Magatama

Magatama (勾玉, less frequently 曲玉) are curved, comma-shaped

beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the Final Jōmon
period through the Kofun period, approximately 1000 BCE to the
6th century CE.[1] The beads, also described as "jewels", were
made of primitive stone and earthen materials in the early period,
but by the end of the Kofun period were made almost exclusively
of jade. Magatama originally served as decorative jewelry, but by
the end of the Kofun period functioned as ceremonial and religious
objects.

Jōmon period
Magatama first appeared in Japan in the Final Jōmon period (1000–
300 BCE), and in this period were made from relatively simple,
naturally occurring materials, including clay, talc, slate, quartz,
gneiss, jadeite, nephrite, and serpentinite.[2] Magatama from the
Jōmon period were irregularly shaped, lacked continuity in form
from region to region, and have been called "Stone Age
magatama" for this reason.[1][2] Magatama are thought to be an
Magatama, dating from Jōmon period
imitation of the teeth of large animals, pierced with a hole, which
to 8th century
are found in earlier Jōmon remains.[3] These resemble magatama,
but more recent scholarship indicates that these early Jōmon may
have simply had a decorative function, and have no relationship to magatama.[2] Magatama in the Jōmon
period appear to have moved from the purely decorative to having a status and ceremonial function by the
end of the period.[4] A "middle Jōmon exchange network" may have existed, whereby magatama were
produced in regions where materials for their manufacture were readily plentiful. Jade and talc examples
produced in bead-making villages located in present-day Itoigawa, Niigata have been found at a large
number of sites along the northern coast, in the central mountains, and in Kantō region.[5]: 30

Archaeological sites (Jōmon)

Examples of magatama from the Jōmon period have been discovered in large numbers at the Kamegaoka
site in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture. The Kamegaoka remains are among the largest known Jōmon
settlement in Japan, and the magatama, among other decorative objects found, may be an indicator of the
high social status of the settlement.[6]: 165

Other sites associated with the Kamegaoka settlement have yielded magatama, including the Ōboriya shell
mound, in the northwest corner of Ōfunato Bay, which yielded a huge number of beads, as well as the
Korekawa site, near Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture. Remains from the Korekawa site can be seen at the
Korekawa Archaeological Museum in Hachinohe.[7] Stone and clay magatama and magatama-like beads
have also been discovered at the Amataki site, Ninohe, Iwate Prefecture, Osagata site, Ibaraki Prefecture,
and the Kou site, Fujiidera, Osaka Prefecture.[6]: 173 Numerous magatama at the Ōishi site, Bungo-ōno,
Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu show signs of being used for ceremonial, rather than decorative, purposes.[6]: 181

The Sannai-Maruyama Site, excavated 1992 in Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, yielded three large jade beads
measuring 5.5 by 6.5 centimetres (2.2 in × 2.6 in).[8]

Yayoi period
Magatama in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) are notably
different from Jōmon-period magatama. The jewels moved from a
primitive, non-standard form towards more polished and uniform
form in this period.[9] The technology to cut large gemstones and
polish jewels notably advanced in the Yayoi period.[10] Refined
materials such as jadeite, serpentinite, and glass replaced the less
sophisticated materials of the Jōmon period.[2] Yayoi period
magatama are noted for their reverse C-shaped form, which by the
end of the period had become an almost squared shape.[2] From the
Yayoi period onwards, magatama uniformly feature a bored hole
Agate magatama, Kobe Archaeology that allowed the jewels to be held on a string.
Center (神戸市埋蔵文化財センター ,
Kōbeshi Maizō Bunkazai Sentā) The Yayoi period is marked by specific geographic centers
specializing in magatama and the widespread trade of magatama.
The period is marked by the formation of power centers that came to be individual states. The development
of weapons increased in this period to protect increasingly developed rice fields and fishing rights. Trade
greatly increased in this period, as did the specialization of production of certain items, including
magatama. Magatama producing areas exchanged their product with other products, specifically rice,
leading to the widespread distribution of magatama across Japan.[11] Magatama were commonly used to
create necklaces and bracelets worn on the wrists or ankles. The necklace was typically constructed of
jadeite magatama separated by cylindrical bored-holed pieces of jasper. Small beads of dark-blue glass are
also not uncommon on the necklace. The bracelet typically also used shells from the coastal areas of
Shikoku and the Inland Sea, wood, and bronze.[12] In this period the use of the mirror, sword, and jewels as
status symbols for village, and later regional leaders of all kinds, emerged in the Yayoi period, and point to
the origin of the mirror, sword, and magatama as the Imperial Regalia of Japan.[13]

The Records of the Three Kingdoms, the earliest historical document with a reference to Japan, describes
the Wa people, an ancient country of Yamatai, and its queen, Himiko. The Record indicates that when
Himiko died, her relative Iyo, a girl of 13, was made queen and sent a delegation of twenty officials under
Yazuku, an imperial general, to offer tribute to the Northern Wei court. "The delegation visited the capital
and offered to the court five thousand white gems and two pieces of carved jade, as well as twenty pieces of
brocade with variegated designs."[14] The carved jade in the Record likely describes a tribute of two jade
magatama.

Archaeological sites (Yayoi)

The large-scale Yayoi period remains at the Yoshinogari site,
Yoshinogari and Kanzaki in Saga Prefecture revealed examples of
lead glass magatama typical of the Yayoi period.[15] In 2003, the
excavation of a large Yayoi period settlement in Tawaramoto, Nara
also revealed two large jade magatama, one 4.64 centimetres
(1.83 in), the second 3.63 centimetres (1.43 in) in length. The larger
Tawaramoto magatama is the 10th-largest example found to date in
Japan. Both jade magatama from the site are of unusually high-
quality brilliant green jade.[16] Museum housing artifacts of
magatama production, Tamatsukuri
One known center of Yayoi magatama production was in the area Inari Shrine, Osaka
of the Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine in Osaka. Tamatsukuri literally
means "jewel making", and a guild, the Tamatsukuri-be, was active
from the Yayoi period. An existing jewel at the shrine is said to have great spiritual power. Magatama
appear on all sorts of implements of the present-day temple, including amulets, roof tiles, and lanterns. The
inari female fox at the gate of a subshrine of Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine wears a necklace of magatama. The
shrine has an exhibit on the history and production of magatama.[17]

Kofun period
Magatama became very common in the Kofun period (250–536
CE), and by the end of the period almost all kofun tumuli contained
magatama.[9] In the early Kofun period, magatama were made
from jadeite as in earlier periods, but by the middle of the period
were made from jasper, and by the end of the period, almost
exclusively of agate and jade.[2] Magatama capped by silver or
gold also appear towards the end of the period. Large magatama
made of talc, imitations of smaller ones made of more precious
materials, were used as grave goods.[2] Magatama are found in Necklace of jade magatama from a
kofun tumuli across Japan from the period. Their use went from Japanese burial
merely decorative to sacred and ceremonial grave goods.[2][18]
Chōjigashira magatama ( 丁字頭勾玉 ) are magatama with
inscriptions that look like flowers of the clove tree and have a hole
suitable to attach to a string.[9] These first appear in the Kofun
period.[1] Also in the Kofun period, magatama appear on
necklaces, with several magatama set between bored cylinders.
Archeological remains show evidence of similar ankle bracelets, but
they are less common. Clay haniwa funerary objects of the Kofun
period commonly depict people wearing the necklaces and ankle
bracelets.[19]: 33

Archaeological sites (Kofun)

Examples of stone magatama from the Kofun period are especially
numerous. An excavation of the Kamegaoka Kofun, Kishiwada,
Magatama from the Kofun period
Osaka, revealed a local who had been buried with a jade, jasper,
and alabaster magatama necklace, as well as magatama placed
near the feet. A bronze mirror imported from China accompanying the burial was dated to 239 CE.[20]: 264
The kofun is a Designated Historical Spot of the city of Kishiwada. Ceremonial offerings from a burial from
the Kisami-Araida area of Shimoda, Shizuoka also revealed clay reproductions of magatama used as
effigies. The excavation of the Ubusuna Kofun[21] in Kyōtango, Kyoto yielded two fully intact magatama
necklaces of jade and agate, with segments between 1.7 and 5.1 centimetres (0.67 and 2.01 in) in
length.[21][20]: 268

The large Muro Miyayama Kofun of Katsuragi, Nara, on the Yamato Plain, 238 millimetres (9.4 in) in
length, was plundered long before its excavation, but revealed 600 talc ceremonial magatama among other
funerary objects, which also included 10 bronze Han Chinese mirrors.[20]: 275–276 The Hiraide remains of
Shiojiri, Nagano, one of the three largest prehistoric sites in Japan, and far from any regional power center,
includes typical Kofun period remains, but also objects associated with modern Shinto ceremonial practice.
Nevertheless, kofun in Hiraide reveal both plain and elaborate magatama among other funerary objects.[22]

The Sakurai Kofun in Sakurai, Nara, excavated in 1949, represents a kofun from the final phase of the
Kofun period, and is possibly from a ruler associated with the imperial family. The kofun is 25 metres (82 ft)
high and shows evidence of being surrounded by a moat. Among the very large number of funerary objects
were high-quality weapons, including swords, 10 mirrors, and a necklace of jadeite magatama, agate
cylinders, and glass beads used to make a magatama-style necklace.[23]

Origin of magatama forms

Archaeologists and historians are unable yet to explain what the origins of magatama forms are, or whether
these forms can be traced back to one convergent source. A number of explanations have been suggested,
including:[24]

They may be fashioned after animal fangs/teeth

They may be modeled after the shape of fetuses
They may be symbolic of the shape of the soul
They may be modeled after the shape of the moon
That there is meaning and connotation attached to the shape of the magatama itself (i.e.
meaning comes from the form itself, and not that magatama has been patterned after
anything else)

In Japanese mythology
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, completed in the 8th century, have numerous references to magatama.[2] They
appear in the first chapter of the Nihon Shoki, which largely describes the mythology of Japan. Susanoo,
god of the sea and storms, received five hundred magatama from Tamanoya no mikoto, or Ame-no-
Futodama-no-mikoto, the jewel-making deity.[25] Susanoo went to heaven and presented them to his sister,
the sun goddess Amaterasu, who bit off successive parts of the magatama, and blew them away to create
other deities.[26]: 37–39 Tamanoya no mikoto remains the god of magatama, glasses, and cameras. In the
legend Amaterasu later shuts herself in a cave. Ama-no-Koyane-no-mikoto hung magatama, among other
objects, on a five hundred-branch sakaki tree, to successfully lure Amaterasu from the cave.[25][26]: 40 In the
year 58, in the reign of the Emperor Suinin, the Nihon Shoki records that a dog killed and disemboweled a
mujina (badger), and a magatama was discovered in its stomach. This magatama was presented to Suinin,
who enshrined it at Isonokami Shrine, where it is said to presently reside.[27][28] A similar practice is
described again in the Nihon Shoki during the reign of the Emperor Chūai.
Chūai made an inspection trip to the Tsukushi, or Kyūshū, and was
presented with an enormous sakaki tree hung with magatama as well as
other sacred objects.[29]

Yasakani no Magatama: Light & Shadow, Sun &

Moon.
A noted magatama is the Yasakani no Magatama ( 八尺瓊勾玉 , also八尺
瓊曲玉 and八坂瓊曲玉 ), one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan.[30]
Swords, mirrors, and jewels were common objects of status for regional
rulers in Japan as early as the Yayoi period,[13] and were further widespread
in the Kofun period, as shown by their ubiquitous presence in kofun
tumuli.[18] The Yasakani no Magatama is stored at the Kashiko-dokoro ( 賢
所 ), the central shrine of the Three Palace Sanctuaries at the Tokyo Imperial
Palace, and is used in the enthronement ceremony of the Emperor of Artist's rendition of
Japan.[30] Amaterasu emerging from
the cave holding a
Daniel Clarence Holtom stated in 1928 in Japanese enthronement magatama necklace in her
left hand, and a sword in her
ceremonies; with an account of the imperial regalia that the Yasakani no
right
Magatama is the only one of the three regalia that is used in its original
form for ceremonies, preferring the use of replicas for the sword and mirror
due to its delicate fragility.[19]: 55 Replicas of the sword and mirror were made as early as the 9th century,
and the originals were entrusted to other shrines. Also the use of the Light & Shadow gives them the power
to harness and have full control of the Sun & Moon energies, it's now called the Yin Release, as the shadow
or the moon. Yin Release by channeling their spiritual energy, they can manipulate the spirit realm, also
known as the mental realm. This allows them to craft constructs out of pure imagination, essentially giving
form to ideas that previously didn't exist, but without a physical form. Yang Release, as the light or the
Sun.Yang Release, which harnesses physical energy. They can use this energy to give form to things that
previously lacked it. This could involve creating physical objects from thin air, manipulating existing
structures, or even enhancing their own physical prowess. Yang Release, can build structures out of mana,
mend broken objects, or even revitalize ailing bodies. Yang Release makes them adept healers and
formidable defensive specialists.Who have the Yin Release and Yang Release, will be defined as "god".
The power of Yin-Yang Release, granting them god-like abilities. Yin Release and Yang Release, fusing
them into the omnipotent Yin-Yang Release. With this power, they can imagineered Reality, by focusing
their will and channeling their mana through their hands, they can bring anything they can imagine into
existence instantaneously. [31]

Usage in Ryūkyūan religion

D. C. Holtom stated that noro priestesses (Okinawan: nūru) of the Ryukyu Kingdom wore magatama
necklaces early in the 20th century for ceremonial purposes, but provides no other details.[19]: 37

In popular culture
In The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, the Amber
Relics, Dusk Relics, and Secret Stones are all based on the magatama.

In the Ace Attorney series, a magatama is frequently cited as the source of an ability that lets its wearer
determine people's true intentions.

In Unconnected Marketeers, the 18th installment of Touhou Project, the character Misumaru Tamatsukuri is
able to craft magatama. Aunn Komano, introduced in the 16th installment, Hidden Star in Four Seasons,
has her ears designed in the shape of magatama.

In Blue Eyed Samurai, the main character Mizu wore a blue magatama on her katana.

In Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, the Kwagatama charms named after the magatama serve as a
symbol of a bond between the kwami and their holder.

In Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne, magatamas appear in the form of parasitic, insect-like creatures that
grant their human hosts special, demonic powers.

In Ghostwire: Tokyo, magatamas are made of jade and are used for upgrading Akito's abilities. They can be
obtained through side missions (37), and street stalls (three).

In Ōkami and its sequel Ōkamiden, one of the weapon options (rosaries) are based on Amaterasu's
magatama.

In The Irregular at Magic High School, magatama are a class of magical Relics with the ability to store
magic sequences.

In Blue Seed, magatama are used as vessels to contain mitama which bestow power to those implanted with
them. The series' plot is based on the Izumo cycle from Japanese mythology.

In Sailor Moon, Sailor Uranus' Space Sword, Sailor Neptune's Deep Aqua Mirror, and Sailor Pluto's Garnet
Orb are based on each item.

In the Japanese card game “Yu-Gi-Oh!”, “Hu-Li the Jewel Mikanko” is based on the “Yasakani no
Magatama” - one of the “Three Imperial Regalia of Japan”.

See also
Gogok – a similarly shaped jewel found in the Korean Peninsula.
Lingling-o – similarly shaped jade, wood, or metal pendants from various ancient
Austronesian cultures.
Mamuta – an enemy from the Pikmin series of games aesthetically based on magatama.
Nyoihōju ( 如意宝珠 ) – a wish-fulfilling jewel within both Hindu and Buddhist traditions, said
by some to be the equivalent of the philosopher's stone in Western alchemy. It is one of
several Mani Jewel images found in Buddhist scripture.
Pig dragon or zhūlóng – zoomorphic stone artifacts produced in neolithic China with a
similar c- or comma-like shape.

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