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CHAPTER 8
Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

Key Terms
1. Middle Ages
2. Muhammad
3. Five Pillars of Islam
4. Quran
5. Dome of the Rock
6. Mecca
7. caliphate
8. Byzantium
9. Empress Irene
10. Iconoclasm
11. Visigoth Spain
12. Donation of Constantine
13. Saint Patrick
14. Saint Bede
15. Alfred the Great
16. Merovingians
17. Charlemagne
18. missi dominici
19. Carolingian Renaissance
20. Alcuin
21. Treaty of Verdun
22. Slavs
23. Cyril
24. Methodius
25. Bulgaria
26. Vikings
27. Magyars
28. manor
29. Papal States
30. Orthodox
31. vassals
32. harams
33. Muslims
34. Ecloga
35. Icon
36. Augustine of Canterbury
37. Charles Martel
38. St. Columba
39. Abbess Hilda
40. Pope Gregory I

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

Essay Questions
41. Summarize the main features of Islamic religion up until the rise of the Abbasid dynasty.
Ans: Essays should survey Islamic beliefs and religious writing, from Muhammad's mystical experience to
the Quran, sunna, and hadith. The best answers will analyze and comment on the Suras quoted in the
textbook.
42. Survey the great Islamic conquest; what territories did it include, and what were some of the reasons for its
amazing success?
Ans: Look for a clear understanding of exactly where the Arab armies went. Some significant leaders such
as Umar should be mentioned, as well as, more importantly, the external and internal causes of the Arab
military achievement. The strengths and weaknesses of their opponents cannot be ignored.
43. Who were the Shi'ites and the Sunnis? What main issues divided them?
Ans: This very narrow question has particular relevance in the contemporary world. Students, however,
should show an appreciation for the historical importance of the split regardless of its impact on the United
States.
44. Discuss the Byzantine Empire and its culture during the early Middle Ages.
Ans: Essays should focus on the formidable challenges faced by the empire, particularly from the Muslims,
Slavs, and Bulgarians, and on the divisions caused by iconoclasm. Dynastic problems illustrated by the
reign of the unmotherly Irene might occur to some students. Examples of how the Byzantines transformed
the Roman governmental model should be mentioned. An appreciation of Byzantine culture is necessary for
a balanced essay.
45. What were some reasons for the emergence of the Papal States? How did the popes amass temporal as well
as spiritual authority during the early medieval period?
Ans: Answers should incorporate at least two of the points mentioned in the chapter: the assumption of
administrative functions by the bishops in the absence of a secular government and the role of the popes in
protecting the people of central Italy.
46. Discuss developments in England and Ireland during this period. How did they become Christian? What
was the main political problem for England?
Ans: Students should discuss the role of foreign missionaries (Saint Patrick, Saint Columba) and the
encouragement of converted kings and queens. They should also mention that England's problem was the
creation of a unified realm in the face of Viking attacks and the existence of several independent Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms.
47. Describe the rise to power of the Carolingian family and the creation of Charlemagne's empire. What were
some methods by which Charlemagne was able to control his large realm?
Ans: Answers should include expansion of the role of mayor of the palace, the prestige of Charles Martel,
and other factors mentioned in the chapter. Students should mention that Charlemagne's government
depended on the personal loyalty of his administrators, consultation with the assemblies, and the missi
dominici.
48. Discuss the Carolingian Renaissance. What was its lasting impact in the West?
Ans: Education, book production, monastic and legal reforms, and progress in art and architecture should
be mentioned, with examples given. The example of Alcuin's school stimulated the proliferation of schools
long after his death.
49. Analyze reasons for the breakup of the Carolingian Empire; which do you think was the most destructive to
imperial unity?
Ans: Student answers will vary, but all students should refer to several causes for the disintegration.
50. Compare and contrast the three heirs to the Greco-Roman world: Byzantium, Islam, and the West.
Ans: This synthetic essay should survey and compare, as best as the text permits, the economy, social
system, political system, religion, and intellectual and cultural life of the three societies.

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

51. How was the Great Mosque of Cordoba an example of how much had changed and at the same time, how
much had remained the same after the fall of Rome?
Ans: Essays should include that Roman arches and arcades remained but were now horse shoe in shape.
Students should discuss that shapes and colors emphasized local traditions, and many shapes were an
imitation of Roman aqueducts. They should also mention that many features had both Syrian and Byzantine
characteristics and that the building itself had a basilican shape, with the alter space once used for
Christian ritual now oriented to the Qibla wall, which faced Mecca
52. Compare the “House of Wisdom” established in 832 by the Abbasid caliph with that of the palace school
started by Charlemagne (pages 216-217).
Ans. Answers will be rooted in the visual record. Students can use the architecture as a starting point for a
comparative examination of the separate cultural flowerings.

53. Compare and contrast the Carolingian experience of cultural expansion with that of the Roman Empire
which you studied in previous chapters. Make sure to give specific examples of each to illustrate your
understanding of the two periods.
Ans: This will be a chance to get students to compare across chronological periods. Good answers will
include the similarities such as organization and military might, and detail the contrasts, such as the
integration of Christianity.

Multiple Choice
54. In the early Middle Ages, the three heirs to the Roman Empire shared all of the following except
A) the belief that each was chosen by God.
B) the same level of literacy and commerce.
C) an interaction of local customs and the Roman past.
D) the belief that their rulers were God's agents.
E) an attempt to balance mutual interests with bitter rivalries.
Ans: B Page: 197
55. According to the chapter, Islam
A) preached a faith that was old in its basic elements but new in its formulation.
B) conquered territories from Spain to the frontiers of China.
C) created an imperial system with a coherent government and ideology.
D) was founded by Muhammad who had received revelations to preach about Allah.
E) All of the above.
Ans: E Page: 198
56. Arabia in the early seventh century was
A) a society based on tribes and competitive trade.
B) a unified nation-state.
C) desert with no cities.
D) mostly Zoroastrian in religion.
E) long dominated by Roman and Persian Empires.
Ans: A Page: 198
57. Muhammad was a/an
A) schoolteacher born in Medina.
B) Bedouin warlord.
C) preacher who converted everyone in Mecca except his wife.
D) caravan trader.
E) orphan raised by local Bedouin tribes.
Ans: D Page: 198-199

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

58. The “Five Pillars” of Islam include all of the following except
A) the donation of significant alms to the poor.
B) holy war against all nonbelievers.
C) individual prayers five times daily.
D) one month of daytime fasting per year.
E) the profession of faith.
Ans: B Page: 199
59. What is the Hjira?
A) Muhammad’s conquest of Medina
B) the Islamic sacred text
C) the conversion of the Arab tribes
D) the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
E) the conquest of Mecca
Ans: D Page: 199

60. Which of the following does not describe the Quran?

A) It consists of 114 Suras (steps).
B) Each chapter emphasizes the individual worshipper.
C) Early versions of the Quran included commentaries.
D) It is written in simple and elegant prayer that symbolizes the transcendence of Allah.
E) There is an emphasis on the religious continuity of Muhammad’s teachings.
Ans: B Page: 200

61. Which of the following was not a “Rightly Guided Caliph”?

A) Umar
B) Abu Bakr
C) Abu’l Abbas
D) Ali
E) Uthman
Ans: C Pages: 201-202
62. All of the following are reasons for the rapid creation of the Muslim Empire except
A) the military weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
B) Muslim superiority in large-scale pitched battles.
C) the redirection of traditional violence out of Arabia and into foreign wars.
D) the disaffection of many groups within the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
E) Islam addressed regional and ethnic sensitivities, which enabled them to maintain local control.
Ans: B Page: 202
63. As Islam expanded, Jews and Christians were considered
A) “Peoples of the Book.”
B) sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were spared the choice of conversion or death.
C) sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were particularly evil traitors and deserved death.
D) infidels and expected to submit and convert.
E) both “Peoples of the Book,” and sharers in the same scriptural tradition and so they were spared the
choice of conversion or death.
Ans: E Page: 202

64. The differences between Shi’ites and Sunnis did not involve
A) the belief that Muhammad was a prophet.
B) the successors to Muhammad.
C) the standards of the ulama.
D) which group lived up to the good practices of Muhammad.
E) the legitimacy of the Umayyad and Abbasid line of ascendancy.
Ans: A Page: 203-204

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

65. Fundamental changes that transformed the eastern Roman Empire into Byzantium include all of the
following except
A) adoption of Christianity as the state religion.
B) sharp geographic contraction.
C) the creation of new military districts called themes.
D) neutralizing the powers of leading bureaucrats while multiplying the number of offices.
E) development of a more Eastern cultural orientation.
Ans: A Page: 204,206,

66. Which enemy did Heraclius face during his reign?

A) Persians
B) Muslims
C) Slavic peoples
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
Ans: D Page: 205

67. As the boundaries of Byzantium changed in the seventh century, which of the following was not a part of
this change?
A) It still held southern and eastern shores of the Roman Mediterranean.
B) It added the western part of India as a sphere of influence.
C) It lost much of its eastern area to Arab expansion.
D) Arabs will eventually threaten Constantinople itself.
E) It checked the advance of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans.
Ans: B Page: 204-205

68. The Byzantine office of Strategos was

A) A naval commander
B) A local official
C) A member of the imperial court
D) A civil lawyer
E) A civil and military leader of a district
Ans: E Page: 206

69. Which of the following is not true in explaining why Emperor Leo felt the need to destroy religious icons?
A) He felt icons were offensive to God.
B) Military defeats were the result of God’s displeasure.
C) He wished the church icons to be replaced by images of himself.
D) He felt Moses had received the word against graven images.
E) Destruction of icons symbolized the growing differences between East and West.
Ans: C Page: 207-208

70. Which of the following is not true of “icons”?

A) They were worshipped by Christians.
B) They come from a Greek word that means “image.”
C) They portray Christ, Mary, and the Saints.
D) They decorated their churches and homes with them.
E) They are meant to give a sense of timelessness and holiness.
Ans: A Page 208-210

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

71. The Visigoths in Spain

A) were able to unify and centralize the country.
B) were Catholic in a population of Arians.
C) offered the best hope of reunifying the West.
D) never unified the country because of unstable dynastic succession and foreign attacks.
E) created a law system that borrowed heavily from Roman law.
Ans: D Page: 210
72. In the eighth century, the Berbers conquered
A) all of Italy.
B) the Asturias Mountains.
C) Oviedo.
D) all of Spain except for the Asturias in the northwest.
E) all of Italy except for the Vatican and Roman areas.
Ans: D Page: 210
73. The Lombards in Italy
A) completely eliminated the Byzantine presence in the Italian peninsula.
B) were unable to unite the Lombard duchies under the king.
C) defeated Pepin and Charlemagne.
D) always remained Arian.
E) forced the popes to seek the aid of Spanish Berbers.
Ans: B Page: 210
74. All of the following apply to the Donation of Constantine except it
A) was used to justify papal temporal power.
B) stated that Constantine had given the pope authority to rule the western half of the Roman Empire.
C) helped to establish Christianity as the state religion.
D) was probably written in the 760s, over four centuries after the death of Constantine.
E) involved lands given to the popes by the Franks.
Ans: C Page: 210-211

75. Which Pope was instrumental in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons?

A) Leo I
B) Gregory I
C) Honorius
D) Zachary
E) Boniface
Ans: B Page: 211

76. Which of the following does not describe the transition and changes occurring in the British Isles between
600 and 900?
A) Seven kingdoms emerged from earlier numerous tiny ones.
B) Offa of Mercia became the “king of all England.”
C) Viking invasions were successfully warded off by a combined English force.
D) Christian organization was installed by St. Patrick and Augustine.
E) The throne destroyed the noble class.
Ans: E Page: 211
77. Bede was known for all of the following except
A) popularizing the use of A.D. in dates.
B) authoring a major work on English history.
C) being a product of early English monasteries.
D) influencing the English in choosing the Roman church.
E) his writings, which were all written in perfect Latin.
Ans: D Page: 211

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

78. What is the “mayor of the palace”

A) The title of the Carolingian emperors
B) A military command
C) An official at the Carolingian court
D) The Merovingian “Prime Minister”
E) A puppet-king
Ans: D Page: 212
79. Which of the following aided the Carolingians in their rise to power?
A) Their bloody suppression of the Merovingian Revolt
B) Charles Martel’s defeat by the Arabs in 733
C) The eradication of rival noble families
D) The backing of powerful episcopal and monastic churchmen.
E) Alliances with Muslim leaders in Spain
Ans: D Page: 212

80. The Papal States are historically established by

A) Constantine
B) Charles Martel
C) Pippin III
D) Charlemagne
E) Louis the Pious
Ans: C Page: 210-211

81. The First Carolingian King was

A) Charles Martel
B) Pippin III
C) Charlemagne
D) Louis the Pious
E) Charles the Bald
Ans: B Page: 212
82. All of the following are true of Charlemagne except that
A) he was crowned Roman emperor by the pope on Christmas Day in 800.
B) he united much of Europe in one Christian empire.
C) his empire remained unified for two hundred years.
D) he promoted a great revival of learning.
E) although interested in learning and knowledge, he never learned to write.
Ans: C Page: 213-215

83. What is a Carolingian Capitulary?

A) the Frankish congress
B) legal officials
C) a military unity
D) royal executive orders
E) a type of Carolingian architecture
Ans: D Page: 212

84. Where did Charlemagne establish his capital?

A) Paris
B) Rome
C) Aachen
D) Germigny
E) Milan
Ans: C Page: 216

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

85. Charlemagne's new ideology, which characterized his realm as the “New Israel” (the Chosen People)
A) made no ethnic distinctions within the empire.
B) impeded the development of a secular royal ideology.
C) led to bitter struggles between secular rulers and the church.
D) made him the divinely appointed ruler on earth as the Holy Roman Emperor.
E) All of the above.
Ans: E Page: 214
86. The missi dominici was/were
A) a new form of religious book.
B) inspectors who reported to Charlemagne on the conduct of his officials.
C) powerful vassals of the emperor.
D) ambassadors to the Anglo-Saxons.
E) Carolingian ambassadors to the Byzantium.
Ans: B Page: 216

87. Who was Charlemagne’s biographer?

A) Bede
B) Alcuin
C) Theodulf
D) Einhard
E) Louis the Pious
Ans: D Page: 212-213

88. What was a “vassal”?

A) A type of military unit
B) The obligation to serve in the military
C) Subordinate nobles, be they civil or religious
D) A type of castle
E) A Carolingian legal official
Ans: C Page: 215
89. As part of his approach to scholarship, Charlemagne
A) ordered all cathedrals and monasteries to establish schools.
B) never consciously thought of a “rebirth” or “restoration.”
C) favored oral teaching but disapproved of books.
D) focused on the revival of Classical Greek culture.
E) prohibited women from learning and study.
Ans: A Page: 216

90. Which of the following did not occur during the Carolingian Renaissance?
A) standardization of liturgy and monastic rules
B) a virtual industry of copying manuscripts
C) a general lowering of academic standards
D) the increasing use of stone in architecture
E) a conscious effort at rebirth and reform
Ans: C Page: 216-217

91. Which of the following correctly describes the imperial coronation of Charlemagne?
A) To acquire the position of both secular and religious leader of Christendom, Charlemagne arranged
the dethroning of Pope Leo III.
B) As a reward for funding the building of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, he was crowned by the pope.
C) In crowning Charlemagne Emperor, he became the official ally and protector of the pope.
D) The Papal site fell within the Carolingian territory and accepted the role of Charlemagne as its king by
divine right.
E) Charlemagne joined with disgruntled papal bureaucrats and forced the pope to coronate him.
Ans: C Page: 213-214

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

92. The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire was affected by all of the following except
A) entrenched regional diversity.
B) instability caused by creating subkingdoms for royal sons.
C) the Treaty of Verdun, which reunified the empire.
D) new waves of invasions.
E) size and ethnic complexity.
Ans: C Page: 217

93. Immediately to the east of the Carolingian territories lay

A) a vast empty steppe (prairie) extending to the Ural Mountains.
B) Slavic lands, some of which were converted to Catholicism and some to Orthodoxy.
C) Scandinavia, with a monarchy rising in Denmark under Carolingian pressure.
D) the most northern lands of Islam.
E) colonies of Byzantium.
Ans: B
Page: 218

94. Which of the following evangelized Slavic Europe?

A) Boniface
B) Bede
C) Alciun
D) Cyril and Methodius
E) Einhard
Ans: D Page: 218
95. Ninth-century Arab attacks on Europe included all of the following except
A) the conquest of Sicily.
B) the siege of Aachen.
C) a raid on Rome.
D) robbing travelers in the Alps.
E) an attack on the British Isles.
Ans: B Page: 218
96. The exploits of the Vikings included
A) an alliance with the Muslims against the Franks.
B) destruction of Charlemagne’s schools and monasteries.
C) missionary activity rather than destructive raids.
D) the capture of Rome.
E) settlements in Normandy and Rus.
Ans: E Page: 219

97. Which territory was not conquered by the Vikings?

A) Ireland
B) Britain
C) Denmark
D) Normandy
E) Spain
Ans: E Page: 213, 218-219
98. Magyars, also known as Hungarians
A) invaded the Roman Empire under their leader, Attila.
B) created the first major Slavic state: Great Moravia.
C) migrated to eastern Europe from the east and raided as far west as France and Italy.
D) allied with the Vikings and Arabs to bring down the Carolingian Empire.
E) had earlier defeated both the Huns and Avars.
Ans: C Page: 218

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

99. What geographic feature was critical for early medieval trade?
A) great Roman roads
B) rivers
C) access to sea-lanes
D) caravan routes
E) many remaining Roman bridges
Ans: B Page: 219-220
100. During the early Middle Ages, European trade
A) declined until it became a purely local activity.
B) came to a standstill because of invasions.
C) included long-distance trade with the Byzantine and Muslim worlds.
D) was carried on only by land routes.
E) was hindered by religious differences and interference.
Ans: C Page: 219-220
101. Which of the following statements is not correct?
A) In the Latin West, towns lost much of their governmental functions and cultural life.
B) The Arabs were great city-builders.
C) Byzantium experienced renewed urbanization after an early decline.
D) As a rule, cities grew as the heavy burden of Roman government disappeared.
E) Agriculture remained the most important trade element.
Ans: D Page: 220

102. Which position was not open to women in the early medieval west?
A) Sainthood
B) Cloth trade worker
C) Queen
D) Abbess
E) Priest
Ans: E Page: 221-222

103. Which of the following correctly describes an estate or manor?

A) Estate labor involved slaves.
B) Hired labor was never used as it affected the stability of the slave system.
C) Landowners did not share any part of the estate with their labor force.
D) Produce from estates-manor might be sold in the market place or consumed on the estate.
E) Estates-manors were not a common part of the Early Middle Ages.
Ans: D Page: 221
104. Which of the following can be said of early medieval European women?
A) Women's influence tended to be in the private, not the public, sphere.
B) Women seldom could inherit land if they had brothers.
C) Women were bound to the same hierarchies as men.
D) Aristocratic women had opportunities and power denied to ordinary women.
E) All of these
Ans: E Page: 221-222

Map Questions
105. On Map 8.1, find Mecca and Medina; what is their significance in Islamic history? Note the extent of the
early conquests; how many of the great cities of the Roman world were taken by the Arabs?
106. Compare Map 8.2 of the Byzantine Empire with that of the eastern Roman Empire in the previous chapter.
What areas had been lost to the Muslims by the late ninth century?

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 8: Early Medieval Civilizations, 600–900

107. Compare Map 8.3 of Charlemagne's empire with a modern map showing the same area. How many modern
European countries were included in his realm? Compare the Carolingian Empire with the Roman Empire at
its greatest extent. What parts of Charlemagne's realm were never under Roman occupation?

True/False
108. Muhammad was born in 570 to a wealthy and highly powerful clan of the Quraysh tribe.
Ans: F Page:198-199
109. The mosque of the “Dome of the Rock” in Jerusalem was the first important shrine of Islam.
Ans: F Page: 203
110. In 832 an Abbasid caliph endowed an academy for scholars called the “House of Wisdom.”
Ans: T Page: 204
111. The Papal States were established around the 600s when the Frankish king defeated the Lombards and
donated the seized territories to the pope.
Ans: F Page: 210-211
112. In 597, Saint Augustine established an ecclesiastical base at Canterbury in hopes of spreading Christianity to
the British Isles.
Ans: T Page: 211
113. Charlemagne was part of the Merovingian dynasty.
Ans: F Page: 211-213
114. The Carolingian Renaissance refers to the revival of learning that took place during the reign of
Charlemagne.
Ans: T Page: 216-217
115. The Treaty of Verdun established a unified Frankish kingdom under one leader.
Ans: F Page: 217-218
116. Agriculture remained the most important aspect of the medieval economy.
Ans: T Page: 221
117. The influence of women in the west was only found in public realm.
Ans: F Page: 221-222

Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

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And Christ their bodies see;
Little children, shall I play with you?
And you shall play with Me.
But then they answer’d Me ‘No,’
They were lords’ and ladies’ sons;
And I the meanest of them all,
Was born in an ox’s stall.”

6. “Though you are but a maiden’s child,

Born in an ox’s stall,
Thou art the Christ, the King of Heav’n,
And the Saviour of them all.
Sweet Jesus, go down to yonder town,
As far as the Holy Well,
And take away those sinful souls,
And dip them deep in hell.”

7. “Nay, nay,” sweet Jesus mildly said,

“Nay, nay, that must not be;
For there are too many sinful souls
Crying out for the help of Me.”
O then bespoke the angel Gabriel,
“Upon our good St. Stephen,
Although you’re but a maiden’s Child,
You are the King of Heav’n.”
[Listen] [MusicXML]
The First Nowell
 [Listen] [MusicXML]

1. The first Nowell the Angel did say

Was to certain poor shepherds in fields as they lay;
In fields where they lay keeping their sheep,
On a cold winter’s night that was so deep.
Chorus.
Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Nowell!
Born is the King of Israel!

2. They looked up and saw a Star

Shining in the east beyond them far,
And to the earth it gave great light,
And so it continued both day and night.
Nowell, etc.

3. And by the light of that same Star

Three wise men came from country far;
To seek for a king was their intent,
And to follow the Star wherever it went.
Nowell, etc.

4. This Star drew nigh to the north-west

O’er Bethlehem it took its rest,
And there it did both stop and stay
Right o’er the place where Jesus lay.
Nowell, etc.

5. Then entered in those wise men three

Most reverently upon their knee,
And offered there, in His presence,
Both gold, and myrrh, and frankincense.
Nowell, etc.

6. Then let us all with one accord

Sing praises to our Heavenly Lord,
That hath made Heaven and earth of nought,
And with His blood mankind hath bought.
Nowell, etc.
The Cherry Tree Carol
 [Listen] [MusicXML]

1. Joseph was an old man,

An old man was he;
He married sweet Mary,
The Queen of Galilee.

2. As they went a-walking

In the garden so gay,
Sweet Mary spied cherries
Hanging over yon tree.

3. Mary said to Joseph,

With her sweet lips so mild,
“Pluck those cherries, Joseph,
For to give to my child.”

4. “O then,” replied Joseph,

With words so unkind,
“I will pluck no cherries
For to give to thy child.”

5. Mary said to cherry tree

“Bow down to my knee,
That I may pluck cherries,
By one, two, and three.”

6. The uppermost sprig then

Bowed down to her knee,
“Thus you may see, Joseph,
These cherries are for me.”

7. “O eat your cherries, Mary,

O eat your cherries now,
O eat your cherries, Mary,
That grow upon the bough.”
Dives and Lazarus
 [Listen] [MusicXML]

1. As it fell out upon a day,

Rich Dives made a feast,
And he invited all his friends,
And gentry of the best.

2. Then Lazarus laid him down and down,

And down at Dives’s door.
“Some meat, some drink, brother Dives,
Bestow upon the poor.”

3. “Thou’rt none of mine, brother Lazarus,

That lies begging at my door:
Nor meat nor drink will I give to thee,
Nor bestow upon the poor.”

4. Then Dives sent out his hungry dogs,

To bite him as he lay;
They had no power to bite at all,
But licked his sores away.

5. As it fell out upon a day,

Poor Lazarus sickened and died,
There came two Angels out of Heaven
His soul therein to guide.

6. As it fell out upon a day,

Rich Dives sickened and died,
There came two serpents out of Hell,
His soul therein to guide.

7. Then Dives looked with burning eyes,

And saw poor Lazarus blest;
“One drop of water, Lazarus,
To quench my flaming thirst!

8. “Oh! had I as many years to abide

 As there are blades of grass.
Then there would be an end; but now
Hell’s pains will never pass.”
The Holly and the Ivy