THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (rcvised to 20 15)

O 20 15 lP /\
CONSONANTS (PULMON ICI

D1l•bl11l / Labkldenlal Dcnllll IA h >colar IPostllftúlat Rctronc.11 Palatal Velar Uvular Phnry11gcnl Glottal

p b t d t e\. e J_ k g q G l ?\
;r-ll)
Ploslvc i
-Nasal - - - N
11 rt J1 l)
>-· - -
Trtll r R
-----
Tap or Flap V- f r
-- -
Fncall\'C <P f3 f V e al s z I J 3 ~ ~ ~ J X y X K h ) h fi
l..a lcral
fn cíl (IVC
¼ 6 .
J -l J u¡
f Approximan l V
Lalcra l 1 l Á L
••
approxima nl
Symbols lo 1hc righl in a ccll are voiced. to the lcft are voice less. Shnded arcas denote nrtlculatlons judged impossiblc.

CONSONANTS (NON- PULMON IC) VOWELS

Front Central Back
Clicks Yoiced implosives Ejectives
Close 1 Y l\ - lll U
Ü Bilubi31 6 Bilabial ' Examplcs:
1 Dcntnl
1 (Pos1)alveolar
cf Denlal/alveolar
J Pala1al
P' Bilabial
t' Den1al/alveolar
Close-mid e I ; ____ \ ~ 0 --º- Y O

=f Palatoalveolar g Velar k' Velar

Open-mid
11 Alveolar lateral
G Uvular S' Alveolar fricative

OTHER SYMBOLS Open a CE-~-a n

¡\\ Voiceless labial-velar fricalive C 'l, Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
W Voiced labia l-velar approximant J Voiced alveolar lateral flap
q Voiced labial-palatal approximant fj Simultaneous Jand X SUPRASEGMEN T ALS

Primary stress 1
H Voiceless epiglottal fiicative /oun~ t1J~n
Affricates and double articulations
kp
~ Voiced epiglottal fricative

'; Epiglolta l plosive

can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary. -
ts 1 Secondary stress

Long e:
o ' Half-long e•
DIACRITICS Sorne diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. I)
'-' Extra-shon e
o
Voiceless n do
s
o .. Breathy voiced

º ªª "
Dental t
"
t º 1 Minor (foot) group
t
ºt d du
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical
V V
~ V u u 11 Major (intonation) group
h Aspi rated th dh Linguolabial Lamina! te Q Ji.rekt
~ e • Syllable break

)
More rounded
9
w Labialized tw dW ~ Nasalized e ..._, Linking (absence of a break)

Less rounded y j Palatalized tj dj n Nasal release dª

e TONES ANO WORD ACCENTS
y Yc larized tY dY l Lateral release dl
+
Adva nced
\I ,
LEVEL CONTOUR
'i t'i d'i d, é, or 7 Extra V
e or t1
-.. Re1racted e Pharyngealized No audible release high
,,.,
Rising

Centralízed e ~ Yelarized or pharyngealized t e

e
7 Htgh e ~ Fallmg

e 1
.J

~ Mid H1gh
X
M id-centra lized e
X

...
Raised e... l J... = v01ced alveola r fricat ive) nsmg

{fi e,,' ~ Low

'-
e ÁLow
Syllabic n Lowered e = voiced bilabia l approx1man1) Fxtra
rísmg
1 1 T T
e J low
""
e 4 Rts mg-
falhng
Non-syllabíc e" . Advanced Tongue Root
~ ,1,
Downstep /' Global rise
" t
'\,
Rho1icity a--a- ►
Retracted Tongue Root
~ Upskp '\, Global fall
 - -- ------- --~ -~-----~-- -
. . .-

¡Jt:li~·~~::::º:;.:,
-..,;.;-t.1,,.,~..41i!tiU--llllll~. . . . fllZ;.:;:¡¡JiA-11~ ~~-, ¡,

VOWELS
C•mbrldge
Dlctlan•ry
ofAmerlcan 1!
Engllsh/
lntematlonal
Phonetlc
Keywords CIHrSpHCh Alphabet Your dlctlonary
cake, mail, plly /eY/ /eI/

pan, bat, hand /re/ /re/

tea, feet, key , /jY/ /i:/
cen, well, red /E/ /el
Ice, ple, nlght /OY/ /01/
Is, flsh, wlll /I/ /I/
cone, road, know /ow/ /ou/
top, rock, stop /a/ /a/
blue, school, new,
cube, few /uw/ /u:/
cut, cup, us, rust, love /A/ /A/
house, our, cow /aw/ /au/
saw, talk, applause /)/ /):/
boy, coin, joln /)Y/ /JI/
put, -book, woman /u/ /u/
alone, open, pencll,
atom, ketchup /a/ /a/

,, :

xvi • Key to So·Jnd Symbols

 CONSONANTS 1.:,
Cambridge
Dlctlon•ry
of American
Englllh/
lntematlonal
Phonetk
Key worcll Clear Spe« h Alphabe:t You.r dl~lonary
bid, job fbf /b/

do, feed /d/ /d/

food, safe, leaf /f/ /f/
go, dog /g/ /g/
home, behind /h/ /h/
kiss, back /k/ /k/

load, pool, fail /1/ /1/

:
man, plum /mi /m/
need, open /n/ /n/
pen, hope /p/ /p/
road, card /r/ /r/
:
see, recent /si /si
show, nation, wash /JI /JI
team, meat /t/ /ti
choose, watch /tf/ /tJ/
think, both, teeth /8/ /8/
this, father, teethe /0/ /0/
visit, save, leave /v/ /vi
watch, away /w/ /w/
yes, onion /y/ /j/

zoo, these, ease /z/ /z/

beige, measure, Asia /3/ /3 /
Jump, bridge /d3/ /d3 /

Key to Sound Symbols • xvii