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15), mercuric chloride (1 ∶ 1000), carbolic acid (1 ∶ 50), creolin (1 ∶
50), copper sulphate (1 ∶ 50), etc. Lead acetate 2 parts, alum 1 part
and water 50 parts, has been found to be effective.
 PEMPHIGUS IN HORSE, OX, PIG AND DOG.

On rare occasions the horse or ox is attacked with a skin eruption,

attended with the formation of bullæ or blisters, from the size of a
hazel nut to a hen’s egg, or larger. It is sometimes shown sporadically
and at others appears at once in a large number of animals in the
same herd. The causes are obscure, yet the enzootic appearance of
the affection is suggestive of a common factor entering probably by
the food. Loiset and Seaman have recorded enzootic outbreaks in
cattle and Dieckerhoff in the horse.
Symptoms are cutaneous congestion with the formation of
swellings like a walnut, but exceptionally as large as the fist, on the
head, neck and thorax, which in 2 to 4 days form a large central
vesicle, with yellowish serous contents. Cases in the ox (Loiset,
Seaman) had a similar eruption on the loins, quarters and hind
limbs, some of the swellings attaining the size of a hen’s egg, and
with similar contents. Later these ruptured, crusted over and healed,
with, for a time, a smooth glistening surface. Winkler records cases
in swine and Schneidemühl in dogs, but the condition is rare in both
animals.
Treatment. To a nutritious, non-stimulating and easily digestible
diet, may be added a course of arsenic and, in low condition, of
bitters. Locally dusting powders of zinc oxide, boric acid, starch and
lysol. Should the exudate form these into hard cakes, they may be
replaced by carbolized oil or, better, a 5 per cent. mixture of ichthyol
in vaseline.
 CRACKED HEELS IN HORSES. SCRATCHES.

Special susceptibility and exposure of posterior pastern region. Divisions.

Causes: local irritants, decomposing manure, chill water, slush, mud, pools of
liquid manure, septic irritation, stones, sand, lime in mud, salted snow or ice,
washing heels, caustic soaps, stubble, clipped or singed hair, stocking of limbs,
lymphangitis, sprains, arthritis, anæmia, cardiac, urinary or hepatic disease,
parasites, heavy bedding, constitutional predisposition. Symptoms: redness, heat,
tenderness, swollen, erect hairs, lameness, knuckling, or exudate, crusts, scabs,
abrasions, chaps, fissures, ulcers, loss of pliancy, engorgment of limbs, fœtid
secretion. Prognosis according to cause. Treatment: remove causes, give rest,
cleanse limb and stable, astringent antiseptic lotions, sulphurous acid, carbolic
acid, creolin, lysol, pyoktannin, chrysophanic acid, moderate laxative food,
diuretics, arsenic, bandaging, hand rubbing, exercise.

The affections of the heel or posterior part of the pastern in horses

are largely modified by the anatomical character of the skin in this
region, and the special exposure to inimical agents, so that it is
convenient to consider them under special headings, even though the
eruption may be of the same kind with that seen in other parts. The
dermatitis of this region, which are not primarily contagious may be
conveniently divided into 1st, such as are unattended with free
secretion, and 2d, those that implicate the sebaceous glands and are
marked by an offensive discharge. Cracked heels belong to the
former category.
The causes are extremely varied, consisting in the application of
irritants of many kinds, to the susceptible skin in a system too often
already predisposed to skin disease.
Standing on reeking dungheaps, or on heating manure in filthy
stalls subjects the heels, and especially the hind ones, to ammonia
and other irritating fumes, and when taken out to the cold air, chill
water and mud, the sensitive parts suffer. Again in the farm yard and
even in neglected stalls the hind feet are immersed in pools of liquid
manure, the ferments and toxic matters of which dry on the skin,
attack the surface and determine septic congestions and
inflammations. On country roads where there is no pretense of
pavements, or macadam, the mud in spring and fall is a source of
great irritation on certain soils which contain small flat stones,
pebbles or sand, or in which lime or decomposing manure is a
prominent feature. Standing in snow or slush, especially if chilled by
salting, produces partial or complete congelation with the result of
chillblains or even more active and destructive inflammation or
sloughing. The habit of washing the heels and allowing them to dry
spontaneously in the stall is only less injurious by the chill induced.
This is still further aggravated by the use of caustic soaps on the
already tender skin. The lighter breeds of horses, devoid of long hair
on the pasterns, though less subject to the greasy secretion, are even
more exposed to chills and direct injuries, and suffer readily and
often persistently from erythema and cracks. In many cases trouble
comes from the ends of stubble and other vegetables acting on the
skin. A common fault is the close clipping and even singeing of the
hair in the hollow of the heel. The stiff, bristly ends of the hairs on
one fold of the pastern continually prick the skin of the adjacent fold
when the animal is in motion and not only is this irritating to the
healthy skin, but it becomes incomparably more so when that is
congested and tender. Even in summer the deep dust on unpaved
roads, mixing with the normal secretions of the heel, rolls into semi-
solid masses between the folds and proves the more irritating, the
greater the admixture of sand or solid bodies. A common cause is the
stocking of the limbs, with the attendant congestion, distension and
debility of the skin. This may be due in its turn to a great variety of
proximate or remote causes, lymphangitis, sprains, arthritis, osteitis,
anæmia, cardiac, urinary or hepatic disorder, parasitisms, etc., so
that accessory causes must often be widely sought. Even an excess of
straw around the hind limbs will cause stocking in some animals
which escape on bare pavement. Finally we must take into account
that constitutional predisposition in some animals that makes them
liable to inveterate skin diseases under the slightest causes.
Symptoms. In the milder forms there may appear a redness, with
heat, tenderness and swelling in the hollow of the pastern, the hairs
stand stiffly erect, and the surface may be perfectly dry. The affected
limb has the pastern more upright than the others and the fetlock
starts slightly forward. In a nervous, sensitive horse the skin is so
tender and rigid, that the animal can hardly be persuaded to use the
limb, and goes dead lame for a considerable distance until it has
become more pliant.
With some aggravation of the condition the skin is felt to be
somewhat rough and uneven by reason of the encrustations of
epidermis, dried secretions and dust over its surface, which may
convey to the finger a slightly oily sensation. In many cases these
epidermic and exudation products form scabby elevations, and a
chronic condition of this kind may persist indefinitely, constituting
what is known in America as scratches. This will vary by reason of
the detachment of these concretions with the formation of abrasions
and sores of various sizes, which may heal, or extend by coalescence,
chapping, or ulceration.
In other cases, even at an early stage, the formation of chaps or
cracks is a marked feature. At times this may seem to be the result of
over distension in the inflamed superficial layers of the skin which
have lost their natural pliancy and cohesion. They will, sometimes,
form under slight exercise, but not when at rest. They may simply
extend through the epidermis, exposing the papillary layer, or in bad
cases one or more fissures may extend through the integument and
expose the tendons beneath. They may extend forward on the sides
of the pastern or upward over the back of the fetlock and metatarsus.
In all cases, when the local inflammation is acute, some swelling of
the limbs appears, and this keeps pace with the character and extent
of the trouble. With extensive chaps or fissures it becomes extreme,
extending up toward the hocks and attended by great pain and
stiffness. The sores become the seat of active suppuration, with it
may be considerable destruction of tissue. Even in the milder forms
there may often be seen a fœtid muco-purulent secretion in the
depth of the folds of the pastern, and in the worst cases this extends
to the whole surface after the manner of grease.
Prognosis. The milder uncomplicated cases recover readily and
perfectly under rest and judicious treatment; the more advanced
cases are liable to leave swelled legs with susceptibility to a relapse,
and in cases associated with a constitutional diathesis or chronic
internal disease, recovery may become problematical and uncertain.
 Treatment. In all cases the cause must be done away with, whether
filthy stalls, reeking dunghills, septic pools, work in irritating road
mud, or melting snow, washing the heels with caustic soaps, drying
them in cold draughts, pricking with stubble or clipped hairs, and all
the causes of stocking of the limbs. If heels are washed, use pure
tepid water, and, if necessary, the best Castile soap, and rub them dry
at once. If this cannot be done bandage them rather than leave them
in a cold draught.
Give rest in a clean stall and thoroughly clean the affected heel,
then wrap in a bandage wet with an acetate of lead or sulphate of
zinc lotion (1 ∶ 50), or apply benzoated oxide of zinc, or cream of
glycerine and salicylic acid.
When chaps have formed they will often promptly heal under
standard solution of sulphurous acid 1, glycerine 1, and water 1. This
is applied on soft cotton and covered by a rubber bandage to confine
the acid. The sulphurous acid solution should be recently prepared,
since it will prove injurious if it has oxidized into sulphuric acid. To
one or other of these preparations the addition of a little carbolic
acid, creolin, pyoktannin, or lysol will often prove useful. When the
cracks have healed, zinc ointment, chrysarobin ointment,
chrysophanic acid 1, vaseline 15, or other soothing and antiseptic
agent may be employed till all inflammation has subsided, and the
animal must not be returned to work until the skin has been restored
to its former healthy and elastic condition.
It may be desirable to greatly restrict the grain during treatment
and even to giving cooling laxatives or diuretics. With a
constitutional diathesis arsenic or other alterative may be tried, and
any internal disease must be attended to. For stocking, use careful
bandaging, hand-rubbing and exercise.
With the formation of the deeper fissures the same antiseptic
agents may be employed, or salol, iodoform, glutol, aristol, or some
tincture of iodine, or iodide of starch may be used. A weak solution of
copper sulphate has often an excellent effect. The measures advised
below for grease will usually apply in this condition.
 SEBORRHŒA OF THE DIGITAL REGION:
DIGITAL IMPETIGO, GREASE: STREPTOCOCCIC
DERMATITIS IN HORSES.

A sequel of erythema or cracked heels. Causes: constitutional predisposition in

lymphatic draught horses, rare in ass and mule, anatomical conditions, wet damp
regions, digestive disorder, overfeeding and lack of exercise, diseases of liver or
kidney, change to stable life, cold water, slush, mud, salted snow, steaming
manure, urine in mares, infection, streptococcus pyogenes. Symptoms: swelling,
heat, and tenderness of pastern hollow, itching, hairs erect, unctuous exudate,
vesicles, excoriations, discharge opaque, grayish, sticky, fœtid, chaps, knuckling,
resting on toe, kicking: in severe cases discharge purulent, more opaque, sloughs,
excessive granulations, “grapes,” extensions forward, upward, downward, canker,
quittor, sand crack, etc. Lesions: first, congestion of derma, hair follicles full, hairs
loose, connective tissue infiltrated, or thickened, ligaments: and bones involved,
grapes in superposed clusters pediculated. Diagnosis: from horsepox. Treatment:
remove causes, secure cleanliness, laxative, diuretics, moderate grain ration, or
tonic regimen; locally, soothing antiphlogistic, antiseptic treatment, lead, zinc,
phenol, creolin, lysol; when advanced, antiseptic dusting powders, calomel,
salicylic acid, iodine, zinc oxide, salol, or solutions, zinc chloride, tar. Value of
changes. For “grapes” actual cautery, excision, ligature.

This may develop as an advanced condition of the erythema or

cracked heels already described. Yet it is so distinctive in its habit of
profuse secretion, the eruption of vesicles or pustules and the
abundant, fœtid sebaceous discharge that it deserves a special
consideration.
Causes. Something depends on constitutional predisposition. This
is preëminently a disease of the heavy, lymphatic, draught horse,
being rare in racers and trotters, with fine sinewy limbs, no long hair
on the fetlock, delicate skins, and less abundant sebaceous glands. It
is almost, though not quite, unknown in the spare limbs of ass and
mule, and though claimed by Reynal as attacking cattle its
occurrence is equally rare in them. Much of this may be attributed to
conformation. The limb of the draught horse is so much thicker and
coarser, with a great excess of connective tissue and lymph plexus
which become readily gorged in idleness, inducing stocking,
congestion and debility of the whole limb. This same condition
operates as a powerful predisposition to lymphangitis. Again the
great length and profusion of the long hairs, entails the necessary
compliment of an excessive development of the sebaceous glands
which become over-stimulated by congestion, and afford a much
more open and favorable infection atrium for the pus microbes.
These structural conditions are much more marked in the draught
horses of wet regions as in Ireland, the western counties of Great
Britain, Belgium, Holland, and the Atlantic provinces of France, and
in these the affection is remarkably prevalent. In our Eastern States
and on the Plains, where the progeny of imported draught horses
lose their digital hair, the malady is comparatively rare. A similar
immunity has long been noticed in the horses of Spain and Africa.
Disturbances of the digestion in heavily fed horses, subjected to
transient confinement in the stall, and diseases of the liver and
kidneys, must be recognized as further predisposing causes. The age
of five and six when many horses change hands, and are subjected to
extreme changes of stabling, feed and work, has furnished the
greatest number of cases.
External causes we find in all those conditions already enumerated
which favor chapped heels. Wet, mud, gritty masses, irritant fumes
of manure, cold, heat, filth are potent factors. In connection with
these are the pus and septic microbes that are always present in
stables, farm yards, manure, street dust, etc. No one of these can be
adduced as the constant and exclusive cause, and it is inevitable that
a complex infection should be present, yet the propagation and
persistence of the disease may often be connected with the
streptococcus pyogenes.
As emphasizing the importance of such external irritants and
infections, it should be noted that the disease bears an appreciable
relation to the filth and wet of the stable and farm yard, and to the
absence of cleanliness in dealing with the feet, and that the extension
of good pavement and protection from road mud have invariably
lessened its prevalence. The irritant action of the urine renders
mares more susceptible in the hind limbs than horses.
Symptoms. The disease may appear as a swelling, heat and
tenderness of the hollow back of the pastern, involving the fetlock
and lower part of the metatarsus or metacarpus, and this may last for
one or two weeks, the engorgement lessening or disappearing during
exercise and reappearing when at rest in the stall. The local
tenderness is great as manifested by the prompt and excessive lifting
of the leg when the heel is touched, as well as by the lameness when
first moved, which subsides with further exercise. Itching may be
shown by kicking the floor, or by a disposition to rub the pastern.
The hairs of the affected part are rigidly erect, and a slightly moist,
soapy sensation is felt on the skin. Close examination may detect the
presence of small vesicles with as yet limpid contents, but the greater
part of the liquid product is traceable to the openings of the hairs and
gland ducts. This is followed by small excoriations taking the place of
the ruptured vesicles, and the discharge becomes more profuse,
opaque, white or grayish white, sticky, and fœtid. It covers the entire
affected surface, mats together the hair in tufts and forms a thicker
grayish border. The hairs are loosened in their follicles and easily
pulled out. The erosions become complicated by chaps, and the
swelling increases around the pastern and above the fetlock. When at
rest in the stall the foot may be rested on the toe only, or held
suspended and occasionally kicked backward as if to dislodge the
cause of irritation, yet if moved the patient may gradually get over
the greater part of the lameness, and the swelling partially subside.
In severe, protracted cases the discharge becomes essentially
purulent, but often with a darker, greenish, reddish or blackish tinge,
and portions of the skin may slough, leaving deep intractable sores.
Still more commonly the raw surfaces become the seat of
hypertrophied granulations, which grow out to form raw, red
fungous like, pediculated neoplasms familiarly known as grapes.
Between these the spaces are filled with tufts of hairs and the
condensed discharges, in process of active septic change, and giving
off a most repulsive odor. Like the preceding eruption these grapes
may extend around the front and sides of the pastern, and upward
beyond the fetlock, but especially behind.
 This advanced condition shows no tendency to spontaneous
recovery and the connective tissue and lymphatic plexus becoming
involved, the leg often swells to enormous dimensions, from six to
twelve inches in diameter at the fetlock. It may last indefinitely until
the patient is worn out, or it may extend to other organs by
contiguity or embolism. Canker of the frog and sole, fistula (quittor),
sand crack and seedy toe may be named as complications, also
septicæmia or pyæmia with abscesses in the lungs, liver, brain or
bowels.
Lesions. In the first stage there is mainly the congestion of the skin
extending into the large and numerous hair follicles of the pastern. If
pressed, a transparent serum bedews the surface, and if sectioned
the follicles around the hair bulb are seen to be distended by a
similar product. The hairs are easily pulled out. The subcutaneous
connective tissue is filled with a yellowish serosity and at intervals
may be seen a red point of vascular stagnation or blocking. Later
these products are more abundant and those on the now swollen and
excoriated surface are distinctly fœtid. The infiltrated lymph
plexuses in the connective tissue are more distended, their walls
thickened and consolidated, and the rigid skin is thus firmly bound
to the structures beneath. A careful examination shows the presence
of subepidermic vesicles of various sizes. The congestion may extend
deep enough to involve the periosteum of the digital bones and the
ligaments of the joints. The grapes are each attached by a pedicle
from which branch out cauliflower-like, fine papillary processes, that
aggregate into a solid cluster. They are very vascular and grow out
cluster above cluster until they reach large dimensions.
Diagnosis from Horse Pox. Since the days of Jenner the claim has
been constantly made that grease and horse pox were one and the
same. Horse pox is however to be distinguished by its transient
course, its inoculability, its incubation of three days, its abundant
exudate concreting on the hairs of the pastern as a yellow mass
suggestive of crystalline structure, by the red pit in the skin in which
this mass is imbedded, by the spontaneous recovery in about 15 days,
and by the immunity on a subsequent inoculation. It is
communicable to cattle and to man, producing the characteristic
large umbilicated vesicle and scab.
 Treatment. The first consideration is to remove the causes of local
irritation and infection, give a clean sweet stall, with dry floor, and
allow no contact with putrid liquids, mud, cold water, melting snow
or other irritant. If exercise is needful to obviate stocking of the legs
give it on dry clean ground.
If inflammation runs high with fever and costiveness a laxative will
be valuable and it may be well to follow this in some cases with
cooling diuretics. When the animal has been on a heavy grain ration
this should be largely cut down in keeping with enforced idleness, or
restricted work. If on the other hand condition is low, and the
discharge profuse a more generous ration may be desirable.
Local treatment is essentially soothing and antiphlogistic, and in
view of the infection should be antiseptic. White lotion (acetate of
lead and sulphate of zinc of each ½ oz., water 1 quart) has been long
used with fair success, for although lead sulphate is thrown down, it
is in part freed again through contact with the exudate. It will be
materially improved by the addition of 1 dr. carbolic acid, creolin,
lysol or chloro-naphtholeum or by some other antiseptic. Lead
acetate alone with an antiseptic is an excellent substitute. In mild
cases the surface may be wet with the lotion several times a day:
while in severe ones the lotion may be applied on a bandage kept
constantly wet. When secretion is well established it may be better to
use dry applications, as calomel; salicyclic acid 10 parts, with iodine
10 parts; calomel and lamp black; carbolated oxide of zinc or burned
alum, salol, etc. After washing and drying the skin, dust this freely
even into the deepest wrinkles and cover with cotton and bandage.
Dress twice daily. For very fœtid cases, Robertson recommends zinc
chloride 1 oz. in 1 qt. water with the addition of glycerine and phenol,
and again a saturated solution of copper sulphate with carbolized
glycerine. For profuse secretion after the subsidence of active
inflammation Renal highly recommends wood tar with 5 to 10 drops
of sulphuric acid to the ounce. Under these circumstances a powder
of gloss starch 5 ozs. with iodine ½ oz. may be employed twice daily.
Or again, 1 oz. each of carbolic acid, tincture of iodine and glycerine
may be employed. When one agent seems to be losing effect, it is well
to change for another and never to neglect the regular dressing, until
full recovery has been secured.
 In case of grapes the actual cautery is the most efficient measure.
Heat a blacksmith’s fire shovel to a bright red and use this to cut
through the pedicles, a cool shovel being kept constantly beneath it
and in contact with the pedicles, so as to protect the adjacent skin
from injury by the radiated heat. The lower shovel must be dipped in
cold water at very frequent intervals to cool it and prevent
cauterization of the skin between the pedicles. This not only removes
the diseased and infected masses, but leaves the stumps of the
pedicles aseptic. Another method is to cut off the “grapes” and
staunch the blood with the actual cautery at a dull red heat. Still
another is to tie the pedicle of each excrescence separately so as to
cut off circulation and secure sloughing. This is, however, a long,
tiresome process, and entails prolonged contact with much infecting
dead tissue. After either method the parts must be dressed with
antiseptics, and dealt with generally like cases in which the
excrescences had not formed.
 CUTANEOUS HEMORRHAGE: BLOODY SWEAT:
HÆMATIDROSIS. HÆMATOPEDESIS.

Forms of cutaneous hæmorrhage; in specific diseases; in parasitism; in insect

bites; in congestions of sweat glands; in deranged innervation; in hæmophilia.
Section of sympathetic. Salt on sciatic. Hysteria. Sclerosis of cord. Inflammation.
Symptoms: drops, crusts. Hæmorrhagic nodules. Treatment: styptics, cold, ice,
snow, tannin, matico, iron chloride, alum, gelatine, atropine, ergot, lead acetate,
quinia. Gravitation.

The escape of the blood by the skin is seen in a variety of morbid

conditions, due it may be to profound changes in the blood and
capillary walls, as in petechial fever, anthrax, scorbutus, septicæmia,
swine erysipelas, etc., in which this is only a subsidiary phenomenon
of a general disorder:—to the presence of parasites (Filaria
hæmorrhagica,) in the skin:—to insect bites:—to violent congestions
implicating the sweat glands (bloody sweat):—or to deranged
innervation of the part as in cases of trauma of the sympathetic or
sciatic nerve, or disease of the nerve centres. It may further be a
manifestation of hæmophilia in which any slight lesion becomes the
occasion of persistent hæmorrhage.
Cases that appear in the course of specific contagious diseases and
those dependent on filaria will be considered under these headings,
and we may confine our attention here to the forms of sweating and
oozing of blood from independent causes. German writers draw
attention to its frequency in eastern horses, attributing it to the great
development of the vascular system especially of the skin, but its
comparative infrequency in the English racer and American trotter
would throw doubt on this doctrine. It may be questioned whether
the frequency of the disease in Oriental horses is not to be ascribed
rather to filariasis. This idea is not contradicted by the especial
prevalence of the bleeding in summer when the filaria is most active,
but when also the skin is the most vascular and its tissues most
relaxed.
Of nervous hæmorrhages we have the experimental examples of
Bouchard and Simon from section of the sympathetic nerve in
animals, also those of Glen and Mathieu from irritation of the sciatic
in dogs with common salt. In man the nervous causation has been
seen in hysteria, under profound nervous shock, in sclerosis of the
cord, and even as the result of auto-suggestion. This influence is
constantly operative in violent inflammations in which diapedesis
and minute hæmorrhages into the affected tissues are marked
phenomena, and under such a cause the gland ducts especially are
the seat of transudation. When the skin is abraded, cracked, or
blistered it occurs also on the surface of the exposed derma.
Symptoms. With active local congestion or inflammation the blood
usually oozes in drops from the surface, and drying concretes into
dark red crusts. In other instances, however, it drops from the
surface, or even flows, producing anæmia and even death. Into such
cases hæmophilia presumably enters. Hæmorrhagic swellings like
wheat kernels or beans also form in the skin.
Treatment. Apart from the contagious and parasitic diseases, and
scurvy, the general treatment will be styptic. Cold water, ice, snow, a
stream from a hose, solutions of tannin, matico, iron chloride or
sulphate, alum or gelatine may be employed. Internally the iron
salts, gelatine, atropine, ergot, lead acetate, or quinia may be given.
In hæmophilia the gelatine especially should be tried both locally and
generally. When it is possible, as in the case of the head, gravitation
should be availed of. Elsewhere a compress bandage may be used.
 ULCERATION. GANGRENE. BED SORES.

Causes: inflammation, exudation, obstructed circulation, lesions in trophic nerve

centres, sclerosis, toxins, ergot, caustics, freezing, gangrene, microbes, cryptogams,
spoiled fodder, white skins, buckwheat, insolation. Symptoms: inflammation,
molecular disintegration, dry sloughs. Treatment: camphorated spirit or vaseline,
antiseptics, phenol, salicylic acid, iodoform, iodine, creolin, lysol, tar, detach
sloughs.

In all cases in which the skin is violently inflamed, and particularly

when the seat of an abundant exudation or infiltration which blocks
circulation and retards nutrition, the tissues are especially liable to
death, molecular or by sloughing, and formation of bedsores. As a
general cause lesions of the trophic centres in the medulla and cord
must be accepted as a cause of the imperfect nutrition and lack of
vitality. This is seen in sclerosis of the cord, but may appear as the
result of poisoning of the myelon as well as the gangrenous tissues by
absorbed toxins. Again a common cause of circumscribed cutaneous
gangrene is the capillary contraction and obstruction of ergotism.
This usually involves all the tissues, soft and hard, at the distal end of
a member or organ, causing the separation of all at one common
level, but in less severe forms the skin only sloughs, in the form of
round or irregular masses, usually around the coronet, and the
resulting sores heal up under an appropriate diet. Cauterization and
freezing may be a further occasion of gangrene. Finally, the local
operation of the microbes of gangrene, determines both ulceration
and sloughing. Cryptogams on spoiled fodders (trefoil, lupins,
vetches, rusty gramineæ) are also charged with developing gangrene.
White skins or white patches on the skin are especially liable to
suffer as in cases of fagopyrism and “grease”. The action of the solar
rays in summer must therefore be accepted as a concurrent cause.
 Symptoms. The first symptoms are usually those of cutaneous
congestion or inflammation. Redness, swelling, pitting on pressure,
or tension, are accompanied or followed by vesicles, chaps or
erosions. The margins of the sores become thick and irregular, often
undermined, and they gradually increase by breaking down of tissue
in their depth or on their margin. In other cases patches of skin dry
or wither up, either in superficial layer or throughout its entire
thickness, and these dried extra vascular sloughs are gradually
detached by granulation beneath. The surrounding tumefaction is
always extensive and the sores may expose the deep seated
structures—tendons, ligaments, fascia, bones, joints—causing
widespread destruction.
Treatment. If the disease is due to capillary occlusion of nervous
origin, compresses with camphorated spirit, followed by
camphorated vaseline may be of advantage. If otherwise, antiseptics
will be in order: carbolated vaseline, salicylic acid cream, iodoformed
vaseline, a weak iodine ointment, creolin, or lysol in water, tar water.
When the dead tissues are partially separated the detachment may
be hastened with knife or scissors and the sores treated like a septic
sore.
 CUTANEOUS HYPERTROPHY. ELEPHANTIASIS.
PACHYDERMIA.

Chronic thickening of skin and lymph plexuses, horse hind limb after eczema,
grease, glanders, ox neck and head, knees, shoulder. Calcification. Treatment:
laxatives, diuretics, exercise, elastic bandage, friction, astringents, iodine.

Chronic thickening of the skin is most commonly seen in horses as

a sequel of lymphangitis in the hind limb, the engorgment of the
lymph plexus and thickening of its walls being associated with a
general productive inflammation and thickening of the derma until
the fetlock may be thirty inches or more in diameter. It may follow
eczema, grease or chronic glanders. In cattle a productive dermatitis
in the region of the head and neck, has led in the experience of the
author to a similar distention of the lymph vessels and morbid
thickening of the skin. The pads and calluses which form on the
knees of the camel and on other parts subject to friction, furnish
examples of hypertrophy of another kind. Again the thick dense
cutaneous plates on the shoulders of the old boar may serve to
illustrate a physiological hypertrophy. The writer has seen thickening
of the skin in the seat of an incision made in spaying the pig and the
deposition of earthy salts so as to form a distinct calcification.
Treatment is very unsatisfactory, yet something may be done by
laxatives, diuretics, regular exercise, an evenly applied elastic
bandage when in the stable, massage and the use of astringent and
dilute iodine ointments. It is much more important to prevent the
lesion by cutting short the morbid condition on which it depends.
When developed, attention is usually given to prevent its
advancement and to utilize the animal at slow work.
 ICHTHYOSIS. FISH-SKIN DISEASE.

This consists in a scaly formation of the epidermis which is also

formed in excess, and is supposed to be dependent on disordered
trophic innervation. In new born calves suffering in this way Van
Stettin found an excess of phosphate of lime in the epidermis. The
calves usually die in a few days.
 FURUNCULUS. BOIL.

Definition: pustule with necrotic core. Digital region. Microbes. Symptoms:

Prevention: antisepsis. Treatment: phenol, iodine, alcohol, boric or salicylic acid,
iron, bitters, calcium sulphide, sulphur, sodium sulphite.

A deep seated inflammation of the derma resulting in suppuration

with the formation of a central adherent necrotic slough or core.
Boils are not uncommon on the digital region of horses in winter;
or where the parts are exposed to street mud containing an
abundance of decomposing organic matter. They are unquestionably
due to pyogenic microbes, and have been largely associated with
staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. As they often come out in
successive crops, it may be assumed that the second focus is infected
from the first, or that there is a special susceptibility in the particular
animal system, or that both these factors contribute to the result.
Debility, and traumas contribute to bring about the infection.
Symptoms. A nodular, hot, and very painful swelling, implicating
the substance of the true skin, and surrounded by a hot, swollen
zone, progresses to suppuration in the centre, yet when it bursts, or
is opened, a core or small mass of necrotic, tough, fibrous tissue is
found to be firmly adherent in the center of the bottom of the sore.
Prevention. Must be sought in sustaining the general health and in
preserving the greatest cleanliness of stables and skin. Washing with
a weak antiseptic solution when returning from muddy streets may
be of use.
Treatment. When developing, the application of carbolic acid in
crystal or on the end of a glass rod may often relieve the pain and
destroy the microbes. Next day the part may be painted with tincture
of iodine. If already opened the phenol may still be applied and
followed after five minutes by alcohol to check the caustic action. Or
boric or salicylic acid may be applied. To counteract the
constitutional tendency, iron, bitters and other tonics and
antiseptics, calcium sulphide, sulphur and sodium sulphite may be
given.