GEED 10053

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

College of Science

First Semester
S.Y. 2020-2021

1/17
 Lesson 2

LOGIC AND SETS

OUTLINE

1. Propositions

2. Compound Propositions

3. Logical Arguments

4. Sets

2/17
Lesson 2: LOGIC AND SETS

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. identify which are propositions and which are not;
2. construct compound propositions using logical connectives;
3. construct truth tables for propositions;
4. test validity of arguments;
5. describe a set by listing method, set-builder notation, or descriptive method;
6. perform operations on sets; and
7. solve problems using Venn diagrams

3/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Mathematics is a language. As in any other types of language, we use sentences to

communicate thoughts and ideas. Mathematics is not an exception. We use
propositions to communicate mathematical ideas precisely.

Definition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be objectively identified as

either true or false, but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is
true and is denoted by T or 1; otherwise, its truth value is false and is denoted
by F or 0.

4/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example
Consider the following sentences.
1. Douglas MacArthur arrived in the Philippines in 1521.
2. Are you insane?
√
3. 2 is an irrational number.
4. Find all x such that xe−x = 2.
5. Is that your laptop?
6. Basketball players are handsome.
7. There is life in other planets.
8. Welcome to the Philippines!

5/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Immediately, we find that sentences (2), (4), (5), and (8) are not declarative
sentences, so they are not propositions.

Sentence (1) is a proposition because Douglas MacArthur either arrived in the

Philippines in 1521 or not. In fact, this proposition is false because historical records
shows that Douglas MacArthur arrived in the Philippines some time in 1900s.

Sentence (3) is clearly a true proposition. Although statement (6) is a declarative

sentence, it cannot be considered a proposition because the meaning of the word
“handsome” is subjective in nature. Unless we could agree on an objective definition
of “handsome”, then statement (6) cannot be considered a proposition.

6/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Finally, statement (7) is a proposition. Whether there is life or not in other planets,
it doesn’t really matter. The fact that this sentence is either true or false, and
cannot be both true and false, makes it a proposition. For this example, we still
don’t have enough evidence to claim that proposition (7) is true yet, and we don’t
have a proof that it is false either. Hence, only time will tell when can we assign a
truth value for (7), but certainly, it has a truth value.

Symbolically, we denote propositions in this lesson using lower case letters, such as
p, q, r , s, etc.

7/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions
Given a proposition, its truth table is a diagram in table form that is used to show
all its possible truth values.

p p q p q r
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
Remark: In general, a truth table involving n distinct propositions has 2n rows. 8/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Definition

Quantified statements involve terms such as all, each, every, no, none, some,
there exists, and at least one. In a statement, the words all, each, every, no,
none are called universal quantifiers while the words some, there exists, and
at least one are called existential quantifiers.

9/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions
Example
1. Every student taking Mathematics in the Modern World subject this semester
will pass.
2. No accounting student is also majoring in food technology.
3. Some people who are NBA fans are also Ginebra fans.
4. There is at least one professor in this school who does not have brown eyes.
5. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
6. All smartphones have cameras.
Remark: The words each, every, and all mean the same thing. Likewise, some, there
exists, and at least one are considered to be the same and are treated that way as
well.
10/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions
Definition

The negation of a proposition p is the proposition which is false when p is true;

and true when p is false. The negation of p is denoted by ¬ p. The truth table
for ¬p is

p ¬p
1 0
0 1

In the English language, we can simply state the negation of a proposition p by

saying “It is not the case that p.” However, there are many ways to express
negations of statements grammatically by replacing “is/are” by “is not/are not”, etc.
11/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Example
Given the statements
p : Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
q : Today is Wednesday.

The corresponding negations are

¬ p : Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

¬ q : Today is not Wednesday.

12/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions

Remark: For quantified statements,

Proposition contains Negation
All do Some do not/Not all do
Some do None do/ All do not
Some do not All do
None do Some do

13/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions - ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 2.1

A. Determine whether the following sentences are propositions or not. Write P of

proposition and NP of not.

1. Cat is a mammal. 6. Clap your hands.

2. Who am I? 7. Those pants rock!
3. The weather is fine. 8. 12 − 8 = 5
4. Granite is a metamorphic rock. 9. Give me a glazed donut.
5. Today is Sunday. 10. Buy me a milkshake.

14/17
Lesson 2.1 Propositions - ACTIVITY
B. State the negation of the following propositions.
1. r : The moon is full tonight.
x −1
2. p : The function f (x) = is a polynomial function.
x +1
3. q : 3 is a composite number.
√
4. s : 2 is an irrational number.
5. t : The dog does not need to be fed.
6. m : Every student taking Mathematics in the Modern World subject this
semester will pass.
7. No nursing student is also majoring in criminal justice.
8. All horses are mammals.
9. Someone in this class will get a 5.0.
10. All smartphones have cameras. 15/17
References

I Smith, Karl J. The Nature of Mathematics. 12ed. Cengage Learning. 2012

I Angel, Abbott, Runde. Survey of Mathematics with Applications. 10ed.
Pearson. 2016
I Lippman, David. Mathematics in Society. 2ed. 2017
I Thomas, Christopher. Schaum’s Outline of Mathematics for the Liberal Arts.
McGrawHill. 2009
I Sobecki, Dave. Math in Our World. McGrawHill. 4ed. 2019
I Aufmann, Richard, et al. Mathematics in the Modern World. 14ed. Cengage
Learning. 2018

16/17
The End
Thanks for your attention! =)

17/17