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COM
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 ©ePembelajaran Politeknik Merlimau

Writer
Nor Fazila binti Shamsuddin
Rosheela binti Muhammad Thangaveloo
Maisarah binti Abdul Latif

Published in 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanic methods,
without the prior written permission of the writer, except in the case
of brief quotations embodied in reviews and certain other non-
commercial uses.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

eISBN 978-967-2762-04-1

Published by:
Politeknik Merlimau, Melaka
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KB1031 Pej Pos Merlimau,

77300 Merlimau Melaka
 EDITORIAL BOARD

Managing Editor
Ts Dr. Maria binti Mohammad
Nisrina binti Abd Ghafar
Azrina binti Mohmad Sabiri
Zuraida bt Yaacob
Raihan binti Ghazali

Editor
Faridatul Mastura binti Mohamed Khatib

Proofreading & Language Editing:

Nor Fazila binti Shamsuddin
Maisarah binti Abdul Latif
Rosheela binti Muhammad Thangaveloo
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 Preface
This eBook aims to help the students develop the
necessary skills in analysing and interpreting graphs
and charts from data collected. It is hoped that the
students will learn to gather data and present them
through the use of graphs and charts.

Though this eBook is meant to cater to students in

Politeknik Malaysia, undertaking DUE50032
Communicative English 3 course, this eBook can also
be used by those who want to learn on how to
interpret graphs and charts.
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SLIDESMANIA.COM
 Content

○ Chapter 01 - Understanding Graphs & Charts ------------------ 1

○ Chapter 02 - Components of Graphs & Charts ----------------- 11

○ Chapter 03 - Describing Graphs & Charts ------------------------ 21
○ Chapter 04 - Understanding Trends -------------------------------- 25
○ Chapter 05 - Presenting Data Like a Pro -------------------------- 50
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 01
UNDERSTANDING
GRAPHS & CHARTS

The ‘What’, ‘Why’ and ‘How’

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1
 Did you know?

Graphs and charts are visual

representations of data, in the
form of points, lines, bars, and pie
charts.

Graphs or charts display values

obtained from experiment, sales,
and even the change in your
monthly electrical use.
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2
 Did you know?
By using graphs and charts, you can

• provide information related to

data trends and comparisons.
• Visually describe your data, which
can be helpful for visual learners.
• help the audience to visually
grasp the message conveyed.
• can display a lot of information is
an easy-to-understand format.
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3
 TYPES OF BAR GRAPH / HISTOGRAM

GRAPH &
CHARTS
LINE GRAPH
Different types of
graphs and charts
display data in different
ways, and some are
better suited than
others for different
PIE CHART
uses.

The 4 main types of

graphs are commonly
used to represent many
types of data
GANTT CHART
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 BAR GRAPH / HISTOGRAM

A bar graph shows

relationship (compare)
between different data
series, where the bars can
either be vertical or
horizontal.

A histogram is also called a

frequency distribution
graph. It is a graphical
display of data using bars
of different heights. The
individual data points are
grouped together
according to classes to
highlight the frequency of
data present in each class.
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5
 LINE GRAPH

One of the most common

graph, it shows changes
over a period of time; data
& trends.

Line graph is most efficient

to show trends & to
identify whether two
variables relate with one
another.

We plot line graphs using

several points connected
by straight lines.
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6
 PIE CHART
Sales
As the word suggests, a
circle graph is shaped like a
1st Qtr
circle. It is divided into 2nd Qtr
fractions that resemble the 3rd Qtr
pieces of a pie. Because of 4th Qtr
this reason, a circle graph is
also known as a pie graph.

A pie chart shows the ratio

or percentage relationship
of variables in the same
group.

It is the simplest and most

efficient visual tool for
comparing parts of a
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whole.

7
 GANTT CHART
A Gantt chart is a useful graphical tool which shows
activities or tasks performed against time. It is usually used
to illustrate project schedule, as it shows the start and finish
dates of the said project.

It can also be used to show project progress status. In short,

it is a visual view of tasks scheduled over time, It Is best used
for planning projects regardless of size, and useful in
showing what work is scheduled to be done on a specific
day.

A Gantt chart is a popular tool in project management. It

basically drills down activities which need to be done by a
fixed time period.
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8
 PICTOGRAPH
A special form of bar graph. Instead of using an axis with
numbers, it uses pictures to represent a particular number
of items.

For example, you could use a pictogram for the data below
about ages, by using the image of a person to show the
frequency of people in each category.
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9
 There are many types of chart and graph formats
to choose from. In order for you to select the
right type, it is imperative to understand the
purpose of each.

Are you trying to highlight a trend?

Or do you want to show the overlap of data sets,

or display your data as a percentage?

When you are clear about the type of data that

you need to process, you will be able to choose
the one that best supports your point.
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10
 02
COMPONENTS OF
GRAPHS & CHARTS

The Parts, Labels and How to Read

Them
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11
 12
“
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 LABELLING GRAPHS &
CHARTS
Graphs have two axes; the lines that run across the
bottom and up the side. The x-axis refers to the
horizontal line along the bottom, while the y-axis is
the vertical line up the side.

The x-axis may contain categories or numbers. You

read it from the bottom left of the graph.

The y-axis usually contains numbers, again starting

from the bottom left of the graph.
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 LABELLING GRAPHS &
CHARTS
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 LABELLING GRAPHS &
CHARTS
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15
 16
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 Practice 1
There are basic components in a graph or chart that we need
to be familiar with before we can describe or interpret the
graph.

Label the blanks below with the words given at the

bottom of each graph .
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Pandas don’t hibernate.

17
 Practice 2
There are basic components in a graph or chart that we need
to be familiar with before we can describe or interpret the
graph.

Label the blanks below with the words given at the

bottom of each graph .
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Pandas don’t hibernate.

18
 Practice 3
Instruction: Answer the following question based on the
graph below.

1.Which make of car was the most popular?

A. Nissan
A. Vauxhall
B. Peugeot
C. Toyota

2. Which 2 makes of car sold over 150 each?

A. Toyota and MG Rover
B. Toyota and Vauxhall
C. Vauxhall and Peugeot
D. Peugeot and MG Rover

3. Which was the lowest selling make?

A. Land Rover
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B. BMW
Pandas don’t hibernate.
C. Jaguar

Adopted from bbc.co.uk/skillwise

19
 Practice 4
Instruction: Answer the following question based on the
chart below.

1) Do more people travel to work by bus or by train?

A) Yes B) No
2) People travel most by _______ compared to bus?
A) Car B) Train
3) The least mode of transportation used to travel is?
A) Cycle B) Other
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Pandas don’t hibernate.

20
 03
DESCRIBING GRAPHS &
CHARTS

How to Tell a Story with Graphs

and Charts
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 22
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 READING A GRAPH OR CHART

Read the title of the

chart and check the
source of the data.

Check the axes. What is

being measured? What
units have been used?

Examine the scales.

How should these be
interpreted? What does
each interval represent?

Check the key or

legend. What does the
shading or line
represent?

Finally, examine the

chart or graph itself,
reading off the
information that you
need. Are you looking
for a specific value or
some other
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information?

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 24
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 04
UNDERSTANDING
TRENDS

Clarifying Trends, Movements, and

Distribution Patterns
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 Of Trends, Movements, and
Distribution Patterns
A trend is the overall idea of the graph that explains on:
● what is happening or what happened
● the main change over time
● the most noticeable thing about the graph
● the pattern over time
● the pattern for different places or groups or people.

upward downward static

DOWNWARD STATIC
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UPWARD

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 DESCRIBING THE TRENDS
Well, there are certain words that you can use to
describe the trends.

General Increase General Decrease

● Go Up ● Go Down
● Rise ● Fall
● Increase ● Decrease
● Climb ● Drop

Sudden / Large Increase Sudden / Large Decrease

● Jump
● Shoot Up ● Plunge
● Rocket ● Plummet
● Collapse
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 DESCRIBING THE TRENDS
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 DESCRIBING TRENDS IN GRAPHS AND
CHARTS USING VERB + ADVERB

Why do we use verb + adverb to describe the trends?

The verb tells us the “what”, while the adverb tells the “how”

For example, the subject in the first sentence is SALES, what

happened to the sales?

We need a verb to describe the subject , FELL. How did it

change?

How did it fall? DRAMATICALLY… which is an adverb.

Sales of houses fell dramatically due to

pandemic Covid-19.

The number of Covid-19 cases increased

dramatically in the month of April 2021.

Fuel prices dropped sharply from Feb 2020

to June 2020 because of MCO 1.0.
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Note that the verb is normally in the

past tense as we are describing trends
that has happened (and finished) in
the past

29
 Examples
Sentences describing upward trend

The number of cars in the city increased significantly between

2010 and 2015.

Production rose slightly from 800 units in May to 820 units the
following month.

The accident cases increased dramatically in the month of June

2019 due to Eid Celebration.

Sentences describing downward trend

Prices of Model Yamahi dropped considerably once Model Tuyoti

became available on the market.

In 2017, company profits decreased moderately as was

expected.
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Notice the word order of VERB + ADVERB.

Increased significantly, rose slightly, dropped
considerably, decreased moderately.
30
 Examples
Sentences describing stable trend

Prices of fuel in Malaysia remained stable during the first six

months.

The number of people employed at KFC Merlimau has remained

unchanged for the last two years.
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 DESCRIBING TRENDS IN GRAPHS AND
CHARTS USING NOUN + ADJECTIVE

When we want to use an adjective + noun to describe a trend, we

often use:

There + a form of the verb TO BE + the article before

the adjective and noun.

In the next example sentences, I will vary the tenses but mostly
you will use the past tense.

There is a slight rise in sales of Pandora…

There was a gradual fall in the price of fuel…

There has been a dramatic drop in the rate…

There is a dramatic increase in accident cases...

There will be a steady decline in the number death…

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 33
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 GOING UP VS GOING DOWN
VERBS ADVERBS NOUNS ADJECTIVES
(a/an)

To increase considerably An increase considerable

To rise dramatically A rise dramatic
To go up sharply An upturn sharp
To improve slightly An slight
moderately improvement moderate

To fall suddenly A fall sudden

To drop abruptly A drop abrupt
To decline quickly A decline quick
To decrease steadily A downturn steady
slowly slow

grow, rise, increase – not followed by “up”

fall, drop, decrease – not followed by “down”
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 36
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 HI THERE. READY FOR YOUR NEXT PRACTICE?
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 PRACTICE 5
Complete the table by writing the equivalent
verb phrase of the given noun phrase

NOUN PHRASE VERB PHRASE

A gradual increase …increased gradually..

A slight decrease

A sharp rise

A minimal drop

A dramatic fall

A slight decline

A substantial rise
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 PRACTICE 6
Complete the table by changing the verb to
noun form

VERB NOUN

to rise

a fall

an increase

to decrease

to improve

a recovery
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 PRACTICE 6
Complete the table by changing the verb to
noun form or vice-versa.

VERB NOUN
to rise a rise
a fall
an increase
to decrease
to improve
a recovery

Complete the table by changing the

adjective to adverb form or vice- versa.

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

slight slightly

sharply
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dramatic

steady

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 PRACTICE 7
Choose the graph that best fits with this statement: "House prices rose
in June and July, fell slightly in August and are now holding steady ".

A. B. C. D.

Choose the graph that best fits with this statement: "The house
price has been frozen for the next 4 years".

A. B. C. D.

Choose the graph that best fits with this statement: "The price of
Musang King is still rising due to high demand".

A. B. C. D.
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 PRACTICE 8
Look at these descriptions of graphs and charts. The first sentence
contains verbs and adverbs.

Change the descriptions in italic using appropriate adjectives and

nouns.

Example: The price of Musang King is increasing dramatically.

Answer: dramatic increase

1. Fuel price fall significantly in July 2018.

________________________________________________________________________
2. Perodua car sales increased sharply over the last three months.
________________________________________________________________________
3. The price of local fruits declined slowly between August and
September.
______________________________________________________________________
4. The car sales fluctuated considerably last month.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The sales of Proton Bezza decreased moderately for the first time in
March.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The number of students sitting for MUET examination in Politeknik
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Merlimau rose gradually since 2017.

__________________________________________________________________________

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 43
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 Section A
Instruction: Answer the following questions based on the graph.

1. What do the numbers in the horizontal axis of this graph

represent?
A. Hours in a day
B. Days of the week
C. Types of appliances
D. Amount of electricity used

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The most used appliance on weekend is TV.
B. The least used appliance on weekend is computer.
C. Computer is used twice as many hours on the weekend as it is
on weekdays.
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D. Air conditioner is used twice as many hours on the weekend as

it is on weekdays.

44
 Employers’ Responses on the Reasons of Fresh Graduates
Unemployment

3. What does the vertical axis represent?

A. The number of unemployed graduates.
B. The percentage of employers’ responses.
C. Employees’ reasons for fresh graduates’ unemployment.
D. Employers’ reasons for fresh graduates’ unemployment.

4. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The graph is about reasons of graduates’ unemployment.
B. The graph is about the employers’ feedback on the reasons
of fresh graduates not getting hired.
C. The horizontal axis represents the percentage of employees’
responses on the fresh graduate unemployment.
D. Less than a half of employers responded that being choosy
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about the job or company as the main reason for fresh

graduates’ unemployment.

45
 Section B
Instruction: Fill in the correct answers.

fluctuated changes lowest point decreased shows fluctuation

increased slightly remained steady soared peaked constant plunged

The chart __________the ___________ in the value of the euro against the US
dollar between January and October of 2010.
As you can see, in January and February the value of one euro
____________between $1.38 and $1.45. By March, this _____________ stopped
and the value_____________. During the month of April, the value of the
euro_____________. It reached its _____________of $1.20 at the end of April.
During May, the value of the euro ____________at first, but then more sharply
between the middle and the end of the month.
Throughout the month of June, the value of the euro remained _____________at
a value of $1.37. But this changed in July, when the value____________ from
$1.37 to $1.66 due to fears about the level of US government debt. In August,
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this dramatic rise levelled off. This levelling off continued into the month of
September, where the euro's value _____________ at $1.68. But during October
the value dramatically______________, finishing the month with a value of
$1.47.'

46(Adapted from http://www.blairenglish.com)

 Sales Results
Please choose the correct words in italics to complete the report

Sales began the year at 30,000 units in January and increased

slight/slightly to 32, 000 units in February. There was a sharp/
sharply rise to/by 38,000 in March due/led to the introduction of a
new price discounting scheme. This was followed by a slight/
slightly fall in April when sales dropped to 36,000 units.

Our competitors launched a rival product in the spring, and this

resulted in/ from a dramatic/ dramatically fall to 25,000 in May.
But we ran a summer advertising campaign and sales increased
steady/ steadily to/by 2,000 units a month throughout June, July
and August until they stood in/at 33,000 in September.

The dramatic/ dramatically rise to 45,000 in October resulted

in/from the launch of our new autumn range. But then, we
experienced problems meeting demands and sales fell sharp/
sharply in November and remained steady/ steadily at/by 39,000
in December.
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 Section C

What would you do to help the victims of cyberbully? Support your

answers with THREE (3) supporting details.

Write your answers in the table provided, and make sure that you
write in complete sentences.
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 Write your answers here.

Suggestions Supporting Details

i.

ii.
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 05
PRESENTING DATA LIKE
A PRO

Tips and Tricks

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 51
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 52
INTRODUCTION
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 53
CONTENT
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 54
CONTENT
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CLOSING
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 References
Mindtools (n.d.). Charts and Graphs Choosing the Right Visual
for your Data. Retrieved 12 Jan 2020 from
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/Charts_and_Di
agrams.htm

SkillsYouNeed (n.d.). Graphs and Charts. Retrieved 15

January 2020 from
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/graphs-charts.html

Bartee, L. (n.d.). Presenting Data – Graphs and Tables.

PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. Retrieved 25 February 2020
from
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccmajorsbio/cha
pter/presenting-data/

Harrison, J. (n.d.). What are the advantages and

disadvantages of the different types of data
presentation? . eNotes. Retrieved 16 Feb 2020 from
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/can-someone-
help-me-with-this-late-already-have-440445

Liz. (2018, Novm=ember 20). IELTS Line Graph Vocabulary.

IELTS Liz. https://ieltsliz.com/ielts-line-graph-vocabulary/
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