Writing Skill 

:-‫ أھﻤﮭﺎ‬، ‫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة ﺻﯿﻎ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﮫ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬

1. Paragraph writing 2. Essay writing 3. Email writing

 Paragraph Writing ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬

 A paragraph is a series ‫ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬of sentences ‫ ﺟﻤﻞ‬that are organized ‫ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬and related to
‫ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑـ‬a single/a particular topic ‫ ﻣﺤﺪد‬/ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع واﺣﺪ‬
 Parts of a paragraph 
 Topic Sentence: ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 It is at the beginning of the paragraph ‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
 It states/introduces the main idea ‫ﺗﺤﺪد اﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 It explains what the paragraph will say ‫ﺗﺸﺮح ﻣﺎذا ﺳﺘﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
 Supporting Sentences: ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪة‬
 They make up the body of the paragraph ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻠﻮا ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
 They support the main idea ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻤﻮا اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 They give details ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ‬, facts ‫ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬, statistics ‫ اﺣﺼﺎﺋﯿﺎت‬or examples to explain the main idea
 Concluding / Closing Sentence: ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
 It is at the end of the paragraph ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ It emphasizes the main idea ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 It restates the topic sentence ‫ﺗﻌﯿﺪ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 It summarizes the points you have made in the Paragraph. ‫ﺗﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬

 Characteristics of a good paragraph 

1- Unity ‫ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬:- One main, controlling idea
2- Coherence ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬/ ‫ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‬:-
- It means sentences are connected to each other and work as a whole.
ً‫ وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ‬، ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
- There is a smooth and logical succession of Sentences in a paragraph.
‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ وﺳﻠِﺲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
3- Emphasis: ‫ﺗﻮﻛﯿﺪ اﻷوﻟﻮﯾﺎت‬
A good paragraph should be well-organized and well ordered to help the reader to gasp
‫ ﯾﻔﮭﻢ‬the meaning and avoid confusion ‫ﯾﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻹرﺗﺒﺎك‬
4- Completeness ‫اﻹﻛﺘﻤﺎل‬
- It means that a paragraph is well-developed ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺗﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ وﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‬
- All Sentences sufficiently support the main idea... ‫ﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎف‬
 Essay Writing ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ‬
 An essay is a short piece of writing ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‬which deals with a single/ particular
subject ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﺪد‬ - It has organized paragraphs ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺮات ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﮫ‬
‫( ﻓﻜﺮة ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ‬paragraph) ‫ ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻛﻞ‬، (paragraphs) ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات‬
.(‫ ﻓﻘﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬4) ‫ وﯾﻔﻀﻞ أن ﯾﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 The Form of The Essay 
(Introduction – Body paragraphs – Conclusion)  ‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺟﺰاء رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
 The introduction paragraph ‫ﻓﻘﺮة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
 It is the first paragraph of an essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ھﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
 It includes ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬the grabber, focus statement and thesis statement.

Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260

 ‫ واﻟﻤﺮوﺣﺔ‬،‫ وﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬، ‫ﺗﻀﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺟﺎذﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬
 Catches your reader's attention ‫ﺗﺠﺬب اﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬
 Gives the reader background ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
 presents the (thesis): The Central point ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ‬
 Introduction paragraph  
Ⓐ Hook = Attention grabber :- ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺟﺬب اﻹﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬
- The first sentence of an essay ‫أول ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬
- It grabs the reader's attention ‫ﺗﺠﺬب اﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬
- It can be a question, an exclamation or a quote ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺆال أو ﺗﻌﺠﺐ أو إﻗﺘﺒﺎس‬
Ⓑ Focus statement :- ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬
- It is the topic ‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬of the essay written in a complete sentence. ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
Ⓒ Background :- ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬/ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬
- All information that the reader requires to increase his awareness of the topic
.‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة وﻋﯿﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
Ⓓ Thesis Statement ‫اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ‬
- A sentence that states the writer's opinion about the main idea of an essay (main message)
.‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أوﻋﺪة ﺟﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺪد رأى اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎل‬
- It is most often written at the end of the introduction. ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺗُﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
 Body paragraphs ‫ﻓﻘﺮات اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة‬- They are paragraphs of support for the thesis. (‫ ﻓﻘﺮات ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺔ )رأى اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬-
‫( ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬evidence)‫ ودﻟﯿﻞ‬، (Supporting) ‫( و ﺟﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪة‬Topic Sentence) ‫)ﺑﺮاﺟﺮاف( ھﯿﻀﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
(Concluding sentence )‫وﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬, (Comment – analysis) ‫( وﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ‬facts, data) ‫وﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
 Conclusion=Commentary ‫ﻓﻘﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
(Body) ‫( ﻟﻸﻓﻜﺎراﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬summary) ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﺮﺟﺮاف أﺧﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬-
.‫( ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬thesis) ‫( ھﯿﻀﻤﻦ اﻋﺎدة ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﺮوﺣﺔ‬the last paragraph ) ‫ اﻟﺒﺮﺟﺮاف اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ده‬-
(a question, a warning or a suggestion) ‫ ﺗﺤﺬﯾﺮ أو اﻗﺘﺮاح‬،‫ وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﮫ ) ﺳﺆال‬-
 Types of Essays  
1- Persuasive (argumentative) ‫ ﺟﺪاﻟﻲ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻘﺎل إﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬2- Expository/informative ‫ ﺧﺒﺮي‬/ ‫ﻣﻘﺎل ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي‬
3. Descrip ve ‫ﻣﻘﺎل وﺻﻔﻲ‬ 4- Narrative ‫ﻣﻘﺎل ﻗﺼﺼﻲ‬ 5- Reflective ‫ﻣﻘﺎل ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻲ‬

 Persuasive Essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻹﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬

- The writer attempts to persuade the reader to Support his specific point of view about
a topic. ‫ھﻮ ﻣﻘﺎل ﯾﺤﺎول ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﯾﻘﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﻮﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮه ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺎ‬
- It influences the reader's thinking ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬
- It convinces the reader to agree with the writer's idea using rhetorical devices.
. ‫ﯾﻘﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﻮر ﺑﻼﻏﯿﺔ‬
 Reflective Essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻠﻲ‬
- It may be a real experience, imagined event, special object or place, something you read,
watched or heard. ‫ ﻣﻦ وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧﻈﺮه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬، ‫ﻣﻘﺎل اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺔ أو ﺣﺪث ﻣﻀﻲ أو ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
- The writer thinks back on his experiences and how they created personal change.
‫ وﯾﺸﺮح ﻛﯿﻒ ﻏﯿﺮﺗﮫ‬، ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﯾﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
 Descriptive Essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬
- It describes something with words ‫ﯾﺼﻒ ﺷﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬
- It allows the reader to (see) what you're describing.
Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260
 - It uses strong verbs and adjectives. ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﻔﺎت وأﻓﻌﺎل ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬
- It appeals to ‫ ﯾﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬the five senses ‫اﻟﺤﻮاس اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬
- It uses personification ‫ ﺗﺠﺴﯿﺪ‬metaphors ‫ اﺳﺘﻌﺎرة‬and similes ‫ﺗﺸﯿﯿﮫ‬
- It uses a Creative style ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم إﺳﻠﻮب إﺑﺪاﻋﻲ‬
 Narrative Essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺴﺮدي‬
- It narrates/ tells a story ‫ھﻮ ﻣﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس ﯾﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺳﺮد ﻗﺼﺔ أو ﯾﺮوى ﻗﺼﺔ‬
- It aims ‫ ﯾﮭﺪف‬to tell a sequence of actions ‫ﺳﺮد ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬
- It's written with sensory details ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﺣﺴﯿﺔ‬
 Expository informative Essay ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮي‬
- It defines or gives information ‫ ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬
- It explains a process and gives instructions ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت‬ - It needs research ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
 Email writing ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱏ‬
( Essay ) ‫( واﻟﻤﻘﺎل‬paragraph) ‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
(sender line) (‫ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻻول ﻧﻜﺘﺐ )اﻟﻤﺮﺳِﻞ‬.١
(Recipient line) (‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬- ‫ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ )اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﯿﮫ‬.٢
(Subject line) ‫ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬.٣
From :……………………. ‫( ﻣﻦ‬1)
To :………………….… ‫( إﻟﻰ‬2)
Subject:……………. ‫( اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬3)
‫ اﻟﺘﺤﯿﮫ‬Dear, ‫ أو اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬Dear, Sir / Madam ‫( ﻟﻮ رﺳﻤﻲ‬4)
‫( اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬5)
‫( اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬6)
‫( اﻟﺘﻮﻗﯿﻊ‬7)
 Formal email
* Straight to the paint ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ * less detailed ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ أﻗﻞ‬
* written in passive tone ‫( * ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬Salutation ‫ )اﻟﺘﺤﯿﺔ‬ Dear Sir, Dear Madam
* Don't use Contractions ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬ * Don't use imperatives ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ‬
* Don't use abbreviated words ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة‬
* Sign off ‫ اﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ Regards, your sincerely/Thank you / Yours Faithfully / Best wishes.
 Informal email 
* Uses descriptive words, friendly manner ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ودﯾﺔ‬
* Written to someone you are familiar with ‫ﯾُﻜﺘﺐ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﮫ‬
* written in active voice ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬
* (Salutation ‫ )اﻟﺘﺤﯿﺔ‬ Hi / Hello / Hey + ‫ اﻻﺳﻢ‬/ Dear + ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬
* Uses Contractions. (I`m) ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬
* Uses abbreviated words. (USA) ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة‬
* uses imperatives ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻣﺮ‬
* Sign off ‫ اﻹﻧﮭﺎء‬ Bye/ see you later / Talk to you later /See you soon / Take Care / Thanks
‫ ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻻﯾﻤﯿﻞ‬-
- How are you? I hope you are in good health. I'm very happy to send this e-mail to you.
- I send this email to tell you about…….. ‫ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
- I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬

Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260

 CV (Curriculum Vitae) ‫ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬
1. A CV is a short written document that lists your education and previous jobs ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬.
you sent it to employers when applying for jobs.
2. In the top-left corner of the first page you write your contact details (mobile /email….)
3. The skills you put in your CV :-
Ⓐ Hard skills (technical) ‫ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬are skills that can be measured.
(a driver's license / languages / Computer skills)
Ⓑ Soft Skills ‫ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬:
Leadership / teamwork / communication skills / problem solving skills…….
4. You should list your work experience, work history, the tasks you performed and your
achievements.
5. List your previous education, including professional qualification; you can include your
university level, certificates, degrees, work-based training and online courses.
6. You can list a personal statement ‫ ﻧﺒﺬة ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬acts as a preface ‫ إﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬to the CV. (short and
Snappy)
7. In the work experience section, you should include ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
Ⓐ A company name, location, description. Ⓑ Your job title. Ⓒ Date of employment.
8. You can include your interests ‫ اھﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻚ‬as it is optional ‫ اﺧﺘﯿﺎري‬They include skills that
employers are looking for. Interests that can be included playing volleyball, blog writing,
member of Masr El-khir.
9. Keep your CV to one or two pages.
 Avoid abbreviations ‫ اﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬: slang ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
 An ideal CV has many Conditions:
Ⓐ All the information is well-organized. Ⓑ Everything is easy to find in the CV.
Ⓒ The colours, fonts and headings are consistent.

Linking words (transitions) ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬

 Transitions: Phrases are used to show the connection between two sentences.
Showing addition 
and = in addition as well as
moreover = furthermore ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ in addition to V.ing ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ اﺳﻢ او‬
not only ... but also ... besides
Not only  but also  + ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬as well as  ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻻول‬
Showing reason  
because because of = due to = owing to =
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ V.ing ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ اﺳﻢ او‬
= since = as thanks to = on account of
Showing contrast  
although = though = even if = even despite
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ V.ing ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻢ اﺳﻢ او‬
though = nevertheless in spite of
but = however = yet = whilst
However + ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ as + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ Whatever + ‫ اﺳﻢ‬+ ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬

Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260

 Showing result  
so = that's why = therefore = consequently = as a result = thus = for this reason + ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
Showing purpose  
to / so as to / in order to + inf
so that = in order that + ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
in the hope of + V.ing
Showing conclusion  
to summarize, = to sum up, = in conclusion, = on the whole
= in summary, = in short, = to conclude, = all in all = finally,

Punctuation 
Punctuation is a system of symbols we use in written Language ‫رﻣﻮز ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬
It aims to ‫ ﯾﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ‬separate written Sentences, parts of speech ‫ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﻼم‬and to make their
meaning clear ‫وﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻔﺎھﻢ واﺿﺢ‬
.‫( ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﮫ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬punctuation marks) ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﻗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ‬
- Let's eat Ali. () (‫ھﯿﺎ ﻧﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺑﺪون ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﯿﻢ‬ - Let's eat, Ali. () ‫ھﯿﺎ ﻧﺄﻛﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
- I love cooking my family and tennis. () - I love cooking, my family and football. ()
 Capital Letters :-  
.‫ ﯾﺮاﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﮫ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻷﻋﯿﺎد واﻷﯾﺎم اﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ .‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬+ ‫ أول أﺳﻤﺎء اﻷﺷﺨﺎص واﻹﻋﻼم‬ ‫ أول اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺎرﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺑﺎﯾﻞ واﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬ .‫أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺎر واﻟﺒﺤﯿﺮات واﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺎت واﻷﻧﮭﺎر واﻟﻜﺘﺐ واﻟﺼﺤﻒ واﻟﻤﺠﻼت‬
Capital ‫ ( ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬I ) ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﯿﺮ‬ .‫ اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات اﻟﺤﺮوف‬
He said, "Ali went to Cairo" : ‫ أول ﺣﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻷﻗﻮاس‬
U.S.A/ Samsung TV / Dr., Mr. / Egypt / Adel / Lake Nasser / English / The Times  ‫ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
 Comma  
1. Omar, Come here. / Come here, Omar . ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
2. I visited Cairo, Assiut, Giza and Sohag. (and / or) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ أو ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑـ‬
3. Sure, Please, No, Yes, Yesterday, Tomorrow, Sorry, Excuse me, However,  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬
4. Luckily, Fortunately, .....‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ أول اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
5. and, but, or, so, yet, for ‫ﻗﺒﻞ أدوات اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺤﺒﻠﺔ‬
6. He is busy isn't he? ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﻤﺬﯾﻞ‬
7. She said, "I am sorry." ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﻗﻮاس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻼم اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
th
8. 9 May, 1992. ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اﻷرﻗﺎم واﻟﺘﻮارﯾﺦ‬
9. After / While/ When/ Although /Before/ IF  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺄداة رﺑﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
While I was playing football, I got a Cramp.
10. Ali, who is my friend, is really kind. ‫ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ وﺻﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬
11. Could you help me, please? ‫ إذا ﺟﺎءت آﺧﺮ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬please ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
12. I met Huda, not Mona. ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﻦ أو ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﻦ‬
13. I live in Assiut, Egypt. ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
 Apostrophe (1) 
- Can't/won't/doesn't/ o'clock / he'd ‫ﻟﻺﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬

Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260

- Ali's Car / Men's room/ The students class ‫ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬- Lamees' book() Lamees's book ()
- How many K's are there in this word? ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺤﺮوف‬
- 10's of people / 100's of dollars ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻹﻋﺪاد‬
- 1980s () ‫ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻮارﯾﺦ‬1980`s () - 1980's () used in American English
 Colon (:) 
(‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ )ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬
- I am going to study four subjects: English, French, economic and sociology.
- The ra o is 2:4/21:30. ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬/ ‫ﻟﺒﯿﺎن اﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬ - The plane leaves at 5:15 p.m. ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
th
- The 6 of October war: The war of dignity ‫ ﺣﺮب اﻟﻜﺮاﻣﺔ‬. ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان و ﻣﺎ ﯾﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﮫ‬
 Semicolon (;) 
- It was raining; the game was cancelled (=,so) ( ‫ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ) ﺑﺪون وﺟﻮد ﻛﻠﻤﺔ رﺑﻂ‬
 Dash (一)
1980一1990 ‫ أو ﻣﺪة‬/ Minia一cairo train ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق‬
 Hyphen (-) 
Part-time/well-known/ sister-in-law ‫ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
 Inverted Commas 
= Quotation marks = Speech marks
"Don't make noise", she said ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺒﯿﺎن ﺟﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼم ﺷﺨﺺ‬
 Full stop = period (.)
The girls are sleeping / Go out ‫ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﺔ‬/ ‫ آﺧﺮ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ‬-
Mon. / Sept. / Tel. / No. / Mr. / 5 p.m. / A.R.E ‫ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-

 Question Mark (?) 

Where did you go? / He is busy, isn't he? ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﺆال وﺳﺆال ﻣﺬﯾﻞ‬
 Slash (/): Stroke 
- 12/9/2020 ‫ و اﻟﺘﻮارﯾﺦ‬1/3 , 2/4 ‫اﻟﻜﺴﻮر‬ - 50 miles/hour ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ - 80 km/h
http// w.w.w. Afaq. Com/be active ‫ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
2 Exclamation Mark 
I love you! What a pity! Help! ‫ أو ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬/ ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات واﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ‬-
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ أو دھﺸﺔ أو أﻟﻢ‬-
Oh, my God! Wow! Great! Ha! Ha! Ha! - Ugh! Why are you yelling at me!
What a cute girl! What a wonderful pyramid! ‫ ﯾﺎ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ ھﺮم راﺋﻊ‬How fast she runs!!

‫ﻣﻊ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺗﺤﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬



Mr. Ramadan Awad  01280799260