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Test Bank for Social Problems, Second
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Description:
The Second Edition of Sociology in Action: Social Problems is ideal for
teachers who want to provide students with an active learning experience
that relies less on lecturing and more on discussion, collaboration, self-
directed investigation, observation, analysis, and reflection. This text is an
effective tool for departments interested in bringing more students into the
sociology major, as it provides students with concrete ways to make use of
sociological training in the "real" world. Maxine P. Atkinson and Kathleen
Odell Korgen engage students in active learning in class, on their own, and
in their local communities, as they explore a range of social problems and
consider sociological solutions to issues facing society today. Sociology In
Action: Social Problems, Second Edition is one of the volumes in our "In
Action" series of undergraduate sociology texts. The two signature features
of this series are (1) a set of carefully developed and assignable learning
activities in each chapter; and (2) chapters contributed by authors who are
both experts in their subjects and committed to the kind of active learning
promoted by the SIA texts. This title is accompanied by a complete
teaching and learning package in SAGE Vantage, an intuitive learning
platform that integrates quality SAGE textbook content with assignable
multimedia activities and auto-graded assessments to drive student
engagement and ensure accountability.

1. Learning Activities
2. Preface
3. Acknowledgments
4. About the Authors
5. About the Contributors
6. Part I Inequalities as Social Problems
7. Chapter 1 Understanding and Solving Social Problems
8. What Is a Social Problem?
9. Social Problems Are Social Constructions
10. Social Constructionism Perspective
11. Confronting Social Problems 1.1 You and Your Society
12. Check Your Understanding
13. Sociology and the Study of Social Problems
14. Confronting Social Problems 1.2 Learning to Ask Why
15. Jane Addams (1860–1935)
16. W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963)
17. Check Your Understanding
18. Why Are Some, but Not Other, Social Conditions Considered Social Problems?
19. What Sparked the Quicksand Fear?
20. Social Problems and Power
21. The Power of Organized People
22. Same-Sex Marriage Movement
23. Confronting Social Problems 1.3 Constructing a Social Problem
24. Check Your Understanding
25. How Can Professional Sociologists—and You—Help Solve Social Problems?
26. The Core Commitments of Sociology and the Sociological Imagination
27. Confronting Social Problems 1.4 Using the Sociological Imagination to Address
Student Debt
28. Check Your Understanding
29. How to Conduct Social Scientific Research
30. Confronting Social Problems 1.5 Why Can You Trust the Social Scientific Research
Process?
31. Finding and Collecting Good Information
32. What Social Problems Do You Want to Address?
33. Check Your Understanding
34. Conclusion
35. Review
36. Discussion Questions
37. Key Terms
38. Chapter 2 Analyzing Economic Inequalities
39. Economic Inequality and Social Problems
40. Defining Economic Inequality
41. Slavery
42. Caste
43. Estate
44. Social Class
45. Confronting Social Problems 2.1 Comparing Social Class and Economic Inequality
46. Check Your Understanding
47. Explaining Economic Inequality
48. Social Reproduction Theory
49. Davis–Moore Hypothesis
50. Confronting Social Problems 2.2 Reflecting on Beliefs About Economic Inequality
51. Check Your Understanding
52. Wealth and Income Gaps: How Much Inequality Exists?
53. Wealth Inequality in the United States and Globally
54. Income Inequality in the United States and Globally
55. Confronting Social Problems 2.3 Looking at Wealth and Income Inequality
56. Check Your Understanding
57. The Question of Mobility
58. Trends in Mobility
59. Why Mobility Has Declined in Recent Decades
60. Neoliberal Economic Policies
61. Globalization
62. Automation/Technology
63. Decline of Unions
64. Confronting Social Problems 2.4 Moving Up or Down in Social Class
65. Check Your Understanding
66. Social Problems That Cause Economic Inequality
67. Racism
68. Sexism
69. Educational Inequalities
70. Social and Cultural Capital
71. Confronting Social Problems 2.5 Inequality and Mobility
72. Check Your Understanding
73. Social Problems Caused by Economic Inequality
74. Health Problems and Human Rights Violations
75. Loss of Contributions to Society
76. Harm to the Environment
77. Increased Violence
78. Government Instability
79. Problems for Individuals
80. Confronting Social Problems 2.6 Social Problems and Economic Inequality
81. Check Your Understanding
82. Solving the Social Problem of Economic Inequality: Policies, Movements, and Action
83. Evaluating Solutions
84. Solutions Based on Social Reproduction Theory
85. Solutions Based on the Davis–Moore Hypothesis
86. U.S. Policies That Decreased Economic Inequality in the Past
87. The New Deal
88. The War on Poverty
89. Current Policies and Economic Inequality
90. Economic Redistribution Policies
91. Solutions Involving Labor Unions
92. Social Movements to Reduce Economic Inequality
93. The $15/Hour Minimum Wage Movement
94. How Sociological Tools Can Help Us Understand and Address Economic Inequality
95. Confronting Social Problems 2.7 Reducing Economic Inequality
96. Check Your Understanding
97. Conclusion
98. Review
99. Discussion Questions
100. Key Terms
101. Chapter 3 Recognizing Racism and Racial Inequalities
102. What Is Race?
103. Confronting Social Problems 3.1 How Do We Identify Each Other?
104. Check Your Understanding
105. What Is Racism?
106. Confronting Social Problems 3.2 Explaining Prejudice and Racism
107. Check Your Understanding
108. Why Does Racial Inequality Exist?
109. Racially Discriminatory Laws and Policies
110. Slavery and Jim Crow Laws
111. Redlining
112. Urban Renewal, White Flight, and Gentrification
113. The Wealth Gap
114. Schools
115. Economic, Social, and Cultural Capital
116. Confronting Social Problems 3.3 Racial Privilege
117. Check Your Understanding
118. Why Do Racial Inequality and Racism Persist?
119. Inherited Wealth, Schools, and Racism in the Criminal Justice System
120. Confronting Social Problems 3.4 Origins of the Black–White Wealth Gap
121. Blaming Culture
122. Check Your Understanding
123. What Social Problems Relate to Racism and Racial Inequalities?
124. Voter Suppression
125. Confronting Social Problems 3.5 Racism and Voter Suppression
126. Discrimination in Employment
127. The Informal Economy and Gangs
128. Check Your Understanding
129. How Can We Challenge and Address Racism and Racial Inequality?
130. Gaining Education and Changing Institutions
131. Confronting Social Problems 3.6 Making a Difference
132. Participating in Social Movements and Voting
133. Check Your Understanding
134. Conclusion
135. Review
136. Discussion Questions
137. Key Terms
138. Chapter 4 Examining Gender Inequalities
139. How Does the Social Constructionist Perspective Help Us Understand Gender
Inequality?
140. The Social Construction of Gender
141. Different Ways of Doing Gender
142. Confronting Social Problems 4.1 How Does the Media Construct Gender
Norms?
143. Broadening Our Gender Lens: Intersectionality
144. Where Does Gender Inequality Happen?
145. Check Your Understanding
146. The Roots of Contemporary Gender Inequality: Identifying Patriarchal Culture
147. Confronting Social Problems 4.2 The Underlying Cause of Contemporary
Gender Inequality
148. Check Your Understanding
149. Contemporary Gender Inequality in the Workplace
150. Defining the Gender Wage Gap
151. Explaining the Wage Gap: Occupational Segregation
152. Explaining the Wage Gap: Employer Preference and Discrimination
153. Explaining the Wage Gap: The Glass Ceiling
154. Confronting Social Problems 4.3 Making Sense of the COVID-19 “Shecession”
155. Explaining the Wage Gap: Sexual Harassment and Hostile Work Environments
156. Explaining the Wage Gap: The Glass Escalator
157. Explaining the Wage Gap: Gender Socialization
158. Check Your Understanding
159. Men’s Violence Against Women
160. Rape and Sexual Violence
161. Sexual Assault on College Campuses
162. Street Harassment
163. Cyber Harassment and Digital Abuse
164. Confronting Social Problems 4.4 What Is Rape Culture?
165. Check Your Understanding
166. How Do Today’s Gender Expectations Impact Boys and Men?
167. Work-Related Injuries and Death
168. Suicide and Other Health Issues: The Stigma of Vulnerability and
Victimization
169. Confronting Social Problems 4.5 “Man Up”
170. Family Engagement
171. Check Your Understanding
172. Other Gendered Social Problems
173. Mass Shootings as a Gendered Social Problem
174. Sexual Objectification of Women in the Media and Pornification of Culture
175. Confronting Social Problems 4.6 Mass Shooters and Gender
176. Regulating and Policing Women’s Bodies
177. Check Your Understanding
178. Gender-Based Movements and Social Change
179. Confronting Social Problems 4.7 Social Movements That Address Gender
Inequality
180. Check Your Understanding
181. Conclusion
182. Review
183. Discussion Questions
184. Key Terms
185. Chapter 5 Focusing on Sex and Sexualities
186. Sex and Sexualities
187. Sexual Orientation
188. Types of Sexual Orientations
189. Other Conceptions of Sexualities
190. Confronting Social Problems 5.1 Defining and Reflecting on Sexualities and
Sexual Orientation
191. Social Problems and Sex and Sexualities
192. Check Your Understanding
193. Social Responses to Sex and Sexualities
194. Sodomy Laws
195. Confronting Social Problems 5.2 The Relationship Between Laws and
Structural Inequalities
196. Sex Work Laws
197. Sexual Abuse and Assault Laws
198. Sex Trafficking and Sexual Slavery
199. Sexual Orientation Laws
200. Treatment of LGBTQ People in the Military
201. Same-Sex Families and the Law
202. Confronting Social Problems 5.3 Sexuality-Related Laws Across Countries
203. Check Your Understanding
204. Enforcing Sexual Norms at the Micro Level
205. Backlash Against LGBTQ Gains
206. Anti-LGBTQ Hate Crimes: Bullying, Harassment, and Violence in Schools and
the Workplace
207. Bullying and Harassment in Schools
208. Bullying and Harassment at Work
209. Confronting Social Problems 5.4 Assessment of LGBTQ Acceptance in Your
Social Environment
210. Socioeconomic and Health Consequences of Anti-LGBTQ Discrimination
211. Medical Care
212. Check Your Understanding
213. Why Attitudes Toward Sex and Sexualities Change
214. Moral Panics
215. Moral Panic and Sex Offenders
216. Changing Norms Around Sexual Behavior Outside of Marriage
217. Shifting Attitudes on Sexual Orientation and Same-Sex Marriage
218. Check Your Understanding
219. Conclusion
220. Review
221. Discussion Questions
222. Key Terms
223. Part II Global Population Problems
224. Chapter 6 Preparing for Aging Societies
225. What Is Population Aging?
226. Measuring Population Age
227. Why Do Populations Age?
228. Demographic Transition in Theory and Practice
229. Examples of Aging Populations
230. Confronting Social Problems 6.1 Population Aging in the United States
231. Check Your Understanding
232. What Social Problems Accompany Aging Societies?
233. Sustainability of Social Security and Other Entitlements
234. Medical Expenditures and Demand for Health Care Services
235. Critical Perspectives on the “Gray Tsunami”
236. Micro-Level Aging Challenges
237. Aging, Inequalities, and Later-Life Well-Being: Socioeconomic Status, Gender,
and Race/Ethnicity
238. Poverty and Inequalities Within Older Populations
239. Confronting Social Problems 6.2 What Messages About Aging Does Popular
Culture Convey?
240. Social Status, Age, and Discrimination
241. Intergenerational Conflict
242. Check Your Understanding
243. What Are Governments Doing to Prepare for Aging Populations?
244. Retirement Age, Pension Reform, and Social Security Policies
245. Confronting Social Problems 6.3 Mandatory Age-Based Retirement
246. Health Care for Aging Societies
247. Family-Focused Programs and Reproductive Incentives
248. Immigration Policies
249. Check Your Understanding
250. What Can Local Communities Do to Improve Conditions of Aging?
251. Slowing the Rate of Population Aging in Local Communities
252. Promoting Aging in Place
253. Creating Age-Friendly Spaces
254. Transportation
255. Outdoor Spaces and Public Buildings
256. Social and Civic Life
257. Housing
258. Sociological Tools and Everyday Conversations
259. Confronting Social Problems 6.4 Cultivating Age-Friendly Awareness
260. Check Your Understanding
261. Conclusion
262. Review
263. Discussion Questions
264. Key Terms
265. Chapter 7 Making Sense of Migration and Immigration
266. What Is Migration?
267. Confronting Social Problems 7.1 How Many Immigrants?
268. Check Your Understanding
269. The Social Construction of Immigrants as a Problem
270. The United States and the Social Construction of “Them”
271. The Incorporation of Newcomers: What Becomes of “Them”?
272. Confronting Social Problems 7.2 Identifying Assimilation Patterns in
Quantitative Data
273. Check Your Understanding
274. Social Problems Causing Migration
275. Personal Factors
276. “Push” Factors
277. “Pull” Factors
278. Intervening Obstacles
279. Confronting Social Problems 7.3 Push–Pull Profile
280. Check Your Understanding
281. Social Problems Affecting Immigrants
282. Discrimination
283. Confronting Social Problems 7.4 Immigrant Challenges
284. Check Your Understanding
285. Social Problems Caused by Immigration
286. Undocumented Immigration in the United States
287. The Undocumented Children of Undocumented Immigrants
288. Confronting Social Problems 7.5 Challenges for Host Societies
289. Dealing With Refugees and Asylees
290. Check Your Understanding
291. Conclusion
292. Review
293. Discussion Questions
294. Key Terms
295. Chapter 8 Researching Environmental Problems
296. The Link Between Environmental and Social Problems
297. Using and Losing Resources
298. Treadmills of Production and Consumption
299. Why Do We Always Want More?
300. Increasing Production Increases Material Waste and Environmental Harm
301. E-Waste
302. Reducing Waste
303. Confronting Social Problems 8.1 Giving Up Technology
304. Check Your Understanding
305. The Environmental Costs of Powering Our Lives
306. Growing Energy Demand Pushes Us to Riskier Energy Sources
307. Nuclear Energy
308. Confronting Social Problems 8.2 Communicating Danger
309. Renewable Energy as a Solution to Increasing Energy Demands
310. Past and Present Impediments to Renewable Energy
311. The Coming Demise of Fossil Fuel and the Rise of Renewable Energy
312. Check Your Understanding
313. Recognizing and Curbing Climate Change
314. What Is Climate Change?
315. Scientific Consensus
316. Where Do Greenhouse Gases Come From?
317. Effects of Climate Change
318. Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change
319. Confronting Social Problems 8.3 Climate Change
320. Check Your Understanding
321. Food and Agriculture
322. Technological Advancements in Agriculture: The Good and the Bad
323. Treadmills of Production in Agriculture
324. Confronting Social Problems 8.4 Pros and Cons of Industrial Agriculture
325. Solutions to Problems in the Food System
326. Check Your Understanding
327. Confronting Environmental Injustice
328. Historical Context of the Environmental Justice Movement
329. Confronting Social Problems 8.5 Historic Land Use and Modern
Environmental Injustice
330. Check Your Understanding
331. Conclusion
332. Review
333. Discussion Questions
334. Key Terms
335. Chapter 9 Contesting Crime
336. The Social Construction of Crime
337. Distinguishing Deviance and Crime
338. The Case of Murder
339. Confronting Social Problems 9.1 When You are Expected to Commit Crimes
340. Check Your Understanding
341. Mistakes in Claim Construction
342. Confronting Social Problems 9.2 Fear of Crime Versus Reality
343. The Media
344. Claims-Making With Statistics
345. Check Your Understanding
346. Class, Race, Gender, and Critical Criminology
347. Confronting Social Problems 9.3 Critical Race Theory
348. Check Your Understanding
349. Social Problems That Cause Crime
350. Problems With the Criminal Justice System
351. Neighborhood Problems
352. Economic Structures
353. Confronting Social Problems 9.4 Applying Theories to Reduce Crime
354. Check Your Understanding
355. Conclusion
356. Review
357. Discussion Questions
358. Key Terms
359. Chapter 10 Understanding War and Terrorism
360. Understanding War as a Social Problem
361. Sociological Theories of War
362. Marx’s and Weber’s Perspectives on War
363. Total Wars, Just Wars, and the Functions of Wars
364. Confronting Social Problems 10.1 War and Terrorism
365. Check Your Understanding
366. Seeing War as a Social Problem
367. The Vietnam War
368. War in the 21st Century
369. New Technology and New Ways to Fight Wars
370. Confronting Social Problems 10.2 War and Social Problems
371. Check Your Understanding
372. War’s Impact on Society
373. Guns Versus Butter
374. Individual Costs of War
375. The Hidden Wounds of War
376. Confronting Social Problems 10.3 Guns vs. Butter
377. Check Your Understanding
378. Understanding Terrorism as a Social Problem
379. Confronting Social Problems 10.4 Defining Terrorism
380. 9/11 and Terrorism as a Social Problem
381. Terrorism, the Media, and Moral Panics
382. Check Your Understanding
383. Consequences of Terrorism
384. Confronting Social Problems 10.5 Consequences of Terrorism
385. The Social and Individual Costs of Terrorism
386. Check Your Understanding
387. Confronting War and Terrorism
388. International Efforts to Prevent and Mitigate the Effects of War
389. Social Movements
390. Stopping Terrorism
391. Confronting Social Problems 10.6 Efforts to Stop War and Terrorism
392. Check Your Understanding
393. Conclusion
394. Review
395. Discussion Questions
396. Key Terms
397. Note
398. Part III Institutional Problems
399. Chapter 11 Identifying Problems in the Criminal Justice System
400. The U.S. Criminal Justice System
401. Components of the Criminal Justice System
402. Criminalization
403. Types of Criminal Offenses
404. Origins of Law—Consensus Versus Conflict
405. Confronting Social Problems 11.1 Changing Laws Over Time
406. Questioning the Criminal Justice System
407. Check Your Understanding
408. Policing
409. Policing as Dangerous Work
410. Broken Windows
411. Race and Policing
412. Traffic Stops
413. Stop and Frisk
414. Police Use of Force
415. A “Ferguson Effect”?
416. Improving Policing
417. Confronting Social Problems 11.2 Measuring Your Legal Cynicism
418. Check Your Understanding
419. Courts and Corrections
420. Why Do We Punish?
421. The Wealth Gap in Justice
422. Jail or Bail?
423. Reforming Bail
424. If You Cannot Afford an Attorney ...
425. The White-Collar Premium
426. Confronting Social Problems 11.3 What Would You Do?
427. Mass Incarceration
428. Mass Probation and Parole
429. Check Your Understanding
430. Criminal Records
431. The “Ban-the-Box” Movement
432. Confronting Social Problems 11.4 Criminal Activities Checklist
433. Expungement of Criminal Records
434. Check Your Understanding
435. Conclusion
436. Review
437. Discussion Questions
438. Key Terms
439. Chapter 12 Discovering Problems in the Family
440. What Is a Family?
441. Personal Definitions Versus Official/Legal Definitions
442. Confronting Social Problems 12.1 Definitions of Family
443. Private Versus Public Views of Families
444. Three Ways to Think About Social Problems as They Pertain to Families
445. Check Your Understanding
446. Social Construction of Families as Problems
447. Cultural Shifts in Marital Expectations
448. Confronting Social Problems 12.2 Relationship Expectations
449. Family Structure and the Construction of the “Ideal” Family
450. Heterosexual Marriage
451. Same-Sex Marriage
452. Divorce
453. Cohabitation
454. Nonmarital Childbearing
455. Social Construction of “Bad Mothers”
456. Check Your Understanding
457. Family Problems as Social Problems
458. Child Marriage
459. Family Violence
460. Child Maltreatment
461. Intimate Partner Violence and Coercion
462. Elder Abuse
463. Paid Work and Caregiving
464. Confronting Social Problems 12.3 Parental Regrets Online
465. Check Your Understanding
466. Social Problems Affecting Families
467. Poverty’s Effects on Families
468. Confronting Social Problems 12.4 Parenting on the Minimum Wage
469. Debt and Families
470. Mass Incarceration’s Effects on Families
471. Check Your Understanding
472. Conclusion
473. Review
474. Discussion Questions
475. Key Terms
476. Chapter 13 Pursuing Equity in Education
477. Education and Schooling
478. Confronting Social Problems 13.1 Making the Familiar Strange: Formal
Schooling
479. Check Your Understanding
480. The Purpose of Education
481. Status Attainment: Schools as the Great Equalizer
482. Social Reproduction
483. Critical Pedagogy
484. Confronting Social Problems 13.2 Legislative Bans of Critical Race Theory
485. Check Your Understanding
486. Social Problems in Education and Schools
487. Education: A Human Right Not Accessible to All
488. Inequality Among Schools
489. Funding
490. Segregation
491. Inequity Within Schools
492. Academic Tracking
493. Discipline Disparities
494. Hidden Curriculum
495. Confronting Social Problems 13.3 How Schools Create and Maintain
Inequality
496. Inequality Outside of Schools
497. Check Your Understanding
498. Reforms That Can Improve Education Systems
499. Expanding Access to Education
500. Changing the School Experience
501. Supplementing Classroom Instruction
502. Restructuring Education Funding
503. Confronting Social Problems 13.4 Education Equity
504. Diversifying the Teaching Profession
505. Check Your Understanding
506. Conclusion
507. Review
508. Discussion Questions
509. Key Terms
510. Chapter 14 Prioritizing Health and Health Care Inequalities
511. Understanding Health and Health-Related Social Problems
512. How Our Understanding of Illness Affects Our Responses to It
513. Medicalization
514. Confronting Social Problems 14.1 The Social Construction of Health and
Illness Through Advertisements
515. Demedicalization
516. Check Your Understanding
517. How Social Problems Affect Health
518. Economic Inequality and Health
519. Racial Inequality and Health
520. Gender Inequality and Health
521. Social Isolation and Health
522. Confronting Social Problems 14.2 Examining Social Determinants of Health
523. Check Your Understanding
524. Social Problems and Inequalities in the Health Care System
525. Inequality in the Health Care System
526. Confronting Social Problems 14.3 Imagining Health Policy
527. Check Your Understanding
528. Facing Health Challenges Collectively
529. Confronting Social Problems 14.4 How You Can Make a Difference
530. Check Your Understanding
531. Conclusion
532. Review
533. Discussion Questions
534. Key Terms
535. Chapter 15 Realizing the Power—and Vulnerability—of Institutions
536. Why Does a Society Need Social Institutions?
537. Societies That Do Not Have Effective Institutions
538. Karachi, Pakistan
539. Venezuela
540. Confronting Social Problems 15.1 Belonging to Groups and Institutions
541. Check Your Understanding
542. Why Do Institutions Fail?
543. Institutional Failure in Venezuela and Pakistan
544. Confronting Social Problems 15.2 Legitimate and Illegitimate Power
545. Check Your Understanding
546. The Rise of Authoritarian Governments
547. Authoritarianism: Here Now and Nothing New
548. Activating Authoritarianism
549. Sowing Doubt in Democratic Institutions—“I Alone Can Fix It”
550. Confronting Social Problems 15.3 Democracy Versus Authoritarianism
551. Check Your Understanding
552. Declining Confidence in Institutions in the United States
553. Loss of Confidence in the Media
554. Declining Satisfaction With Democracy
555. Confronting Social Problems 15.4 Satisfaction With Democracies
556. Check Your Understanding
557. How Can Social Problems Weaken Institutions?
558. The Great Depression: The New Deal in the United States and the Rise of
Fascism in Germany
559. Social Media and Tribalism
560. Confronting Social Problems 15.5 How Can Social Problems Weaken
Institutions?
561. Check Your Understanding
562. How Can We Save Our Social Institutions?
563. Confronting Social Problems 15.6 The Tragedy of the Commons
564. Restoring Trust in Government
565. Organize effectively
566. Vote
567. How Sociology Can Help You Save Our Social Institutions
568. Check Your Understanding
569. Conclusion
570. Review
571. Discussion Questions
572. Key Terms
573. Appendix: Addressing Social Problems Through Service-Learning
574. Fundamentals of Service-Learning
575. Reflection as a Key Element of Service-Learning
576. Benefits of Service-Learning
577. Students
578. Community
579. Faculty
580. The Institution
581. Types of Service-Learning
582. Traditional Service-Learning
583. Critical Service-Learning
584. Research-Focused Service-Learning
585. Service-Learning in Online Courses
586. Assessment of Service-Learning
587. Reflection Activities
588. Tips for Faculty Considering Service-Learning
589. Managing Risk and Liability Issues
590. Working With Community Partners
591. Service-Learning in a Social Problems Course
592. Creating a Service-Learning Course
593. Preparing the Syllabus
594. Sample Goals for a Social Problems Course
595. Sample Objectives for a Social Problems Course
596. Sample Assignments for a Social Problems Course
597. Additional Advice for Faculty
598. Glossary
599. References
600. Index
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almost continually, and completely covers the few paths that are
passable in summer.
The soldiers, encouraged by their general, who had no idea of the
dangers of the passage, arrived at the tops of the mountains, but
could go no farther. One hundred and fifty Spaniards, and ten
thousand Peruvians, there died by cold and hunger.
The whole army would have perished, had not Almagro resolutely
pushed forward with a few horsemen and reached the plains of
Copiapo, and then sent back provisions to the exhausted and dying
soldiers. Those of the more robust constitutions were, by this means,
saved.
The inhabitants of Copiapo, which is the first province in Chili,
received these worn and hungry strangers with all the rites of friendly
hospitality. The Peruvians had been long held in respect by the
Chilians of that province; and the Spaniards, as incorporated with the
soldiers of Peru, were welcomed by the Ulmen or governor of
Copiapo.
He was probably a vain man, and wished to impress the
Spaniards with a high idea of his wealth and power: we cannot
otherwise account for the infatuation of his conduct. Had he been a
wise man, he would have known that avarice is never satisfied—that
to feed is only to increase it.
Be that as it may, he had, it seems, learned the prevailing passion
of the Spaniards for gold, and he collected from his people a sum
equal to 500,000 ducats, and presented them to Almagro. One
would think such a rich present deserved to be gratefully
remembered.
But those who worship mammon allow no feelings of friendship or
gratitude to interfere with their selfish propensities. Under the pretext
that the Ulmen had usurped the government which belonged to his
nephew, Almagro arrested the chief of Copiapo, and kept him a
prisoner.
About the same time two Spanish soldiers, having separated from
the rest of the army, proceeded to Guasco, where they were at first
well received, but were afterwards put to death by the inhabitants, in
consequence, no doubt, of some acts of violence, which soldiers,
freed from the control of their officers, are very apt to commit.
This was the first European blood spilt in Chili,—a country
afterwards so copiously sprinkled with it.
Had Almagro wished to preserve peace, and impartially examined
the whole transaction, he would, undoubtedly, have found the
Chilians justified by the laws of nations and of nature, in the act they
had committed. True, it was rash, and it afforded him a pretext,
which was all he wanted, to begin his cruel oppressions.
Almagro seized the Ulmen of the district in which his soldiers
were put to death, his brother and twenty of the principal inhabitants,
and without even accusing them of being concerned in the murder,
indeed without assigning any reason at all for his conduct, he
ordered them to be burnt. At the same time he also consigned the
Ulmen of Copiapo to the flames.
Who will say that the savage crime, even allowing the two soldiers
were murdered without provocation, was to be compared in iniquity
to that retaliation in which the civilized Christian indulged? But the
savage never made gold his god.
The cruelty of the Spanish general, and the intentions he now
manifested of enslaving the Chilians, instead of terrifying, at once
roused that brave people to resistance.
It is a melancholy task to record the murders and cruelties of war,
but we cannot blame a people for resisting the progress of an
invading army, especially when they come, as the Spaniards did, to
plunder the country, and make the inhabitants slaves.
Almagro, however, was so elated with his success, and felt so
secure of conquering all Chili as easily as he had obtained the
command of Copiapo, that he would not hearken at all to his
Peruvian allies, who represented to him that the Chilians in the other
provinces were numerous and warlike. He advanced into the
province of the Promancians.
 At the first sight of the Spaniards, their horses, and the thundering
arms of Europe, these valiant people were almost petrified with
astonishment. But they soon recovered from their surprise, and
prepared to defend themselves. They met the Spaniards on the
shore of the Rio Claro. Almagro despised their force; he knew that
the red men had never been a match for Spanish valor, and so he
placed his Peruvian auxiliaries in front, intending, with his Spaniards,
to appear merely as spectators of the fight.
The Chilians soon routed these allies, or rather slaves of the
Spaniards, and then, nothing daunted by the horses, guns and
swords of the white men, they rushed on with a courage which the
superior discipline of the Spaniards could not resist. The battle was
furious, and continued till night separated the combatants.
The Promancians had lost many warriors, but they had also
destroyed many of their foes; and they encamped in sight of the
enemy, determined to renew the fight on the following morning. The
Spaniards, however, though they had kept the field, had no
inclination to dispute another such day. They had been accustomed
to subdue immense provinces with little or no resistance; but now
they had met with a bold and independent nation, who did not
believe them to be invincible or immortal.
Almagro, finding that his soldiers refused to fight again,
abandoned the enterprize, and immediately began his march for
Peru. He returned by the sea-coast; his dread of the perils of the
mountain road being fresh in his mind. On his return to Peru he
attempted to secure that government for himself, and for this
purpose fought a battle with Pizarro, by whom he was taken, tried
and beheaded as a disturber of the public peace.
Thus perished the first invader of Chili. The thirst of riches was
the moving spring of his expedition. He was disappointed; he then
sought to dispossess his friend Pizarro of the share he had obtained
in the New World, and by him was put to death; thus showing that
there can be no sincere friendships among the wicked.
THE RHINOCEROS.
 The Rhinoceros.

I know not how it may be with others, but I could never see a
rhinoceros without laughing. There was one in Boston a few years
ago, and he looked to me like an enormous pig with a very muddy
coat on. His shape, his aspect, his ways, were all swinish, and his
skin seemed entirely too large for him; it was therefore gathered up
in folds across his back and sides. He eat hay, though he seemed to
prefer sweet apples, corn and potatoes. He was a curiosity indeed.
I believe the rhinoceros to be the only creature that has a horn
upon his nose; and I do not see why that is not a good place for one,
if the creature wants a horn. This animal finds his convenient for
tearing away the trees in his passage through the woods, and
perhaps in digging up roots for food; and in his battles with the
elephant, he often gives his enemy a terrible scratch with it under the
ribs. So his horn answers at one time as a pickaxe, and at another it
is like a warrior’s spear: thus it serves the purposes of peace and
war; it brings sustenance, and it affords defence. Who then shall find
fault with nature for giving the rhinoceros a horn upon the nose?
If one horn upon the nose is a good thing, two must be better; so
there are some of these creatures that have two. The African
species, which is very powerful and numerous in some parts, has
two horns; the Asiatic species, found in India, has but one. This latter
kind is seldom more than six or seven feet long, but those of Africa
are sometimes twelve feet. They are, therefore, excepting the
elephant, the largest of quadrupeds.
In India the hunting of the rhinoceros is famous sport. The people
go out mounted upon elephants, and usually find five or six of these
animals in a drove. Their hides are so thick that it is difficult to kill
them. One will often receive twenty bullets before he falls. The
rhinoceros attacks an elephant fearlessly, and endeavors to get his
horn under him so as to rip him open. But the elephant, finding what
he would be at, turns his tail to the assailant, who gives him a hunch
behind, and tumbles his huge enemy upon his knees. Then the men
upon the elephant fire their guns and pepper the thick hide of the
rhinoceros with their bullets.
Thus goes the fight, and after many adventures, and much
danger, and plenty of accidents and hair breadth ’scapes, and a vast
waste of gunpowder and lead, the game usually runs away, or
perhaps it is left as a trophy of the sportsman’s skill and prowess
upon the field.
The rhinoceros feeds entirely upon vegetables, always living near
water, and taking a frequent wallow in the mud, or a bath in the
wave. He is fearful of man, and though dull of sight, has an acute
scent and a sharp ear, which enable him usually to keep out of reach
of the being he dreads so much. It is only when hunted and closely
pursued, that he turns to fight, and then he is fierce and formidable.
In confinement he becomes quiet and stupid, though he sometimes
gets into a fury, and then he rends his cage in pieces with ease. It is
almost impossible to confine him when his rage is excited.
 Briers and Berries.
’Twas on a gloomy, smoky day,
(If rightly I the date remember,
For certainly I cannot say,)
About the middle of September,
When I, astride my pacing grey,
Was plodding on my weary way,
To spend the night and preach the word
To people who had never heard
The gospel; or, to say the least,
Had never viewed it as a feast
Of fat things full of marrow.

In sadness as I rode along

And crossed the silver Unadilla,
The robin sung his plaintive song,
And faintly drooped the fading lily:
The smoky sky, no longer blue,
Assumed a dim and dusky grey;
And Autumn, o’er my feelings threw
The coloring of its own decay,
And filled my heart with sorrow.

I, in my mind, was pondering o’er

The miseries that beset the preacher:
The persecutions which he bore—
(The scoff and scorn of every creature—)
His heated brain—his frame worn down,
Emaciated and dyspeptic—
The hardened bigot’s iron frown—
The jeers and satire of the skeptic—
One mocking revelation’s page—
The other ridiculing reason—
And then the storms we must engage,
And all th’ inclemencies of season.

In this desponding, gloomy mood,

I rode perhaps a mile or two—
When lo! beside the way there stood
A little girl, with eyes of blue,
Light hair, and cheeks as red as cherries;
And through the briers, with much ado,
She wrought her way to pick the berries.

Quoth I, “My little girl, it seems

To me, you buy your berries dear;
For down your hand the red blood streams,
And down your cheek there rolls a tear.”
“O, yes,” said she, “but then, you know,
There will be briers where berries grow.”

These words came home with keen rebuke

To me, who mourned life’s little jostles,
And called to mind the things that Luke
Has written of the first apostles,
Who faced the foe without a fear,
And counted even life not dear.

And since, from that good hour to this,

Come pleasant or come stormy weather,
I still reflect that human bliss
And human wo are mixed together:
Come smiling friend or frowning foe—
‘There will be briers where berries grow.’
Browne.
 The Crows’ Court of Law.

There is a kind of crow which is seen in the south of England in

flocks about the middle of autumn; it is called the hooded crow.
These crows go away towards the north in spring; they are very
tame, and will go into the yards of houses to pick up food.
They are not very like the common crows, for their backs are ash-
colored, and their heads, throat, wings and tail, are black, and they
have two cries; one of them being like the voice of the common crow,
and the other something like the crowing of a cock.
It is said that in some places where these birds are found, one or
two hundred of them will now and then meet together, as if upon
some fixed plan, and at these times a few of them sit with drooping
heads, and others look very grave, as if they were judges, and
others are very bustling and noisy.
In about an hour the meeting breaks up, when one or two are
generally found dead, and it has been supposed that this meeting is
a sort of trial of some crows who have behaved ill, and who are
punished in this severe way for their bad behavior.
 The Story of the Supposed Miser.

A great many miles to the east is a country called France, in the

southern part of which is a large city called Marseilles. In this place
there once lived a man by the name of Guizot. He was always busy,
and seemed very anxious to get money, either by his industry, or in
some other way.
He was poorly clad, and his food was of the simplest and
cheapest kind. He lived alone, and denied himself all the luxuries
and many of the comforts of life.
He was honest and faithful, never taking that which was not his
own, and always performing his promises; yet the people of
Marseilles thought he was a miser, and they held him in great
contempt. As he passed along the streets, the rich men looked on
him with scorn, and the poor hissed and hooted at him. Even the
boys would cry out, “There goes old Skinflint; there goes old Greedy
Gizzard.”
But the old man bore all this insult with gentleness and patience.
Day by day, he went to his labor, and day by day, as he passed
through the crowd, he was saluted with taunts, and sneers, and
reproaches.
Thus, time passed on, and poor Guizot was now more than eighty
years of age. But he still continued the same persevering industry,
still lived in the same saving, simple manner as before.
Though he was now bent almost double, and though his hair was
thin and white as snow; though his knees tottered as he went along
the streets; still the rude jokes and hisses of the throng pursued him
wherever he went.
But, at length, the old man died, and it was ascertained that he
had heaped together, in gold and silver, a sum equal to two hundred
thousand dollars. On looking over his papers, his will was found, in
which were the following words:
 “I was once poor, and I observed that the poor people of
Marseilles suffered very much for the want of pure, fresh
water. I have devoted my life to the saving of a sum of money
sufficient to build an aqueduct to supply the city of Marseilles
with pure water, so that the poor may have a full supply.”
 The Mouth.

The mouth was made to eat and speak with. It is therefore a

pretty convenient and useful thing, and we could not well do without
it.
But the mouth, like almost everything else, needs to be taken care
of. Sometimes the mouth will pout, and make a child look very
disagreeable.
Sometimes the mouth will eat very fast, and get too much in at a
time. Don’t let your mouth do any such things as these!
I forgot to tell you another very curious thing about the mouth, and
that is, that it laughs! I believe dogs, and cats, and pigs, and hens,
and geese, never laugh; but children laugh, and old people too,
sometimes.
It is well enough to laugh, at proper times. I love to see children
laugh in their play. I love to see them laugh when I tell a funny story.
But I never like to see any one laugh at the misfortune of another.
Tell me, little reader, did your mouth ever laugh at another child
because he was poor? or because he was poorly dressed? or
because he fell down and hurt himself? or because he happened to
know less than you do?
If your mouth has ever done any of these naughty things, I pray
you, little reader, teach your mouth better manners.
 Peter Pilgrim’s Account of his Schoolmates.
No. 3.

One of my schoolmates, named Dick Dashall, was a wild rattle-

headed fellow, always sure to get into mischief, but slow enough to
get out of the quagmire. His parents and brothers were poor farming
people, who had hard work to make both ends meet, and could ill
afford even the very trifling cost attending Dick’s education. Dick had
been intended for the hard-working profession of a farmer, but that
honest calling did not at all jump with his restless humor. He never
could see the fun and philosophy of rising with the dawn, and “yoking
up” to follow the plough through the field, or the iron harrow over the
furrows. He did not like the tedious work of planting corn and
potatoes, and still less the more laborious employ of “covering up” or
“hilling up,” or getting in the crops; nor did he relish any of the
various details of hay-making and harvesting. He had no objection,
however, to the merry husking frolic, for then, in the general sport
and confusion, he managed to avoid work himself, while he listened
with both his big ears to the diverting tales that were often on such
occasions related by those present. He disliked as much the tedious
employment of riding the old cart-horse in the plough, as he
delighted in scampering away on his bare back all over the country
side, when he could contrive to get possession of the poor beast.
And when he did accomplish that desired object, never was the dull
animal so worked by his owners; for away the madcap would ride,
without saddle, bridle, spur or stirrup, guiding him only with an old
rope, and urging him on with a big bludgeon of a stick, with which he
failed not well to belabor the ribs of his steed, till they fairly bled and
ached again. At length, one of his runaway frolics terminated fatally
to the poor brute, whom he attempted to swim across a rapid and
deep river near the village, in which essay the horse was drowned,
and Dick only escaped by skilful swimming, which was almost the
only valuable accomplishment that he possessed.
 Dick seemed to be filled with the very evil spirit of all mischief.
The book and task were perfectly odious to him, and if left to follow
his own inclination, he never would have learned either to read or
write; indeed, as it was, his best attempts with the pen looked more
like pot-hooks and fish-hooks than good civilized letters. No mortal
could have deciphered them. And then his copybook was one blotch
of ink from beginning to end. His arithmetic and grammar books,
though showing, by their numerous thumb-marks and “dog’s-ears,”
that they had been pretty thoroughly handled by his seldom-washed
fingers, were about as intelligible to him as so many volumes of
Greek or Arabic; the deep lore contained in their pages was much
too profound for his understanding, and never did any ideas from
them penetrate the thickness and dulness of his brain; or, if they ever
by any chance found an entrance there, they must have laid in a
torpid state, for no one could ever discover that such scraps of
knowledge existed in his head, through the outlet of the tongue and
voice.
But though Dick could not inscribe legible characters with his pen,
yet he had a sort of natural talent for drawing rude sketches with
pencil, pen, or even a bit of charcoal; and most ridiculous and
striking caricatures would he produce with them. The droll
expression and awkward figure of the old pedagogue himself
furnished him with a fertile subject for his wit, and various and
laughable were the burlesque representations he gave of him. Every
scrap of paper that he could lay hands on, every piece of broken
slate, and even the very walls of the school-house and the board
fences in the neighborhood, were covered with all sorts of strange
figures, hit off, too, with no little talent and humor. This love for
sketching and caricaturing seemed to be the peculiar bent of his
genius, and it proved to him and his mates a source of great
amusement.
When the term of his instruction had well-nigh expired, and it
became necessary for him to decide to what species of employment
he should devote his talents and attention, it happened that an
itinerant portrait-painter strolled into the village, and, taking the best
room of the inn, announced, through a staring painted placard at the
window, that he was ready to paint, for a small consideration, the
portraits of the good people of the place, in a most artist-like and
expeditious manner. Nor was he long without his patrons. First the
squire, and then the parson and his lady, and the doctor with his
lady, and a half-score of children, and then many of the most
substantial farmers and tradesmen of the vicinity, were seen to enter
at the inn-door, and in a few days return to their several homes, each
one bearing in his hands a large highly-colored piece of canvass, in
which one might perhaps detect some remote likeness to the bearer
or some of his family. Finally, the worthy innkeeper himself, with his
rosy-faced dame, and some half-dozen overgrown daughters,
figured in full-length beauty, in one mingled group, upon the artist’s
canvass; and presently a span-new sign-board of “the white horse”
was seen creaking and swinging in all the freshness of new paint
from the tall sign-post at the tavern door. This flaming specimen of
the fine arts proved a great object of admiration and remark with all
the grown gossips and little children of the village, till at length, the
“nine days” having elapsed, the wonder ceased.
Dick very soon made the acquaintance, and gained the good will
of the artist, first by running on all his errands, in his communication
with his patrons, and afterwards by his unfeigned expressions of
admiration at the inspection of the “artist’s gallery,” which comprised
a few dauby copies of the old masters, and a number of unpaid and
unclaimed portraits from the artist’s own easel. Before the worthy
artist took leave of the village, Dick had so far ingratiated himself into
his favor, that he agreed to take him with him, and impart to him all
the knowledge of his art that he was able to give, receiving in return
due assistance from Dick, as a sort of artist-of-all-work, which phrase
might be understood to comprise any and all kinds of menial
occupation. But Dick was deeply smitten with the love of painting,
and eagerly caught at this golden opportunity of ridding himself from
the irksome drudgery of book and task, and learn to be a painter of
faces himself, while at the same time he should have some
opportunity of seeing in his rambles not a little of the men and
manners of the world.
 Poor little Dick! when he set forth “to fresh fields and pastures
new,” with an adventurous desire to try his fortunes in the world, he
little anticipated the troubles and perplexities that would beset his
way. The honest artist to whom he had attached himself was neither
a Raphael nor a Vandyke, and the share of patronage he met with in
the humble places where he set up his easel, was very limited in
degree, and unprofitable to the pocket. In some villages which they
visited in their rounds, they found that rival artists had reaped such
scanty harvests as the poverty of the villages afforded; and in other
places they found, to their sorrow, that the flinty inhabitants were no
upholders of art, and felt no ambition to hand down the “counterfeit
presentment” of their features to posterity. So, as there was only
starvation to be had, there was nothing to be done but to pack up
their slender wardrobe, with the paints and pencils, and migrate to a
more enlightened region. The poor artist was, however, both kind
and liberal, so far as his means went, to his little charge, and when
he received his hard-earned dollar, as the recompense of many a
patient hour of toil, he freely shared it with him; and so long as the
treasure lasted, they did not lack for the best of good fare, at village
tavern or rural farmhouse. Oftentimes it chanced that their treasury
was entirely exhausted, and neither paper or specie payments were
forthcoming to defray the needful expenses of the way. At such
times, the cost of coach-ride, or even wagon conveyance, being
beyond their reach, their only resource was, to convey their bodies
from place to place upon those natural supports which Nature has
kindly supplied us with, but which often complain of an undue
proportion of fatigue after a long day’s progress in a hot summer’s
day. But poor Dick ever made the best of it, and shouldering his little
bundle, stumped on stoutly at the side of his master, often beguiling
the toil and length of the travel with a merry heart, and a cheerful
singing voice. The natural beauties of the scenes through which they
passed were not lost upon them, nor did the wild rose at the road-
side blush unseen of them, or the sweet lily of the valley waste its
fragrant breath in vain. They each had the artist’s eye and soul to
enjoy the loveliness of the bending and painted skies, the waving
woods, the verdant grass, and the flowing stream.
“Even the air they breathed, the light they saw,
 Became religion; for the ethereal spirit
That to soft music wakes the chords of feeling,
And mellows everything to beauty, moved
With cheering energy within their breasts,
And made all holy there—for all was love.
The morning stars, that sweetly sang together,
The moon, that hung at night in the mid-sky,
Day-spring and eventide, and all the fair
And beautiful forms of nature, had a voice
Of eloquent worship.”
Every pretty flower that bloomed in the hedge, or at the wood-
borders, Dick would diligently gather, and carefully preserve in a little
book, which he carried with him for that purpose. Many a colored
butterfly with its wings of powdered gold, and many a nameless
insect, streaked or spotted with all the rich hues of the rainbow,
would he hunt down and add to his collection. His great delight at the
close of the ramble consisted in copying, with his paints, the rich
colors of these beautiful objects; and soon he had formed quite a
portable museum of pretty prints, flowers and insects; and in this
recreation he received no little aid from his kind-hearted teacher. He
soon became a proficient in the art of mingling colors, and by a
zealous application to the details of art, in a short time was able to
sketch a scene or strike off a likeness with considerable faithfulness
and ability. So great was his love of the art, that he really derived
much pleasure from his rambles, long and difficult as they often
were. In the course of a few months’ practice, he had learned all that
his teacher had to communicate; and it was often asserted by their
rustic patrons that the little painter was in no respect inferior to his
principal with the brush. Indeed, so conscious were they themselves
of this fact, that an equal partnership was formed between them, and
whatever sums fell into their exchequer, were shared equally
between them.
But, alas! there is an end to all human enjoyment, and a
severance of all earthly ties. The poor artist, what with the fatigues of
journeying, often at inclement seasons, and with the wearing labors
of his long and tedious tasks, had gradually undermined a
constitution naturally infirm; and his poor little protegè, as he gazed
sorrowfully upon his wan face and wasted form, saw plainly that the
one was getting paler, and the other thinner and thinner, every day;
and soon was impressed with the certainty that they must soon part
from each other, and that that parting would be at the grave’s foot.
And so indeed it turned out, when a year or two had elapsed from
the commencement of their connection. The elder artist, after
struggling on with all his resolution, and unwilling to yield to the
insidious advances of disease, was at length completely exhausted
and subdued. He sank down on the way at the door of a little village
public house, where he was obliged to take to his bed, and receive
the aids and doses of the doctors, in the feeble hope of a restoration
to health. But in vain; his poor frame, already so much reduced, grew
feebler and feebler day by day, and his sunken cheek grew still more
hollow, and the little light that sickness had lent to his eye trembled
and flickered, and then expired altogether; and finally the poor fellow,
after taking an affectionate and mournful farewell of Dick, and
bequeathing to him all the little possessions that he called his own,
resigned himself patiently to his fate, and without pain or struggle
“passed away.” Dick, after following his remains to the humble
church-yard, and pouring out his soul in the truest sorrow over his
dust, departed sad and solitary on his way. He assumed his poor
master’s easel and other implements, and followed “the painter’s
quiet trade” on his own account. He met with but indifferent success,
however; he painted the rough faces of country squires, and the
hard-favored features of their spouses, without number, but the
recompense he received therefor scarcely served to find him in
“meat and manger.” After struggling with adversity for many a weary
year, and encountering every species of trial and disappointment
with the firmness of a martyr, he at length, in very despair, was
obliged to relinquish his beloved profession, and settle down quietly
in a flourishing town, where the products of his brush could be turned
to better account. He was forced to abandon entirely the higher
walks of art, and stoop to a humbler, but more profitable branch of
trade; devoting himself, in short, to the daubing of chairs, tables, and
vehicles of every description, and embellishing them with as many of
the “scientific touches” of his former calling as the time and pay