PEST DETECTION USING IR,OPAMP

I reviewed the circuit connections and found a few areas that could be clarified or corrected for better
accuracy. Here's the corrected and detailed circuit design:

### Corrected Circuit Design and Connections:

#### 1. **Infrared Sensor Circuit:**

- **IR Transmitter (LED):**
- Connect the anode of the IR LED to +9V through a current-limiting resistor (e.g., 220Ω).
- Connect the cathode to ground.
- **IR Receiver (Phototransistor):**
- Connect the collector of the phototransistor to +9V through a pull-up resistor (e.g., 10kΩ).
- Connect the emitter to ground.
- The voltage at the collector will drop when IR light is detected.

#### 2. **Signal Amplification (Using LM358 Op-Amp):**

- **Non-Inverting Amplifier Configuration:**
- Connect the collector of the phototransistor to the non-inverting input (+) of the op-amp (LM358).
- Connect a feedback resistor (Rf, e.g., 100kΩ) between the output and the inverting input (-) of the
op-amp.
- Connect a resistor (Rin, e.g., 10kΩ) from the inverting input (-) to ground to set the gain of the
amplifier.
- Connect the output of the op-amp to the next stage.

#### 3. **Signal Conditioning:**

- **Low-Pass Filter:**
- Connect a capacitor (e.g., 0.1µF) in parallel with the feedback resistor to form an RC low-pass
filter.
- The cutoff frequency \( f_c = \frac{1}{2\pi R_f C} \).

#### 4. **Comparator Circuit (Using LM339 Comparator IC):**

- **Threshold Setting:**
- Connect the output of the op-amp to the inverting input (-) of the comparator.
 - Set a reference voltage at the non-inverting input (+) using a voltage divider from +9V (e.g., two
resistors 10kΩ each to get a midpoint voltage of 4.5V from a 9V supply).

#### 5. **Output Activation:**

- **Transistor Switch:**
- Connect the output of the comparator to the base of the transistor (2N2222) through a current-
limiting resistor (e.g., 1kΩ).
- Connect the emitter of the transistor to ground.
- Connect the collector of the transistor to one terminal of the buzzer or alarm.
- Connect the other terminal of the buzzer to +9V.

### Corrected Circuit Diagram:

```plaintext
+9V
|
[220Ω]
|
IR LED -----> Phototransistor
| |
| [10kΩ]
| |
|-------------------> Non-inverting input (+) of LM358
|
[Phototransistor]
| |
|-------------------> Inverting input (-) of LM358 (through Rin)
| |
[10kΩ] [Rf = 100kΩ]
| |
| |
GND Output of LM358

LM358 Op-Amp:
 Non-inverting input (+) -----> Phototransistor
Inverting input (-) -----> Ground (through Rin)
Output -----> Low-pass filter (Rf || C) -----> Inverting input (-) of LM339 comparator
Reference voltage divider from +9V -----> Non-inverting input (+) of LM339

LM339 Comparator:
Inverting input (-) -----> Output of LM358
Non-inverting input (+) -----> Reference voltage (from divider)
Output -----> Base of 2N2222 transistor (through 1kΩ resistor)

Transistor Switch:
Base -----> Output of LM339 (through 1kΩ resistor)
Emitter -----> Ground
Collector -----> One terminal of Buzzer
+9V -----> Other terminal of Buzzer

Buzzer:
One terminal -----> Collector of 2N2222
Other terminal -----> +9V
```

### Detailed Steps:

1. **IR Transmitter and Receiver:**

- Connect the anode of the IR LED to +9V through a 220Ω resistor.
- Connect the cathode of the IR LED to ground.
- Connect the collector of the phototransistor to +9V through a 10kΩ pull-up resistor.
- Connect the emitter of the phototransistor to ground.

2. **Op-Amp Amplifier (LM358):**

- Connect the collector of the phototransistor to the non-inverting input (+) of the LM358 op-amp.
- Connect a 10kΩ resistor (Rin) from the inverting input (-) of the LM358 to ground.
 - Connect a 100kΩ feedback resistor (Rf) between the output and the inverting input (-) of the
LM358.
- Connect a 0.1µF capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor for the low-pass filter.

3. **Comparator (LM339):**
- Connect the output of the LM358 to the inverting input (-) of the LM339 comparator.
- Create a reference voltage using a voltage divider (two 10kΩ resistors) from +9V, and connect the
midpoint to the non-inverting input (+) of the LM339.

4. **Transistor Switch:**
- Connect the output of the LM339 to the base of the 2N2222 transistor through a 1kΩ resistor.
- Connect the emitter of the 2N2222 transistor to ground.
- Connect the collector of the 2N2222 transistor to one terminal of the buzzer.
- Connect the other terminal of the buzzer to +9V.

### Testing and Calibration:

1. **Power up the Circuit:**
- Use a 9V battery to power the circuit.

2. **Test the IR Sensor:**

- Move an object (simulating a pest) in front of the IR sensor to see if the voltage at the
phototransistor collector changes.

3. **Adjust the Gain:**

- If necessary, adjust the gain of the op-amp by changing the values of Rf and Rin to achieve the
desired sensitivity.

4. **Set the Threshold:**

- Adjust the voltage divider resistors if needed to set the appropriate threshold for the comparator.

5. **Verify Output:**
- Ensure the buzzer activates when an object is detected by the IR sensor.

### Suggestions for Op-Amps:

- **LM358:** Dual op-amp, suitable for single-supply operation, low power.
- **LM324:** Quad op-amp, also suitable for single-supply operation, low power.

Both LM358 and LM324 are commonly used, cost-effective, and easily available op-amps suitable for
this application.