:We detailed the Initial comparison between East Pakistan and West Pakistan.

political development in Pakistan?

Introduction:

During the British colonial era, the economic conditions in what later became East
Pakistan were notably disadvantaged compared to the western regions . About 80% of
the people in East Pakistan were thought to live below the poverty line. This economic
inequality stayed and had an effect on political participation after the creation of two
Pakistan and growth of east Pakistan. Lack of political involvement in East Pakistan and
bad economic conditions slowed down the region's progress. West Pakistan's people
made progress in both political, economic development during this time. On the other
hand, East Pakistan's people had a hard time with both economic growth and
participation in politics. This uneven economy and unfair politics made things worse
between the two areas, making the way for even bigger economic and political
differences between East and West Pakistan.

Body:

In 1948, Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that 'the state language of Pakistan is going to be
Urdu and no other language. Any one who tries to mislead you is really the enemy of
Pakistan(Schendel,2009).

East Pakistan was economically discriminated against under Pakistan rule. Thus, east
Pakistan could not become economically self-sufficient. The provincial government had
no control over the currency and economy because the central government controlled
them, so east Pakistan's income went to west Pakistan (Hossain,2008).

Public sector allocation under the first five year plan(1955-60) (rupees in crores):

East West

Original Plan(1955-60) 400 535

Revised plan(1957-58)to 352 406

(1959-60)

Actual development 332 594

expenditures(1955-60)
(Jahan,1972)

Public sector allocations under the second five year plan(1960-65) (million rupees):

east west

1960-61 690 1139

1961-62 930 1437

1962-63 1273 1458

1963-64 1640 1676

1964-65 1721 1980

(Jahan,1973)

In 1962, Ayub Khan created a finance committee to review Pakistan's two provinces' resource
distribution. The committee recommended dividing resources between the two regions
incorporation to the Pakistani population, but it was not done.(Hossain,2023) Thus, in Pakistan's
second five-year plan, east and west allocations for development were 950 core and 1350
crores, respectively, but the total was 45. However, only 31% of the total budget went to east
Pakistan and the rest to west Pakistan.

Per capita income (rupees in constant 1959-60 prices)

1959-60 1960-61 1961-62 1962-62 1963-64

East Pakistan 269 278 278 280 305

West Pakistan 355 359 368 382 388

All Pakistan 318 325 334 336 353

Percentage of 28 26 25 31 24
interviewing
disparity

(Jahan,1973)
Income and expenditure accounts:(1965-1966 to 1968-69)

Sector East Pakistan West Pakistan

Income in revenue sector 728.5 1781.7

In the revenue sector 484.9 1659.5

In the development sector 851.3 1107.6

Total cost 1336.2 2767.1

Shortanfe 607.7 985.4

Foreign aid 388.5 906.5

Inflation 218.2 78.9

(Sobhan,1979)

If we look at the political data there we can see the same discrimination.
Bengali representation at senior posts in the central secretariat 1962
Total West pakistan East pakistan % of E.P

The secretary 19 19 0 0%

Joint Secretary 46 39 7 15%

Deputy 126 102 24 19%

secretary

763 675 88 11%

Total 954 835 119 12%

(Hossain,2008)

Pakistani political scientist about inequality. Said,”even when east pakistan civil servants could
influence policy. It was extremely difficult for them to be effective because the west pakistan civil
servants dominated policy making structures to such an extent the east pakistani civil servants
could either be overruled or transferred.” (Hossain,2008).
Bengali representation in the central Bank was low and their decision-making power was
limited, except for the civilian elite. Calculations from 1966 show it. Bengalis chaired only one of
the 13% Corporations. According to 1963 calculations, 3.4% Bengalis worked for the central
bank(Maniruzzaman,1988).

Military elite in pakistan, july 1955

Service East West

Army 14 894

Navy 7 593

Air Force 60 640

(Jahan,1972)

Since Pakistan's independence in 1947, the central government has colonized the eastern
region, underestimating its people and politicians, discriminating in economic policy, neglecting
the military, etc., justifying the six-point demand. Ayub Khan's 1957 military rule denied east
Pakistani politicians basic rights. He abolished Bangla voting in 1959 with 'fundamental
democracy' Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gave six points to defend.Both regions will use two easily
exchangeable currencies. In this system, two state banks per region will track and manage
currency transactions. Both regions would use the same currency, but the regime would have to
stop capital and currency flows (Huq, 2007).

East Bengal was dissatisfied with the 1956 constitution, which treated East Bengal and West
Pakistan as one unit with number equality. Awami League boycotted the constitution's passage,
reflecting widespread opposition and a movement (Huq, 2007).

East Bengal primary school ratios were 80.93% teachers and 78.97% students in
1947-48. The 1962 Pakistani education policy accelerated educational decline in East
Bengal, prompting an anti-Ayub movement by conscious student societies and
organizations from 1961-62(Huq, 2007).

The Awami League received 75.10% of the votes in the National Assembly and 70.48% in the
Provincial Assembly in East Pakistan in 1970. However, western rulers denied Awami League
victory(Huq, 2007).
.
The United Front was originally composed of four conflicting political parties in 1954.Their
election manifesto promised to make Bengali the state language, establish naval and air
force training centers in East Bengal and make primary education compulsory(Jahan,1972).
Conclusion:
The Pakistani government had a mindset that it could ignore East Pakistan because it thought it
wasn't getting enough political and educational help while it was a British colony. East Pakistan
lost its political rights after 1947 because of unfair policies, Ayub Khan's military rule, and the
start of "fundamental democracy" in 1959. To fight these wrongs, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman came
up with the Six-Point Demand. The demand was for a separate currency system, regional
banks, and economic independence, among other things. The goal of this movement was to
stop economic and political discrimination against East Pakistan. It became a key part of the
region's fight for fair treatment and independence.
We shed light on the homecoming of Bangabandhu, initial challenges of the war-torn
Bangladesh, and the way of response of the government to those challenges. We also
discussed the constitution of Bangladesh-the formation, salient features, fundamental
principles, Article 70, and important amendments.

Introduction:
On January 10, 1972, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to Bangladesh
after nine months of imprisonment in Pakistan. His arrival marked a turning point for the
war-torn nation, but the journey to rebuild was fraught with challenges.In the early years
of Bangladesh, there were both big successes and big problems. Mujib's leadership was
very important in stabilizing the country and setting the stage for its future growth, but
his authoritarian tendencies and the fact that economic and political problems continued
left a complicated legacy.

Bangabandhu homecoming:
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto freed Mujib January 8, 1972. There is no known reason why Mujib got to
London before the Red Cross jet hired by the Indian government.The British Prime Minister and
other important people were at Mujib's big news conference in London. Delhi welcomed Mujib
back..On January 10, 1972, Mujib returned to Bangladesh (Huq, 2007).

Initial challenges:
Bangladesh's viability and stability were questioned after its formation. Bangladesh was
considered an "international basket case" because of its poverty, overcrowding and economic
ruin during a nine-month Pakistani occupation and national liberation war. The new state's lack
of a well-organized administrative political system justified these fears regarding Bangladesh's
economy and sovereignty(Jahan,1973).

It was widely believed that chaos and bloodbath would follow the liberation of
Bangladesh(Jahan,1973).
In the early years of independence, revolutionary socialists fought and debated
socialism(Huq,2007).

Many general people didn’t hand over the arms that they used in the liberation war and started
robbery,snatching.So the law enforcement was on the downside(Huq,2007).

The Awami League wanted to avoid the tragedies of Pakistan, when a delay in
constitution-making cost the Muslim League regime its legitimacy (Jahan,1973).

UN estimates put Bangladesh liberation war economic damage at 1.2 lakh billion US dollars.
About three core members were homeless, and one lived in India during the war. Foreign
currency and food were scarce. This made necessities expensive and hurt people financially
(Huq, 2007).

Success of Sheikh:
Following his arrival in Dacca, Mujib, issued a provisional constitutional order establishing a
unitary, parliamentary government in Bangladesh. The provincial and national assemblies
merged into the Constituent Assembly(Jahan,1973).

Mujib ordered the Mukti Bahini to surrender arms within 10 days on January 17. Mukti Bahini
groups abandoned arms within a few days. On January 30, the different factions of the Mukti
Bahini surrendered 50,000 guns(Jahan,1973).

Bengali soldiers replaced Indian soldiers as protectors and all Indian troops left Bangladesh on
March 12. All districts had district officers within two months and subdivisions were upgraded to
districts(Jahan,1973).

The Awami League drafted a constitution in its first year as Mujib promised an early constitution.
The Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution in six months. The constitution took effect
on December 15, 1973, a year after Bangladesh's independence(Jahan,1973).

Mujibbbad represents the four concepts of nationalism, democracy, socialism, and secularism
as Mujib’s ideals(Jahan,1973).

Sobhan states that on March 27, 1972, Bangladesh saw a rise in public ownership and control
over the economy from 10% to 16% on GDP(Riaz,2016).
Recognition:
Bangladesh and the nation's claim as a sovereign entity was recognized by 97 countries and
had become a member of several international bodies -WHO, UNESCO, World Bank, IMF etc.
Friendship with India, is a cardinal principle of Bangladesh's foreign policies. With the Soviet
Union and the Soviet bloc countries Bangladesh has visibly warm relations (Jahan,1973).

Constitution:
A general consensus was developed in Bangladesh about the basic principles of the
constitution namely parliamentary democracy, socialism, secularism, etc. Bangladesh is a
unitary people's republic and establishes socialism through parliamentary
democracy(Huq,2007).

Failure of Sheikh:
The Constitution's extensive emergency powers and restrictions on fundamental rights led
to accusations that it was intended for a "perpetual" emergency.The Constitution "a key
measure against socialism, democracy, nationalism, and secularism" said by a notable Bengali
academic(Jahan,1973).

Non-availability of necessary products, rising price index, unequal austerity sharing, corruption
and nepotism of Awami League officials, and claims of Indian involvement in Bangladesh made
the party unpopular(Jahan,1973).

Citizens lost their power to petition the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights.
The amendment bill states that Parliament can create a Constitutional Court, Tribunal, or
Commission to enforce rights under Part III: Fundamental Rights. Parliament never
did(Maniruzzaman,1988).

Bangladesh faced a major economic and political crisis two years after independence. Rising
rice prices caused famine in 1974, begging and widespread migration. The summer floods
made the country a sight of agony. Due to an empty treasury, the government could not import
food and rice prices rose. Political meddling and corruption hampered relief
operations.Approximately 1.5 million died during the hunger. This destroyed political credibility
and drew intellectual contempt(Schendel,2009).
Living costs grew roughly 50% from January to October, from 208 to 297. Second, regime
economics created middlemen. Reselling permits raised pricing. A border trade agreement with
India failed again. Bangladesh and India were expected to cooperate economically before
independence. Trade agreement and border trade pact dissatisfied after freedom. Smuggling
damaged economic ties between countries. The Bangladesh army deployed to the border to
halt smuggling when the border commerce accord collapsed. According to Jahan (1973), rising
food prices, labor unrest, intermediaries, and significant foreign aid dependency afflicted the
economy in 1972(Riaz,2016).

Corruption, nepotism, hoarding, black market, smuggling, natural calamities and administrative
ineptitude caused economic chaos under Awami League leadership. The cost of living rose
rapidly due to falling agricultural and industrial production and worldwide inflation.In 1971-72,
the middle class cost of living was 121, up from 100 in 1969-70. It rose to 407 in 1974-75. Real
income falls for all classes (Huq, 2007).

The law and order situation also deteriorated greatly. Crime in 1974 increased by 92%
compared to 1970(Huq, 2007).

Conclusion:
After getting its independence, Sheikh Mujib's Bangladesh had some early successes, like
disarming groups, getting recognized, and bringing back civil administration. But economic
chaos, discontent, and criticism of a constitution that leans toward authoritarianism harmed his
leadership. This led to problems like corruption, economic problems, and worsening law
enforcement, which affected how people saw him and the country's stability.
We talked about the concept of Development, HDI, MDGs, and SDGs. We detailed the
development trends in Bangladesh in the last five decades with special reference to
Remittance, RMG, and Inclusive social development. As part of inclusive social
development, we discussed the health sector, education sector, Gender-women, and
NGOs-BRAC.

Intro:

The main idea of development depends on the Human Development Index (HDI) and goals like
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Bangladesh's five-decade development path has many ups and downs, which focuses on
economic pillars like remittances and the booming Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry. It
also depends on inclusive social development, showcasing the country's progress in the health
and education fields, promoting gender equality, and recognizing the important role that NGOs
like BRAC play in making society more fair.

Millenium Development Goals(MDG):

At the UN in September 2000, 189 countries pledged to meet 8 major extreme poverty
targets by 2015.
● Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
● Achieve universal primary education.
● Promote gender equality and empower women.
● Reduce child mortality.
● Improve maternal health.
● Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
● Ensure environmental sustainability.
● Global partnership for development.

achieved: Malaria deaths per 100000 population 1.4 in 1990, 0.34 in 2014, 0.6 target.

Not fulfilled: 1990 maternal mortality per 100000 live births 574; 2015 176; target 143.

Sustainable Development Goals(SDG):

We completed most MDGs in 2015. They meet and the UN launches another target, then 17
sustainable development goals.
The UN mandates these goals for all economies by 2030. SDGs require massive public and
private investments. The average annual cost of SDGs is $66.32 billion from 2017 to 2030, with
4 stagnating, 7 moderately improving, and few suffering from information shortages
(Hoque,2023).
Human Development Index(HDI):

Bangladesh has advanced economically and socially. Life expectancy, education and per capita
income are measured. The HDI value index rose from 0.394 to 0.632 from 1990 to 2019, but
inequality-adjusted HDI values fell (Liller,2022). The 2023 HDI is 0.661. That shows the nation's
commitment to fighting poverty, inequality, and the environment.

Bangladesh became "the next Asian Tiger'' from "basket case" (Riaz, 2016). For decades, it has
been the UN Peacekeeping Missions biggest contributor. According to Riaz (2016), the World
Bank named Bangladesh one of 18 developing nations with 2% continuous growth in 2006.
Lack of natural resources, natural disasters, and skilled labor made it one of the poorest 83
countries recently.In 2015 Washington DC press surprised people who knew Bangladesh had
lost $2.2 billion in recent months, but Sheikh Hasina promised to make us a middle-income
nation by 2021.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate:

Year Percentage(%)

1971 -13.97

1972-79 1.88

1980-89 3.22

1990 4.8

2013-14 6.01

2014-15 6.12

2022 7.1

After being very poor, its growth rate improved and it did well despite political upheaval in 2013.

Bangladesh's economy shifted from agriculture to services. Agriculture was 55% before
Independence, while services were 35% and industry 10%. After a decade, the service sector
equaled agriculture at 45%. Industry contributed 54% to GDP in 2012, while agriculture
contributed 17.68%. Agriculture still accounted for 48% of employment after the 2012 shift
(Riaz, 2016).
 Agriculture was thriving, especially rice production. Production tripled from 10 M metric tons to
35 between 1971 and 2013, and wheat, corn, onion, and other agricultural products almost
doubled (Riaz, 2016).
Next the poverty decrease is also really impressive if compared from the beginning.

Year Percentage(%)

1973-74 74

1992 56.6

2000 48.9

2010 31.5

2022 18.7

Some economists say 1992-2000 growth was poor because it benefited the rich more than the
poor. As growth accelerated, Rizwanul Islam said inequality increased (Riaz, 2016).

Since the early 1980s, women have played a significant role in society, particularly in rural
areas. Noble prize winner Grameen Bank and the world's largest NGO Brac have helped fulfill
these. Micro credit empowered girls, encouraged female education, and reduced population
growth. NGO's have helped social development, especially health and education.

Health: Infant mortality: 147.3 at start post-independence.

Year Per thousand live birth

1980 133

1990 99.5

2000 64.2

2012 33.2

2023 21.556

Maternal mortality:

Year Per 100000

 2001 322

2010 194

2023 123

Annual population growth:

Year Growth rate(%)

1974 2.48%

2011 1.37%

2015 1.20%

2023 1.03%

Total fertility rate:

Year Births per women

1971-75 6.3

1987-89 5

1995-97 3.3

2010 2.3

2015 2.148

2023 1.930

Life expectancy:
According to 2013 Human Development Report UNDP it has increased 14 years, from 55 to 69
years and now 2023 is 73.57 years.

Education:
Net enrollment:-
Primary:

Year Percentage

1970 50.4%
 1980 66.7%

1990-2011 99.4%

2021 115.95%

Secondary:

Year Percentage

1973 16.85

2013 60.17

2022 75.49

Literacy rate:

Year Percentage

1971 17%

1990 35%

2022 74%

Brac:
Brac teaches poor primary and pre-primary kids. National MDGs were achieved. The British
Council reported that over 500 NGOs fed 1.4 million students in 53000 centers in 2011, with
BRAC feeding over half (Riaz, 2016).NGO clinical services include maternal, newborn, child,
family planning, and more. Among 160000 are 105000 NGO community health workers. Living
in rural Bangladesh after independence and seeing poverty gave political insights. Poor people
must organize to fight inequality and create economic opportunities, they realized. Brac lifted the
powerless, especially women, out of poverty. Extreme poverty ended with ultra poor graduation
and integrated development.It expanded financial options with microfinance. Gender equality
boosted Bangladesh's RMG sector. Universal healthcare prioritized water, sanitation, and
hygiene.

RMG sector:
Since the early 1980s, the RMG sector has become the world's second largest exporter,
employing over 90% women and 4 million workers. Exports from this sector were 79% in
2012-13.
Earnings:

1978: $0.04M $27.01B 2012-13 59.28 billion 2023

Women's labor can transform an economy, as shown by growth.
Harassment, violence, and abuse have plagued women. Cutting corners could collapse the
building and kill thousands of workers.
Girls are empowered by their labor force participation rising from 25% to 35% between
2000-2010 to 2016-2017 to 36.3% to 42% in 2022.

Remittance:

Oil-rich Bangladeshi labor migration increased in the mid-1970s due to Gulf and Middle Eastern
infrastructure development. Many poor countries sent contract workers to Gulf countries.
Bangladeshi skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers entered the workforce in 1976. The SE
received migrants. Malaysia, Singapore, 1980s South Korea. Countries hired 8.71 million
between 1976 and 2013. It raised remittances and lowered unemployment. Most of the nation's
foreign revenue comes from it.Central Bank remitted $14.46 billion in 2013–2014.It outearned
garments 2 times and FDI 9 times in 2009.USD21.5 billion in 2022.

It's effect on GDP rise of Bangladesh:

Year Percentage %

1976 0.19

1985 2.32

2002 5.9

2003 6

2013 11

2022 4.67

Domestic and external shocks like the pandemic lowered it in 2022.

From 1990 to 2010, ODA and FDI averaged 3–1.5% (Riaz, 2016).Remittances hindered poverty
reduction. According to Ratha and Modapatra, Bangladesh's poverty rate has dropped 6%
(Riaz, 2016). But migrants don't give up to give their families a peaceful life despite poor
accommodations. Even promised salaries were unpaid, making debt repayment difficult.
However, Bangladesh's government helps them little.The 2011 International Trade Union
Confederation report on Quatar's migrant workers confirms it. Carelessness killed many migrant
workers. Another 20,000 children died working outside between 2003 and 2013, a press report
said.It reached 41053 in 2021 (Mortuza,2022).
The Human Development Index (HDI) and objectives such as the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) underpin the concept of
development. Bangladesh has experienced numerous ups and downs along its five-decade
development path, which has been centered on economic pillars such as remittances and the
thriving Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry. Furthermore, it is contingent upon inclusive
social development, which entails demonstrating the nation's advancements in healthcare and
education, advocating for gender parity, and acknowledging the pivotal function that
non-governmental organizations (BRAC) perform in fostering a more equitable society.