SOCIAL SCIENCE

Band - a small, agalitarian, kin-based group 10-50 people

Tribes - comprised of bands that were politically integrated, shared a language, and
religious beliefs

Chiefdoms - organized through formal structures led by a council of elders or a chief

Chief - accorded with a higher rank that allows them to allocate resource, resolve conflicts

Ancient Barangays - led by datus, “barangay societies”

State - an independent, sovereign government exercising control over a certain spatially

defined and bounded area

Elements of State:Population, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty

Nation - a group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit based on
a shared cultural or historical criteria

Max Weber - identified 3 types of authority

3 types of authority:

● Traditional Authority - hereditary authority or authority passed through the

bloodline
● Charismatic Authority - leader's charisma, capacity of leaders to attract and retain
loyalty
● Rational-Legal Authority - drawn from legal and constitutional mandates

Type of groups of people that are less likely to vote for celebrities in politics:

● Wealthier Respondents
● With higher educational attainment

3 types of authority weaknesses:

● Charismatic Leadership - can be problematic because it is somehow based on

some form of messianic promise of overhauling an unjust system
● Traditional Authority - lack of moral regularity
● Rational-Legal Authority - manifest the power of bureaucracy over the individual. It
may not be able to fully address the problems and concerns of everyone
Market Economies - rely on money or currency

Non-Market Economies - rely on barter

Reciprocity - direct exchange of goods or services

Redistribution - transfer of goods or services

Market Transaction - indirect exchange of goods and services

Stock Market:

● Physical Goods - laptops and canned goods

● Actual Goods - tutorial and laundry services
● Stocks or Shares - partial ownership of corporations

Profit Motive - maximizing the profitability of a company or business

US Federal Trade Commission - elaborated on the perils of using cryptocurrency as

digital money

Cryptocurrency - investment, hoping the value goes up

Well-known cryptocurrency:

● Bitcoin
● Ether

3 Sectors of the Economy:

● Primary - extracting natural resources/extraction of raw materials

● Secondary - manufacturing/mass production of goods
● Tertiary - business process outsourcing

Non-State institutions - help build and shape societies

Includes:

● Bank
● Corporations
● Cooperatives and Trade Unions
● Transnational Advocacy Groups
● Development Agencies
● International Organizations

Banks - lend money to businesses, start-ups, entrepreneurs, and even the government
Corporations - private entities that are created to manage a company or a group of
companies that produce commodities

Corporate Social Responsibility - the private sector's commitment to upholding the

common good

Trade Unions or Labor Unions - harness the collective power of employees/working

class/workers

Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) - agreement covers “negotiations with respect

to wages, hours of work and all other terms and conditions for employment”

Cooperatives - formed by citizens/consumers to help themselves by providing financial

services to its members, in exchange for membership dues or share capital

Patronage Refund - typically given back to its members every year in the form of cash
dividends

Transnational Advocacy Groups - Transparency International and Amnesty

International ensure that governments worldwide maintain transparency in their affairs

Amnesty Internationa - an international organization that brings into the center various
people’s issue

Development agencies and Lending Institutions - help finance big government projects
(EX. World Bank, Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank)

United Nations - serves as a springboard for global governance

Vital International Organizations:

● International Labor Organization

● World Health Organization
● UNESCO
● World Trade Organization
● Food and Agriculture Organization

Functions of Education

● Individuals need for self-actualization

● Society’s need for having a productive citizenry

Philippine Education Act of 1982 - “Education for All”

Animism - a belief that everything has a spirit

Polytheism - a belief in the existence of multiple Gods

Monotheism - a belief that only one all-powerful God exists

Public Health and Culture

Binat/Bughat - “Relapse” occurs when someone is recovering from illness but gets sick
again shortly after or even during the recovery period

Bales (na-bati, na-bales) - condition unique to Philippine folk medicine, believed to be

caused by an admiring or complimentary greeting

Common Filipino cultural beliefs:

● Namamana (inheritance)
● Lihi (conception or maternal cravings)
● Sumpalgaba (curse)
● Pasma (hot and cold syndrome)
● Namaligno (mystical and supernatural causes)
● Kaloob ng Diyos (God’s will)

FIL 110
Plagiarism o pamamalahiyo- (isang anyo ng pagnanakaw)pagkopya ng mga pahayag na
sinulat ng iba nang walang permiso o kaukulang dokumentasyon

Karaniwang halimbawa ng pamamalahiyo:

● Eksaktong pagkopya(verbatim)- pangungusap o talata na hindi inilalagay sa loob

ng panipi at walang pagkilala sa pinagmulan
● Pagpapahayag ng ilang salita na walang pagkilala sa pinagmulan
● Pagbubuod ng ilang talata ng walang pagkilala sa pinagmulan

Sistema ng dokumentasyon:

-tumutukoy sa pagbibigay ng impromasyon tungkol sa

awtor, sulating pinagkunan ng ideya, at paglathala ng sulatin
● Impormasyon tungkol sa awtor
● Impormasyon tungkol sa sulating pinagkunan ng ideya
● Impormasyon tungkol sa pag lathala ng sulatin

sistema o format ng dokumentasyon depende sa disiplina o larangan:

● Chicago manual style- ginagamit sa maraming larangan

● Modern language association-humanidades
● American psychological association- agham, panlipunan,
edukasyon,business
● Council of science editors- biological sciences
● American medical association- biomedical sciences, medicine, nursing, at
dentistry
● American Chemical Society - karaniwan sa chemistry
● American Mathematical Society - karaniwan sa matematika at computer
sciences
● Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers at American Society of
Civil Engineers - karaniwan engineering a mga nabanggit

3 pangunahing format:

● Chicago style citation

● MLA citation
● APA citation

bibliography -bibliyograpiya

List of references- sanggunian

Footnote-talababa

Endnote- tala

Parenthetical notes- talang parentetikal

Ilang prinsipyo ng etika ng pananaliksik:

1. Pananagutan ng mananaliksik
2. Kapakanan ng mga informant sa pananaliksik
3. Katapatan sa pananaliksik
 Character sketch- anyo ng sanaysay na naglalarawan o nagsasalaysay
tungkol sa isang tao, hayop, bagay, o lugar

2 bagay na dapat isaalang-alang sa pagpili ng paksa:

1. Pumili ng paksa na pamilyar sa manunulat

2. Pumili ng paksa sa makabuluhan sa lipunan.

2 aspekto ng pagsulat ang mahalaga sa character sketch:

1. Kasapatan ng datos
2. Organisasyon o pagsasaayos ng mga datos

Estratehiya sa pagpaparami ng datos:

1. Paglilista
2. Pagmamapa
3. Malayang pagsulat

Paglilista- inililista ang anumang salita o parirala na may kaugnayan sa paksa

Pagmamapa- naipapakita sa estratehiyang ito ang koensiyon ng mga detalye o

aytem sa listahan sa isa’t isa

Malayang pagsulat- tuloy-tuloy na paglilista ng mga detalye sa anyong patalata

Ilang paraan ng pagsasaayos ng mga datos sa character sketch:

1. Orasan- sumusulong ang mga kamay ng orasan ayon sa takbo ng panahon

2. Paputok- isang bagay na sinisindihan o ginagawang aktibo para lumikha ng isang
malakas
FILIPINO 110
P.E
P.R
Data collection - is the process of collecting and evaluating information or data from multiple
sources to find answers to research problems.

Types of Data:

a. Observations

b. Interviews

c. Documents

d. Audiovisual and Electronic data

Obserbation - is a technique of gathering the data whereby you personally watch, interact, or
communicate with the subjects of your research.

Interview - is a data gathering technique that allows you to communicate verbally with the
participants, to ask questions about your research study.

Documents - The information is contained in a medium like a legal document, a journal,

letters, diaries, memos, records, archival materials, biographies, autobiographies or
accomplished forms about a phenomenon or experience.

Audiovisual and Electronic Data - These refer to the information contained in audio and
video recordings, still photos, and electronic materials such as email, blogs, vlogs, and the like.

Data Gathering Methods

Type of Observation
1. Participant Observation - The observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the
activities of the individual or group being observed.
2. Non-Participant or Structured Observation - This type of observation completely
detaches you from the target of your observation.

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