark i.
41.
Rule IV. Paragraphs.—When several paragraphs are quoted in
succession, double marks should be placed at the beginning of each
paragraph, and at the end of the entire quotation.
example.
“The children woke. The little girl was the first to open her eyes.
“The waking of children is like the unclosing of flowers, a perfume
seems to exhale from those fresh young souls. Georgette, twenty
months old, the youngest of the three, who was still a nursing baby
in the month of May, raised her little head, sat up in her cradle,
looked at her feet, and began to chatter.
“A ray of morning fell across her crib; it would have been difficult to
decide which was the rosiest, Georgette’s foot or Aurora.”—Hugo.
remarks.
1. A paragraph usually consists of several sentences. It begins on a new line,
and is distinguished by a blank space on the left, at the commencement of the
paragraph.
2. When parts of a quotation are omitted, use several stars to indicate the
omission (* * * *), or place double marks at the beginning and end of each
detached part of the quotation.
THE APOSTROPHE.
Rule I. Letters Omitted.—The apostrophe is used to indicate the

omission of a letter or letters.
examples.
“O Marcia, O my sister, still there’s hope!”—Addison.
“Thou knowest ’tis common; all, that live, must die,

Passing through nature to eternity.”—Shakespeare.
remark.
The apostrophe is made like a comma, but is placed above the line.
Rule II. Possession.—The apostrophe is used to denote

possession.
examples.
Taine’s “English Literature.” Rawlinson’s “Ancient Monarchies.”
remarks.
1. The apostrophe and s should be used with nouns in the singular, even when
the word ends in s or x; as,—
“Dickens’s Works.”—Appleton’s Journal.

“Cox’s General History of Greece.”—Harper’s Magazine.
“Evans’s observations.”—Edinburgh Review.
“Mr. Hayes’s responsibility.”—N. Y. Nation.
In addition to the periodicals given above, The Atlantic, Scribner’s Monthly,

Lippincott’s Magazine, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, N. A. Review, London
Quarterly, British Quarterly, Fortnightly Review, use the additional s. The
Westminster omits the additional s. In the Contemporary and Edinburgh Review,
the s is used by some writers and omitted by others.
2. In the plural of nouns, the apostrophe and s are used to denote possession,
when the word does not end in s; as, men’s deeds. If the word ends in s, the
apostrophe only is used; as, my neighbors’ house.
3. The apostrophe should not be used before s in ours, yours, hers, theirs, its.
THE HYPHEN.
Rule I. Compound Words.—The hyphen is used to connect the

parts of a compound word.
examples.
“My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not to be
rooted up without blood.”—Lamb.
“The breezy call of incense-breathing morn.”—Gray.
remarks.
1. A compound word is formed by placing together two simple words.
2. Sometimes several words are connected together by hyphens; as, “He had a
lively touch-and-go-away with him, very pleasant and engaging I admit.”—Wilkie
Collins.
3. When a compound word comes into very general use, the hyphen is
sometimes omitted; as, railroad, steamboat, bookstore.
4. To-day, to-night, to-morrow, should always be written with a hyphen.
5. When there is any doubt whether two words should be united by a hyphen or
written as one word, some standard dictionary should be consulted. It will,
however, be found that even dictionaries differ somewhat in the use and omission
of the hyphen in compound words. In order to preserve some uniformity in spelling
and in the formation of compound words, every writer should make either Webster
or Worcester the final authority.
Rule II. Prefixes.—When a prefix ends in a vowel, and the word to

which it is joined commences with a vowel, they should be separated
by a hyphen.
examples.
Re-admit, co-ordinate, pre-existence, pre-eminent.
remarks.
1. A prefix is a letter, syllable, or word, placed before some word, thus forming a
new word.
2. If, instead of two vowels, a vowel and a consonant come together, the prefix
and the word to which it is joined should usually be written as one word; as,
rewrite, predetermine.
3. Vice-president, and most words with vice as a prefix, should be written with a
hyphen.
4. Some writers use the diæresis instead of the hyphen. With prefixes it is better
to use the hyphen, but in other words containing two vowels that do not form a
diphthong, the diæresis should be used; as, Zoölogy.
Rule III. Division of Words.—When it is necessary to write part of
a word at the end of a line and part at the beginning of the next line,
the division should be made at the end of a syllable, and the parts
should be connected by a hyphen, at the end of the line.
example.
“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a sub-
ject ourselves, or we know where we can find in-
formation upon it.”—Dr. Johnson.
remarks.
1. It is better to divide a word as near the middle as possible.
2. When two words one at the end of a line and the other at the commencement
of the following line, are separated by a punctuation mark, it should be placed at
the end of the line, and never at the beginning.
MISCELLANEOUS MARKS.
I. Two Commas (”) indicate that the word under which they are
placed is to be repeated.
Charles Harrison, Adrian, Mich.
Clinton Hardy, ” ”
II. The Caret (^) indicates that something is written above the line
that forms a part of the sentence. It is only used in writing.
III. Marks of Ellipsis (—, ....., * * * * *) indicate the omission of

letters, words, or sentences.
1. “I was the true descendant of those old W—s.”—Lamb.
2. “I have a belief of my own, ... that by desiring what is perfectly
good, even when we don’t quite know what it is, ... we are a part of a
divine power against evil, widening the skirts of light, and making the
struggle with darkness narrower.”—George Eliot.
Four words are omitted where the first dots are, and five where the
second are.
3. “My lov’d, my honour’d, much respected friend!

* * * * * * * * *
To you I sing, in simple Scottish lays,
The lowly train in life’s sequester’d scene,
The native feeling strong, the guileless ways;
What Aiken in his cottage would have been.”—Burns.
In the above, three lines are omitted.

IV. Leaders (......) are used to indicate a connection between
words at the beginning of the line and what is at the end of the line.
Winnowed Wheat ................... Nellie R. Luck.

Dreams, a Poem ................... Octa E. Wise.
V. In writing, one line drawn under a word indicates that it is to be

printed in italics; two lines, in small capitals; three lines, in capitals.
VI. Marks of Reference are used to refer to notes at the bottom of
the page, or to remarks in the margin. They are the following:—
The Star (*), the Dagger (†), the Double Dagger (‡), the Section
(§), Parallel Lines (‖), the Paragraph (¶).
The above marks are given in the order in which they are used.
The Paragraph (¶) is also used, in written compositions, to denote
that what follows should commence a new line.
Capitals.
INTRODUCTION.
It has been the custom among some writers to commence every
important word with a capital, so that some printed productions have
fairly bristled with capitalized words; as,—
“Modern authors have with unwearied Pains made many useful
Searches into the weak Sides of the Ancients, and given us a
comprehensive Lift of them.”—Swift.
“There were a Race of Men who delighted to nibble at the
Superfluities and Excrescences of Books.”—Swift.
The custom of commencing all nouns with a capital is still
prevalent among the Germans of the present day.
It is a somewhat interesting fact that the use and value of capitals
has been subject to a rise and fall in the literary market, written
productions during some centuries abounding in them, while in other
centuries they have, in a great measure, been discarded, and have
become comparative strangers in English composition.
In the early part of this century, there was a tendency to use them
to an inconsiderate extent, owing principally to German imitators like
Carlyle and others, who adopted, in a somewhat modified form, the
German method of capitalizing words. Just at present there seems to
be a reaction setting in, and there is a tendency among some of our
leading publishing houses to dispense with their use as much as
possible. In democratic America, there has always been a somewhat
unreasonable fear of official titles, and when they are used, they are
frequently belittled with small letters. This has had a tendency to
encourage the use of small letters in many words that should
properly commence with capitals.
There is no doubt that a judicious use of capitals assists the eye
very much in reading what another has written, and in understanding
a writer’s meaning. While, on the other hand, an injudicious use
lessens their value, and disfigures a printed page.
Although the taste and judgment of each writer may be consulted
in the capitalization of some words to which he may assign a special
meaning, there are a number of well established principles,
sanctioned by long usage, that should govern all writers in the use of
capital letters.
CAPITALS.
Rule I. Sentences.—The first word of every sentence should

commence with a capital.
examples.
“The price we challenge for ourselves is given us.”—Schiller.

“The elder brother of Franklin ventured to start a newspaper,
though warned that America could never support two
newspapers.”—William Russel.
“Trust in yourself, and you have learnt to live.”—Goethe.
remarks.
1. A sentence is an assemblage of words making complete sense, and followed
by a period. Sometimes a sentence has an interrogation or an exclamation point at
its close; as,—
“For of the wholly common is man made,

And custom is his nurse!”—Schiller.
2. Any expression that is equivalent to a sentence should commence with a

capital; as, Very affectionately. Price $5.00.
3. As a period indicates the close of a sentence, the word following the period
should commence with a capital; as, “The little soul is like a vapor that hovers
around a marshy lake. It never rises on the green hill, lest the winds meet it
there.”—Ossian.
If, however, a period is used to indicate an abbreviation, it should not be
followed by a capital, unless it is at the close of a sentence, or the word that
follows it requires a capital; as, In Germany, the degrees of M. D., LL. D., and Ph.
D. are only gained after passing a severe examination.
4. Although a capital is generally used after an interrogation or an exclamation
point, as they usually indicate the close of a sentence, this is not always the case;
as,—
“How poor! how rich! how abject! how august!

How complicate! how wonderful is man!
How passing wonder He who made him such!
Who centered in our make such strange extremes!”—Young.
Rule II. Poetry.—The first word of every line of poetry should

examples.
“There is a day of sunny rest

For every dark and troubled night;
And grief may bide an evening guest,
But joy shall come with early light.”—Bryant.
“But far more numerous was the herd of such,

Who think too little and who talk too much.”—Dryden.
Rule III. Persons and Places.—Names of persons, countries,

cities, islands, rivers, mountains, &c., should commence with
capitals.
examples.
“The finest thief of old history is the pirate who made that famous
answer to Alexander, in which he said that the conqueror was only
the mightier thief of the two.”—Leigh Hunt.
America, France, London, New York, West Indies, Hudson, Rhine,
Rocky Mountains, Mount Vernon, Pacific.
remarks.
1. When North, South, East, &c., refer to political or geographical divisions, they
should commence with capitals; as, “But sectional bitterness has in a great
measure passed away; the fatal cause of discord between North and South has
been removed.”
When these words refer merely to the points of the compass, they should be
written with small letters.
2. Words derived from the names of persons should commence with capitals;
as, Socratic, Platonic, Elizabethan.
When words derived from the names of persons or places lose their individual
character, and are used as common words, they should commence with small
letters; as, god-like, hector, turkey, china-ware, laconic.
3. Heaven and hell are written with small letters in the Bible. Satan is always
printed with a capital, but devil commences with a small letter, unless it stands for
Satan; as, “Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted
of the devil.”—Mat. iv. 1.
Rule IV. Nations.—The names of nations, or words derived from
the names of nations, should commence with capitals.
examples.
“‘Simply to be poor,’ says my favorite Greek historian, ‘was not
held scandalous by the wise Athenians; but highly so, to owe that
poverty to our own indiscretion.’”—Fielding.
American, German, French, Latins, Americanize, Latinize,
Hellenize.
remark.
Italics and Italicize are frequently written with small letters.
Rule V. Sects and Parties.—The names of religious sects and

political parties should commence with capitals.
examples.
Christian, Mohammedan, Lutheran, Catholic, Protestant,
Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Unitarian.
Republican, Federalist, Democrat, Whig, Tory, Radical.
remarks.
1. When republican, radical, &c., are used as common words, and not as the
names of political parties, they should commence with small letters; as, republican
institutions, radical measures.
2. Some writers use small letters, when referring to political parties. If, however,
it is incorrect to write Congregational, Methodist, with small letters, why is it not
incorrect to commence Republican, Whig, with small letters?
3. Church should be written with a capital, when it refers to a religious sect; as,
the Episcopal Church, meaning the whole body of Christians belonging to that
denomination. When the word refers to a place of worship, it should commence
with a small letter.
Rule VI. Months and Days.—The names of months and days
should commence with capitals.
examples.
“No one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is
that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is
the nativity of our common Adam.”—Lamb.
February, March, April, May; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Sunday, Good Friday, Easter.
remark.
Spring, summer, autumn, winter, should be written with small letters.
Rule VII. Titles of Books.—All the words, with the exception of

articles, conjunctions, and prepositions, in the titles of books, should
examples.
Forsyth’s “Life of Cicero.” “The Fall of the Roman Republic,” Rev.
C. Merivale.
remarks.
1. It is just as necessary to capitalize the title of a book, as it is the name of a
person.
2. The title of an oration, essay, article for a newspaper, or of any written
production, follows the same rule as the title of a book.
3. Names of sacred writings should always be capitalized; as, Bible, Old and
New Testament, the Scriptures, Acts, Revelation, Gospel of John, Koran, Vedas.
Rule VIII. Title-Pages.—The title-pages of books are generally

printed entirely with capitals. The title-page of any book will illustrate
this rule.
remarks.
1. This rule concerns more especially the printer.
2. The first word of a chapter is generally printed in small capitals, the first letter
of the word being a large capital.
3. In handbills and advertisements, all important words are capitalized, so as to
attract special attention.
Rule IX. Titles of Persons.—All titles of respect or honor should

be capitalized.
There are three classes of titles:—
1. Common Titles.
Mr., Mrs., Miss, Master.
2. Professional Titles.
Prof, Dr., D. D., LL. D., &c.
3. Official Titles.
Hon., His Excellency, His Honor, President,
Secretary, Senator, Mr. Chairman, &c.
examples.
President Hayes, Senator Morton, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Dr.
Chas. Rynd, Mr. Fred. J. Todd.
remarks.
1. A distinction should always be made between words used as titles, and words
used in a general sense. For example, senator should commence with a small
letter, if it is not placed before the name of a person as a title, or does not refer to a
particular individual. This is the same with president, secretary, doctor, &c.; as, “A
patient owes some thanks to a doctor who restores him with nectar smooth and
fragrant, instead of rasping his throat and flaying his interior with the bitters sucked
by sour-tempered roots from vixenish soils.”—Winthrop.
2. Father, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, cousin, &c., should commence with a
capital, when they are used like titles with the names of persons; as, Father
Pierce, Cousin Blackmar.
3. Sir, father, brother, friend, &c., when used as introductory words to a letter,
should commence with capitals, as a mark of respect; as, My dear Sir, My dear
Friend.
4. In writing such titles as the President of the United States, Secretary of State,
Alexander the Great, all the words in the title should commence with a capital,
except of and the.
Rule X. The Deity.—All names of the Supreme Being or his Son

should commence with a capital.
examples.
“But it is now time to depart,—I to die, but you to live. But which of
us is going to the better state is unknown to every one but God.”—
Socrates.
“For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son,
that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have
everlasting life.”—John iii. 16.
remarks.
1. Writers differ somewhat in the use of capitals in words referring to the Deity.
Some capitalize all words in any way referring to the Supreme Being, while others
simply capitalize the words that to them seem important. There should be some
uniformity in the use of capitals in words of this character. As a general rule, it is
better to follow the usage of an authorized version of the Scriptures.
2. Such words as First Cause, First Principle, Almighty God, Supreme Being,
Lord God Almighty, Infinite One, should always be written with capitals.
3. King of kings, Lord of lords, Son of man, Father of lights, Father of spirits,
God of hosts, Father of mercies, Prince of life, Prince of kings, and expressions of
a similar character, should only commence with a capital. This is the almost
invariable usage of the Scriptures. These expressions are not commonly used in
the Bible as titles, in the strict sense of the word. For example, King of kings really
means that the Deity is the supreme King of all human kings. For illustration see 1
Tim. vi. 15; Dan. vii. 13; Jas. i. 17; Heb. xii. 9; Psa. lxxx. 7; 2 Cor. i. 3; Acts iii. 15;
Mat. xii. 32. When these forms are used as titles, they may be capitalized like
titles.
4. The adjectives eternal, divine, heavenly, are not printed with capitals in the
Scriptures, when referring to the Deity; as, the eternal God, heavenly Father. See
Deut. xxxiii. 27; Heb. ix. 14; Mat. vi. 32; 2 Pet. i. 3. When, however, these
adjectives are used in an emphatic or special sense, they may commence with
capitals.
5. The pronouns referring to the Deity should not be capitalized, when they are
used with some name of the Supreme Being; as, “At that time Jesus answered
and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid
these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to babes.”—Mat.
xi. 25. Any chapter of the New Testament will give similar illustrations.
When, however, a pronoun referring to the Deity stands alone, it should
commence with a capital; as,—
“O Thou! with whom the night is day,

And one the near and far away.”—Whittier.
6. The capitalization of pronouns is sometimes carried to a ridiculous excess by

some writers, especially in poetry; as,
“We praise Thee, O God! for the Son of Thy love.”
7. God, goddess, deity, applied to heathen divinities, should not commence with
a capital.
Rule XI. Quotations.—When the exact words of another are

given, the first word of the quotation should commence with a
capital, if it forms a complete sentence.
examples.
“When the celebrated Chesterfield was asked by a Parisian lady,
‘Why, my Lord, does England still retain Christianity?’ ‘Madame,’ he
replied, with that mixture of repartee and philosophy which met the
case he was dealing with, ‘Madame, because, as yet, we have been
able to find nothing better.’”
Fielding somewhere says, “A good face is a letter of
recommendation.”
remarks.
1. When a quotation is introduced by that, it should not commence with a capital;
as, Napoleon banished Madame de Stael because he said that “she carried a
quiver of arrows that could hit a man if he were seated on a rainbow.”
2. When only a part of a sentence is quoted, a small letter should be used; as,
“For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall ‘lie down with kings and emperors
in death,’ who in his lifetime never greatly coveted the society of such
bedfellows?”—Lamb.
3. Sometimes a single word comprises the entire saying of another. When this is
so, it should commence with a capital; as, “He shouted, ‘Victory.’”
4. When examples are given as illustrations of some general principle, they
naturally follow the same rule as quotations. If an entire sentence is given as an
example, it should commence with a capital. When disconnected words are given,
small letters may be used, unless the words themselves require capitals.
Rule XII. Resolutions.—In writing resolutions, the word

immediately following Resolved, should commence with a capital.
example.
“Resolved, That the Declaration, passed on the fourth, be fairly
engrossed on parchment, with the title and style of ‘The Unanimous
Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America;’ and that the
same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.”
remark.
Resolved commences with a capital in resolutions, and a comma immediately
precedes That.
Rule XIII. Special Words.—Words used in a special sense, or of

special importance, commence with capitals.
examples.
“As nowadays we build monuments to great men, so in the Middle
Ages they built shrines or chapels on the spots which saints had
made holy.”—Froude.
“The Reformation broke the theological shackles in which men’s
minds were fettered.”—Froude.
“That Popularity is alone valuable and enduring which follows you,
not that which you run after.”—Lord Mansfield.
remark.
Although it is the universal custom to capitalize a word when used in a special
sense to mark an important period or event in history, there is another class of
words to which writers assign a special importance, the capitalization of which
must necessarily be left to the judgment and taste of each writer. It should,
however, be remembered that an injudicious or too frequent use of capitals
lessens their value and force, and disfigures a written or printed page.
Rule XIV. Words Personified.—When things without life are

represented as persons, they may commence with capitals.
example.
“Father Time is not always a hard parent, and though he tarries for
none of his children, he often lays his hand lightly upon those who
have used him well; making them old men and women inexorably
enough, but leaving their hearts and spirits young and in full vigor.
With such people the gray head is but the impression of the old
fellow’s hand in giving them a blessing, and every wrinkle but a
notch in the quiet calendar of a well-spent life.”—Dickens.
remark.
Care should be taken not to carry this rule to an excess. Unless the
personification is vivid and emphatic, use small letters; as,—
“Many a daylight dawned and darkened,

Many a night shook off the daylight
As the pine shakes off the snow-flakes
From the midnight of its branches.”—Longfellow.
Rule XV. I and O.—The pronoun I and the interjection O should

always be written with capitals.
examples.
“True faith, I tell thee,
Must ever be the dearest friend to man:
His nature prompts him to assert its rights.”—Schiller.
“As wise as when I went to school.”—Goethe.
“O day! O day! O day! O hateful day!

Never was seen so black a day as this.”—Shakespeare.
Rule XVI. References.—In referring to passages in books,

numbers are sometimes represented by capital letters.
examples.
Irving’s “Life of Washington,” vol. III. p. 77.
Mommsen’s “History of Rome,” vol. IV. p. 18.
remarks.
1. Some commence volume and chapter with a capital, but this is not the usual
custom.
2. The volume, chapter, and page may be given, but the volume and page are
sufficient.
3. In referring to passages in the Bible, the chapter and verse are given; as
Luke, chap. ix. 15. It is the usual custom to omit the word chapter, the letters
representing the chapter; and the number, the verse; as, “It may be fit to remember
that Moses, Lev. xi. 9, Deut. xiv. 9, appointed fish to be the chief diet of the best
commonwealth that ever yet was.”—Izaak Walton.
Rule XVII. Divisions of a Statement.—When a general statement

is divided into separate and distinct parts, it is better to commence
each division with a capital, even when they do not form complete
sentences, and are not separated from each other by a period. This
is especially the case when the divisions are numbered.
example.
“The history of the normal development of the individual has its
counterpart in the history of humanity. There is, 1. The age of
popular and unconscious morality; 2. The transitional, skeptical, or
sophistical age; and 3. The philosophic or conscious age of morality.”
remarks.
1. When each division commences with a capital and is also numbered, they will
be more readily recognized and understood.
2. Some writers number the divisions, but do not commence them with capitals;
as, “The teaching of composition requires, (1) a cultivation of thought; and (2) a
cultivation of the faculty of expression.” It is better to commence each division with
a capital.
3. When a sentence is broken off to commence a new line, in order to give
special prominence to a statement, or to attract attention, a capital should be used;
as,—
I am, dear Mother,
Your dutiful son,
Sam. Johnson.

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Feedback: Variations in Sexual Techniques

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Feedback: Variations in Sexual Techniques

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