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PERIODIC TABLE
• There are 115 elements that have been discovered till today.
• Each element has different properties.
• To understand and use the properties of each element at a time, attempts were made to
discover ways to learn the properties of elements in systematic order.

Dobereiner’s Traids:
• In 1829, around 30 elements were known in the world.
• German Scientist Dobereiner made some groups of three elements each and called them
Traids.
• According to this law, “In certain triads the atomic mass of the central element was the
arithmetic mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements.” But in some triads all
the three elements possessed nearly the same atomic masses, therefore the law was
rejected.

Newland’s Law of Octaves:

• According to this law “The elements are arranged in such a way that the eighth element
starting from a given one has properties which are a repetition of those of the first if
arranged in order of increasing atomic weight like the eight note of musical scale.”

• There are some of the drawbacks of this law which are given below as follows:
o According to Newland only 56 elements exists in nature and no more elements would
be discovered in the future. But later on several new element were discovered whose
properties did not fit into law of octaves.
o In order to fit new elements into his table Newland adjust two elements in the same
column but put some unlike elements under the same column.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table:

• Mendeleev arranged 63 elements known at that time in the periodic table. According to
Mendeleev “the properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.”
• The table consists of eight vertical columns called ‘groups’ and horizontal rows called
‘periods’.
• There were some limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table which are given below as
follows:
o He could not assign a correct position of hydrogen in his periodic table, as the properties
of hydrogen resembles both with alkali metals as well as with halogens.
o The isotopes of the same element will be given different position if atomic number is
taken as basis, which will disturb the symmetry of the periodic table.
o The atomic masses do not increases in a regular manner in going from one elements to
the next.

Modern Periodic Law:

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• It states, “Properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers”.
• Some of the important characters of the modern periodic table are:
o Horizontal rows = Periods (7)
o Vertical columns = Groups (18)
o First period is the shortest period and contains only two elements H & He.
o The second and third periods are called short periods and contain 8 elements each.
o Fourth and fifth periods are long periods and contain 8 elements each.
o Sixth period is very long period containing 32 elements.
o Vertical columns are called groups there are 18 groups in periodic table.
o 14 elements with atomic no. 58 to 71(Ce -Lu) are called lanthanide.
o 14 elements with atomic no. 90 to 103 (Though to Lr) are called actinides.

• There are some trends which are followed in Modern periodic table which are discussed
below as follows:

o Valence electron and valence shell:

▪ If we go across the group, the valence electrons increase from left to right and Valence
shell is constant.
▪ If we go down the group, Valence electrons remain constant but valence shell increases.

o Valency:
▪ If we go across the group, valency increases till the group 14 then decreases till group
18.
▪ If going down the group, the valency remains constant.

o Size of Atom:
▪ The size of atom decreases left to right.
▪ If we go down the group, the number of shells gets increased and hence the size of
atom also gets increased.

o Electro positivity:
▪ It decreases from left to right.
▪ If we go down the group, it gets increased.