Curve Equations and Syntax

Parametric Description of Curves (88) - (ref 59)

𝑍 = 𝑍 (𝑈)

Covariant Basis Vectors (88) - (ref 59)

⃗ ⃗
𝑈⃗ = 𝑈⃗ =

⃗ ⃗
𝑈⃗ = 𝑈⃗ =

Jacobian and Inverse (88) - (ref 59)

𝐽 = 𝐽 =

𝐽 = 𝐽 =

Covariant Transformation (88) - (ref 59)

𝑇 =𝐽 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑇

Contravariant Transformation (88) - (ref 59)

𝑇 =𝐽 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑇

Jacobian Inversion (88) - (ref 59)

𝛿 =𝐽 𝐽 =𝐽 𝐽 1=

Covariant Metric Tensor (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈 =𝑈 = 𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗ 𝑈 = 𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗

Contravariant Metric Tensor Definition (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈 𝑈 =𝛿 𝑈 𝑈 =1

Contravariant Basis Vector Definition (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗ 𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗

Contravariant Basis Properties (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗ = 𝛿 𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗ = 1

𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 =𝑈 𝑈⃗ ∙ 𝑈⃗ = 𝑈
Linear Combinations for Vectors Tangent to Curve (88) - (ref 59)

𝑇⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗ 𝑇⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗

𝑇⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗ =𝑇 𝑈⃗ 𝑇⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗ = 𝑇 𝑈⃗

Raising the Index (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗ 𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗

𝑇 =𝑈 𝑇 𝑇 =𝑈 𝑇

Lowering the Index (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗ 𝑈⃗ = 𝑈 𝑈⃗

𝑇 =𝑈 𝑇 𝑇 =𝑈 𝑇

Raising and Lowering Indexes for Higher Rank Tensors (88) - (ref 59)

𝑈 𝑇 = 𝑇∙ = 𝑇

𝑈 𝑇 =𝑇

𝑈 𝑇 = 𝑇∙

𝑈 𝑇∙ = 𝑇

𝑈 𝑈 𝑇 =𝑇
∙∙∙ ∙ ∙∙∙ ∙
𝑈 𝑇 =𝑈 𝑇∙∙∙ = 𝑇∙ ∙ =𝑇 ∙

∙ ∙ ∙∙∙ ∙∙∙
𝑈 𝑇 ∙ =𝑈 𝑇∙ ∙ = 𝑇∙∙∙ =𝑇

Flipping Dummy Indexes (88) - (ref 59)

𝑃 𝑇 =𝑃 𝑇 𝑃 𝑇 =𝑃𝑇

𝑇 𝑃 𝑅 =𝑇 𝑃 𝑅 𝑇 𝑃 𝑅 =𝑇 𝑃𝑅

Dot Product for Vectors Tangent to Curve (88) - (ref 59)

𝑃⃗ ∙ 𝑄⃗ = 𝑈 𝑃 𝑄 =𝑃 𝑄 =𝑃 𝑄 =𝑈 𝑃 𝑄

𝑃⃗ ∙ 𝑄⃗ = 𝑈 𝑃 𝑄 = 𝑃 𝑄 = 𝑃 𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑃 𝑄

Permutation Symbols (88) - (ref 59)

𝑒 𝑒 =1

𝑒 𝑒 =1
Determinant Relationships (88) - (ref 59)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎

𝐴𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎

Explicit Determinant Forms (88) - (ref 59)

𝐴= 𝛿 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎
!

𝐴= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎
!

𝐴= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑎 𝐴=𝑎
!

Relative Tensors (88) - (ref 59)

𝑎∙∙ = |𝑎∙∙ |

|𝑎∙ ∙ | = 𝐽 |𝑎∙∙ |

𝑎∙ ∙ = 𝐽 |𝑎∙∙ |

Volume Element Transformation (88) - (ref 59)

√𝑈 = |𝐽|√𝑈

Levi-Civita Symbols (88) - (ref 59)

𝜀 = 𝑒 𝜀 =
√ √

𝜀 = √𝑈𝑒 𝜀 = √𝑈

Shift Tensor Definition (88) - (ref 60)

𝑍 =

Shift Tensor Transformation (88) - (ref 60)

𝑍 =𝑍 𝐽 𝐽

Shift Tensor Inversion (88) - (ref 60)

𝑍 =𝑍 𝑈 𝑍

Shift Tensor Contraction (88) - (ref 60)

𝛿 =𝑍 𝑍 =𝑍 𝑍
Curve Vector Relationships (88) - (ref 60)

𝑈⃗ = 𝑍 𝑍⃗

𝑈⃗ = 𝑍 𝑍⃗

𝑇 =𝑍 𝑇

𝑇 =𝑍 𝑇

𝑇 =𝑍 𝑇

𝑇 =𝑍 𝑇

Curve Metric Tensor Relationships (88) - (ref 62)

𝑈 =𝑍 𝑍 𝑍

𝑈 =𝑍 𝑍 𝑍

Curve Metric Equation (88) - (ref 62)

𝑑𝑆 = 𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑆 = √𝑈𝑑𝑈

Curve Arc Length (88) - (ref 62)

𝐿=∫ 𝑈 𝑑𝑡 𝐿 = ∫ √𝑈𝑑𝑈

Vector Curvature Normal (89)

𝐵⃗ = ∇ 𝑈⃗ = ∇ ∇ 𝑅⃗ = ∇ 𝑅⃗

⃗
𝐵⃗ = 𝑈⃗ = = Κ𝑃 = 𝐵 𝑃
√ √

Curve Christoffel Symbol Properties (90) - (ref 68)

⃗
Γ = 𝑈⃗ ∙ explicit definition

Γ =𝐽 𝐽 𝐽 Γ +𝐽 𝐽 transformation

⃗
Γ =𝑈 Γ = 𝑈⃗ ∙ first kind

⃗
Γ =𝑈 Γ = 𝑈⃗ ∙ second kind

=Γ +Γ = 2Γ

Γ = + − Γ =

Γ = U + − Γ = U
Curve Christoffel Symbol Conversion (90) - (ref 69)

Γ =𝑍 +Γ 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍

Γ =𝑍 where 𝑍 is affine

Covariant Derivative Definition (90) - (ref 73)

∇ 𝑇 = +Γ 𝑇 only when 𝑇⃗ is tangent to curve

∇ 𝑇 = −Γ 𝑇 only when 𝑇⃗ is tangent to curve

∇ 𝑇 = +𝑍 Γ 𝑇

∇ 𝑇 = −𝑍 Γ 𝑇

Covariant Dervative for Higher Rank Tensors (90) - (ref 73)

∇ 𝑇 = +𝑍 Γ 𝑇 −𝑍 Γ 𝑇 +Γ 𝑇 −Γ 𝑇

Covariant Derivative Chain Rule (90) - (ref 72)

∇ 𝑇 =𝑍 ∇ 𝑇

∇ 𝑇 =𝑍 ∇ 𝑇

∇ 𝑇 =𝑍 ∇ 𝑇

Differentiation for Vectors Tangent to Curve (90) - (ref 71)

⃗
= ∇ 𝑈⃗ + 𝑇 𝐵 𝑃

⃗
= ∇ 𝑈⃗ + T 𝐵 𝑃

Covariant Derivative Metrinilic Property (one exception) (90) - (ref 73)

∇ 𝑈⃗ = 𝐵 𝑃 ∇ 𝑈⃗ = 𝐵 𝑃
∇ 𝑈 =0 ∇ 𝑈 =0
∇ 𝛿 =0
∇ 𝜀 =0 ∇ 𝜀 =0

∇ 𝑍⃗ = 0 ∇ 𝑍⃗ = 0
∇ 𝑍 =0 ∇ 𝑍 =0
∇ 𝛿 =0 ∇ 𝛿 =0
∇ 𝜀 =0 ∇ 𝜀 =0
Contravariant Derivative (90) - (ref 73)

∇ =𝑈 ∇

Laplacian (90) - (ref 73)

∇ 𝑓=∇ ∇ 𝑓=∇ ∇ 𝑓 ∇ 𝑓=

Riemann-Christoffel Tensor (90) - (ref 82)

𝑅 = − +Γ Γ −Γ Γ 𝑅 =0

𝑅 = − +Γ Γ −Γ Γ 𝑅 =0

Frenet Formulas (91)

̂
= 𝜅𝑝̂

= −𝜅𝑠̂ + 𝜏𝑞

= −𝜏𝑝̂

Frenet Formulas for Higher Dimensions (91)

=𝜅 𝑇

=𝜅 𝑇 −𝜅 𝑇 where 0 < 𝑚 < 𝑛 − 1

= −𝜅 𝑇

Shift Tensor Chain Relationships (92)

𝑍 =𝑍 𝑆

𝑍 =𝑍 𝑆

Curves Embedded in Surface Relationships (92)

𝑈 =𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

Γ =𝑆 +Γ 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆

Γ = U + −
Curve Normal (93)

𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑆⃗ = 𝑛 𝑆⃗

𝑛 =𝜀 𝜀 𝑆

𝑛 =𝜀 𝜀 𝑆

Geodesic Curvature Tensor (93)

∇ 𝑆 =𝑏 𝑛

𝑏 =𝑛 ∇ 𝑆

Vector Curvature Normal Projections (93)

𝐵⃗ = 𝑁 𝐵 − 𝐵 𝑛 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑏

Geodesic Curves (95)

𝑏 =0

+Γ −Γ =0

+Γ =0 where 𝜆 is an affine parameter

Parallel Transport (96)

=0

∇ 𝑇 =0

+ Γ 𝑇 =0

𝑑𝑇 = −Γ 𝑇 𝑑𝑢

Gauss-Bonnet Theorem (98)

Φ = ∫ Κ𝑑𝐴

∫ Κ𝑑𝐴 = 4𝜋(1 − 𝑔)

Holonomy Differential (99)

𝑑𝑇 = R 𝑇 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢