4.3.

NSng do dien tic va IS trSng trong dieu kien cdn bang 171

p -
c0 - - Na-
Eu -

Hinh 4.8: So do ndng luong trong ban dan bit trCc.

Nhu vSy ban d in pha tap dono trong vung nhiet do ion hoa mdi the hien
d iy du tfnh c h it ban dan tap ch it, ban d in ngoai lai (extrinsic), trong do n » p
va dien tit dirge ggi la hat d in co ban(da so), 16 trong la hat d in khong co ban
(thieu so), ban d in duoc goi la ban d in dien tu hay ban d in loai n. Su thay
doi nong do dien tir va 16 trong trong ban d in pha tap dono duoc bieu d iln
mot cach dinh tfnh tren hinh (4.6).
4.3.3 Ban d in chura m ot loai tap chat axepto. Neu trong silic co mot nong
do N a nguyen tu cua m ot nguyen to nhom III, vf du nhom (Al) chang han thi
trong tinh the se x u it hien N a trang thai dinh xti co nang lugfng bang Ea n im
trong vung c im g in dinh vung hoa tri. Khi nguyen tu nhom thay the nguyen
tu Si thi no thieu m ot dien tu de tham gia lien ket vdi 4 nguyen tu xung quanh,
lam x u it hien m ot moi lien ket khong bao hoa, mot trang thai trdng. Cac dien
tir trong vung hoa tri dt dang chiem cac trang thai trdng nay, hay noi cach
khac cac trang thai trdng n h in liy dien tu tvr vung hoa tri trd thanh ion im va
lam x u it hien m ot Id trdng trong vung hoa tri.
Bai toan duoc giai trong ba vung nhiet do nhu ddi vdi ban d in loai n , ung
vdi cac ky hieu tren hinh (4.7).
a- Trong vung nhiet do ion hoa

pQ= N a = N v - e ^ EF- E^ / kT ' (4.27)

11• NrNy AP /L.'T’
no = — = 4.28)
Po Na v ’

E s = Ev - k T ln ^ (4.29)

b- Trong vung nhiet do th ip

P0 = V ~ i '« - (aE-/2‘r) (4.30)

172 Chucmg4. Mot so van de vat ly ban dan

Ev + E a _ k T (4 3
1 2 2 2NV ’
c- V ung nhiet do cao ban d in axepto trd thanh ban d in rieng.

4.3.4 Ban dan bu trir, chura hai loai tap chat. Khi trong c h it ban d in chua
ca tap c h it dono vdi ndng do N d va tap c h it axepto vdi ndng do N a thi dien
tu tu cac trang thai E d se chuyen xuong chiem cac trang thai trdng E a vi the
ta noi dd la ban d in bu trir nhu d hinh (4.8).
a- Trudng hop bu trCr toan p h in N d = Na, t it ca cac trang thai axepto deu
bi chiem bdi dien tu tvr trang thai dono chuyen m uc xuong. Trong trudng hop
nay t it ca tap c h it trd thanh ion N% va N~. Ban d in xu su nhu ban d in rieng.
Chfnh d iy la m ot cach de tao ra nhung ban d in cao dm, Ban d in cd dien trd
s u it ldn. N gudi ta th iy rin g trong silic cd m ot so tap c h it r it kho loai bo
hoan toan vf du B. Cho nen ta luon cd ban d in loai p chua B cd dien trd suit
khong cao lim . Khi c in cd nhung ban d in cao dm, nhu de lam detector hat
n h in , ta cd the pha them tap c h it loai dono, nhu Li de bu tru tap axepto B.
Ttiy giong ban d in rieng n = p = m ve mat ndng do hat d in ban din bu
trir toan p h in v in cd nhung tfnh c h it khac vdi ban d in tinh khiet vi trong do
cd m ot ndng do ion im va ion duong N ~ = 7V+, vf du do linh dong hat din
nhd hon, do tang cudng sir tan xa tren cac ion.
b- Trudng hop bu trir m ot phin, vf du N d > N a.
Khi dd hieu sd ndng do N d —N a — N ' d ddng vai trd nhu ban d in chua mot
loai tap c h it, trong thf du nay ban d in la loai n, tir ket qua tfnh toan trong
vung nhiet do ion hoa tap c h it ta cd the viet:

n0 = N d - N a — N'd

N'
E f = E c + kT I n - *
™ C

Trong vung nhiet do th ip ta cd:

= i r ' K ' e ~ AE‘,hT <432)

Nj - N
Ef = Ed + k T l n ^ - ± (4.33)

Trong vung nhiet do cao ban d in trd thanh ban d in rieng

 4.4. Ndng do hat dan khong cdn hang 173

4.3.5 Ban d in suy bien. N hu chung ta da biet, m ot he suy bien khi nong
do hat tuong doi cao va m at do trang thai nho, pho nang luong gian doan.
Trong ban dan nong do hat dan trong cac vung cho phep tang cao chu yeu
la do ndng do pha tap va nhiet do. Chung ta cung thdy tur cac cong thric tfnh
mric Fermi rang khi nong do tap chdt tang len thi mu’c Fermi tien ddn ve phfa
bd vung Ec hoac Ev.
Tinh toan cho thdy rang cd the quy udc ban ddn se suy bien bat ddu tvr khi
mire Fermi ndm trong vung cho phep. Trong trudng hop dd de tinh ndng do
hat ddn ngudi ta phai dung nhung cong thric khac thfch hop vdi mot he suy
bien. N hung cong thu:c nay giong nhu nhung cong thuc ddi vdi dien tir trong
kim loai. Vf du ddi vdi ban ddn loai n ta cd:

»„ = y ( ~ Y \ e f - Ec)3^ va (4.34)

E F = E, + ( i - X ' 3 (4.35)

doi vdi ban ddn loai P :

Po = ^ . ( ^ ) | 3/2 (Ev - E f )3/2 va (4.36)

3 V h2
2/3 1,2
^ p!/3- (4 3 7 )

Mot dieu ly thu la ta cd the d i dang chung minh cong thric (4.34) tri nguyen
ly bdt dinh H eisenberg Ax ■Ap = h.

4.4 Nong do hat din khong can b&ng

Tren day chung ta xet ndng do hat ddn trong dieu kien can bang, khi khong
cd tac dung cua cac yeu td ben ngoai. Trong muc nay ta xet ndng do dien tri
va Id trdng khi cd tac dung cua cac yeu td ben ngoai nhu dien trudng, brie xa.
Trong chdt ban ddn luon luon xdy ra hai qua trinh nguoc nhau:
- Q ua sinh phat sinh hat ddn la qua trinh trong dd dien tri tri vung hoa
tri nhan duoc nang luong chuyen len vung ddn lam phat sinh m ot dien tri
tu do va m dt Id trdng tu do. Neu qua trinh nay xdy ra do cac yeu td kfch
thfch ben ngoai nhu chieu sang, dien trudng, thi goi la qua trinh phun hat ddn
(Injection).
174 Chucmg 4. Mot sd' van de vat ly ban ddn

- Q ua trinh tai h(^> la qua trinh dien tit tren vung d in chuyen xuong m6t
trang thai trong d trong vung hoa tri, noi cach khac m ot 16 trong tu do ket
hop vdri m ot dien tu tu do va ca hai bien mdt.
N hu v&y, khi co hien tuong phun hat d in thi ban d in nam trong trang thai
khong can bang, nong do dien tu tu do va 16 trong tu do 1cm hon nong do dien
tir tu do can bang n0 va nong do 16 trong tu do can bang p0.
Ngudi ta goi n = n 0 + Sn la nong do dien tir khong can bang, 6n la nong d6
dien tir du. Tuong tu nhu the p = p0 + 6p la nong do 16 trong khong can bang,
5p la nong do 16 trong du. Nong do dien tir va 16 trong can bang trong ban
d in khong suy bien duoc bieu di6n bang cac cong thirc.

no = N c - e~^Bc~E,^ kT
Po = N v - e ^ E' - E^ kT

Nong do dien tu va 16 trong khong can bang cung duoc bieu di6n bang cac
cong thirc tuong tu nhung cac mu’c Fermi duoc thay bang chudn muc Fermi.

n = no + 6n = N c ■e~^Ec~Et n^ kT
P = Po + Sp = N v ■e~(EJ?~E~v)/kT

trong do E*fn ^ E f p* la cac chudn mu’c Fermi cua dien tir va 16 trong. Ta cung
thdy rang
n • p = n0po ■e~(-Ef n~Efp^kT = n? • e~^E'fn~E"fp^
Khi E*fn = Efp* = Ef thi ban d in la c in bang.
Q ua trinh phat sinh duoc dac trung bdi m ot dai luong goi la toe do phat
sinh, bang so cap dien tir va 16 trong sinh ra trong m ot don vi thoi gian, mot
don vi the tich.
Q ua trinh tai hop duoc dac trung boi toe do tai hop, bang so cap dien tir
va 16 trong tai hop trong m ot don vi thcri gian m ot don vi the tich. Q ua trinh
tai hop xdy ra theo nhieu co che khac nhau:
- Tai hop true tiep: dien tir tren vung ddn "gap" true tiep 16 trong dudi vung
hoa tri.
- Tai hop qua tam: Tai hop gian tiep qua su "moi gidi" cua m ot tam bat (
m ot m uc nang lugmg trong vung cdm).
Trong truomg hop nong do hat ddn du khong cao 1dm. 5n = 8p «: n 0,p 0 ta
cd the gia thiet tdc do tai hop R ty le vdi 6n hoac 6p :
 4.4. Ndng do hat ddn khdng cdn bang 175

trong do r n,r p duoc goi la thdi gian song cua dien tu va 16 trong tuong
ring. Do la khoang thdi gian trung binh ma mot hat d in ton tai tir khi dupe
phat sinh cho den khi chung bi tai hpp.
Tuong tu nhu doi vdi mat do dien tich chung ta cung co the viet phuong
tnnh lien tuc doi vdi nong do hat d in , tri phuong trinh nay chung ta cd the
tim dupe ndng do hat d in khdng can bang theo thdi gian cung nhu theo toa
do.
Phuong trinh lien tuc trong trudng hpp mot chieu ddi vdi dien tu cd dang:
dn _ \dJn G _ R
O* r\ ' -ft 71
ot q OX

trong dd Gn tdc do phat sinh dien tu

Rn tdc do tai hpp dien tu
Jn m at do ddng dien tu
Trong trudng hpp tong quat m at do ddng dien tir gom hai thanh phan.
- Thanh phan ddng do chuyen dong cua dien tu dudi tac dung cua dien
trudng, goi la ddng cuon (frift current)

JEn —

- Thanh p h in thri hai do chuyen dong khuech tan gay nen tu vung cd ndng
do ldn den vung cd ndng do nhd va ty le vdi grad ndng do, dd la ddng khuech
tdn (diffusion curent).
J dti — - e nDn —
ax
Tuong tir nhu tren chung ta cd the viet phuong tnnh lien tuc va cac bieu thuc
mat do ddng dien cho Id trdng.
O day D n la he sd khuech tan cua dien tu, nd lien he vdi do linh dong cua
dien tu bang m ot he thric goi la he thric Einstein:

Dr bJL
en

kT
Dr Up

Nhu vay ddng cuon phu thuoc vao ndng do hat d in va dien trudng, cdn ddng
khuech tan lai phu thuoc vao grad ndng do hat din.
De dac trung cho qua trinh tai hpp va khuech tan hat d in ngudi ta cdn dua
ra m ot dai lupng goi la do dai khuech tan. Do dai khuech tan la quang dudng
ma hat d in khuech tan di dupe trong thdi gian song cua nd, dupe ky hieu la
L p n ^3 L p p , ta CO L d u — Tn , L/Op = DpTp.
176 Chucmg4. Mdt sd' van de vat ly ban ddn

4.5 Do din dien cua chat ban din

Ta co the sir dung thuyet dien tir kim loai de tfnh do d in dien cua c h it ban
d in . Tuy nhien trong trucmg hop nay ta phai liru y rin g : trong c h it ban din
co su tham gia d in dien cua hai loai hat d in khac d iu , dien tu va 16 trdng.
Chung ta cung hieu rang su d in dien cua 16 trong cung chfnh la do su chuyen
dong cua dien tit lien ket. L6 trong chi la m ot loai hat gia dinh co cac tfnh
c h it dong co the thay the tfnh c h it dong cua cac dien tir lien ket. Tliy nhien
tCr nay ve sau trong nhung tfnh toan chung ta xem 16 trong nhu m ot hat din
thuc thu.
Theo thuyet dien tir kim loai ta co the tfnh do d in cua c h it ban din:
Gia sir trong c h it ban d in nong do dien tir b in g n, nong do 16 trong bang
p. Khi co dien trucmg tac dung cac hat d in tham gia dong thcri hai chuyen
dong, chuyen dong nhiet hdn loan va ch u y in dong cuon theo phuong dien
truong vcri van toe trung binh vd. Ta co the tfnh m ot cach g in dung van td'c
cua dien tir vdn-
vdn = a n Tn . Trong do r n la thori gian chuyen dong tu do trung binh cua dien
7 / 6 ^
tir, an la gia toe an = - 2—.
m*
Khi do ta co
Vein — ~~& —
r a *

Chuyen dong co hudmg cua dien tu gay nen dong dien vdri m at do dong
dien la
•J-rx — ^ n T lV d n

Jn

Tuong tu nhu vay Jv la dong dien do 16 trong gay nen

Jp epp v dp — Cp U ppS

D ong dien tong cong se la J = Jn + Jp = a£. Cuoi cung ta co bieu thurc do

d in dien cua ban d in :
O' 6 n ^ l n Tl 4" C p flp P

e2rn e2Tp
a = an + ap = —— n -r —f p (4.38)
m* m*

d d iy cac dai lucmg /x„ = ^ va nP = goi la do linh dong cua dien tir va do
linh dong cua 16 trong dupe do bang don vi m2/Vs. Con rn va rp dupe goi la
 4.5. Dd ddn dien cua chdt ban dan 111

Hinh 4.9: So dd ndng luong vung ddn cua GaAs.

thdi gian hoi phuc cua dien tir va 16 trong, trong mure do gdn dung nhdt dinh
co the xem chung bang thdi gian chuyen dong tu do trung binh cua dien tir
va Id trdng. r n va r p dac trung cho xac sudt va cham (tan xa) len cac tam tan
xa cua dien tir 16 trdng. Tam tan xa cd the la cac nguyen tir trung hoa d nut
mang dao dong khoi vi tri can bang, cd the la cac nguyen tir, ion tap chdt, cac
khuyet tat lam sai lech trudng the tudn hoan. M ot dien tir dudi tac dung cua
dien trudng nhan duoc them nang lupng (dong nang) khi va cham vdi tam tan
xa mdt bdt nang lupng. Chfnh nhd cac va cham ma dien tir co nang lupng
cao (bi kfch thfch) trd \ i dupe trang thai can bang. Thdi gian de m ot he trd
ve trang thai can bang tir trang thai kfch thfch goi la thdi gian hoi phuc. Vay
nen cac dai lupng r„, rp dac trung cho xac sudt va cham, do dd dac trung cho
qua trinh hoi phuc, dupe goi la thdi gian hoi phuc.
Do linh dong phu thuoc true tiep vao thdi gian hoi phuc la le duong nhien,
mat khac do linh dong cdn phu thuoc vao khoi lupng hieu dung cua hat ddn.
Bieu thurc (4.38) viet cho trudng hpp vung nang lupng chi cd m ot cuc tri d
tam vung Brillouin. Trong trudng hpp cuc tri khdng ndm d tdm vung Brillouin
ma nam tren m ot hudng nhu [100] ddi vdi silic, chung ta co ca thay 6 cuc
tieu tren 6 hudng tuong duong vdi m at dang nang la 6 m at ellip dinh hudng
theo 3 phuong khac nhau vdi ba thanh phdn mx, m 2, m 3 khac nhau, ta thdy m*
la m ot dai lupng tenxo bac hai. Vi vay a cung phai la mot dai lupng tenxo
bac hai. a se la m ot dai lupng vo hudng trong m ot sd trudng hpp rieng ma
thdi. Chung ta cung biet rang m* phu thuoc vao quy ludt tan sac, nghTa la
phu thuoc vao E (K ) vi nd ty le nghich vdi dao ham bac hai theo K cho nen
m* cung phu thuoc vao do ldn va hudng cua K , vao ddng nang cua hat ddn.
Trong trudng hpp quy ludt tan sac E (R ) cd hai cuc tieu gdn nhau chang han
nhu d hinh (4.9), khi dien tir cd dong nang thdp no d cuc tieu I cd m) nhd,
178 Chucmg 4. Mot so vdn de vat ly ban ddn

khi dong nang cua no tang len no chuyen len cuc tieu I I co khoi lupng m'n
ldm hem. NghTa la dien tu "b6ng dung thdy minh nang len”. Hien tupng nay
da dupe nghien cuu va umg dung trong thuc te va dupe goi la hieu ung Gunn,
la co so cua diot phat song sieu cao tdn, diot Gunn.
Bieu thurc (4.38) cung cho thdy do d in phu thuoc tuyen tfnh vao nong do
hat ddn n va p. N hu ta da biet n va p phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nhu nong do
tap chdt, nhiet do, ap sudt...
Ddi vdi ban ddn dono, n » p, cong thirc (4.38) cdn lai:

g = (4.39)
m*

D di vdi ban ddn axepto n « p

Trong ban ddn cd nhiSu cuc tieu tuong duong nhu vung ddn cua Si, Ge,...
ndng do dien tu d cac cue tieu nang lupng theo cac phuong khac nhau co the
khac nhau khi nen tinh the theo m ot phuong nhdt dinh. Chinh hieu umg nay
cd the lam cho dien trd thay doi theo ap sudt, hay dd chfnh la hieu umg ap trd,
lam co sd cho nhieu loai cam bien do ap sudt, do luu lupng...
Neu chung ta chieu vao tinh the ban ddn m ot chum sang cd budc song
thfch hpp cd the lam cho dien tu tit vung hoa tri chuyen muc len vung ddn.
N dng do dien tir Id trdng, do dd tang len, lam cho do ddn tang len. Do chfnh
la hieu umg quang ddn.
N dng do hat ddn cd the phu thuoc vao dien trudng (khi dien trudng cao)
do nhieu co che vat ly vf du co che dudng ngdm nhu ta da xet, co che ion
hoa do va cham giua dien tir cd dong nang ldn vdi cac nguyen tir d nut mang.
Cac hien tupng tren day cd the lam tang dot ngot ndng do hat ddn trong ban
ddn, la nguyen nhan cua cac hien tupng danh thimg trong linh kien ban ddn,
nhung cung la co sd hoat dong cua cac loai linh kien khac nhu diot on ap
Zener, IM PATT diot (im pact ioniziation avalanche transit tim e) tam dich la
diot thdi gian van chuyen ion hoa va cham hay goi tat la diot thac lu.
D o ddn cua chdt ban ddn la m ot vdn de rdt ldn, rdt quan trong, rdt tiec
chung ta khdng cd thi gid dung lai lau hon.
 4.6. Cac hien tucmg phat xa dien tu 179

E =0

E_f __________

Et____________________________-
0 X

Hinh 4.10: So do the ndng dien tu trong kim loai.

Hinh 4.11: So do the ndng dien tu khi co trucmg ngoai tdc dung.

4.6 Cac hien tirong phat xa dien tur

Ta xet m ot mdu chdt ran, neu khong co trudng ngoai thi the nang cua dien tu
d ngoai mdu khong doi va bang khong theo quy udc cua ta. CJ trong m au the
nang cua dien tu tu do bang E c, day cua vung ddn. Neu nang luong toan phdn
cua dien tir la E thi (E - E c) = T la dong nang cua dien tir T =
VT nang lupng toan phdn cua dien tu thdp hon the nang cua dien tu d ngoai
mdu nen dien tu d trong mdu chdt rdn khdng the ra ngoai mdu, xem hinh
(4.10).
M uon dien tir ra khoi mdu chdt rdn phai bdng cach nao dd kfch thfch dien
tir len muc nang lupng cao hon mu’c nang lupng ngoai mdu, nghTa la E > 0.
Hien tupng dien tu but ra khoi mdu dupe goi la hien tupng phat xa dien
tir. Tuy thuoc vao cach ma dien tu nhan dupe nang lupng de but ra, de dupe
phat xa ra, hien tupng phat xa dien tir dupe chia lam nhieu loai:

- N hiet phat xa dien tir.

- Q uang phat xa dien tu.

- Phat xa dien tu thu cdp.

- Phat xa dien tu do ban pha bdng ion.

180 Chuong 4. Mot sd van de vat ly ban ddn

Hinh 4.12: So do bien dien cach tinh ddng nhiet phat xa dien tu.

- Phat xa dien tri nong.

Neu ngoai m iu co dien trudng lam cho the nang cua dien tri phia ngoai miu
giam xuong nhu d hinh (4.11), thi tren be m at mdu chdt rdn hinh thanh mot
hang rao the. N eu dien trudng du ldn hang rao the du m ong de xay ra hieu
ring dudng ngdm, thi cd the xay ra hien tuong phat xa dien tri ngay ddi vdi
cac dien tri cd nang lupng toan phdn E < 0. Do hieu ring dudng ngdm ma ta
cd the gap m ot sd dang phat xa dien tri:

- Tu phat xa dien tri, (hay la phat xa dien tri lanh).

- N hiet - tu phat xa dien tri.

- Q uang - tu phat xa dien tri.

D ay la cac hien tupng phat xa dien tu do hieu ring dudng ngdm (tir phat xa)
hoac do ket hpp vdi qua trinh kfch thfch bang nhiet, quang vdi hieu ring dudng
ngdm.
Bay gid chung ta xet hien tupng phat xa dien tri quan trong nhdt: hien
tupng nhiet phat xa dien tri.
Chring ta xet m ot mdu kim loai hinh lap phuong canh bang lcm va xet bai
toan m ot chieu theo phuong x, nhu d hinh (4.12).
N hu ta da biet, sd dien tu trong kim loai cd trang thai ndm trong phdn tir
 4.6. Cac hien tucmg phat xa dien tu 181

E=0

Hinh 4.13: So do ndng luong cua dien tu, cong thoat trong ban ddn

the tich khong gian dKx ■d,Ky ■dKz = dVk la:

2
dri = /o 7r|1 3- • dKxdKydKz
' (2tt)3

fo la ham phan bd Ferm i-D irac, (2?r)3 la the tfch phdn tir trong khdng gian K
dac tnm g cho 1 trang thai ddi vdi mdu co the tfch bang don vi V = 1.
O nhiet dd khdng tuyet ddi dien tir se sap xep vao cac mire nang luong tir
Ec den E f . Tdt ca cac dien tir dSu cd nang luong toan phdn am, khdng the
thoat ra ngoai mdu.
Khi nhiet do tang len cao cd the cd nhung dien tir cd nang lupng E > 0 va
cd the thoat ra ngoai.
Bay gid chung ta hay tim ddng dien tir thoat ra khoi mdu tir mat p h in g
(bS mat mdu) vuong goc vdi true x. D6 dang thdy rang de dien tir thoat ra
khoi be m at dong nang cua dien tir theo hudng x phai ldn hon khoang cach
nang lupng tu mric E c den mric nang lupng ngoai mdu ma ta ldy bang khdng,
khoang nang lupng dd dupe goi la cong thoat thuc su ky hieu la Wa — ~ E C.
Ta cd the viet dieu kien nay dudi dang:

5l V >Wo = _ E c = ? K l™
2m* 2m*

Ta cd the viet mat do ddng nhiet phat xa dien tir dudi dang
,°o r ,oo dKxdKydKz
T' ”’ /0 “ (2jt)3 <4 -4 ')
182 Chucmg4. M 6t sd'vdn de vat ly ban ddn

De don gian ba: toan va vi cac dien tit co the tham gia vao hien tvrcmg phat xa
thridng co nang lucmg cao nen ta thay ham phan bo Ferm i-D irac bang ham
phan bd M axwell-Boltzm ann f M B = e ( £ F _ £ : ) / f e T .

Thay E = E, + %£■ = E, + + K j), v, = £ = M *. ta co

e f — ec r°° r°° r°° k2{kI+kI+k?)
* = L dK ’ L dK- L , K-
Tfnh toan cu the cho ta

JT = ^ ^ k 2T 2e & = A T 2e~& (4.42)

h6

trong dd A = ek - 120— ( ^ goi la he so Richardson, $ = - E f

hs m0 \ m lK l J
goi la cong thoat nhiet dong, nd bang nang luong cdn thiet de dua mot dien
tu cd nang luong bang mric Fermi thoat ra ngoai.
N hu vay cong thoat nhiet dong cua kim loai, ma ta thudng goi tat la cong
thoat cua kim loai, bang khoang nang luong tri mric chan khong den mufc
Fermi
$ = -E t (4.43)
Cong thoat cua cac chdt ban ddn cung dupe tfnh tuong tu mac du tren thuc
te tai mric nang lupng Fermi thong thudng (trong ban ddn khdng suy bien)
khdng he cd dien tri. Dd la vi dai lupng $ = - E f dac trung su phan bd thong
ke dien tri. Cong thoat cua ban ddn dupe bieu di6n dudi dang tong cua hai so
hang nhu d hinh (4.13):
$ = X -I- T]
trong dd X dupe xac dinh bdi tinh chdt cua m ang tinh the, nd la cong thoat
thuc su, ai luc hoa hoc, la khoang cach nang lupng tri mric chan khong den
day vung ddn, E c, Cdn 7? la phdn phu thuoc vao ndng do tap chdt va nhiet do.
Ddi vdi ban ddn rieng, ta cd

= + (4.44)

Doi vdi ban ddn loai n trong vung nhiet do ion hoa tap chdt

$n = X - k T ln ^ (4.45)
C

va ban ddn loai p :

$ P = X + A E g + kT In ^ (4.46)
 4.7. Cac hieu ung tiep xuc 183

Hinh 4.14: Set do gidi thich su xuat hien hieu the tiep xuc ngoai.

4.7 Cac hieu ling tiep xuc

Bdi vi tren bien gidi cua chdt rdn cd ton tai m ot hang rao the, cho nen khi hai
chdt rdn khac nhau tiep xuc vdi nhau se hinh thanh hieu dien the tiep xuc do
sir khac nhau cua cac rao the dd gay nen.

4.7.1 H ieu th e tiep xuc ngoai. Hieu the tiep xuc ngoai xudt hien giua hai
kim loai tiep xuc vdi nhau hoac trao doi dien tu vdi nhau bdng hieu ung nhiet
phat xa dien tu. Gia sir cong thoat cua kim loai M, nhd hon <i>2 cua kim
loai M 2, thi ddng nhiet phat xa dien tir tir M x sang M 2 se ldn hon ddng nhiet
phat xa tir M 2 sang M x. Ket qua la M x tfch dien duong, M2 tfch dien am va
giua M x va hl2 xudt hien m ot hieu dien the tiep xuc, ky hieu UK- Q ua tnnh
trao doi dien tir se can bang khi ddng dien tir tir M x sang M 2 la J 10 bdng ddng
dien tir tir M 2 sang A/, la J20. Tir cong thric ddng nhiet phat xa dien tri ta cd

4 7 l 2 g ” <1>’ / ^ T — ^-($2+eU k )/k T

ta rut ra dupe:
UK = \ {* 2 - $ i ) (4.47)

Vi v$y hieu the tiep xuc UK dupe xac dinh bdi hieu hai cong thoat. Vi dien
the tren be mat kim loai la ddng deu, nen gifla hai diem bdt ky tren hai kim
loai d6u ton tai m ot hieu dien the UK va UK vi the dupe goi la hieu the tiep
xuc ngoai. Hinh (4.14) giai thfch su xudt hien hieu the tiep xuc ngoai.
184 Chucmg 4. M6t s d vdn de vat ly ban ddn

4.7.2 Hieu the tiep xuc trong giura hai kim loai. Khi kim loai A/, va Af2,
nam trong trang thai can bang mure Fermi trong hai kim loai bang nhau. Tir
hinh (4.14), ta thdy mire nang lupng va E*2 cua hai kim loai khac nhau,
dieu do co nghTa la the nang cua dien tir trong hai kim loai khac nhau. Tir do
ma xuat hien mot hieu dien the va m ot dien trucmg tiep xuc giua hai kim loai
trong vung ranh gidi. Hieu the tiep xuc nay goi la hieu the tiep xuc trong dam
bao cho su can bang dong dien va dong nang lupng qua lai tiep xuc. Tir hinh
(4.14b) ta thdy de chuyen m ot dien tu co dong nang bang khong tir Af, sang
Mi ma khong lam thay doi dong nang cua no ta phai cdn mot nang lupng
bang E*2 - E*]. Tir do chung ta co the tfnh hieu the tiep xuc trong

Ui = e- [(Ec2 - E f2) - {Eei - Ef \] (4.48)

Tir cong thurc (4.48), E s - Ec - ^ (f^ ) 2/3 ta co the viet:

h? ( 3 \ 2/3 ( n l /3 n V 3'
U‘ = 2 - e { s i ) <449)

Ro rang su ton tai Ui la de triet tieu dong khuech tan dien tir qua bien gidi do
su chenh lech ndng do giua hai kim loai, neu m* = m 2 va n x = n 2 thi ta co
Ui = 0. Chfnh do su ton tai hieu the tiep xuc trong Ui m a xudt hien cac hieu
irng nhiet dien nhu hieu umg Seebeck, Peltier.

4.7.3 Hieu ling trucmg. Su uon cong viing nang lupng cua ban ddn trong
dien trucmg. X et m ot mdu ban ddn, vf du, loai n, dat trong dien trudng deu
cua m ot tu dien phang nhu d hinh (4.15).
Dudi tac dung cua dien trudng, ndng do hat ddn se phan bd lai, lam xudt
hien m at d6 dien tfch p(f). M at do dien tfch p(f) phu thuoc vao cudng do dien
trudng theo phucmg trinh Poisson

diveeo£ = p{r)

hay la V2v?(r) = ------- ■ Trong dd la dien the, £ = -V</>. The nang dien tir
eeo
dupe tfnh bdi cong thuc V(f) = —e<p(r). Tir phdn trudc chung ta da thdy rang
trudng the ben ngoai se lam thay doi cac mute nang lupng E{ f) - E + V(r).
Tdt ca cac mure nang lupng deu chiu su thay doi nhu nhau:

E c(f) = E C+ V (r)
 4.7. Cac hieu Ung tiep xuc

Hinh 4.15: Su ud'n cong viing ndng lucmg cua ban dan trong dien trucmg £ >
186 Chucmg 4. Mdt sd' van de vat ly ban ddn

Hinh 4.16: Su uon cong viing ndng luong ciia ban ddn trong dien trucmg £ < 0.
 4.7. Cac hieu Ceng tiep xuc 187

Ev(r) = E V + V(f)
E d(r) = Ed + V(f)
E a(r) = E a + V(r)
Neu chdt ban d in nam trong trang thai can bang thi mric Fermi dong d6u
trong toan m iu . Tri do suy ra
Ec - E f ~ ^ E C+ V (r) - Ef
Ef - Ev — > E f - (Ev + V(r)).

Khoang cach giria E c va E f tang m ot luong V(f) thi khoang cach giua Ef va
Ev giam m ot luong V(f). Su thay doi nay chi ra rang nong do dien tri n va
nong do 16 trong p da thay doi, d in den su thay doi do d in . Do chfnh la hieu
ring trucmg. Ta xet m ot cach dinh luong hieu ring nay dudi day (xem hinh
(4.15) va(4.16)).
n(x) = N c e - ^ x ) - E F )/kT = noe-V (x)/k T

p(x) = e[no - n0e~v(-x^ kl ] = en0( 1 - e ~v ^x^ kT).

Thay vao phuong trinh Poisson, ta co

dV = = en0 ^ c - v ( x)/kTj
dx2 eeo «o
Chuyen sang phuong trinh doi vdi the nang, V{x) = -e(p{x)
dPV(x) _ e2no
(1 - r v(, )/‘T) (4.50)
dx2 €€o
Vi V(x) nho hon kT nen ta co the phan tfch ve phai cua (4.50) vao chudi
Taylor va ldy g in dung den so hang thri hai, ta cd
d2V(x) e2n0 V(x) p{x)e
(4.51)
dx2 eeo kT eeo
Ldy dieu kien bien Vr(0) = Vs; V(oo) = 0, ta cd
V(x) = V . - e ~ x/ L*, vdi Ld = J - ^ (4.52)
n0e2
Tri day ta thay dudi tac dung cua dien trudng mric nang luong bi uon cong,
do uon cong tren be m at la ldn nhdt bang Vs va giam theo ham mu khi di vao
trong long chdt ban d in . Dien trudng chi thdm vao trong chat ban d in den
mot do sau dac (rung bang L d phu thuoc vao ndng do hat d in co ban, L d la
khoang chan Debye.
188 Chucmg 4. Mot s 6 vdn d i vat ly ban ddn

4.7.4 T iep xuc kim lo ai-b an d i n loai n. Cung giong nhu tiep xuc giua kim
loai va kim loai, do ket qua cua su trao doi dien tu giua kim loai va ban din
x u lt hien m ot hieu dien the tiep xuc ngoai

Uk = ± ( * m - $ s ) (4.53)
e
Tliy nhien vi dien trucmg tiep xuc se tham nhap vao c h it ban d in den mot do
sau nhat dinh va lam cho vung nang luong cua ban dan d lop giap ranh co sir
uon cong nen tiep xuc kim loai-ban dan co nhung dac diem rieng.

7. Tiep xuc kim loai-ban ddn loai n v&i <J>,S < § M. Cong thoat cua ban din
nho hon cong thoat kim loai. Vi cong thoat ban d in nho hon nen khi tiep xuc
dong dien tu tvr ban d in di sang kim loai nhieu hon dong ngupc lai va khi c&n
bang, ban d in tfch dien duong, kim loai tfch dien am, x u it hien tren tiep xuc
m ot dien trudng tiep xuc huong tu ban d in sang kim loai, va the nang cua ban
d in ha th ip dan tu m at phan cach di sau vao, hay noi cach khac muc nang
lupng cua dien tu tren be mat cong len nhu trong hieu umg trucmg, nong do
dien tu trong ldp giap ranh phfa ban d in giam xuong. Vi dien tu d day la hat
d in co ban nen do d in cua ldp nay giam xuong. Ta noi trong ldp giap ranh
tao thanh ldp ngheo hat d in co ban.
Tiep xuc trong trudng hpp nay goi la tiep xuc ddng. Can luu y rin g mac
dau m at do dien tfch be mat phfa kim loai tren bien gidi bang mat do dien
tfch be m at phfa ban d in (nhung trai d iu ) be day ldp dien tfch dia phuomg
ben ban d in (ky hieu Ws ) ldn hon r i t nhieu be day ldp dien tfch ben kim loai
(ky hieu WM), nhu d hinh (4.17). Dd la vi ndng do dien tu trong kim loai ldn
hon r it nhieu ndng do hat d in trong ban d in .
M at do dien tfch duong trong ldp giap ranh phfa ban d in vdi "g in dung
ldp ngheo" cd the viet.
p = eN£ = eNd = en0
Phuong trinh Poisson trong ldp nay cd the viet

d2<p _ eno
(4.54)
dx2 eeo

Ta cd the thiet lap dieu kien bien nhu sau:

- Tai x = W, : <p{Wt ) = 0 £(WS) = - ^ = 0.
ax
- Tai i = 0 : v?(0) = UK = i ( $ s - *Af)-
 4.7. Cac hieu ting tiep xuc 189

Hinh 4.17: Tiep xuc kim loai-ban dan loai n v&i $ s < $ M.