STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUES

DURING CES 513 FINAL EXAM

BY
SYAHRUL FITHRY SENIN
SENIOR LECTURER
BEFORE WE START
• PAPER DETAILS

• 4 QUESTIONS
• ALL TOPICS WILL BE IN THE PAPER
• 3 HOURS DURATION
• USUALLY NEED 1 OR 2 GRAPH PAPER (FoR LINEAR PROGRAMMING TOPIC)
• NO SIMILAR QUESTIONS REPEATED , HOWEVER, SAME CONCEPT CAN BE
REPEATED (SINCE 2015)
• FORMULAS ARE GIVEN IN APPENDIX
• Newton-Raphson
• Second order polynomial equation (Linear curve fitting equation is not given)
• Heuns Method
• Euler Method
• Runge-Kutta 4th order
• Single Trapezoidal Method
• Single Simpson (1/3 and 3/8) Method
• Stiffness Matrix for Beam, Truss and Frame
FORMULA TO BE MEMORIZED
• Curve Fitting (Linear Relationship)
 Constant a0 and a1
• R square formula
• Type equation here.

� 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦)
NONLINEAR REGRESSION
 STUDENT FEEDBACK AFTER CES513 EXAM
• The time is not enough!!!

• Cant understand the question

• Using wrong formula /approach to answer

• There is no function for integration topic question.

STRATEGY ON ANSWERING CES513 QUESTION
• Answer FIRST question that is not frequently changed its format
Proposed Sequence Topic , TARGETTED MARKS & TIME

1 Finite Element Method (20 m) (45

MINUTES)

2 Linear Programming and Integration (20

M) (45 MINUTES)
3 Curve Fitting and Simultaneous Linear
Equation (15 M) (45 MINUTES)

4 Differential Equation & Solution of Non-

Linear Eqn (15 M) (45 MINUTES)
 Finite Element Method
PART 1 : DEFINITION OF FINITE ELEMENT

PROCEDURE OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ON SOLVING STRUCTURES

PROBLEM (ANSWER WILL BE ALMOST THE SAME FOR ALL STRUCTURAL
TYPES)

PART 2: COMPUTATIONAL TYPE ( BAR/TRUSS/BEAM/FRAME)

 TYPICAL QUESTION FOR FEM (PART 1)
Q1

Q2

Q3
RECOMMENDED ANSWER FOR FEM (PART 1)
(Q1)
• DISCRETISATION
Discretization is the process of dividing the required domain into
several small and finite elements, connected with nodes.
All elements and nodes must be numbered so that we can set up a
matrix of connectivity.

• BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
A condition that is required to be satisfied at all or part of the boundary
of a region in for which the structure to be solved.
• Element equations
RECOMMENDED ANSWER FOR FEM (PART 1)
(Q2 , Q3)
• Domain Discretization

Discretization is the process of dividing the required domain into

several small and finite elements, connected with nodes.
All elements and nodes must be numbered so that we can set up a
matrix of connectivity.
Therefore, the truss structure needs to be discretized into 2 elements
with three nodes.
• Stifness Matrix Derivation of each element

The stiffness matrix consists of the co-efficient of the equilibrium

equations derived from the material and properties of an element and
obtained by the use of minimum potential energy.
The stiffness relates the displacements at the nodal points (the nodal
forces) to the applied forces at the nodal points.
The distributed forces applied to the structure are converted into
equivalent concentrated forces at nodes.
The equilibrium relates the stiffness matrix [K], nodal force vector [F],
and the nodal displacement vector [d] is expressed as a set of
simultaneous linear algebraic equations
• Assembly of overall equations

This process includes the assemblage of the overall or global stiffness matrix for
the entire body from the individual element stiffness matrices and the overall or
global forces or load victor from the element nodal vectors. The most common
assemblage technique used is called as the direct stiffness matrix [K].

𝐾𝐾 𝐺𝐺 𝐷𝐷 = 𝐹𝐹
where

𝐾𝐾1
𝐾𝐾2
𝐾𝐾 𝐺𝐺 =
….
𝐾𝐾𝑁𝑁
• Solution of Unknown displacement at nodes

The algebraic equations obtained in the above step are solved for the
unknown displacements. In linear equilibrium equations, this is a
straightforward application of matrix algebra techniques.

Therefore, the displacement at nodal points are, 𝛿𝛿 = 𝐾𝐾𝐺𝐺−1 𝐹𝐹

• Stress or strain computation
The magnitude of the primary unknowns, that is the nodal
displacements, will be all that is required for an engineering solution.

Force acting on each element is, F1 = K1𝛿𝛿

 TYPICAL QUESTION FOR FEM (PART II)
• BAR ELEMENT
DO ON YOUR OWN FOR MEMBER NO 3
TRUSS ELEMENT
BEAM = FRAME
FRAME ELEMENT
RECOMMENDED SOLUTION
 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
• TYPICALLY TO FIND THE FEASIBLE REGION OF THE PROBLEM ONLY BASED ONLY.
• GRAPH PAPER IS USUALLY REQUIRED TO HELP FINDING THE FEASIBLE REGION OF
THE PROBLEM
• COMMONLY THERE IS NO NEED TO KNOW THE SIMPLEX METHOD TO SOLVE, JUST
USE GRAPH PAPER ONLY
• NEED TO KNOW :
- understand the given problem and convert it to mathematical form
- to plot the equations of graph
• STUDENTS NEED TO INFORM THE SCALE IN X AND Y AXIS
• ENSURE THAT THE PLOTTED GRAPH COVER ALMOST THE GRAPH PAPER AREA
Solving the optimization problem
• Two ways:
• Easy way (METHOD 1)
• Identify the possible solution on the feasible region

POINT COORDINATE
1 (0,8)

P1 P3 2 (0,0)
3 (4,6)
4 (9,0)

P2
P4
• Insert each coordinate to the OBJECTIVE FUNCTION and evaluate its
values
POINT COORDINATE Z = 90X + 110 Y
1 (0,8) 880
2 (0,0) 0
3 (4,6) 1020
4 (9,0) 810

• The maximum profit (Z value) is RM1020 when X = 4 units/hr and Y =

6 units/hr
P1 P3

P2
P4
POINT COORDINATE DELTA VALUES
1 (25,40) 1.43750E-03

2 (30,0) 1.14084E-03

3 (150,40) 6.19100E-03

4 (150,0) 5.70420E-03
 INTEGRATION TOPIC
Equation Form
𝑏𝑏
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 Numeric Form
Integration = Area under the graph f(x)
Y = f(x)

AREA

x=a x=b
INTEGRATION FORMULA

SINGLE RULE
MULTIPLE RULE

SINGLE RULE

MULTIPLE RULE

SINGLE RULE

MULTIPLE RULE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRAPEZOIDAL,
SIMPSON 1/3 AND SIMPSON 3/8
SINGLE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE/FORMULA (n =1)
Area = Trapezoidal Area
= ½ x (left height + right height) x (distance between b and a)
= ½ x (f(a) + f(b)) x ( b-a)

Y = f(x)

f(b)

f(a)

x=a x=b

h= b-a
 TO INCREASE ACCURACY OF AREA, WE CAN ADD
MULTIPLE EQUAL SEGMENT IN BETWEEN x=a TO x
= b ( n=2,3,4,5……)
Y = f(x)

f(b)

f(a) f(xi)

x=a xi x=b

h= (b-a)/2n h= (b-a)/2n
SINGLE SIMPSON 1/3 RULE/FORMULA (n =1)

Y = f(x)

x0 = a x1 = (a+b)/2 x2 = b

h = (b-a)/2 h = (b-a)/2
MULTIPLE SIMPSON 1/3 RULE/FORMULA
(MULTIPLE OF 2) (n =2)
Y = f(x)

We have 4 equal divisions here

(multiple of 2)

x0 = a x1 x2 x3 x4 = b
SINGLE SIMPSON 3/8 RULE/FORMULA (n =1)

Y = f(x)

x0 = a x1 x2 x3 = b
MULTIPLE SIMPSON 3/8 RULE/FORMULA
(MULTIPLE OF 3) ( n=2 segments)
Y = f(x)

We have 6 equal divisions here

(multiple of 3)

x0 = a x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 = b
 USING ANY NUMERICAL METHOD

No f(x)
given, only
height is
• CAN USE MULTIPLE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE, n = 8 divisions given
• CAN USE COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE (n = 6) + SINGLE SIMPSON 1/3 RULE
• CAN USE COMBINATION OF MULTIPLE TRAPEZOIDAL RULE (n= 5) +SINGLE SIMPSON 3/8 RULE
• ANY SUITABLE COMBINATION
f(x) is given,
height

height

height
 Plot of y0,y1 and y2
0.1

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

y1 y2
0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
 CURVE FITTING
There are several types of question can be asked, but only one will be
in

A) Polynomial curve (linear until second order) (n =1 until 2)

B) Nonlinear curve (linearization)
-Exponential relation
-Power law relation
- Saturation Growth relation
 C) Multiple Linear Regression
 STRATEGY ON SOLVING CURVE FITTING
• Understand the type of curve fitting (Polynomial?, Nonlinear?
Multiple Linear Regression?)

• If Polynomial, check whether it is linear (n=1) or quadratic (n=2)

 If linear use this equation to find the constant a0 and a1 (memorize this!!)
• If quadratic (n=2), use equation from the appendix to obtain a0,a1 &
a2

• If nonlinear regression question, please memorize this picture to

transform the nonlinear to linear regression
• For all questions, remember this formula to compute r square

� 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦)
Find the equation of curve fitting using the data in TABLE Q1
 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATION
• NEED TO MASTER 3 TECHNIQUES
GAUSS ELIMINATION

GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION

LU DECOMPOSITION METHOD

 SOLVING NON-LINEAR EQUATION
• NEED TO KNOW THE PROCEDURE OF

BISECTION METHOD

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
 STRATEGY ON NON-LINEAR EQUATION
• Understand the problem

• Find the non-linear equation of interest

• Find the lower and upper bound from the question

• Find the absolute relative error(ARE) from the question

• Perform iterations until the actual error is less than the ARE

• Report the final answer

 Understand the Problem
• Question requirement: Determine the position,x, where

Mbc = 10/100 x (maximum negative bending moment by Mbc equation)

What is the maximum negative BM of

Mbc equation??
 Remember (from calculus)
• Maximum/minimum value of any function, f(x) can be obtained by

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

In our case, f(x) = Mbc(x)

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 254𝑥𝑥 2 − 1720𝑥𝑥 + 928.8

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2 254 𝑥𝑥 − 1720 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

x = 1.902 meter
The maximum/minimum Bending moment value of Mbc

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 452(1.902)2 − 1720 1.902 + 928.8 = -707.48 kNm

Therefore, the maximum negative BM of MBC = -707.48 kNm

Mbc = 10/100 x (maximum negative bending moment by Mbc equation) =0.1 (-707.48) = -70.7487

However, Mbc = 452𝑥𝑥 2 − 1720𝑥𝑥 + 928.8

425𝑥𝑥 2 − 1720𝑥𝑥 + 928.8 = −70.7487

452𝑥𝑥 2 − 1720𝑥𝑥 + 928.8 = 0 This is the interest non-

linear equation !!!!
Find the lower and upper value
• In the question, there is no value given, so manually to find it by
TRIAL and ERROR method
𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 = 452𝑥𝑥 2 − 1720𝑥𝑥 + 928.8 = 0

x F(x)
0 +999.548
1 -208.452

• Since there is change in values (positive to negative), then there is

possible solution within xl = 0 and xu = 1
 Perform the iteration (Bisection Method)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Absolute relative error = 1 % 𝜖𝜖𝑎𝑎 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
× 100

Iter xl xu xm F(xl) F(xm) 𝝐𝝐𝒂𝒂 STATUS

1 0 1 0.5 +ve +ve - proceed
2 0.5 1 0.75 +ve -ve 33.3 proceed
3 0.5 0.75 0.625 +ve +ve 20 proceed
4 0.625 0.75 0.6875 +ve -ve 9.1 proceed
5 0.625 0.6875 0.65625 +ve +ve 4.5 Proceed
6 0.65625 0.6875 0.671875 +ve -ve 2.3 Proceed
7 0.65625 0.671875 0.6640625 +ve +ve 0.01 STOP

REPORT THE SOLUTION : x = 0.6640625 meter is the required position

3.3 GPa
 UNDERSTAND THE QUESTION
• Find the non-linear equation

• There is trigonometric function inside this eqn. Ensure that if the input is in
degrees or radian from the question. (If there is no unit for the trigo function, it
is in RADIAN unit, otherwise it is in degree)
• Remember identity : cot(x) = 1/tan(x), sec(x) = 1/cos(x), cosec(x) = 1/sin(x)
• Requirement : To find the numerical value of P/A that satisfy the above eqn
Rearrange the eqn
𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
=
𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝑃𝑃
1+ sec
𝐾𝐾 2 2𝐾𝐾 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
=
𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝑃𝑃 1
1+ sec
𝐾𝐾 2 2𝐾𝐾 𝐴𝐴 𝐸𝐸

Assume that P/A = X

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑋𝑋 =
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 1
1+ sec 𝑋𝑋
𝐾𝐾 2 2𝐾𝐾 𝐸𝐸
Substitute the given parameters and simplify
the eqn
205 × 109 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑋𝑋 =
0.02 𝑚𝑚 × 0.016 1 1
1+ sec 𝑋𝑋
1 2 1 205 × 109 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
25 25

205 × 109
𝑋𝑋 =
1 25 1
1+ sec 2 𝑋𝑋
5 205 × 109

205 × 109 205 × 109

𝑋𝑋 = 𝑋𝑋 =
1 1
1+ sec 2.7607 × 10−5 𝑋𝑋 1+
5 5 cos 2.7607 × 10−5 𝑋𝑋
In radian (IN
THIS
Sec (X) = 1/cos(X) QUESTION
ONLY)
Equation of interest
205 × 109
𝑋𝑋 = =0
1
1+
5 cos 2.7607 × 10−5 𝑋𝑋
205 × 109
F 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑋𝑋 − =0
1
1+
5 cos 2.7607 × 10−5 𝑋𝑋
Check whether the given upper and lower
bound is correct
X F(X)
2.7 e9 +ve
3.3 e9 -ve

Since there is change in values (positive to negative),

then there is possible solution within xl = 2.1 E9 and
xu = 3.3 E9
 PERFORM ITERATION (BISECTION METHOD)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Absolute relative error = 1% 𝜖𝜖𝑎𝑎 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
× 100

Iter xl xu xm F(xl) F(xm) 𝝐𝝐𝒂𝒂 STATUS

1 2.7e9 3.3e9 3.0e9 +ve -ve - proceed
2 2.7e9 3.0e9 2.85e9 +ve -ve 5.3 proceed
3 2.7e9 2.85e9 2.775e9 +ve -ve 2.7 proceed
4 2.7e9 2.775e9 2.7375e9 +ve -ve 1.4 proceed
5 2.7e9 2.7375e9 2.71875e9 +ve -ve 0.69 STOP

REPORT THE SOLUTION : x= P/A = 2.71875 GPa is the required stress

 UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM
• Requested : To propose the new height , H , to cater the new peak
flow. Given the old peak flow, Qold = 30 m3/s. The new peak flow is
40 % more than older one.
Qnew = 1.4 x Qold

• The base dimension, b, value can be selected in the range of 2 – 3.5 m

As an engineer, you have freedom to choose your base
dimension within this range (2-3.5 meter)
 Find the interested non-linear eqn

Substitute the respective formula and values in the above eqn

2
1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3 1
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏 + 2ℎ

2
1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3 1
1.4(30) = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.0012
0.035 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝐻𝐻
Assuming that the engineer select b = 2.8 m
2
1 2.8𝐻𝐻 3 1
1.4(30) = 2.8𝐻𝐻 0.0012
0.035 2.8 + 2𝐻𝐻
2
2.8𝐻𝐻 3
42 = 2.5298𝐻𝐻
2.8 + 2𝐻𝐻
2 The interested non-linear
2.8𝐻𝐻 3
𝐹𝐹 𝐻𝐻 = 42 − 2.5298𝐻𝐻 =0 eqn
2.8 + 2𝐻𝐻
Find the lower and upper value
• In the question, there is no value given, so manually to find it by
TRIAL and ERROR method
2
2.8𝐻𝐻 3
𝐹𝐹 𝐻𝐻 = 42 − 2.5298𝐻𝐻 =0
2.8 + 2𝐻𝐻

H F(H)
14 +ve
15 -ve

• Since there is change in values (positive to negative), then there is

possible solution within Hl = 14m and Hu = 15 m
 PERFORM ITERATION (BISECTION METHOD)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Absolute relative error = 5% 𝜖𝜖𝑎𝑎 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
× 100

Iter Hl Hu Hm F(Hl) F(Hm) 𝝐𝝐𝒂𝒂 STATUS

1 14 15 14.5 +ve -ve - proceed
2 14 14.5 14.25 +ve -ve 1.75 STOP

REPORT THE SOLUTION : H = 14.25 meter is the required section height

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SOLVING
• NEED TO KNOW ON HOW TO USE

EULER METHOD
RUNGE-KUTTA 1ST ORDER METHOD

HEUNS METHOD
MIDPOINT METHOD
RUNGE-KUTTA 2ND ORDER
RALSTON METHOD METHOD

RUNGE-KUTTA 4TH ORDER

EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN IN APPENDIX

 STRATEGY ON ODE QUESTION
• Identify the type of ODE numerical solution

• Identify the initial condition of the problem and the ending condition

• Identify the steps required (or assumed suitable one if there is no info)

• Identify the ODE equation (convert the equation in this form dy/dt = f(y,t))

• Perform iteration
 IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ODE SOLUTION, THE INITIAL +
ENDING CONDITION
TYPE OF ODE SOLUTION

Eqn 1
INITIAL CONDITION

From ODE eqn, the dependentConvert

variable
form
is C =concentration and the
it to standard

independent variable is t =time

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Initial 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 t0 = 0 week
time, = −0.06𝐶𝐶 and initial concentration, C0 = 1 x 107 parts/m3
End condition, tf = 6 weeks
 h = 1.5 week IDENTIFY STEPS SIZE,h
IDENTIFY ODE EQUATION

ODE is not in standard format, so convert it first

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= −0.06𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡, 𝐶𝐶)

Perform iteration starting from initial time, t0, and incremented by h =1 .5 week until
tf = 6 weeks on equation (1)

C0, C1, C2, C3, C4

t0 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 tf
 ITERATION COMPUTATION (i=0)
ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖+1 = 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2 = −0.06𝐶𝐶 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• At initial time,ti= t0 = 0 week ( i=0)

ℎ
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝐶𝐶0 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2
2
𝐾𝐾1 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 = f 𝑡𝑡0 , 𝐶𝐶0

= 𝑓𝑓(0, 1 × 107 )
= −0.06 𝐶𝐶0 = −0.06 1 × 107 = −600 × 103 part/m3

𝐾𝐾2 = f 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 + ℎ, 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ

= f 𝑡𝑡0 + ℎ, 𝐶𝐶0 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ = f(0 + 1.5, 1 × 107 − 600 × 103 1.5 )
= f 1.5, 9.1 × 106 = −0.06 9.1 × 106 = −546 × 103
1.5
∴ 𝐶𝐶1 = 1 × 107 + −600 − 546 × 103 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
2
 ITERATION COMPUTATION (i=1)
ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖+1 = 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2 = −0.06𝐶𝐶 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• At time,ti= t1 = t0 +h = 1.5 week ( i=1)

ℎ
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2
2
𝐾𝐾1 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 = f 𝑡𝑡1 , 𝐶𝐶1

= 𝑓𝑓(1.5, 9.9595 × 106 )

= −0.06 𝐶𝐶0 = −0.06 9.9595 × 106 = −597.57 × 103 part/m3

𝐾𝐾2 = f 𝑡𝑡1 + ℎ, 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ

= f 1.5 + 1.5,
∴ 𝐶𝐶2 = 9.9595 ×
9.9595 × 106 − 597.57 × 103 (1.5 ) = f(3, 9.063145 × 106 )
= −0.06 9.063145 × 106 = −543.7887 × 103
1.5
106 + −597.57 − 543.7887 × 103 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
2
 ITERATION COMPUTATION (i=2)
ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖+1 = 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2 = −0.06𝐶𝐶 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• At time,ti= t2 = t1 +h = 4.5 week ( i=2)

ℎ
𝐶𝐶3 = 𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2
2
𝐾𝐾1 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 = f 𝑡𝑡2 , 𝐶𝐶2

= 𝑓𝑓(4.5, 9.10348 × 106 )

= −0.06 𝐶𝐶0 = −0.06 9.10348 × 106 = −546.209 × 103 part/m3

𝐾𝐾2 = f 𝑡𝑡2 + ℎ, 𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ

= f 4.5 + 1.5,
∴ 𝐶𝐶3 = 9.10348 ×
9.10348 × 106 − 546.209 × 103 (1.5 ) = f(4.5, 8.2841 × 106 )
= −0.06 8.2841 × 106 = −497.05 × 103
1.5
106 + −546.209 − 497.05 × 103 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑/𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
2
 REPEAT THIS UNTIL C4
• TABULATE RESULTS

ti (week) Pollutant Concentration in lake (Ci)

(parts/m3)
0 Co= 1 × 107
1.5 C1 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
3.0 C2 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
4.5 C3 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
6 C4 = Please do on your own

The required answer for this question to

be determined on your own
 IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ODE SOLUTION, THE INITIAL +
ENDING CONDITION
• Using Heuns Method,
TYPE OF ODE SOLUTION
INITIAL CONDITION

From ODE eqn, the dependentConvert

variable
form
is y =beam’s deflection and the
it to standard

independent variable is x =distance along the beam

Initial distance,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 x0 = 0 meter and initial beam deflection, y0 = 0 m (fixed
= −0.06𝐶𝐶
condition)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
End condition, xf = 0.5 meter
 h = 0.25 meter IDENTIFY STEPS SIZE,h
IDENTIFY ODE EQUATION

ODE is not in standard format, so convert it first

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
= = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Perform iteration starting from initial distance, x0, and incremented by h =0.25 meter
until xf = 0.25 m on equation (1)

y0, y1, y2,

x0 0 0.25 0.5 xf
• However, in order to solve the ODE, we must get the expression of
bending moment, M on the beam

• Based on solid mechanics knowledge, M-5+10x-10x(x/2)=0

𝑀𝑀 = 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 5
10 kN/m M
10 kN/m

5 kNm x
x 5 kNm
10 kN 10 kN

Free Body Diagram

Cut at x
O kN
Substitute to ODE
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
= = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑀𝑀 = 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5𝑥𝑥 2 −10𝑥𝑥+5 𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥 3 −10𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥
= = = f(x,y)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
 ITERATION COMPUTATION (i=0)

• At initial distance xi= x0 = 0 m ( i=0), y0 = 0 m, h =0.25 m

ℎ
𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑦0 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2
2
𝐾𝐾1 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = f 𝑥𝑥0 , 𝑦𝑦0

= 𝑓𝑓(0, 0)
=0
𝐾𝐾2 = f 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ
= f 𝑥𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑦0 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ = f(0 + 0.25, 0 + 0(0.25))
5 0.253 − 10 0.252 + 5(0.25) 0.703125
= f 0.25, 0 = =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
0.25 0.703125 0.087890
∴ 𝑦𝑦1 = 0 + 0+ = m
2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
 ITERATION COMPUTATION (i=1)

• At initial distance xi= x1 = 0.25 m ( i=1), y1 = 0.08789/EI m, h =0.25 m

ℎ
𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝐾𝐾1 + 𝐾𝐾2
2
𝐾𝐾1 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = f 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1
0.08790
= 𝑓𝑓(0 + 0.25, )
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
0.08790
= 𝑓𝑓 0.25, =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐾𝐾2 = f 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ
0.08789 0.703125
= f 𝑥𝑥1 + ℎ, 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝐾𝐾1 ℎ = f 0.25 + 0.25, + (0.25) =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸