LESSON PLAN

Subject : Advance Statistics

I. OBJECTIVES :
Presenting a brief overview about:

a. Factors
b. Factor levels
c. Type of factors
d. Treatments
e. Choice of treatments
f. Experimental units
g. Sample size and replicates
h. Randomization
i. Blocking and measurements of response variables

II. SUBJECT MATTER:

Topic : Conducting Experiments and Studies

Materials: PowerPoint presentation, laptop, cellphone

Reference: https://www.coursera.org/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/
https://ssmrc.wm.edu/
https://uca.edu/psychology/files/
https://stats.libretexts.org/
https://www.princeton.edu/

III. LESSON PROPER

A. B2.Factors
MOTIVATION – are explanatory
: THE variablesFAMILIAR
WORDS SOUNDS to be studied in an investigation.
Factor levels – are the values of that factor in an experiment. For example, in the study
Mechanics:
 Sample size is usually determined by the trade-off between statistical considerations
involving color ofwill
1. Four pictures cars,
bethe factor
shown car colors
which will becould have fourwith
accompanied levels: red,
hints ofblack, blue, and gray.
distorted
such as power of tests, precision of estimations , and the availability of resources
Inpronunciation
a design involving vaccination,
for the the treatment could have two levels: vaccine and placebo.
correct word.
such as money, time, man power, technology etc.
2. Take note that the number of given syllables does not automatically correspond to the
 In general, the larger the sample size, the better it is for statistical inference;
syllables of the correct word. Players must focus to the sounds of their pronunciation to
however, the costlier is the study.
make out the correct.
 An important consideration in an experimental design is how to assess power of
precision as function of the sample size.
B. DISCUSSION: CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND STUDIES
Replicates
B1. Introduction
For many designed studies the sample size is an integer multiple of the total number of
 Statistics is a mathematical tool for quantitative analysis of data, and as such it
treatments. This integer is the number of times each treatment being repeated and one
serves as the means by which we extract useful information.
complete repetition of all treatments (under similar experimental conditions) is called a
 Statistical Analysis can be used to summarize those observations by estimating the
complete replicate of the experiment.
average, which provides an estimate of the true mean. It ca also be used to
Example:propagate
in a studythe measurement
of baking error on
temperature in the
thederived
volumequantity.
of quick bread prepared from a
Types of
package factors
 Analysis
mix, fourofoven
Variance (t-test) canlow,
temperatures: be used to estimate
medium, high andthe probability
very high werethat the by
tested
 Experimental
underlying factors:
phenomena levels
are of the
truly factor are
different. assigned at random to
randomly assigning each temperature to 5 package mixes ( all of the same brand). Thud thethe
 experimental
sample Regression
size units.
is 4 × 5 =Analysis
20, thecan be used
number to come upiswith
of treatments 4 (4alevels
mathematical expression
of temperatures) andfor the
there
 Observational
relationship
are 5 complete factors:
between
replicates levels of the
theexperiment.
of the factor
two variables. are characteristic of the experimental
units and is not under the control of the investigators.
Why  Replicates?
There could be observational factors in an experimental study.
When a treatment is repeated under the same experimental conditions, any difference in
Treatments
the response from prior responses for the same treatment is due to random errors. Thus
 In a provides
replication single factor study,information
us some a treatment corresponds
about random to a factor
errors. level;
If the thus the
variation number
in random
errors isofrelatively
treatments equals
small the number
compared to the of different
total factor
variation levels
in the of that we
response, factor.
would have
 In a multi-factor study,
evidence for treatment effect. a treatment corresponds to a combination of factor levels
across different factors; thus the number of all possible treatments is the product of
 1. Tends to average out between treatments whatever systematic affects may be present, apparent or
hidden, so that the comparison between treatments measure only the pure treatment effect.
a. Treatment
b. Representativeness
c. Randomization
d. Replicates
2. This integer is the number of times each treatment being repeated and one complete repetition of all
treatments is called_________.
a. Treatment
b. Representativeness
c. Randomization
d. Replicates
3. Corresponds to a factor level; thus the number of treatments equals the number of different factor
levels of that factors.
a. Treatment
b. Representativeness
c. Randomization
d. Replicates
4. The levels are usually indicated by the nature of the factor.
a. Factor levels
b. Qualitative factors
c. Quantitative factors
d. Range of the levels
5. Are the values of that factor in an experiment.
a. Factor levels
b. Qualitative factors
c. Quantitative factors
d. Range of the levels
6. The choice of levels reflects the type of the trend expected by the investigator.
a. Factor levels
b. Qualitative factors
c. Quantitative factors
d. Range of the levels
7. Usually prior knowledge is required for an effective choice of factors and treatments.
a. Factor levels
b. Qualitative factors
c. Quantitative factors
d. Range of the levels
8. Levels of the factor are assigned at random to the experimental units.
a. Factor
b. Factor levels
c. Experimental factors
d. Observational factors
9. Are explanatory variables to be studied in an investigation.
a. Factor
b. Factor levels
c. Experimental factors
d. Observational factors
10. Levels of the factor are characteristic of the experimental units and is not under the control of the
investigators.
a. Factor
b. Factor levels
c. Experimental factors
d. Observational factors
IV. ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read and answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer.
Multiple choice (1-10).
Prepared by :

Richelle M. Guray

Joann B. Loyola

Richardson Mercado

Isauro