Random Sampling

Learner's Module in Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 ● Module 5 ● Week 5

http://www.sixsigmatrainingfree.com/random-sampling.html

WINNIE C. MARTES
Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region

NAME:________________________ GRADE AND SECTION ____________

TEACHER: ____________________ SCORE ________________________
SENIOR HIGH SCHO Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BAGUIO CITY
No. 82 Military Cut-Off, Baguio City

Published by:
DepEd Schools Division of Baguio City
Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management and Development System

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2021

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 What I Need to Know
Hello learner! This module was prepared and written with you in mind. Its scope is
to equip you with essential knowledge and skills in order for you to understand and explain
concepts on random sampling and related topics and then apply them in solving real life
situations.

While going through this module, you are expected to:

 illustrate random sampling;
 distinguish between parameter and statistic; and
 identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean).
.
Now, here is an outline of the different parts of your learning module. The
descriptions will guide you on what to expect on each part of the module.

Icon Label Description

What I need to know This states the learning objectives that you need
to achieve as you study this module.

What I know This is to check what you already know about

the lesson on this module. If you answered all
the questions here correctly, then you may skip
studying this module.
What’s In This connects the current lesson with a topic or
concept necessary to your understanding.

What’s New This introduces the lesson to be tackled through

an activity.

What Is it? This contains a brief discussion of the learning

module lesson. Think of it as the lecture section
of the lesson.

What’s More These are activities to check your

understanding and to apply what you have
learned from the lesson.

What I have This generalizes the essential ideas tackled

Learned from this module.
What I Can Do This is a real life application of what you have
learned.

Post-Assessment This is an evaluation of what you have learned

from this learning material.

Additional Activity This is an activity that will strengthen and fortify

your knowledge about the lesson.

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 What I Know
This pre-test will determine your prior knowledge of the topic. If you are able to
answer all the test items correctly, then you may skip studying this learning material
and proceed to the next learning module.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on each blank
provided. Use capital letters.

_____1. This is a type of random sampling in which a list of elements is used as a

sampling frame and the elements to be included in the sample are chosen
by skipping through the list at a regular interval.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____2. This is a type of sampling technique where lottery method or Table of

Random Numbers can be used to select the elements of the sample.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____3. This is a type of random sampling technique in which the population is first
divided into strata and then the samples are obtained by randomly selecting
them from each stratum.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____4. This type of random sampling method is done by dividing first the entire
population into small groups, then some of the groups are randomly
selected. The samples from the randomly selected groups are then
analyzed.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____5. This is a characteristic that describes the sample.

A. statistic B. parameter C. sample D. population

_____6. It pertains to the characteristic that describes the population.

A. parameter B. population C. sample D. statistic

_____7. This is a term in Statistics which pertains to the subgroup of a population.

A. parameter B. population C. sample D. statistic

_____8. Which of the following is an example of a statistic?

A. ̅ B. C. D.

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_____9. Which of the following is an example of a parameter?
A. Among the 50 front liners in the general hospital, only 10 were randomly
chosen to be vaccinated.
B. In a sample of 1,500 senior high school students, 5% of them are part-
time workers.
C. The teacher randomly selected 5 students to recite in Math.
D. The Philippines consists of 7, 107 islands.

For #10-13, refer to this given population (5, 6, 10)

_____10. What is the population mean in the given data above?
A. 21 B. 7 C. 4.67 D. 2.16

_____11. What is the population variance of the data?

A. 21 B. 7 C. 4.67 D. 2.16

_____12. Find the population standard deviation of the data set.

A. 21 B. 7 C. 4.67 D. 2.16

_____13. Compute the mean ̅ of a sampling distribution of means of the data set.
A. 21 B. 7 C. 4.67 D. 2.16

_____14. If the population variance of a data set is 11. 09, what is its population
standard deviation?
A. 22.18 B. 11.09 C. 6.67 D. 3.33

_____15. Find the ̅ of a sampling distribution of means of a sample consisting of

values 4, 4, 8.
A. 5.33 B. 10.66 C. 15.33 D. 20.31

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 What’s In

Researchers use samples to gather data and information about a specific

variable from a large population. They do this to save time, money, and effort. The
process of collecting samples from the population entails intricate effort in order to
avoid bias which will in turn result to one-sided outcome. In a bias-free sampling,
each and every element or member of the population has equal chance of being
chosen as part of the sample. So in this chapter, you will learn several methods of
how samples are chosen from a population. You will also learn the related concepts
of the sampling distribution of the sample mean which is one of the crucial ideas in
understanding why such samples can be used to say something about the
population.

Now, get ready to learn the basic concepts on random sampling.

What’s New
One of the concepts that you will be learning in this module is how to choose
samples from a population. Based on the situation below, what are the steps that the
researcher should do if he wants to use the lottery method?

A researcher is interested in studying the effects of watching YouTube

tutorials in Grade 11 math lessons as a distance learning coping strategy. This
researcher wishes to use the simple random sampling technique by lottery method in
choosing the members of his sample. If there are 250 Grade 11 students in that
certain school, how many students should there be in his sample?

What Is It
Lesson 1: Random Sampling and Its Types

Random sampling is the process or technique of selecting a representative

sample from the entire population using chance methods.

A. Simple Random Sampling - This is the most basic sampling technique where
every member of the population has the same probability of being selected to be
part of the sample. It is usually used in selecting samples in quantitative research.
One way to do simple random sampling is the Table of Random Numbers
which contains rows and columns of mechanically generated digits. Another way to
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do this is by lottery method where numbers are written on pieces of paper with
identical size and shape. These pieces of paper are then folded, placed in a bowl or
box, and then mixed thoroughly. The researcher, with his eyes closed, picks the
required number of elements for his sample. This technique is known as the Simple
Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). However, if the process
involves returning the selected piece of paper into the bowl after it was noted and
the next sample is drawn from the same population, the technique is called Simple
Random Sampling With Replacement (SRSWR).
Let us take the example given in ―What’s New‖ where a researcher wants to
find out the effects of watching math lessons on YouTube by 250 Grade 11 students
from a certain Senior High School. He wishes to use simple random sampling by
using the lottery method.

Solution:
Step 1: Determine the sample size . (There are ways to determine the sample size
like the use of Cochran’s Formula which is appropriate in situations with
large populations, or sample size calculators. Various sample size
calculators are available online. Some are simple, some are complex and
specialized. Excel sampling can also be used to find a sample. The steps
on how to use this are also available online.)

Using the Cochran’s Formula:

where = desired level of precision (margin of error). Use 5%.
= (estimated) proportion of the population which has
the attribute in question. (Use 50% if unknown/
unsure)
=

The -value is found in a -table (95% confidence interval is equivalent to 1.96)

( ) ( )( )
( )

Since the population is small and known, the modified Cochran’s formula can now
be used:

Therefore, the sample size is 152.

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Using an online sample size calculator (raosoft.com)

Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the population; 152 students in

this problem.

Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of papers of the same shape and size,
and then fold them.

Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick 152 folded pieces of paper out of the
bowl or box.

B. Systematic Sampling – This is a random sampling technique in which a list of

elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and the elements to be
included in the desired sample are selected by skipping through the list at regular
intervals.
For instance, in the previous example where there are 250 Grade 11 students
and 152 students are to be selected as part of the sample, how will the researcher
select them by using systematic sampling technique?

Solution:
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250 students.

Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.

Step 3: Find the sampling interval .

, where is population size and is the sample size

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Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between and by simple
random technique. The numbers that are between and are 1, 2.
This chosen value is called the random start.

Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as the starting
number.

Step 6: Select every 2nd student from the sampling frame starting from
second number 2: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

The numbers of the sample will then be 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .

C. Stratified sampling – This is a random sampling technique in which the

population is first divided into strata or groups and then samples are randomly
selected separately from each stratum.
For example, Maria, a Statistics student, wants to find out who have more
than one social media accounts, the male or female students. She wants to limit her
study to Grade 11 students consisting of 100 males and 115 females. She wants
her sample to be 30 students. She selects the members of her sample using the
stratified random sampling technique.

Solution:
Step 1: Divide the Grade 11 learners into two subgroups using gender. That is,
divide the number of students per gender by the total number of learners,
and then multiply the resulting quotient by 30.

The computations are shown below:

Population N=215 Number of students per stratum Sample n=30

Male 100 14
Female 115 16
Total 215 30

Step 2: Compute the sample size in each gender group:

a. Male:

b. Female:

D. Cluster or Area Sampling – This is a random sampling technique in which the

entire population is broken into small groups, or clusters, and then some of the
clusters are randomly selected. The data from the randomly selected clusters then
form part of the sample which are to be analyzed.

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 The difference of cluster sampling from stratified sampling is that the sample
consists of elements from the selected clusters only while in stratified sampling, the
sample consists of elements from all the strata.
For instance, Pedro, a researcher, wants to determine who among the
students in a certain high school care about their physical appearance ―on-camera or
off-camera‖ during their online distance learning. How is he going to do this using the
cluster sampling technique?

Solution:
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use grade level as clusters.

Step 2: Not all grade levels of the school will be included in the sample. Choose the
final grade levels either by using simple random sampling or systematic
sampling technique.

Step 3: Not all students in the selected grade level will be included in the study.
Choose the final students to be included in the sample by using either simple
random technique or systematic random sampling technique.

Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic

A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameters are
usually denoted by Greek letters. Populatin mean , population variance , and
population standard deviation are examples of parameters. On the other hand, a
statistic is a measure that describes a sample. Statistics are usually denoted by
Roman letters. Examples of statistics are sample mean ̅ , sample variance , and
the sample standard deviation .

Take a look at some more examples below:

Parameter or
Situation/ Description
Statistic?
1. A study on all senior high school students in
Baguio City shows that 80% use modular learning Parameter
modality.
2. Five hundred residents in Baguio City were
randomly chosen and asked if they think the city
Statistic
should open its tourist areas to non-Baguio
residents.
3. During Phase I, small groups of people receive the
Statistic
trial vaccine against COVID-19.
4. The Philippine Senate consists of 24 senators. Parameter
5. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons. Parameter

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Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
The probability distribution which describes the probability for each mean of
all the samples with the same sample size is called a sampling distribution. To
find the mean ̅ of a sampling distribution of means, use the following formula:

∑̅
̅ where ̅ = sample mean
= total number of observations

Alternative Formula for ̅

̅ ∑ ̅( ̅) where ̅ = sample mean
̅ = probability of each sample mean

Example 1: Consider the population consisting of the values 1, 3, and 7. List all the
possible samples of size that can be drawn from the population
with replacement. Then compute for the mean ̅ for each sample .
Then find the mean of the sampling distribution of means and the mean
of the population.

Solution:
Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement from the Population
(1, 3, 7) and

Observation Sample ̅
1 (1,1) 1.0
2 (1,3) 2.0
3 (1,7) 4.0
4 (3,1) 2.0
5 (3,3) 3.0
6 (3,7) 5.0
7 (7,1) 4.0
8 (7,3) 5.0
9 (7,7) 7.0

All the possible samples of size 2 with replacement are listed in the second
column while the corresponding means of all these samples are shown in the third
column. For example, the first sample consists of (1,1) and its mean is (1+1) 2 =
1.0. The second sample consists of (1,3) and its mean is (1+3) 2 = 2.0. Recall that
mean is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.
A total of 9 samples with 9 sample means can be drawn from the population
(1, 3, 7).
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The probability of occurrence of each mean is shown below.

Sampling Distribution of ̅ with Replacement ( )

̅ ̅

1.0

2.0

4.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

4.0

5.0

7.0

∑ ̅

a. Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Means

∑̅
̅

Using the Alternative Formula

̅ ∑̅ ( ̅)

( )

b. Mean of the Population (1, 3, 7)

∑
, where ∑ is the sum of the
observations and is the total
number of observations in the
population

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 *Notice that the population mean is equal to the mean ̅ of the sampling
distribution of the means. That is, ̅.

Example 2: A population consists of two numbers (2, 8). Consider all possible
samples of size which can be drawn with replacement from the
population. Then find the following:

a. Population mean
b. Population Variance
c. Population Standard Deviation
d. Mean of each sample and the mean of the sampling distribution of
the means.

Solution:
Observation ( )
1 2 -3 9
2 8 3 9

∑ ∑( )

a. Population Mean
∑

b. Population Variance
∑( )

c. Population Standard Deviation

∑( )
√ √

*Notice that the square root of the population variance is the population
standard deviation. That is, √ = 3.

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 d. Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement from the Population
(2, 8) and
Observation Sample ̅
Mean of the sampling
1 (2,2,2) 2 distribution of the means:
2 (2,2,8) 4 ∑̅
̅
3 (2,8, 8) 6
4 (2,8,2) 4
5 (8,8,8) 8
6 (8,8,2) 6
7 (8,2,2) 4
8 (8,2,8) 6 *Notice again that ̅.
∑ ̅

Example 3: A population consists of three numbers (0, 4, 11). Consider all possible
samples of size which can be drawn without replacement from
the population.

Find the following:

a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation
d. Mean of the samples and mean of the sampling distribution of the
means

Solution:
Observation ( )
1 0 -5 25
2 4 -1 1
3 11 6 36

∑ ∑( )

a. Population Mean
∑

b. Population Variance
∑( )

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 c. Population Standard Deviation

∑( )
√ √

d. Means of Samples Drawn without Replacement from the Population

(0, 4, 11) and

Observation Sample ̅
1 (0,4) 2
2 (0,11) 5.5
3 (4,11) 7.5
∑ ̅

Mean of the sampling distribution of the means

∑̅
̅

*Notice again that ̅.

What’s More

Activity 1: Examine the given population below and decide which among the
identified sampling techniques is best suited: simple random sampling,
systematics random sampling, stratified random sampling, or cluster
random sampling. Write your answer on the blank provided.

1. You were given a list of 100 Grade 11 students for your experiment. You
selected every 5th name on the list. _______________________.

2. In a survey conducted in your school, the subjects of the survey were selected
by using the Table of Random Numbers. __________________________.

3. Mr. Santos wants to make a study on the effects of distance learning in this
time of pandemic among 2, 500 Senior High School students in his town. He

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 wants to use the Table of Random Numbers in determining the students that
should be in his sample. ___________________________.

4. For your research on culture, you interviewed people from each province in
the Cordillera Administrative Region. __________________________.

5. A Statistics student did a research on effects of watching math lessons on

social media. He randomly selected two grade levels in a small Junior High
School and interviewed each of the students in those grade levels.
_____________________.

Assessment 1: In your research subject, you are tasked to study the cause and
effect of the rising cases of anxiety and depression among students
in our city. If there were 10, 700 high school students in our city,
how many students should there be in the sample? Discuss the
steps you must take if you were to use the lottery method.

Activity 2: Fill in the table below with the correct data on parameter and statistic.
Choose from the given data in the box.

Parameter Statistic 𝒔 𝝈𝟐

𝝈 ̅
𝒙

𝒔𝟐 𝝁

Assessment 2: Give two real-life examples each of a parameter and statistic.

Activity 3: A population consists of the values (4, 9, 10) List down all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from this
population.

Assessment 3: Answer the following on the space provided.

A. Given: (1, 3, 6)

1. Find the population mean: _______________

2. What is the mean ̅ of the sampling distribution of the means?

_______________

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B. 1. If the mean ̅ of the sampling distribution of the means is 16.04, what is the
population mean of the data set? _____________

2. If the population mean of the data set is 4.75, what is the mean ̅ of the
sampling distribution of the means? _____________

3. If the population variance of a data set is16, what is its population standard
deviation? _______________

What I Have Learned

To check your understanding of the lesson, answer the following in 2-3 sentences.

1. In your own words, differentiate parameter and statistic.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

2. Explain the difference between stratified random sampling and cluster sampling
technique. You may give an example to illustrate your answer.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do
Let’s apply!
You are a part-time worker at a big department store. The number of gadgets that
you were able to sell in three hours are: ___, ___, ___ (choose any three
numbers). List down all the possible samples of size 2 with and without
replacement.

Sample (with replacement) Sample (without replacement)

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 Assessment
This assessment aims to measure how much you have learned from this
module. Read and understand each statement before choosing the correct
answer. Write your answer on the space provided.

_____1. This is a type of random sampling technique in which the population is first
divided into strata and then the samples are obtained by randomly selecting
them from each stratum.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____2. This is a type of sampling technique where lottery method or Table of

Random Numbers can be used to select the elements of the sample.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____3. This is a type of random sampling in which a list of elements is used as a

sampling frame and the elements to be included in the sample are chosen
by skipping through the list at a regular interval.
A. simple random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. cluster random sampling

_____4. This type of random sampling method is done by dividing first the entire
population into small groups, then some of the groups are randomly selected.
The samples from the randomly selected groups are then analyzed.
A. cluster random sampling C. stratified random sampling
B. systematic random sampling D. simple random sampling

_____5. This is a characteristic that describes the sample.

A. parameter B. population C. sample D. statistic

_____6. It pertains to the characteristic that describes the population.

A. sample B. population C. statistic D. parameter

_____7. This is a term in Statistics which pertains to the subgroup of a population.

A. parameter B. population C. sample D. statistic

_____8. Which of the following is an example of a parameter?

A. B. C. D. ̅

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_____9. Which of the following is an example of a statistic?
A. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons.
B. There are 24 senators in the Philippine Senate.
C. Only 5 randomly chosen learners won the cash prize.
D. The Philippines consists of 7, 107 islands.

For #10-13, refer to this given population (2, 7, 9)

_____10. What is the population mean in the given data above?

A. 18 B. 6 C. 4.9 D. 2.45

_____11. What is the population variance of the data set?

A. 8.67 B. 2.94 C. 2.45 D. 18

_____12. Find the population standard deviation of the data set.

A. 8.67 B. 2.94 C. 2.45 D. 18

_____13. Compute the mean ̅ of a sampling distribution of means of the data set.
A. 2.45 B. 4.9 C. 6 D. 18

_____14. If the population variance of a data set is 7. 01, what is its population
standard deviation?
A. 2 B. 2.64 C. 2.65 D. 7.01

_____15. Find the ̅ of a sampling distribution of means of a sample consisting of

values 3,3,6.
A. 16 B. 14 C. 12 D. 4

Additional Activity

Performance Task:

You are apart-time crew at a fast food chain. Suppose you serve a certain
number of customers every hour. Assume the number of people you have served in
3 hours and let this be your population (choose three numbers only). Assume that
samples of size are randomly selected without replacement from the
population. Find the population mean and the mean ̅ of the sampling
distribution of the means.

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A. Population: __________ (your choice of numbers)
B. Population Mean: ___________ (Show solution)
C. Means of Samples Drawn without Replacement from the Population

Observation Sample ̅

Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean:

_________________________ (Show solution)

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WHAT I KNOW: WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: Answers vary
1. B 11. C
2. A 12. D WHAT I CAN DO: Answers vary
3. C 13. B
4. D 14. D ASSESSMENT:
5. A 15. A 1. C
6. A 2. A
7. C 3. B
8. A 4. A
9. D 5. D
10. B 6. D
7. C
WHAT’S MORE 8. A
Activity 1: 9. C
1. Systematic Random Sampling 10. B
2. Simple Random Sampling 11. A
3. Simple Random Sampling 12. B
4. Stratified Random Sampling 13. C
5. Cluster Random Sampling 14. C
Assessment 1: 15. D
Answer: 371
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY: Answers vary
Activity 2:
Parameter Statistic
𝝁 ̅
𝒙
𝝈𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝝈 𝒔
Assessment 2: Answers vary
Activity 3:
Samples: (4,4), (4, 9), (4, 10), (9,4), (9,9), (9, 10), (10,4), (10, 9), (10, 10)
Assessment 3:
A. 1. 3.33 B. 1. 16.04 3. 4
2. 3.33 2. 4.75
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED:
ANSWER KEY
 REFERENCES

Books:

Bock, David et al. 2007. Stats Modeling the World, 417-426. Teacher’s Edition

Shio, Christian Paul and Reyes, Maria Angeli. 2017. Statistics and Probability for
Senior High School, 140-158. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Zorilla, Roland et al. 2016. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School, 42-57.
Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Mercado, Jesus and Orines, Fernando. 2016. Statistics and Probability for Senior
High School, 1-81. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Online sources:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0Ry_3_qhDw Accessed: January 18, 2021

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/find-sample-size/
Accessed: January 29, 2021

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Schools Division of Baguio City
No. 82 Military Cut-off Road, Baguio City
Telefax: 442-7819/422-4326
Email Address: depedbaguiocity@gmail.com
Social Media: facebook.com/DepEdTayoBaguioCity

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