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CHAPTER 7: MASTER TEST BANK
UNDERSTANDING AND REACHING GLOBAL CONSUMERS AND MARKETS
Test Item Table by Major Section of the Chapter and Bloom’s Level of Learning
Marketing in 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 91, 92, 94, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 79, 88, 89, 90,
a Borderless 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 93, 122, 131,
Economic World 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 133, 137
124, 125, 129, 132, 134, 135, 112, 113, 114, 115, 121, 126, 319, 321
(pp. 164-171) 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 127, 128, 130, 141, 144, 145,
147, 148 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153
325 320, 322, 323, 324
A Global 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 164, 158, 165, 169, 173, 174, 175, 159, 160, 161,
Environmental Scan 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 176, 179, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 162, 166, 178,
177, 181, 186, 187, 188, 198, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 180, 182, 183,
(pp. 171-179) 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 223, 184, 185, 189,
213, 216, 217, 222, 224 225, 226, 227 190, 191, 192,
329 326, 327, 328, 330, 331 207, 211, 221
Comparing Global 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 240, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 247, 248, 255,
Market-Entry 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 239, 250, 254, 258, 259, 260, 263, 267, 270,
Strategies 249, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257, 261, 262, 274, 275, 279 280
264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 332, 333, 334, 335
(pp. 179-183) 272, 273, 276, 277, 278
Crafting a 281, 285, 286, 289, 305, 306, 282, 287, 291, 292, 293, 294, 283, 284, 288,
Worldwide 307, 309, 310, 311 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 290, 308, 312
Marketing Program 301, 302, 303, 304
(pp. 183-186) 336, 337, 338
NOTE: Bold numbers indicate short essay questions. Underlined numbers indicate visually enhanced questions.
CHAPTER 7: MASTER TEST BANK
UNDERSTANDING AND REACHING GLOBAL CONSUMERS AND MARKETS
LO2 Identify the 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 158, 165, 169, 173, 174, 175, 159, 160, 161, 162,
environmental 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 179, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 166, 178, 180, 182,
forces that shape 172, 176, 177, 181, 186, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 183, 184, 185, 189,
187, 188, 198, 199, 200, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 223, 190, 191, 192, 207,
global marketing
201, 203, 204, 212, 213, 225, 226, 227 211, 221
efforts. 216, 217, 222, 224 326, 327, 328, 330, 331
(pp. 171-179) 329
LO3 Name and 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 1, 2, 3, 4, 233, 234, 235, 236, 247, 248, 255, 263,
describe the 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 237, 238, 239, 250, 254, 258, 267, 270, 280
alternative 245, 246, 249, 251, 252, 259, 260, 261, 262, 274, 275,
253, 256, 257, 264, 265, 279
approaches
266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 332, 333, 334, 335
companies use to 273, 276, 277, 278
enter global
markets.
(pp. 179-183)
LO4 Explain the 281, 285, 286, 289, 305, 282, 287, 291, 292, 293, 294, 283, 284, 288, 290,
distinction 306, 307, 309, 310, 311, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 308, 312
between 313 301, 302, 303, 304, 314, 315,
316
standardization
and 336, 337, 338
customization
when companies
craft worldwide
marketing
programs.
(pp. 183-186)
NOTE: Bold numbers indicate short essay questions. Underlined numbers indicate visually enhanced questions.
CHAPTER 7: MASTER TEST BANK
UNDERSTANDING AND REACHING GLOBAL CONSUMERS AND MARKETS
In what way is Dell’s expansion into the global arena a departure from its prior marketing
practices?
a. All Dell products were manufactured in the countries within which they were sold.
b. Dell sold its products to emerging markets using the telephone and Internet sales strategy that
was so successful in the United States.
c. Dell opened stores in selected retailers in India.
d. Dell sold only laptops in China whereas it sold both desktops and laptops in India due to trade
restrictions in China.
e. Dell designed and distributed the same products globally to take advantage of economies of
scale.
Answer: c Page(s): 159 LO: 3 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Rationale: Dell’s global initiative is bold in its departure from prior product development
practices and change to its sales and distribution strategy. It is designing and initially launching
products to meet the specific needs of emerging country customers. Moreover, Dell opened
stores in selected retailers in India, among other initiatives that were different from its U.S.
strategy.
Dell established its company primarily with direct telephone-and Internet-based sales. In terms of
Dell’s global expansion strategy, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Dell will sell its computers in “traveling” stores, consisting of custom-made trailers with solar
energy panels that will allow them to reach remote marketplaces.
b. Dell will partner with each country’s largest department stores and sell its computers in the
small appliance department.
c. Dell will issue its own credit card through multinational banks, making it possible for
customers who would not normally qualify for credit to do so.
-3-
d. Dell will distribute its products through electronics retailers to reach more buyers quickly.
e. Dell will maintain the exact same strategies that brought it this far because it sees no reason
to “mess with success.”
Dell established its company primarily with direct telephone-and Internet-based sales. In terms of
Dell’s global expansion strategy, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Dell will continue to use its direct buy strategy but will require all new employees in its sales
force to be multilingual.
b. Dell will open “shop-in-a-shop” counters in selected retailers in India where customers can
reduce purchase anxiety by using the computers before they buy.
c. Dell will establish call centers in all major international cities so that customers may deal
directly with native-born speakers.
d. Dell will issue its own credit card through microfinance-oriented banks, making it possible
for customers who would not normally qualify for credit to do so.
e. Dell will maintain the exact same strategies that brought it this far because it sees no reason
to “mess with success.”
Which of the following statements about the dynamics of world trade is most accurate?
a. Manufactured goods and commodities account for only 10 percent of world trade.
b. Three-fourths of world trade includes services such as telecommunications, transportation,
and banking.
c. World trade will likely exceed $25 trillion by 2015.
d. All nations participate equally in world trade.
e. There is still greater growth potential in developed countries than emerging ones.
Which of the following statements about the dynamics of world trade is most accurate?
-4-
a. As the largest international marketer, the United States accounts for 85 percent of world
trade.
b. World trade refers exclusively to the exchange of money for goods or services.
c. An estimated 35 percent of world trade involves countertrade.
d. European intratrade is smaller but more powerful than for any of the other world regions.
e. The United States, Western Europe, Canada, China, and Japan together account for more than
two-thirds of world trade in manufactured goods and commodities.
-5-
Figure 7-1
According to Figure 7-1 above, which of the following countries is the world’s leading exporter?
a. United States
b. France
c. China
d. Germany
e. Japan
According to Figure 7-1 above, which of the following countries is the world’s leading importer?
a. France
b. Germany
c. Japan
d. United States
e. China
-6-
Rationale: The United States, China, Japan, Western Europe, and Canada together account for
more than two-thirds of world trade in manufactured goods and commodities. In Figure 7-1, the
data for exports (in billions of U.S. dollars) is shown on the X-axis whereas the data for imports
(in billions of U.S. dollars) is shown on the Y-axis. Each country’s exports and imports is
depicted as a circle; the larger the circle, the greater the size of its exports and imports. Since the
circle that represents the United States is the highest on the Y-axis, it is the largest importer.
Drawing a horizontal line through the center of this circle, one can estimate that U.S. imports
total approximately $1,580 billion or $1.6 trillion. Next, below the United States is China, and
then Germany. See Figure 7-1 in the textbook.
Which global perspective on world trade views exports and imports as complementary economic
flows?
a. the balance of trade
b. quotas
c. the trade feedback effect
d. the competitive advantage of nations
e. tariffs
Which of the following statements accurately describes the global perspective on world trade?
-7-
a. Exports are of significantly greater importance than imports.
b. Imports are of significantly greater importance than exports.
c. Imports and exports should be complementary economic flows: a country’s imports affect its
exports and exports affect its imports.
d. Exports and imports should always be kept in a state of equilibrium.
e. Imports and exports should be controlled through extensive use of international tariffs,
quotas, and other trade regulations.
Countertrade refers to
a. the illegal agreement of one country to buy products exclusively from another.
b. the legal agreement of one country to buy products exclusively with another.
c. the practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales.
d. the sale of industrial goods from a brick and mortar outlet rather than directly from the
manufacturer.
e. the use of legal tender in making global sales.
The practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales is referred to as
a. trade balancing.
b. tariffs.
c. the trade feedback effect.
d. countertrade.
e. currency forbearance.
-8-
Rationale: An estimated 15 to 20 percent of world trade involves countertrade, which is the
practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales.
Volvo of North America delivered automobiles to the Siberian police force when Siberia had no
cash to pay for them. It accepted payment in oil, which it then sold for cash to pay for media
advertising in the United States. This is an example of
a. a quota.
b. countertrade.
c. balance of trade.
d. competitive advantage.
e. a trade feedback effect.
The Malaysian government recently exchanged 20,000 tons of rice for an equivalent amount of
Philippine corn. This is an example of (a)
a. competitive advantage.
b. countertrade.
c. balance of trade.
d. quota.
e. trade feedback.
The Tahitian pearl market might never have existed were it not for Salvador Assael, the “pearl
king” of the South Seas. Assael got into the pearl business at the end of World War II. Tahiti
had thousands of Swiss watches but suddenly had no GIs to buy them. Assael observed that the
Japanese were desperate for watches but had no cash, and also, that the Japanese still had a pearl
industry. So, Assael oversaw the swapping of watches for pearls, which were then sold to the
Australian and U.S. markets. This international barter is an example of
a. a reciprocity agreement.
b. balance of trade.
c. cross-cultural commerce.
d. countertrade.
e. a trade feedback effect.
-9-
7-20 COUNTERTRADE APPLICATION
Recipco and Tradaq are both companies that connect international companies who want to barter
the products they make for the products they need without using cash or credit. Recipco and
Tradaq assist international companies in making
a. countertrades.
b. quota exchanges.
c. trading exchanges.
d. balances of trade.
e. WTO trade arrangements.
The monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year is referred to
as the
a. gross national production.
b. national monetary reserve.
c. gross domestic product.
d. monetary domestic product.
e. annual national product.
- 10 -
c. the comparison of total exports from one country to another.
d. the difference between projected sales and actual sales for a nation’s exports.
e. the state of equilibrium when two neighboring nations participate in countertrade.
The difference between the monetary value of a nation’s exports and imports is called its
a. countertrade.
b. trade feedback effect.
c. balance of trade.
d. gross domestic product.
e. tariffs.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the imports into the
United States and the exports from the United States during the last 30 years?
a. No accurate data has been made available from the WTO on trade imports and exports.
b. The volume of both imports and exports has consistently decreased.
c. Imports into the United States and exports have been about equal, indicating balanced trade.
d. Exports have exceeded imports, indicating a continuing trade surplus.
e. Imports have exceeded exports, indicating a continuing trade deficit.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. The United States is tied with China and Japan as the world’s leaders in exports.
b. The U.S. percentage share of world exports has shifted upwards over the past 30 years.
c. The United States has maintained a steady percentage share of world imports.
d. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has diminished despite an
absolute growth in exports.
e. The United States’ relative role as an exporter has decreased in areas of aerospace, chemical,
pharmaceutical, and information technology industries within the past five years.
- 11 -
Rationale: The United States is among the world’s leaders in exports. However, the U.S.
percentage of world exports has shifted downward over the past 30 years, whereas its percentage
share of world imports has increased. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to
the world has diminished despite an absolute growth in exports. At the same time, its relative
role as a marketplace for the world has increased. See Figure 7-1 in the textbook.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. The United States is tied with China and Japan as the world’s leaders in exports.
b. The U.S. percentage share of world exports has shifted downwards over the past 30 years.
c. The United States has maintained a steady percentage share of world imports.
d. The United States’ relative role as an exporter has decreased in the area of aerospace during
the past five years.
e. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has increased because of
an absolute growth in exports.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. China is the world leader in terms of GDP (gross domestic product).
b. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has increased because of
an absolute growth in exports.
c. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has diminished despite an
absolute growth in exports.
d. The United States’ relative role as an exporter has decreased in the area of aerospace during
the past five years.
e. It is impossible to compare GDPs of different nations since it is an internal measurement of
economic activity.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. The United States is the world leader in terms of GDP (gross domestic product).
- 12 -
b. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has increased because of
an absolute growth in exports.
c. The United States is running a continuing trade surplus because it has the world’s largest
gross domestic product.
d. The United States’ relative role as an exporter has decreased in the area of aerospace during
the past five years.
e. During the past 30 years, the relative position of the United States in terms of GDP has
remained stable despite the fact that actual value of products and services has increased.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. The EU (European Union) is the world leader in terms of GDP (gross domestic product).
b. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has increased because of
an absolute growth in exports.
c. The United States is running a continuing trade surplus because it has the world’s largest
gross domestic product.
d. The United States’ relative role as an exporter remains strong in the area of aerospace.
e. During the past 30 years, the relative position of the United States in terms of GDP has
remained stable despite the fact that actual value of products and services has increased.
Which of the following statements about world trade flows is most accurate?
a. The EU (European Union) is the world leader in terms of GDP (gross domestic product).
b. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to the world has increased despite an
absolute growth in exports.
c. The United States’ role as a marketplace for the world has increased, especially for
automobiles, oil, textiles, and consumer electronics.
d. The United States’ relative role as an exporter has decreased in the area of aerospace during
the past five years.
e. The United States’ relative role as an exporter changed dramatically when it became a
service-oriented economy.
- 13 -
Rationale: The United States is among the world’s leaders in exports. However, the U.S.
percentage of world exports has shifted downward over the past 30 years, whereas its percentage
share of world imports has increased. The relative position of the United States as a supplier to
the world has diminished despite an absolute growth in exports. At the same time, its relative
role as a marketplace for the world has increased. See Figure 7-1 in the textbook.
Which of the following statements best describes what has happened to U.S. exports versus
imports over the last 30 years?
a. No accurate data have been made available from the WTO for trade imports and exports.
b. The volume of imports and exports has consistently decreased.
c. U.S. imports and U.S. exports have been about equal, indicating balanced trade.
d. U.S. exports have exceeded U.S. imports, indicating a continuing trade surplus.
e. The volume of both U.S. exports and U.S. imports has increased significantly.
Changes in the products Americans buy and sell, additional jobs, and an improved standard of
living are all effects of
a. an increase in imports and an increase of exports.
b. an increase in imports and a decrease in exports.
c. a decrease in imports and a decrease in exports.
d. a state of equilibrium between imports and exports.
e. the reversal of importance between the services sector and the manufacturing sector.
World trade flows to and from the United States reflect __________ for goods and services
among nations and industries.
a. demand and supply interdependencies
b. disparities between supply and demand
c. positive and negative synergistic trade
d. a negative currency exchange
e. an ethnocentric bias
- 14 -
7-35 WORLD TRADE FLOWS COMPREHENSION
China, Japan, and South Korea combine for about _________ percent of the total U.S. balance of
trade deficit.
a. 30
b. 50
c. 65
d. 80
e. 95
Michael Porter has identified four key elements to explain why some companies and industries
succeed globally while others fail. These four elements are collectively referred as
a. the balance of trade wheel.
b. the points of difference effect.
c. the trade feedback effect.
d. the international trade pyramid.
e. the diamond of national competitive advantage.
- 15 -
Answer: e Page(s): 161-162 LO: 1 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Rationale: To explain a nation’s competitive advantage, Michael Porter suggests a “diamond” of
four elements: (1) factor conditions; (2) demand conditions; (3) related and supporting industries;
and (4) company strategy, structure, and rivalry. See Figure 7-2 in the textbook.
Michael Porter has identified four key elements in a nation’s competitive advantage:
__________; demand conditions; related and supporting industries; and company strategy,
structure and rivalry.
a. industry composition
b. size of market
c. governmental regulation
d. suppliers
e. factor conditions
Michael Porter has identified four key elements in a nation’s competitive advantage: factor
conditions; __________; related and supporting industries; and company strategy, structure, and
rivalry.
a. demand conditions
b. ethnocentrism
c. barriers to entry
d. governmental regulation
e. suppliers
Michael Porter has identified four key elements in a nation’s competitive advantage: factor
conditions; demand conditions; __________; and company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
a. consumer behavior
b. workforce education and skill levels
c. related and supporting industries
d. governmental regulation
e. ethnocentrism
- 16 -
Rationale: To explain a nation’s competitive advantage, Michael Porter suggests a “diamond” of
four elements: (1) factor conditions; (2) demand conditions; (3) related and supporting industries;
and (4) company strategy, structure, and rivalry. See Figure 7-2 in the textbook.
Michael Porter has identified four key elements in a nation’s competitive advantage: factor
conditions; demand conditions; related and supporting industries; and __________.
a. consumer behavior
b. workforce education and skill levels
c. governmental regulation
d. company strategy, structure, and rivalry
e. suppliers
Figure 7-2
According to Michael Porter’s diamond in Figure 7-2 above, quadrant “A” represents
a. factor conditions.
b. related and supporting industries.
c. demand conditions.
d. managerial conditions.
e. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
- 17 -
Rationale: To explain a nation’s competitive advantage, Michael Porter suggests a “diamond” of
four elements: (1) factor conditions; (2) demand conditions; (3) related and supporting industries;
and (4) company strategy, structure, and rivalry. Factor conditions reflect a nation’s ability to
turn its natural resources, education, and infrastructure into a competitive advantage. See Figure
7-2 in the textbook.
According to Michael Porter’s diamond in Figure 7-2 above, quadrant “B” represents
a. factor conditions.
b. related and supporting industries.
c. demand conditions.
d. managerial conditions.
e. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
According to Michael Porter’s diamond in Figure 7-2 above, quadrant “C” represents
a. factor conditions.
b. related and supporting industries.
c. demand conditions.
d. managerial conditions.
e. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
According to Michael Porter’s diamond in Figure 7-2 above, quadrant “D” represents
a. factor conditions.
b. related and supporting industries.
c. demand conditions.
d. managerial conditions.
e. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
- 18 -
Rationale: To explain a nation’s competitive advantage, Michael Porter suggests a “diamond” of
four elements: (1) factor conditions; (2) demand conditions; (3) related and supporting industries;
and (4) company strategy, structure, and rivalry. Related and supporting industries include the
existence of supplier clusters that accelerate innovation and improve quality. See Figure 7-2 in
the textbook.
The Dutch lead the world in the cut-flower industry because of their research in flower
cultivation, packaging, and shipping. Using this knowledge as a resource is an example of what
Michael Porter would term
a. structural conditions.
b. demand conditions.
c. sociocultural conditions.
d. competitive conditions.
e. factor conditions.
Each day, in a third-class carriage of the express train that runs between Bombay and
Ahmadabad, plainly dressed couriers carry precious cargo: diamonds. Rough gems are imported
to Bombay from dealers in London, Antwerp, Tel Aviv, and New York. Couriers then take these
gems to cutting and polishing centers in Gujarat state and then carry them back to Bombay to be
reexported to the world. This system, based on trust, secrecy, and skilled low-cost labor, has
worked for half a century. It has helped make India the world’s premier center for diamond
cutting and polishing. Nine out of every 10 stones sold in the world pass through India, making
diamonds that country’s largest export. India’s ability to use its skilled labor as a resource is an
example of what Michael Porter would term
a. structural conditions.
b. demand conditions.
c. factor conditions.
d. competitive conditions.
e. sociocultural conditions.
According to Michael Porter’s diamond of national competitive advantage, both the number and
sophistication of domestic customers for an industry’s product are examples of
a. structural conditions.
- 19 -
b. demand conditions.
c. sociocultural conditions.
d. competitive conditions.
e. factor conditions.
Austria has been described as “the very heartland of European coffee culture.” These “coffee-
knowledgeable” Austrians drink 21.5 liters of coffee per person annually. Starbucks wanted to
open coffee houses in Austria and sell Starbucks coffee there. For Starbucks, the Austrian level
of coffee-drinking sophistication would be an example of
a. structural conditions.
b. demand conditions.
c. sociocultural conditions.
d. competitive conditions.
e. factor conditions.
To become leaders in the world market, countries need related and supporting industries because
a. collaborative suppliers can generate revenue for further investment.
b. they can eliminate the need to import materials from other countries.
c. clusters of strong suppliers can accelerate innovation.
d. most countries still believe strongly in protectionism.
e. their union lessens financial vulnerability and increases buying power.
- 20 -
Rationale: Related and supporting industries include the existence of supplier clusters that
accelerate innovation and improve quality. See Figure 7-2 in the textbook.
Nine out of every 10 diamonds sold in the world pass through India, making diamonds that
country’s largest export at $6.6 billion a year. One of the reasons for its success is the nation’s
2,500 trading firms, banks, airlines, customers’ offices, and courier services that make sure the
diamonds are safely delivered. According to Michael Porter’s theory about national competitive
advantage, India’s success in the diamond industry is due in part to its
a. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
b. absence of competition.
c. related and supporting industries.
d. factor conditions.
e. demand conditions.
- 21 -
7-56 COMPANY STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, AND RIVALRY COMPREHENSION
The Italian shoe industry has become a world leader because of intense domestic competition
among firms such as Bruno Magli and Rossimoda. According to Michael Porter’s theory about
national competitive advantage, Italy’s success in the shoe industry is due in part to its
a. company strategy, structure, and rivalry.
b. absence of competition.
c. related and supporting industries.
d. factor conditions.
e. demand conditions.
Which of the following statements reflects Michael Porter’s theory regarding national
competitive advantage?
a. Clusters of strong suppliers can interfere with entry into a global market.
b. A firm that succeeds in global markets often has first succeeded in its domestic market.
c. A country’s natural resources, education, and infrastructure often pose obstacles that cannot
be overcome.
d. The first goal of a global marketer is to actively educate a nation’s domestic customers.
e. A nation’s domestic workforce is more motivated to work for foreign corporations than its
own.
Although there are many factors contributing to the success of major global marketers, a common
theme seems to be that they
a. first became involved with a formalized trade organization, such as the WTO.
b. specialized in services rather than consumer goods.
c. employed a multicultural or multinational staff.
d. first succeeded in intense domestic competition.
e. were the largest companies in their industry.
- 22 -
7-59 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF NATIONS COMPREHENSION
Which of the following statements reflects Michael Porter’s theory regarding national
competitive advantage?
a. Clusters of strong suppliers can interfere with entry into a global market.
b. A firm that succeeds in global markets has often left a domestic market because it was too
competitive.
c. A country’s natural resources, education, and infrastructure can be turned into a competitive
advantage.
d. The first goal of a global marketer is to actively educate a nation’s domestic customers.
e. A nation’s domestic workforce is more motivated to work for foreign corporations than its
own.
Which of the following statements reflects Michael Porter’s theory regarding national
competitive advantage?
a. Clusters of strong suppliers can accelerate innovation.
b. A firm that succeeds in global markets has often left a domestic market because it was too
competitive.
c. A country’s natural resources, education, and infrastructure can represent obstacles that are
often difficult to overcome.
d. The first goal of a global marketer is to actively educate a nation’s domestic customers.
e. A nation’s domestic workforce is more motivated to work for foreign corporations than its
own.
Which of the following statements reflects Michael Porter’s theory regarding national
competitive advantage?
a. Clusters of strong suppliers can interfere with entry into a global market.
b. A firm that succeeds in global markets has often left a domestic market because it was too
competitive.
c. A country’s natural resources, education, and infrastructure can represent obstacles that are
often difficult to overcome.
d. Conditions such as the number and sophistication of domestic customers can affect demand
for an industry’s product.
e. A nation’s domestic workforce is more motivated to work for foreign corporations than its
own.
- 23 -
Rationale: Demand conditions include both the number and sophistication of domestic customers
for an industry’s product. See Figure 7-2 in the textbook.
Competitive advantage for global firms grows out of __________, innovation, and change.
a. product quality
b. continuous improvement
c. employment of a multicultural or multinational staff
d. membership in a formalized trade organization
e. market research
Competitive advantage for global firms grows out of continuous improvement, __________, and
change.
a. product quality
b. employment of a multicultural or multinational staff
c. membership in a formalized trade organization
d. market research
e. innovation
Competitive advantage for global firms grows out of continuous improvement, innovation, and
__________.
a. accountability
b. change
c. product quality
d. company size
e. location
- 24 -
7-65 ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE KNOWLEDGE
The estimated cost of economic espionage to firms in the United States is estimated to be
a. $10 billion per year.
b. $250 billion per year.
c. $750 billion per year.
d. $900 billion per year.
e. exceeding $1 trillion per year.
The prescribed penalty for individuals found guilty of the theft of trade secrets is
a. up to 15 years in prison and fines up to $500,000.
b. up to 25 years in prison and fines up to $10 million.
c. life in prison with chance of parole after 25 years.
d. expulsion from the United States and/or revocation of citizenship.
e. 30 years in prison and fines to be determined by the courts.
- 25 -
Rationale: The Economic Espionage Act (1996) makes the theft of trade secrets by foreign
entities a federal crime in the United States. This act prescribes prison sentences of up to 15
years and fines up to $500,000 for individuals. Agents of foreign governments found guilty of
economic espionage face a 25-year prison sentence and a $10 million fine.
The prescribed penalty for agents of foreign governments found guilty of economic espionage is
a. up to 15 years in prison and fines up to $500,000.
b. life in prison with chance of parole after 25 years.
c. 25 years in prison and a $10 million fine.
d. permanent expulsion from the United States.
e. 30 years in prison and fines proportional to the damage caused.
Four trends in the past decade have significantly influenced the landscape of global marketing.
One of them is:
a. an increase in most countries’ GDPs coupled with an increased degree of consumer
ethnocentrism.
b. a significant increase in economic protectionism and a decline in free trade.
c. a more aggressive attitude toward initiating international tariffs and quota systems.
d. a decrease in most countries’ GDPs and a renewal of nationalism.
e. a gradual decline in economic protectionism by individual countries.
- 26 -
formal economic integration and free trade among nations; (3) global competition among global
companies for global customers; and (4) the development of networked global marketspace.
Four trends in the past decade have significantly influenced the landscape of global marketing.
One of them is:
a. an increase in economic protectionism and a decline in free trade.
b. a more aggressive attitude towards initiating international tariffs and quota systems.
c. a decrease in most countries’ GDPs and a renewal of nationalism.
d. global competition among global companies for global customers.
e. an increase in most countries’ GDPs coupled with an increased degree of consumer
ethnocentrism.
Four trends in the past decade have significantly influenced the landscape of global marketing.
One of them is:
a. an increase in economic protectionism and a decline in free trade.
b. a more aggressive attitude towards initiating international tariffs and quota systems.
c. a decrease in most countries’ GDPs and a renewal of nationalism.
d. the formal economic integration and free trade among nations.
e. an increase in most countries’ GDPs coupled with an increased degree of consumer
ethnocentrism.
Four trends in the past decade have significantly influenced the landscape of global marketing.
One of them is:
a. an increase in economic protectionism and a decline free trade.
b. a more aggressive attitude towards initiating international tariffs and quota systems.
c. a decrease in most countries’ GDPs and a renewal of nationalism.
d. emergence of networked global marketspace.
e. an increase in most countries’ GDPs coupled with an increased degree of consumer
ethnocentrism.
- 27 -
Rationale: Global marketing has been and continues to be affected by a growing borderless
economic world. Four trends in the past decade have significantly influenced the landscape of
global marketing: gradual decline of economic protectionism by individual countries, formal
economic integration and free trade among nations, global competition among global companies
for global customers, and development of networked global marketspace.
The practice of shielding one or more sectors of a country’s economy from foreign competition
through the use of tariffs or quotas is referred to as
a. domestic imperialism.
b. protectionism.
c. blocked competition.
d. import taxation.
e. trade restrictions.
Protectionism refers to
a. the practice of purchasing products exclusively from a domestic market in order to shore up a
nation’s economy.
b. the use of tariffs, quotas, and boycotts with the express intention of putting foreign
competitors out of business.
c. the practice of shielding one or more sectors of a country’s economy from foreign
competition through the use of tariffs or quotas.
d. a form of domestic imperialism that holds that only those products manufactured within one’s
home nation are of sufficient quality to warrant purchase.
e. the practice of purchasing products exclusively from a foreign developing country in order to
develop its industries and economic infrastructure.
- 28 -
discourages economic dependency on other countries, and encourages the development of
domestic industries.
Beginning January 1, 2005, China lifted the import quotas and lowered tariffs on automobiles.
This removal of the quotas and the lowering of tariffs is an example of
a. relaxing the rule of eminent domain.
b. reducing ethnocentrism.
c. enhancing domestic imperialism.
d. reducing protectionism.
e. enhancing countertrade.
- 29 -
Figure 7-3
The box with the “?” in Figure 7-3 above leads to which of the following as a result of the
imposition of tariffs and quotas based on protectionist policies of a country?
a. an increase in world trade
b. a decrease in world trade
c. a limit on exports
d. a limit on imports
e. countertrade
Which of the following issues raises concerns about the ethics of protectionism?
a. Competitive advantage grows out of continuous improvement.
b. Small firms succeed in foreign niche markets.
c. Tariffs have declined from an average of 40 percent to less than 5 percent.
d. Regional trade agreements provide preferential treatment for member nations.
e. Pan-European marketing strategies are possible due to greater uniformity in packaging
standards.
Tariffs refer to
a. government payments to companies or industries that primarily serve to create competitive
advantage for domestic products.
b. government taxes on goods or services entering a country that primarily serve to raise prices
on imports.
c. a restriction placed on the amount of a product allowed to enter or leave a country.
d. a minimum requirement for the purchase between two or more nations of products or
services.
e. a refusal to purchase or exchange goods or services with another nation unless certain
financial or ideological requirements have been satisfied.
The U.S. Rice Millers’ Association claims that if the Japanese rice market were opened to
imports by lowering __________, lower prices would save Japanese consumers $6 billion
annually and the United States would gain a large share of the Japanese rice market.
a. boycotts
b. tariffs
c. quotas
d. sanctions
- 31 -
e. subsidies
The __________ imposed on bananas by European Union countries cost consumers $2 billion a
year in higher prices.
a. boycotts
b. tariffs
c. quotas
d. sanctions
e. subsidies
U.S. citizens pay $5 billion more annually for shoes and Japanese citizens pay $6 billion more for
rice than the actual cost of the products because
a. both countries have suffered major financial crises due a severe trade imbalance.
b. both countries have imposed tariffs on imported goods to protect their domestic markets.
c. both countries have imposed limits on the quantity of these goods that can leave their
respective domestic markets.
d. both products are considered essentials and as a result are more heavily taxed.
e. these products were purchased at a lower price from nations that currently are under
governmental sanctions.
Recently, the Japanese government, under pressure from its domestic farm lobby, slapped
government taxes on mushrooms, leeks, and the reeds used in tatami mats that were being
imported from China. Japan levied
a. GATT taxes.
b. quotas.
c. tariffs.
d. excise taxes.
e. subsidies.
- 32 -
Rationale: Tariffs are government taxes on goods or services entering a country that primarily
serve to raise prices on imports.
If you wanted to set up a business importing amber from Latvia to the United States, you would
have to plan on paying the U.S. Customs Service roughly 20 percent of the value of the product
as a(n) __________.
a. bribe
b. tariff
c. subsidy
d. excise tax
e. quota
President Bill Clinton attempted to protect American firms from foreign competition by placing a
government tax on Japanese automobiles imported to the United States. President Clinton’s goal
was to raise the price on Japanese imports, thereby encouraging American consumers to purchase
American-made automobiles. The tax the president threatened to impose is an example of a
__________.
a. boycott
b. tariff
c. quota
d. sanction
e. subsidy
A restriction placed on the amount of a product allowed to enter or leave a country is referred to
as a
a. quota.
b. tariff.
c. GATT tax.
d. subsidy.
e. excise tax.
- 33 -
7-92 QUOTA KNOWLEDGE
A quota refers to
a. a government tax on goods or services entering a country that primarily serves to raise prices
on imports.
b. government payments to companies or industries that serve to lower costs and provide a
competitive advantage to domestic industries.
c. a restriction placed on the amount of a product allowed to enter or leave a country.
d. a minimum requirement for the purchase of specific products or services between two
nations.
e. a refusal to purchase or exchange goods or services with another nation unless certain
financial or ideological requirements have been satisfied.
The world’s largest manufacturer of peppermint candy canes was in Albany, Georgia, until it
could no longer afford to buy the sugar needed for its operation. It moved its manufacturing
business to Mexico where there are no restrictions (as existed in the United States) on the amount
of sugar that can be brought into the nation. The movement of this U.S. business to Mexico was
caused by a(n) __________ established by the U.S. government.
a. tariff
b. trade imbalance
c. quota
d. excise tax
e. subsidy
The __________ is an international treaty intended to limit trade barriers and promote world trade
through the reduction of tariffs.
a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
b. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
c. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
d. World Trade Association Treaty (WTAT)
e. United Nations Agreement on Trade (UNAT)
- 34 -
Every country engages in some form of protectionism. However, protectionism has declined
internationally over the past 50 years due in large part to the
a. United Nations Agreement on Trade (UNAT).
b. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
c. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
e. World Trade Association Treaty (WTAT).
To a degree, every country engages in some form of protectionism. Over the past 50 years
however, this practice has diminished, in large part due to
a. an alignment of nations by ethnicity rather than geographical borders.
b. an increase in population and a decrease in resources.
c. the evolution of mass media.
d. the establishment of GATT.
e. an alignment of nations by political ideology rather than geographical borders.
A permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members through a panel of
trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding decisions is
referred to as the __________.
a. League of Nations
b. World Trade Organization (WTO)
c. Association for Commerce Equity (ACE)
d. United Nations Board of Trade (UNBT)
e. Global Better Business Bureau (BBB-G)
- 35 -
c. a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members through panels of
trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding decisions.
d. a multinational trade organization composed of the world’s wealthiest nations whose primary
purpose is to aid in the economic growth of developing nations.
e. a multinational trade organization comprised of the world’s wealthiest nations whose primary
purpose is to promote free trade economies.
There are __________ World Trade Organization countries, including the United States, which
account for more than 90 percent of world trade.
a. 37
b. 52
c. 97
d. 113
e. 153
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization (WTO) is most accurate?
a. The WTO is a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members.
b. The WTO sets rules governing trade between its members and the remainder of the world.
c. The 153 member countries of the WTO account for approximately 55 percent of world trade.
d. The WTO uses panels of trade experts who can issue non-binding recommendations.
e. The WTO was formed by the United Nations.
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization (WTO) is most accurate?
a. The World Trade organization is a temporary group that meets on an as needed basis.
b. The 153 member countries of the WTO account for approximately 55 percent of world trade.
c. The WTO sets rules governing trade between its members and the remainder of the world.
d. The WTO uses panels of trade experts who can issue binding decisions.
e. The WTO was formed by the United Nations.
- 36 -
Answer: d Page(s): 165-166 LO: 1 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Rationale: The major industrialized nations of the world formed the WTO in 1995 to address
world trade issues. The 153 WTO member countries account for more than 90 percent of world
trade. The WTO is a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members
through panels of trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding
decisions.
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization (WTO) is most accurate?
a. The World Trade organization is a temporary institution.
b. The 153 member countries of the WTO account for more than 90 percent of world trade.
c. The WTO sets rules governing trade between its members and the remainder of the world.
d. The WTO uses panels of trade experts who can issue non-binding recommendations.
e. The WTO was formed by the United Nations.
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization (WTO) is most accurate?
a. The World Trade organization is a temporary institution.
b. The 153 member countries of the WTO account for less than 25 percent of world trade.
c. The WTO sets rules governing trade among its members.
d. The WTO uses panels of trade experts who can issue non-binding recommendations.
e. The WTO was formed by the United Nations.
Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization (WTO) is most accurate?
a. The World Trade organization is a temporary institution.
b. The 153 member countries of the WTO account for less than 25 percent of world trade.
c. The WTO sets rules governing trade between its members and the rest of the world.
d. The WTO uses panels of trade experts who can issue non-binding recommendations.
e. The WTO was formed by the major industrialized nations of the world.
- 37 -
Answer: e Page(s): 165-166 LO: 1 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
Rationale: The major industrialized nations of the world formed the WTO in 1995 to address
world trade issues. The 153 WTO member countries account for more than 90 percent of world
trade. The WTO is a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members
through panels of trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding
decisions.
The European Union (EU) in mid-2012 consisted of 27 countries with more than 500 million
consumers. The EU has eliminated most barriers to the free flow of goods, services, capital, and
labor across its borders. Which of the following countries is NOT a member of the EU as of mid-
2012?
a. Latvia
b. Greece
c. Ireland
d. Switzerland
e. England
The European Union is an economic and political union of __________ member countries
located primarily in Europe that have eliminated most barriers to the free flow of goods, services,
capital, and labor across their borders.
a. 17
b. 20
c. 27
d. 30
e. 37
The European Union consists of 27 member countries. This single market houses more than
__________ million consumers with a combined GDP that is larger than that of the United States.
a. 100
b. 200
c. 300
d. 400
e. 500
- 38 -
Rationale: The European Union as of mid-2012 consisted of 27 countries with more than 500
million consumers with a combined GDP that is larger than that of the United States.
The European Union (EU) has created abundant marketing opportunities because it is no longer
necessary to
a. print material in multiple languages.
b. continually monitor currency exchange rates.
c. trade with the former Eastern European communist countries.
d. obey international trade regulations.
e. use the American dollar as an economic standard.
The EU has benefited its member nations because firms do not need to market their products and
services on a nation-by-nation basis, most tariffs that affect pricing practices have been removed,
and
a. there is a legally binding code of economic conduct.
b. there is immunity against world recessions.
c. there are fewer regulatory restrictions on transportation, advertising, and promotion.
d. there is a common language advantage among EU consumers.
e. most companies within the EU are engaging in strategic global partnerships.
- 39 -
restrictions on transportation, advertising, and promotion imposed by countries; and removal of
most tariffs that affect pricing practices.
The North American Free Trade Agreement was designed to encourage free trade between
a. North America, Central America, and South America.
b. the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
c. the United States and the European Union.
d. member countries originally from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
e. North America and The Commonwealth of Independent States.
CAFTA-DR is a comprehensive free trade agreement between Costa Rica, the Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and __________.
a. the United States
b. Panama
c. Belize
d. Cuba
e. Mexico
Which of the following is most accurate in regards to the Asian free trade agreements?
a. Efforts to liberalize trade in East Asia are growing.
b. Asian free trade agreements are more formal than those of the EU and NAFTA.
c. Asian free trade agreements are based on ethnicity rather than geographical borders.
d. Asian free trade agreements encourage the formation of multinational corporations.
e. Asian free trade agreements recently include India and China.
Which of the following is most accurate in regards to the Asian free trade agreements?
- 40 -
a. Efforts to liberalize trade in East Asia have decreased as a result of the economic downturn in
2009.
b. Asian free trade agreements are based on ethnicity rather than geographical borders.
c. Asian free trade agreements encourage the formation of multinational corporations.
d. Asian free trade agreements recently include India and China.
e. Asian free trade agreements have reduced tariffs among countries and promoted trade.
The “Little Dragons,” in relation to the Asian free trade agreements, are composed of:
a. Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.
b. Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore, and Bangkok.
c. Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Singapore.
d. Beijing, Tokyo, Taiwan, and Singapore.
e. Beijing, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Bangkok.
When firms originate, produce, and market their products and services worldwide, it is referred to
as __________.
a. acculturation
b. global competition
c. free trade
d. global branding
e. transactional exchange
- 41 -
Rationale: Key term definition—global competition.
Pepsi-Cola, now available in more than 160 countries and territories, accounts for __________
percent of all soft drinks sold internationally.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 25
e. 30
Agreements between two or more independent firms to cooperate for the purpose of achieving
common goals are referred to as
a. compacts.
b. global partnerships.
c. strategic alliances.
d. free trade agreements.
e. economic coalitions.
- 42 -
Collaborative relationships are becoming a common way to meet the demands of global
competition. Global __________ are agreements between two or more independent firms to
cooperate for the purpose of achieving common goals such as a competitive advantage or
customer value creation.
a. compacts
b. collaborative treaties
c. strategic alliances
d. free trade agreements
e. economic coalitions
Two carmakers have developed a strange but successful partnership. Ford, a U.S. automaker, and
Mazda, an Asian carmaker, have collaborated on several models, including the Explorer, the
Probe, the Mazda 323, and the Mazda MX-6. The U.S. automaker has supplied Mazda with help
in marketing, finance, and styling. In return, Mazda has provided manufacturing and product
development expertise to Ford. Both companies have worked together toward a common goal
and both have benefited as a result of their
a. international contract.
b. free trade agreement.
c. strategic alliance.
d. collaborative treaty.
e. global oligopoly.
In terms of the global marketplace, there are three primary types of companies: __________,
multinational firms, and transnational firms.
a. worldwide
b. conglomerate
c. intercontinental
d. international
e. cosmopolitan
- 43 -
In terms of the global marketplace, there are three primary types of companies: international
firms, __________ firms, and transnational firms.
a. large-scale
b. conglomerate
c. intercontinental
d. cosmopolitan
e. multinational
The administrative, marketing, and manufacturing operations that many international firms,
multinational firms, and transnational firms have around the world are often called
a. divisions.
b. outlets.
c. departments.
d. markets.
e. holding companies.
In terms of the global marketplace, there are three primary types of companies: (1) international
firms; (2) multinational firms; and (3) transnational firms. The key factor that distinguishes one
from another is
a. the firm’s financial capacity to take risks.
b. the willingness and ability to embrace diversity.
c. the firm’s orientation toward and strategy for global markets and marketing.
d. the relative position of the product or service in terms of its life cycle.
e. the relative size of the firm both in financial terms and in production capacity.
The three types of companies populate and compete in the global marketplace are (1)
international firms; (2) multinational firms; and (3) __________ firms.
a. multiethnic
b. transnational
c. multidomestic
d. ethnocentric
- 44 -
e. meganational
The three types of companies that populate and compete in the global marketplace are
international firms, __________ firms, and transnational firms.
a. multiethnic
b. domestic
c. multinational
d. ethnocentric
e. decentralized
A(n) __________ firm engages in trade and marketing in different countries as an extension of
the marketing strategy in its home country.
a. multidomestic
b. meganational
c. international
d. multinational
e. transnational
Generally speaking, a(n) __________ firm markets its existing products and services in other
countries the same way it does in its home country.
a. meganational
b. international
c. multinational
d. transnational
e. intranational
- 45 -
Answer: b Page(s): 168 LO: 1 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Rationale: International firms market their existing products and services in other countries the
same way they do in their home country.
Mars, America’s second-largest candy company, began doing business in Russia in the late
1980s. The Snickers bar is one of the top selling candies in Russia and is marketed in much the
same way as it is in the United States. Mars is most likely a(n) __________ firm.
a. international
b. multidomestic
c. transnational
d. meganational
e. multinational
A firm that views the world as consisting of unique parts and markets to each part differently is
referred to as a(n)
a. meganational firm.
b. foreign expansion firm.
c. international firm.
d. multinational firm.
e. transnational firm.
Lever Europe, a division of Unilever, markets its Snuggle fabric softener in the United States.
But in 10 European countries, it uses seven brand names, including Kuschelweich in German,
Coccolino in Italy, and Mimosin in France. These products also have different packages,
different advertising programs, and occasionally different formulas. From this information, we
can assume that Lever Europe is a(n) __________ firm.
a. ethnocentric
b. multinational
c. transnational
d. meganational
e. international
- 46 -
7-134 MULTIDOMESTIC MARKETING STRATEGY KNOWLEDGE
The strategy used by firms that have as many different product variations, brand names, and
advertising programs as countries in which they do business is referred to as a(n)
a. ethnocentric strategy.
b. multidomestic strategy.
c. transnational marketing strategy.
d. meganational marketing strategy.
e. multimarket strategy.
Companies that use a(n) ___________ marketing strategy have as many different product
variations, brand names, and advertising programs as countries in which they do business.
a. ethnocentric
b. multidomestic
c. transnational
d. meganational
e. international
- 47 -
U.S. appliance manufacturers find that different customs about shopping must be used to
determine product design. For instance, people in Northern Europe shop only once a week, so
they need bigger refrigerators than Southern Europeans, who shop daily. Furthermore, Northern
Europeans insist that freezers should be on the top just as firmly as Southern Europeans insist that
freezers should be on the bottom. Consumers in other regions use their appliances differently and
have other different product demands. Given this information, you should conclude U.S.
appliance manufacturers would be more likely successful if they used a(n) __________ marketing
strategy.
a. ethnocentric
b. multidomestic
c. transnational
d. meganational
e. international
A(n) __________ firm views the world as one market and emphasizes cultural similarities across
countries or universal consumer needs and wants more than differences.
a. transcontinental
b. multidomestic
c. international
d. multinational
e. transnational
The strategy transnational firms employ that standardizes marketing activities when there are
cultural similarities and adapts them when cultures differ is referred to as a(n)
a. global marketing strategy.
b. integrated marketing strategy.
c. transnational marketing strategy.
d. meganational marketing strategy.
e. international marketing strategy.
- 48 -
b. the strategy of transnational firms not to employ adaptive marketing techniques when there
are cultural differences, but to redirect their marketing resources towards customer education.
c. the strategy of transnational firms that employ the practice of standardizing marketing
activities when there are cultural similarities and adapting them when cultures differ.
d. the strategy of seeking out already established firms in other nations and selling them the
rights to manufacture and distribute the firm’s products through host nation’s established
infrastructure.
e. the strategy currently used by most U.S. domestic firms that when entering a new
international market, these firms offer only those products that require the least amount of
product adaptation or consumer education.
Which of the following types of firms would be most likely to use a global marketing strategy?
a. multidomestic
b. multinational
c. multicountry
d. transnational
e. transborder
A brand marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally
coordinated marketing programs is referred to as a
a. transnational brand.
b. international brand.
c. multinational brand.
d. global brand.
e. meganational brand.
- 49 -
c. a brand marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally
coordinated marketing programs.
d. a brand that is essentially the same but that has had minor adaptations made to meet the more
specific needs of different nations.
e. a brand marketed under different names in multiple countries with similar and centrally
coordinated marketing programs.
A global brand is a brand marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and
centrally coordinated marketing programs. However, adaptations of global brands are made
a. if required by government regulations in the host market and for no other reason.
b. only in its initial introduction into a market and only until the brand is recognized.
- 50 -
c. by domestic competitors causing brand confusion and loss of market share.
d. only when necessary to better connect the brand to consumers in different markets.
e. when there is a serious drop in market share.
Consumer groups living in many countries or regions of the world that have similar needs or seek
similar features and benefits from products or services are referred to as
a. transnational consumers.
b. meganational consumers.
c. international consumers.
d. multinational consumers.
e. global consumers.
The appreciation of fashion, music, and a desire for novelty and trendier designs and images
a. are preferences found more in American teenagers than in most other cultures around the
world.
b. actually begin at age 10, but begin to decline significantly as students enter high school.
c. ironically are found more for teenagers who cannot afford to make those purchases than for
those who can.
- 51 -
d. are preferences of teenagers around the world regardless of whether they live.
e. rarely, if ever, change once established, which is why identifying these consumers is so
important.
Thirteen- to nineteen-year-olds in Europe, North America, South America, and the industrialized
nations of Asia
a. are more similar than different regarding their purchase behavior.
b. are becoming more similar, but still differ significantly in terms of fashion and design.
c. are rebelling against the Americanization of fashion and culture.
d. have some very different appreciation of fashions and music.
e. are more and more influenced by Asian culture than European culture.
Based on a study of 6,500 teens in 26 countries, when asked what country had the most influence
on their attitudes and purchase behavior, 54 percent of teens from the United States, 87 percent of
those from Latin America, 80 percent of the Europeans, and 80 percent of those from Asia named
a. the United States.
b. the United Kingdom.
c. Japan.
d. France.
e. Russia.
Which of the following statements about the emergence of a networked global marketspace is
most accurate?
a. Marketspace creates an unfair competitive environment for emerging nations.
b. More business-to-consumer marketing is done on the Internet than business-to-business
marketing.
c. The most active participants in the networked global marketspace are companies in
developing nations.
d. All business in the networked global marketspace is conducted in English.
- 52 -
e. The chief advantage of the global marketspace over the traditional bricks-and-mortar stores
for customers is the ability to shop anywhere, at any time, and at a lower cost.
Four trends have significantly affected world trade and global marketing. The use of __________
as a tool for exchanging goods, services, and information on a global scale is the fourth trend
affecting world trade.
a. telephone communications
b. Internet technology
c. language translators
d. tariff and quota policies
e. multinational marketing strategies
The study of similarities and differences among consumers in two or more nations or societies is
referred to as __________.
a. market synthesis
b. cross-cultural analysis
c. international sociographics
d. transnational anthropology
e. multicultural ethnocentrism
- 53 -
Answer: b Page(s): 171 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
Rationale: Key term definition—cross-cultural analysis.
Personally or socially preferable modes of conduct or states of existence that tend to persist over
time are referred to as __________.
a. customs
b. ethics
c. values
d. culture
e. beliefs
Values refer to
a. personally or socially held core beliefs that are consistent within a given culture.
b. the beliefs that dictate a person’s behavior, which are often derived from a religious code of
conduct.
c. personally or socially preferable modes of conduct or states of existence that tend to persist
over time.
d. the innate sense of what a person considers to be right or wrong in terms of his or her own
conduct when dealing with others.
e. those personal traits regarding honesty and integrity as well as one’s preferable modes of
conduct or states of existence that have been passed down from generation to generation.
The reverence that Japan shows towards its elderly is an example of the nation’s __________.
a. values
b. beliefs
c. customs
d. religion
e. cultural diversity
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Which of the following examples best demonstrates a company’s appreciation of another
country’s values?
a. American companies in Germany encourage the use of all types of credit cards.
b. In Brazil, American companies are extremely careful to keep to a strict agenda and time
schedule, even though an informal structure is preferred.
c. Bath products are advertised by portraying intimate scenes between husbands and wives in
countries where personal privacy is important.
d. McDonald’s restaurants in India serve a full line of products except for hamburgers made
from beef.
e. All of these.
Which of the following examples best demonstrates a company’s appreciation for another
country’s values?
a. A German company allows customers to make large purchases using lay-away (paying small
amounts until the item is paid for and delivered).
b. In Brazil, an appliance maintenance firm schedules service appointments allowing only 15
minutes of leeway for missed calls or no shows.
c. In Japan, a spa owner created special exercise classes for husbands and wives.
d. In India, a popular hamburger chain separated its dining area by color for people who wanted
to eat beef and those who did not.
e. Calvin Klein reduced the number of outdoor advertising placements showing scantily clad
models in countries with predominantly Muslim populations.
Almost all countries have some division of social class. The determining factor for the
assignment to one of these classes may differ from country to country. For example, in the
United States, the primary determining factor is occupation; in India, it is birthright; in China, it is
geographical region and education; and in Singapore, it is income. These differences are best
explained in terms of a country’s
a. cultural mores.
b. beliefs.
c. customs.
d. religion.
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e. values.
McDonald’s sells its popular Maharaja Mac that consists of two all-chicken patties, special sauce,
lettuce, cheese, pickles, and onions on a sesame-seed bun in __________.
a. Russia
b. China
c. Tanzania
d. Egypt
e. India
What is considered normal and expected about the way people do things in a specific country is
referred to as __________.
a. morals
b. ethics
c. values
d. customs
e. beliefs
Customs refer to
a. what is considered normal and expected about the way people do things in a specific country.
b. those actions or activities within a community that are unique or distinctly different from any
other group.
c. actions or behaviors that are repeated over time and carry a specific meaning only to a unique
group, nationality, or ethnicity.
d. traditions among a group of people, a nation, or ethnicity that affect their purchase behaviors.
e. what would be considered unusual or unexpected, and even unacceptable about the way
people do things in a specific country.
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7-165 CUSTOMS COMPREHENSION
KFC in Japan sells tempura crispy strips. In northern England, it stresses gravy and potatoes. In
Thailand, it offers fresh rice. In Holland instead of potatoes, KFC offers customers a potato and
onion croquette. In France, KFC sells pastries alongside its chicken. These examples illustrate
that KFC exhibits an understanding of and appreciation for the __________ of other societies.
a. demographics
b. symbols
c. customs
d. sensitivities
e. selective perception
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A law, amended by the International Anti-Dumping and Fair Competition Act, makes it a crime
for U.S. corporations to bribe an official of a foreign government or political party to obtain or
retain business in a foreign country, is referred to as the
a. International Law for Egalitarian Ethics Act.
b. International Fair Practices Act.
c. Law of International Equity Act.
d. International Law of Ethical Business Practices Act.
e. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
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Cultural symbols are things that
a. can be protected by international copyrights.
b. cannot be expressed by words or characters.
c. represent values that exist solely within a nation.
d. words that represent pictures or designs.
e. represent ideas and concepts.
The representations of ideas and concepts to which different cultures often attach different
meanings are referred to as
a. universal symbols.
b. symbolic concepts.
c. ideological representations.
d. cultural representations.
e. cultural symbols.
By skillfully using __________, global marketers can tie positive symbolism to their products,
services, and brands to enhance their attractiveness to consumers.
a. cultural symbols
b. visual icons
c. trademarks
d. brand names
e. ethnic emblems
Tiffany & Company knows that Japanese are superstitious about the number 4. As a result,
Tiffany sells its fine glassware and china in sets of five, not four, in Japan. Tiffany has used its
knowledge of __________ to avoid connecting its products with the number 4.
a. trademarks
b. visual icons
c. cultural symbols
d. brand names
e. ethnic emblems
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Answer: c Page(s): 173-174 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Rationale: The Japanese are superstitious about the number 4, so to avoid a connection to this
cultural symbol, Tiffany sells its products in sets of five, not four.
Parthenon Photo
The Parthenon, shown in the photo above, evokes strong feelings from consumers in Greece. As
a result, marketers must be mindful in accessing the meaning of this __________ when
developing marketing programs to reach consumers of a specific country.
a. cultural symbol
b. secret codes
c. back translations
d. semantic symbolisms
e. semiotics
A field of study that examines the correspondence between symbols and their role in the
assignment of meaning for people is referred to as
a. back translation.
b. symbiotics.
c. semiotics.
d. symbolic linguistics.
e. cross-cultural analysis.
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Answer: c Page(s): 173 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
Rationale: Key term definition—semiotics.
Semiotics refers to
a. a field of study in marketing linguistics that identifies the connotative meanings behind words
in order to create the most effective product or brand names.
b. a field of study in marketing linguistics that identifies the connotative meanings behind words
in order to create the most effective advertising messages.
c. a field of study that examines the correspondence between symbols and their role in the
assignment of meaning for people.
d. a field of linguistics that translates words into internationally recognized symbols to help
companies carry their product message across international boundaries.
e. the combination of a symbol from one language and the verbal message from another in order
for companies to standardize their brand across international boundaries.
Someone who wanted to study the fact that in some nations black is a sign of mourning while in
other nations white is a sign of mourning would be studying
a. semiotics.
b. semantics.
c. semaphorics.
d. cultural symbolism.
e. cultural linguistics.
Even though there are hundreds of different languages and dialects, the three major languages
used in global diplomacy and commerce are
a. English, Japanese, and German.
b. English, French, and Spanish.
c. Japanese, Spanish, and French.
d. Japanese, Spanish, and English.
e. Spanish, English, and Chinese.
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7-180 LANGUAGE APPLICATION
The practice where a translated word or phrase is retranslated into the original language by a
different interpreter to catch errors is referred to as
a. locution.
b. heuristics.
c. transliteration.
d. back translation.
e. cross-cultural paraphrasing.
If you were responsible for marketing communications at a company that manufactures office
supplies and had to provide product literature to be distributed in France, you would be wise to
use ___________, whereby you have someone to translate your literature from American English
into French, and then have someone else in France translate the French into American English.
a. back talk
b. back translation
c. double talk
d. double entendre
e. double indemnity
A New York carwash owner wanted to open a carwash in Quebec, Canada. He hired a U.S.
translator to create signage for the new venture and to design some simple advertising. It was not
- 62 -
until the business was opened that he learned that he should have used __________. His French
signs actually said “car bath” instead of “car wash.”
a. Unispeak
b. back translation
c. semiotics
d. semantic symbolism
e. linguistic exchange
Consider the Kit Kat bar photo above. Kit Kat bars are marketed by Nestlé worldwide. Kit Kat
is pronounced “kitto katsu” in Japanese, which roughly translates to “I will win.” Japanese teens
eat Kit Kat bars for good luck, particularly when taking crucial school exams. This is the result
of
a. faulty semiotics.
b. semantic symbolism.
c. an unexpected mistake in back translation.
d. an intentional manipulation of a cultural icon.
e. a clever example of intentional transliteration.
Consider the Kit Kat Bar photo above. Nestlé markets its Kit Kat bar globally, including Japan.
In Japan, “Kit Kat” means “I will win.” Experienced global marketers are concerned with
_________, which involves using interpreters to ensure that words used in brand names or
advertisements in a foreign market do not cause problems with or errors in meaning.
a. unispeak
b. back translation
c. semiotics
d. semantic symbolism
e. linguistic exchange
The belief that aspects of one’s culture are superior to another’s is referred to as
a. cultural ethnocentricity.
b. consumer ethnocentrism.
c. cultural commitment.
d. cross-cultural bias.
e. cultural imperialism.
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Consumer ethnocentrism refers to
a. the belief that all products that are foreign made are cheap and of poor quality.
b. the belief that one should only purchase made by indigenous people groups in developing
countries.
c. the belief that all corporations are corrupt and consumers must look out for themselves.
d. the tendency to believe that the only products that are of true quality are those that are
manufactured in one’s own country.
e. the tendency to believe it is inappropriate, indeed immoral, to purchase a foreign-made
product.
A commercial depicts a young son asking his mother why they have to move. The mother’s
response indicates because Americans are buying products made in other countries, the boy’s
father has lost his job. This commercial reflects an attitude of
a. cultural semiotics.
b. the trade feedback effect.
c. protectionism.
d. cultural ethnocentricity.
e. consumer ethnocentrism.
A woman from Bloomington, Indiana, is in Chicago for a weekend of shopping and fine dining.
After shopping in at least 10 different stores and trying at least 20 different outfits, she finds
exactly what she has been looking for—the perfect linen suit. At the register however, she
notices that the label indicates that the suit was made in Ireland. Although she agrees with the
salesclerk that the suit is indeed perfect, and that Irish linen is considered to be some of the best,
she does not purchase that suit; instead, she selects a less flattering, more expensive suit that
contains a label stating it was made in the United States. This behavior would likely be an
example of
a. the trade feedback effect.
b. cultural ethnocentricity.
c. consumer ethnocentrism.
d. cultural semiotics.
e. cultural bias.
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7-191 CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM APPLICATION
Not so many years ago, many U.S. consumers thought Americans who purchased Japanese-made
radios, televisions, and other electronic equipment were behaving not only inappropriately, but
also immorally. U.S. consumers who thought buying Japanese products was wrong were
exhibiting
a. back translation.
b. consumer ethnocentrism.
c. the trade feedback effect.
d. consumer bias.
e. cultural ethnocentricity.
“Buy American-made products. Keep America working.”—Jim Brown, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
is a slogan that reflects
a. the American value of working hard for your money.
b. patriotism in a time of political uncertainty.
c. an American attitude of consumer ethnocentrism.
d. a promotional campaign by an American manufacturer.
e. the American value of capitalism.
Since global marketing is affected by economic considerations, a scan of the global marketplace
should include this factor:
a. an analysis of cultural diversity within the country under consideration.
b. regulatory constraints regarding contracts, mergers, and partnerships.
c. measurement of consumer income in different countries.
d. an assessment of language differences including dialect variation.
e. political and ideological differences between the countries involved.
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7-194 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS COMPREHENSION
Since global marketing is affected by economic considerations, a scan of the global marketplace
should include this factor:
a. an analysis of cultural diversity within the country under consideration.
b. regulatory constraints regarding contracts, mergers, and partnerships.
c. an assessment of language differences including dialect variation.
d. political and ideological differences between the countries involved.
e. an assessment of the economic infrastructure in these countries.
Since global marketing is affected by economic considerations, a scan of the global marketplace
should include this factor:
a. an analysis of cultural diversity within the country under consideration.
b. regulatory constraints regarding contracts, mergers, and partnerships.
c. an assessment of language differences including dialect variation.
d. a comparative analysis of the economic development in different countries.
e. political and ideological differences between the countries involved.
Since global marketing is affected by economic considerations, a scan of the global marketplace
should include this factor:
a. an analysis of cultural diversity within the country under consideration.
b. regulatory constraints regarding contracts, mergers, and partnerships.
c. an assessment of language differences including dialect variation.
d. political and ideological differences between the countries involved.
e. recognition of a country’s currency exchange rates.
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7-197 STAGES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMPREHENSION
The two major classifications of stages of economic development helpful to global marketers are
a. capitalist and communist.
b. developed and underdeveloped.
c. developed and developing.
d. capitalist and developing.
e. free enterprise and planned economy.
Private enterprise dominates __________ countries, although they have substantial public sectors
as well.
a. developing
b. evolving
c. developed
d. emerging
e. third-world
The largest, but poorest socioeconomic group of people in the world, is often referred to as being
at the
a. bottom of the pyramid.
b. pivot point of economic growth.
c. focal point of economic change.
d. bottom of the economic pool.
e. edge of global evolution.
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Answer: a Page(s): 175 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
Rationale: Key term definition—bottom of the pyramid.
Motorola developed a low-cost cell phone with battery life as long as 500 hours for rural villagers
without regular electricity and an extra-loud volume for use in noisy markets. This phone, a no-
frills design priced at $40, is most likely targeted to people at the
a. focal point of economic change.
b. pivot point of economic growth.
c. bottom of the pyramid.
d. bottom of the economic pool.
e. edge of global evolution.
- 69 -
a. a nation’s military-industrial complex.
b. a country’s governmental services.
c. the people and the wealth of a nation.
d. a country’s communication, transportation, financial, and distribution systems.
e. all of a country’s natural resources, whether or not they are currently being exploited.
Although Russia now has a free economy, there are still some problems with its financial and
legal systems as well as with the notion of
a. private property.
b. product promotion.
c. paid advertising.
d. community property.
e. foreign exchange rates.
In Latvia, only one six-lane highway connects Riga with Moscow. Otherwise, the roads are two-
lane and many are made of cobblestones or bricks. This limits the speed with which deliveries
can be made and means that delivery trucks must be quite small. The road network in Latvia is
an example of its
a. capital infrastructure.
b. political infrastructure.
c. economic infrastructure.
d. geopolitical network.
e. ecosystem.
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Answer: c Page(s): 175-176 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Hard
Rationale: Communications, transportation systems, financial services, as well as distribution
systems contribute to a nation’s economic infrastructure.
- 71 -
7-211 CONSUMER INCOME APPLICATION
Foreign countries with very low per capita incomes may, nonetheless, be attractive markets for
expensive goods. To get a more accurate picture of a country’s purchasing power, a country’s
__________ must also be considered.
a. total income
b. total area
c. geographical location
d. culture
e. income distribution
The practice of offering small, collateral-free loans to individuals who otherwise would not have
access to the capital necessary to begin small businesses or other income-generating activities, is
referred to as
a. macrofinance.
b. microfinance.
c. microcapitalization.
d. macrocapitalization.
e. megafinance.
Microfinance refers to
a. the practice of offering small, collateral-free loans to individuals who otherwise would not
have access to the capital necessary to begin small businesses or other income-generating
activities in exchange for a percentage of future profits rather than repaying of loans.
b. the practice of offering small, collateral-free loans to individuals who otherwise would not
have access to the capital necessary to begin small businesses or other income-generating
activities.
c. the lending of money contingent upon a daily accounting of all expenditures made and all
income generated.
d. the day-to-day expenses such as coffee for the office, flowers for anniversaries, etc. that are
considered too small or too insignificant to be itemized and instead are listed as discretionary
funds.
e. the expenditures within an individual household assigned to each individual family member
whether they personally generate income or not.
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7-214 MICROFINANCE COMPREHENSION
Hindustan Lever realized it could not sell to the rural poor in India unless it found ways to
distribute its products such as soap, shampoos, and laundry detergents. Lever provided start-up
loans to women to buy stocks of products to sell to local villagers. Today, over 45,000 poor
women sell Lever products in 135,000 villages in India. This is an example of Lever’s use of
a. macrofinance.
b. macrocapitalization.
c. microfinance.
d. microcapitalization.
e. megafinance.
Hindustan Lever realized it could not sell to the rural poor in India unless it found ways to
distribute its products such as soap, shampoos, and laundry detergents. Lever provided start-up
loans to women to buy stocks of products to sell to local villagers. Today, over 45,000 poor
women sell Lever products to 600,000 consumers in 135,000 villages in India. This effort was
called __________.
a. Project Open Roads
b. Project Fresh Start
c. Project Tikva
d. Project Shakti
e. Project Helping Hand
The price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency is referred
to as the
a. balance of price.
b. currency exchange rate.
c. money conversion factor.
d. balance of payments.
e. equity exchange factor.
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7-217 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE KNOWLEDGE
Fluctuations in the __________ among the world’s currencies have direct impact on the sales and
profits made by global companies.
a. design
b. transportation
c. reciprocity
d. exchange rates
e. numismatic value
Which of the following statements concerning currency exchange rates is most accurate?
a. Fluctuations in exchange rates among the world’s currencies are of critical importance in
global marketing.
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b. Fluctuations in exchange rates among the world’s currencies are of minor importance in
global marketing.
c. Exchange rate fluctuations are relatively rare, but they usually have serious long-term
consequences.
d. Exchange rate fluctuations are almost nonexistent due in great part to the euro.
e. Exchange rate fluctuations may affect the financial sector but rarely reach the consumer.
Chrysler Corporation wanted to sell its Jeeps in Japan. The car was priced in U.S. dollars at
about $19,000, but when it reached the Japanese car showrooms, its price was over ¥31,000
Japanese yen, and the Japanese could not afford to buy it. Its price was set without regard for the
a. balance of price.
b. currency exchange rate.
c. reciprocity price.
d. balance of payments.
e. equity exchange factor.
The political and regulatory climate for marketing in a country or region of the world means not
only identifying the current climate but also determining how
a. it conducts its macrofinancing.
b. its citizens budget their money.
c. long a favorable or unfavorable climate will last.
d. the country’s stocks are performing on the stock exchange.
e. its population ranks in size compared to other countries.
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d. cultural diversity
e. currency exchange rates
Trade among nations or regions depends on political stability. In recent times, billions of dollars
have been lost in __________ and __________ as a result of internal political strife, terrorism,
and war.
a. Russia; Poland
b. France; Spain
c. China; Japan
d. the Middle East; Africa
e. Germany; the United Kingdom
Japanese car safety rules require all automobile replacement parts to be Japanese and EU nations
have 10,000 rules that specify how goods are to be made and marketed. These are examples of
a. ISO 9000 standards.
b. trade barriers.
c. universal codes.
d. binding requirements.
e. “the price of doing business.”
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7-227 ISO 9000 COMPREHENSION
Standards for registration and certification of a manufacturer’s quality management and quality
assurance system are referred to as__________ standards.
a. UN 2012
b. NAICS
c. NAFTA
d. ISO 9000
e. ISO 14000
A firm’s profit potential and control over marketing activities __________ as it moves from
exporting to direct investment as a global market-entry strategy.
a. becomes more stable
b. increases
c. levels off
d. decreases
e. becomes more unpredictable
Once a company has decided to enter the global marketplace, it must select a means of market
entry. Four general options exist: (1) __________; (2) licensing; (3) joint venture; and (4) direct
investment.
a. exporting
b. accreditation
c. multiparty
d. cooperative
e. franchising
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Once a company has decided to enter the global marketplace, it must select a means of market
entry. Four general options exist: (1) exporting; (2) __________; (3) joint venture; and (4) direct
investment.
a. macrofinancing
b. microfinancing
c. franchising
d. licensing
e. collateral
Once a company has decided to enter the global marketplace, it must select a means of market
entry. Four general options exist: (1) exporting; (2) licensing; (3) __________; and (4) direct
investment.
a. franchising
b. cooperative
c. multiparty
d. mutual
e. joint venture
Once a company has decided to enter the global marketplace, it must select a means of market
entry. Four general options exist: (1) exporting; (2) licensing; (3) joint venture; and (4)
__________.
a. franchising
b. shared
c. combined
d. cooperative
e. direct investment
A firm’s profit potential and control over marketing activities increases as it moves from
exporting to direct investment as a global market-entry strategy. But so does the firm’s
a. likelihood of long-term success.
b. financial commitment and risk.
- 78 -
c. vulnerability to political changes and doctrines.
d. need for a more educated workforce.
e. need for a larger workforce.
Figure 7-5
According to Figure 7-5 above, point “A” would most likely be __________.
a. joint venture
b. licensing
c. exporting
d. direct investment
e. franchise
According to Figure 7-5 above, point “B” would most likely be __________.
a. exporting
b. joint venture
c. direct investment
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d. franchising
e. licensing
According to Figure 7-5 above, point “C” would most likely be __________.
a. exporting
b. joint venture
c. direct investment
d. licensing
e. franchising
According to Figure 7-5 above, point “D” would most likely be __________.
a. exporting
b. joint venture
c. direct investment
d. franchising
e. licensing
According to Figure 7-5 above, points “A” and “D” would most likely be __________ and
__________ respectively.
a. joint venture; licensing
b. licensing; exporting
c. licensing; joint venture
d. direct investment; licensing
e. exporting; direct investment
- 80 -
Rationale: From least risk to greatest risk, the options for entering the global marketplace are:
(A) exporting; (B) licensing; (C) joint venture; and (D) direct investment. See Figure 7-5 in the
textbook.
According to Figure 7-5 above, points “B” and “C” would most likely be __________ and
__________ respectively.
a. exporting; licensing
b. licensing; joint venture
c. joint venture; direct investment
d. exporting; direct investment
e. exporting; joint venture
A global market-entry strategy in which a company produces goods in one country and sells them
in another country is referred to as __________.
a. exporting
b. direct investment
c. countertrade
d. licensing
e. multinational marketing
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7-242 EXPORTING KNOWLEDGE
What market entry option allows a company to make the least number of changes in terms of its
product, its organization, and even its corporate goals?
a. exporting
b. licensing
c. joint venture
d. direct investment
e. franchising
When a firm sells its domestically produced goods in a foreign country through an intermediary,
it is referred to as
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. licensing.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. foreign assembly.
Indirect exporting occurs when a firm sells its domestically produced goods in a foreign country
a. in violation of a quota.
b. without paying import tariffs.
c. without paying export duties.
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d. through an intermediary.
e. through a joint venture.
What type of exporting has the least amount of commitment and risk but will probably return the
least profit?
a. direct
b. indirect
c. licensing
d. joint venture
e. direct investment
A small Canadian winery located in British Columbia has developed a superior tasting wine. It
has no overseas contacts but wants to get its wine on the shelves in selected Asian and European
markets where growth has been substantial in the last two years. What type of exporting option
would best suit this company?
a. direct exporting
b. licensing
c. indirect exporting
d. joint venture
e. cooperative partnership
The U.S. motorcycle manufacturer Harley-Davidson uses intermediaries to sell its motorcycles in
numerous nations outside the United States. Harley-Davidson uses
a. direct exporting.
b. licensing.
c. contract manufacturing.
d. indirect exporting.
e. foreign assembly.
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7-249 MARKETING MATTERS KNOWLEDGE
Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics attributes its success to a top-quality product, effective
advertising, and a novel __________ program.
a. joint venture
b. cooperative agreement
c. franchise operation
d. export marketing
e. direct investment
To circumvent competing with Japanese firms through their traditional channel of distribution,
Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics Moodmatcher lip coloring is sold in which type of retail venue?
a. grocery stores
b. flower shops
c. beauty salons
d. department stores
e. gift stores
- 84 -
What global market-entry strategy involves slightly more risk than indirect exporting for a
company but also opens the door to increased profits?
a. direct exporting
b. licensing
c. cooperative
d. joint venture
e. direct investment
When a U.S. airplane manufacturer sells its airplanes to business executives in Germany without
using intermediaries, it is referred to as
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. licensing.
d. foreign manufacturing.
e. foreign assembly.
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Answer: a Page(s): 180 LO: 3 AACSB: Global QD: Hard
Rationale: Direct exporting is when a firm sells its domestically produced goods in a foreign
country without intermediaries.
Licensing refers to
a. offering the right to a trademark, patent, trade secret, or similarly valued items of intellectual
property in return for a royalty or fee.
b. contracting with a foreign firm to manufacture products according to certain specifications.
c. when a foreign country and a local firm invest together to create a local business.
d. having a company handle its own exports directly without intermediaries.
e. exporting through an intermediary, which often has the knowledge and means to succeed in
selling a firm’s product abroad.
Offering the right to a trademark, patent, trade secret, or similarly valued items of intellectual
property in return for a royalty or fee is referred to as
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. licensing.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. outside branding.
A form of low-risk and capital-free entry into international markets that includes local
manufacturing and local assembly is referred to as
a. indirect exporting.
b. direct ownership.
c. joint ventures.
d. licensing.
e. direct exporting.
- 86 -
7-259 LICENSING COMPREHENSION
Which form of entry into a global market makes a firm the most vulnerable to harm regarding its
brand name or reputation?
- 87 -
a. direct exporting
b. indirect exporting
c. licensing
d. contract manufacturing
e. joint ventures
Tricon was the restaurant division of PepsiCo until it was spun off in 1997. Since then, Tricon
has opened 6,000 KFC restaurants abroad. It has 158 restaurants in Indonesia and more than 500
restaurants in China. All are locally owned and the owner pays a fee to Tricon. Tricon is
engaged in
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. licensing.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. foreign assembly.
- 88 -
c. contracting between a foreign country and a local firm to invest together to create a local
business.
d. having a company handle its own exports directly, without intermediaries.
e. exporting through an intermediary, which has the knowledge and means to succeed in selling
a firm’s product abroad.
Companies that contract with a foreign firm to manufacture products according to stated
specifications are using
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. joint ventures.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. contract assembly.
New Balance Athletic Shoes, Inc. claimed its shoes were “made in the USA” when actually the
shoe soles and most of the uppers were made in China. The shoes were assembled in the United
States. The Federal Trade Commission did not think that assembling the shoes in the United
States was enough to use the “made in the USA” logo. New Balance actually used
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. a joint venture.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. contract assembly.
Contracting with a foreign firm to assemble parts and components that have been shipped to that
country is referred to as
a. direct exporting.
b. indirect exporting.
c. direct investment.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. contract assembly.
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Answer: e Page(s): 181-182 LO: 3 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
Rationale: Text term definition—contract assembly.
Tricon was the restaurant division of PepsiCo until it was spun off in 1997. Since then Tricon has
opened 6,000 KFC restaurants abroad. It has 158 restaurants in Indonesia and more than 500
restaurants in China. All are locally owned and subject to a contractual agreement that allows the
owners to operate the business under the established KFC brand name and according to specific
rules. Tricon is engaged in
a. contract assembly.
b. a joint venture.
c. contract manufacturing.
d. a partnership.
e. franchising.
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7-272 JOINT VENTURE KNOWLEDGE
A global market-entry strategy in which a foreign company and a local firm invest together to
create a local business in order to share ownership, control, and profits of the new company is
referred to as
a. licensing.
b. a joint venture.
c. direct exporting.
d. a local assembly.
e. local manufacturing.
PepsiCo and __________ entered into a joint venture to market Frito-Lay’s, Cheetos, Ruffles, and
Doritos in Israel.
a. The Strauss Group
b. Ericsson
c. General Mills
d. Hebrew National
e. CGCT
A disadvantage of a joint venture arrangement when entering a new global market is that
a. no intermediaries are used to distribute the product.
b. the first entering the foreign marketing must pay royalties to the host firm.
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c. one of the companies forgoes control over its product.
d. when the two companies disagree about policies.
e. this method has the least amount of subsidies from the host country’s government.
A global market-entry strategy that entails a domestic firm actually investing in and owning a
foreign subsidiary or division is referred to as
a. licensing.
b. local assembly.
c. a joint venture.
d. direct investment.
e. local manufacturing.
When Nestlé actually owns a subsidiary or division in a foreign country, such as when it
established its own ice cream manufacturing operation in China, this global market entry strategy
is known as __________ and represents the greatest commitment a company can make.
a. licensing
b. local assembly
c. a joint venture
d. direct investment
e. local manufacturing
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Rationale: The biggest commitment a company can make when entering the global market is
direct investment, which entails a domestic firm actually investing in and owning a foreign
subsidiary or division.
Which form of entry into a foreign market requires the greatest commitment?
a. direct exporting
b. direct investment
c. joint venture
d. licensing
e. indirect exporting
Both Honda and Toyota have plants in the United States that use American labor. This example
is an illustration of Honda and Toyota practicing
a. direct exporting.
b. direct investment.
c. joint venture.
d. licensing.
e. indirect exporting.
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. The strategy of selling virtually the same product in other countries is referred to as
a. product adaptation.
b. product invention.
c. brand adaptation.
d. product extension.
e. product integration.
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As a general rule, __________ seems to work best when the consumer market target for the
product is alike across countries and cultures—that is, consumers share the same desires, needs,
and use for the product.
a. product adaptation
b. product extension
c. product integration
d. product invention
e. product customization
Coca-Cola, Gillette razors, and Wrigley’s gum are virtually selling the same product in other
countries. This is an example of which type of international product strategy?
a. product customization
b. product adaptation
c. product extension
d. product integration
e. product invention
The company that makes Breathe-Right nasal strips sells the same product in other countries.
This is an example of which type of global product strategy?
a. product customization
b. product extension
c. product adaptation
d. product invention
e. product integration
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. Changing a product in some way to make it more appropriate for a country’s climate or
preferences is an example of which type of strategy?
- 94 -
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. product invention
e. product integration
Changing a product in some way to make it more appropriate for a country’s climate or
preferences is an example of which type of product strategy?
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. product invention
e. product integration
Frito-Lay produces and markets potato chips in Russia that have seafood flavor. This is an
example of
a. product integration.
b. product invention.
c. product adaptation.
d. product customization.
e. product extension.
KFC in Japan altered the sweetness of its coleslaw to appeal to Japanese tastes. This is an
example of which type of global product strategy?
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. product invention
e. product integration
- 95 -
7-289 PRODUCT INVENTION KNOWLEDGE
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. Designing a product to serve the unmet needs of a foreign nation is which type of
product strategy?
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. product invention
e. product integration
Even though Exxon adapts its gasoline blends for different countries based on climate, the
promotion message is unchanged. The wording of that slogan is “_________.”
a. Put a tiger in your tank
b. Put the pedal to the metal
c. Buy American-refined fuel
d. Keep American’s working
e. Power in the Pistons
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. Nescafé coffee is marketed using different coffee blends and promotional campaigns to
match consumer preferences in different countries. For example, Nescafé generally emphasizes
the taste, aroma, and warmth of shared moments in its advertising around the world. However, in
Thailand, Nescafé is advertised as a way to relax from the pressures of daily life. This is an
example of which type of global product strategy?
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. dual adaptation
e. dual integration
- 96 -
Nescafé coffee is marketed using different coffee blends and promotional campaigns to match
consumer preferences in different countries. For example Nescafé generally emphasizes the taste,
aroma, and warmth of shared moments in its advertising around the world. However in Thailand
Nescafé is advertised as a way to relax from the pressures of daily life. Nescafé is using which
type of product strategy?
a. product extension
b. product customization
c. product adaptation
d. dual adaptation
e. dual integration
Figure 7-6
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. According to Figure 7-6 above, “A” refers to which type of strategy?
a. product extension strategy
b. communication adaptation strategy
c. product adaptation strategy
d. dual adaptation strategy
e. product invention strategy
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. According to Figure 7-6 above, “B” refers to which type of strategy?
a. product extension strategy
- 97 -
b. communication adaptation strategy
c. product adaptation strategy
d. dual adaptation strategy
e. product invention strategy
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. According to Figure 7-6 above, “C” refers to which type of strategy?
a. product extension strategy
b. product adaptation strategy
c. dual adaptation strategy
d. product invention strategy
e. communication adaptation strategy
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. According to Figure 7-6 above, “D” refers to which type of strategy?
a. product extension strategy
b. product adaptation strategy
c. dual adaptation strategy
d. product invention strategy
e. communication adaptation strategy
Global companies have five strategies for matching products and their promotion efforts to global
markets. According to Figure 7-6 above, “E” refers to which type of strategy?
a. product extension strategy
b. product adaptation strategy
c. dual adaptation strategy
d. product invention strategy
e. communication adaptation strategy
- 98 -
Rationale: A product invention strategy (“E”) requires the invention of an entirely new product.
See Figure 7-6 in the textbook.
Figure 7-7
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. “A” represents the
a. seller.
b. seller’s international marketing headquarters.
c. channels between nations.
d. channels within the foreign nation.
e. final customer.
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. “B” represents the
a. channels within foreign nations.
b. channels between nations.
c. seller’s international marketing headquarters.
d. political forces.
e. final consumer.
- 99 -
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. “C” represents the
a. seller.
b. seller’s international marketing headquarters.
c. channels between nations.
d. channels within foreign nations.
e. final consumer.
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. Which letter in the figure (“A,”
“B,” “C,” “D,” or “E”) would identify intermediaries used to move the product from one country
to another?
a. “A”
b. “B”
c. “C”
d. “D”
e. “E”
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. “E” represents the
a. seller.
b. seller’s international marketing headquarters.
c. channels between nations.
d. channels within foreign nations.
e. final consumer.
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7-303 DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY COMPREHENSION
Figure above 7-7 outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. Channels of distribution in global
marketing are often long and complex. “A” represents the __________ and “B” identifies the
__________.
a. seller; final consumer
b. seller; seller’s international marketing headquarters
c. seller international marketing headquarters; channels between nations
d. channels between nations; channels within foreign nations
e. channels within foreign nations; final consumer
Figure 7-7 above outlines the distribution channels through which a product manufactured in one
country must travel to reach its destination in another country. Channels within a foreign nation
can be very long or surprisingly short. Which letter in the figure represents these channels?
a. “A”
b. “B”
c. “C”
d. “D”
e. “E”
When a firm sells a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or below its actual cost,
it is referred to as
a. loss-leader pricing.
b. surplus marketing.
c. dumping.
d. second-market pricing.
e. entrepreneurial pricing.
- 101 -
7-306 DUMPING KNOWLEDGE
Dumping refers to
a. illegally disposing of unusable or damaged goods to avoid paying removal fees and/or taxes.
b. when a firm sells damaged or unsalable goods below their original production cost.
c. when a firm sells quality goods at significantly lower prices for the primary purpose of
reducing inventory to make room for seasonal goods.
d. when a firm sells quality goods at significantly lower prices for the primary purpose of
reducing inventory to make room for newer or more expensive models.
e. when a firm sells a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or below its actual
cost.
What is the term for a firm selling a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or
below its actual cost?
a. dumping
b. surplus marketing
c. second-market pricing
d. channeling
e. entrepreneurial pricing
Eastman Kodak accused Japanese rival Fuji Photo Film of selling photographic paper in the
United States for 25 percent below what it charges in Japan. In other words, Eastman Kodak
accused Fuji of __________.
a. tariff avoidance
b. countertrade
c. surplus marketing
d. dumping
e. underbidding
- 102 -
b. a gray market
c. dumping
d. a globalized market
e. parallel exporting
The Japanese manufacture tractors for rice paddies. They are smaller than most U.S. tractors and
perfect for a weekend farmer who wants to tend to a small garden. The tractors are not sold in the
United States through any authorized channels, yet they are available in the United States at
prices below the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. What is the term for how these tractors
are being sold?
a. the gray market
b. under the counter
c. over the counter
d. bypassed global channels
e. breaking the distribution monopoly
- 103 -
Rationale: Gray marketing is a situation where products are bought in a lower-priced country
from a manufacturer’s authorized reseller, shipped to higher-priced countries, and sold through
unauthorized channels of distribution below the manufacturer’s suggested retail price.
When CNS decided to enter the global market for its Breathe Right strips, there were many
contributing factors for doing so. However, according to Kevin McKenna, vice president for
international at CNS, the real key to successfully enter a specific global market is
a. selecting a country where there will be virtually no product competition.
b. having a local partner that is entrepreneurial with an ability to distribute and sell.
c. capitalizing on America’s reputation as a leader in medical product innovation.
d. having an internationally known celebrity spokesperson who transcends national boundaries.
e. having a quality product that can easily be manufactured and distributed.
Many changes influenced the opportunities for global sales of Breathe Right strips. One of these
is:
a. an increase in pollution resulting in a larger number of people suffering from allergies, who
would benefit from the product.
b. a heightened interest in products considered to be “quick fixes.”
c. a distrust of the formal medical community and a desire for self-healing alternatives.
d. an expansion of the pharmacist role from that of medical professional to selling and
marketing OTC products.
e. a desire to avoid invasive procedures or medications.
- 104 -
expanded from that of medical professional to one that includes selling and marketing OTC
products to consumers.
To ensure the Breathe Right brand continues to meet growth expectations, CNS uses a three-stage
approach to penetrate and develop new markets: (1) explore/test the concept; (2) establish the
product; and (3) __________.
a. manage the product
b. benchmark the product
c. analyze market trends
d. perform cross-cultural analysis
e. assess political and regulatory requirements
- 105 -
CHAPTER 7: MASTER TEST BANK
UNDERSTANDING AND REACHING GLOBAL CONSUMERS AND MARKETS
Answer:
The global perspective of world trade views exports and imports as complementary economic
flows. A country’s imports affect its exports and exports affect its imports. Every nation’s
imports arise from the exports of other nations. As the exports of one country increase, its
national output and income rise, which in turn leads to an increase in the demand for imports.
This nation’s greater demand for imports stimulates the exports of other countries. Increased
demand for exports of other nations energizes their economic activity, resulting in higher national
income, which stimulates their demand for imports. In short, imports affect exports and vice
versa. This phenomenon is called the trade feedback effect and is one argument for free trade
among nations.
List and briefly describe the four main elements of Porter’s diamond of national competitive
advantage.
Answer:
The four major elements of Porter’s diamond of national competitive advantage include factor
conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and company strategy,
structure, and rivalry. (1) Factor conditions include a nation’s ability to use its natural resources,
education and skill levels, and wage rates. (2) Demand conditions refer to the size of the market,
sophistication of consumers, and media exposure of an industry’s products. (3) Related and
supporting industries refers to the existence of supplier clusters that can accelerate innovation.
(4) Company strategy, structure, and rivalry refer to the number of companies in an industry, the
intensity of competition, and whether ownership is public or private.
Play devil’s advocate. Select any American industry and argue persuasively why protectionism is
not only patriotic, it is absolutely essential for survival.
Answer:
A quality answer will provide at least three reasons (with examples!) specific to the industry
chosen, touching on such arguments as preserving jobs, protecting a nation’s political security,
discouraging economic dependency on other countries, or encouraging domestic industry.
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Page(s): 164-165 LO: 1 AACSB: Global QD: Hard
Give at least one argument for and one argument against protectionism.
Answer:
People who favor protectionism believe that it preserves jobs, protects a nation’s political
security, discourages economic dependency on other countries, and encourages domestic
industry. Those who oppose protectionism believe that it inhibits world trade and results in
higher domestic prices on goods and services produced by protected industries. While the
decreased supply may raise prices, the tariffs are a virtually certain way to do so.
“A signal that the world’s trading nations are committed to open markets—and will resist
protectionism—would inject confidence and energy into our markets,” says the U.S. Trade
Representative. Discuss this statement.
Answer:
This statement indicates that the U.S. Trade Representative is opposed to protectionism. He
believes it inhibits world trade and that it may result in higher domestic prices on goods and
services produced by protected industries. Lower prices will increase consumer buying and
increased consumer buying will increase production. Increased production will lead to more jobs,
higher profits, and increased confidence.
If your primary motive was to raise prices on imports, would you use tariffs or quotas? Why?
Answer:
If your primary motive was to raise prices on imports, then your choice would be tariffs. Tariffs
are government taxes on goods or services entering a country. They help equalize price
competition between foreign and domestic goods. Quotas are restrictions placed on the amount
of a product that may enter or leave a country. See Figure 7-3 in the textbook.
Briefly describe the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its purpose.
Answer:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995 to address a broad array of world
trade issues. There are 153 WTO member countries including the United States, which account
- 107 -
for more than 90 percent of world trade. The WTO is a permanent institution that sets rules
governing trade between its members through panels of trade experts, who decide on trade
disputes between members and issue binding decisions. The WTO reviews more than 200
disputes annually.
In recent years, a number of countries with similar economic goals have formed transnational
trade groups or signed trade agreements for the purpose of promoting free trade. Describe the
best-known three.
Answer:
(1) The European Union (EU) in mid-2012 consists of 27 countries with more than 500 million
consumers. The EU has eliminated most barriers to the free flow of goods, services, capital, and
labor across its borders. In addition, 16 countries have adopted the euro, eliminating the need to
continually monitor the currency exchange rate. (2) North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) lifted many trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States and created
a marketplace with more than 450 million consumers. In 2006, a comprehensive free trade
agreement among Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and the United States extended many NAFTA benefits to Central American countries
and the Dominican Republic. Called CAFTA-DR, this agreement is viewed as a step toward a
34-country Free Trade Area of the Americas for the Western Hemisphere. (3) Asian free trade
agreements are growing. They are less formal than those underlying the EU and NAFTA, but
they have reduced tariffs among countries and promoted trade.
Three types of companies populate and compete in the global marketplace. Identify and
succinctly describe each type.
Answer:
All three types of global companies employ people in different countries and many have
administrative, marketing, and manufacturing operations (often called divisions or subsidiaries)
around the world. However, a firm’s orientation toward and strategy for global markets and
marketing defines the type of company it is or attempts to be. The three are: (1) An international
firm engages in trade and marketing in different countries as an extension of the marketing
strategy in its home country. (2) A multinational firm views the world as consisting of unique
parts and markets to each part differently. (3) A transnational firm views the world as one market
and emphasizes cultural similarities across countries or universal consumer needs and wants more
than differences.
- 108 -
Identify and describe the factors a company should consider in order to do a thorough cross-
cultural analysis. In your answer, be sure to define cross-cultural analysis.
Answer:
Cross-cultural analysis involves the study of similarities and differences among consumers in two
or more nations or societies. A thorough analysis should include a study of a country’s values,
customs, symbols, and language. Values are the personally or socially preferable modes of
conduct or states of existence that tend to persist over time. Customs are the norms and
expectations about the way people do things in a specific country. Cultural symbols are things
that represent ideas and concepts. It is important not to assume that all symbols have a universal
meaning. Language study should include more than a literal translation; knowledge of nuances
and idioms as well as an acknowledgment of dialects or multiple national languages is important
as well.
Why is it a wise idea for global marketers use back translation? Provide an example to support
your answer.
Answer:
Back translation is where a translated word or phrase is retranslated into the original language by
a different interpreter to catch errors. This will help prevent unintended meanings from occurring
in marketing plans. Examples from the textbook of the unintended meanings of brand names are
P&G’s Pert shampoo, Cadbury Schweppes Tonic Water, and Vicks.
Answer:
Cultural ethnocentricity is the belief that aspects of one’s culture are superior to another’s.
Consumer ethnocentrism is the belief that it is wrong or inappropriate to buy foreign-made
products. With the latter belief, a person would buy a domestic product even if a superior or less
expensive foreign-made item were available.
Global marketing is also affected by economic considerations. Identify the three steps that should
be performed when scanning the global marketplace.
Answer:
A scan of the global marketplace should include: (1) an assessment of the economic infrastructure
in different countries; (2) measurement of consumer income in different countries; and (3)
recognition of a country’s currency exchange rates.
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Page(s): 175 LO: 2 AACSB: Global QD: Easy
What is meant by the term economic infrastructure and how can this affect a firm’s plans to enter
a global market?
Answer:
Economic infrastructure is a country’s communication, transportation, financial, and distribution
systems. This represents a critical consideration in a company’s determination of whether it
should try to market to a country’s consumers and organizations. You might have the best
product in the world, but if you are not able to physically reach your customer because the rains
have washed away the roads, you will not be successful. Similarly, if the financial payment
systems aren’t developed (consumers lack credit cards; pay only in cash), exchange relationships
may be more limited.
Describe the people at the bottom of the pyramid and give an example of how global companies
are choosing to serve them.
Answer:
About 86 percent of the world’s population of roughly 7.1 billion people reside in developing
countries on one-fifth of total world income. Four billion of these people live on less than $2 per
day. In global marketing terms, they are viewed as being at the bottom of the pyramid, which is
the largest, but poorest socioeconomic group of people in the world. Motorola is an example of a
global company that is choosing to serve these people by providing a low-cost cell phone with
battery life as long as 500 hours for rural villagers without regular electricity and an extra-loud
volume for use in noisy markets. [Students may have other examples of their own.]
What are the market entry strategy options available to a company seeking to enter the global
marketplace? How do they relate to each other in terms of profit potential, risk, financial
commitment required, and marketing control?
Answer:
Once a company has decided to enter the global marketplace, it may select one of four strategies:
(1) exporting, which involves producing goods in one country and selling them in another
country; (2) licensing, where a company offers the right to a trademark, patent, trade secret, or
other similarly valued items of intellectual property in return for a royalty or a fee; (3) joint
venture, which involves a foreign company and a local firm investing together to create a local
business; and (4) direct investment, which entails a domestic firm actually investing in and
owning a foreign subsidiary or division. The amount of financial commitment, risk, marketing
control, and profit potential increases as the firm moves from exporting to direct investment. See
- 110 -
Figure 7-5 in the textbook.
Explain the difference between indirect exporting and direct exporting. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of each approach?
Answer:
Indirect exporting is when a firm sells its domestically produced goods in a foreign country
through an intermediary. It has the least amount of commitment and risk but will probably return
the least profit. Indirect exporting is ideal for a company that has no overseas contacts but wants
to market abroad. The intermediary is often a distributor that has the marketing know-how and
resources necessary for the effort to succeed. Direct exporting is when a firm sells its
domestically produced goods in a foreign country without intermediaries. Direct exporting
involves more risk than indirect exporting for the company but also opens the door to increased
profits. Most companies become involved in direct exporting when they believe their volume of
sales will be sufficiently large and easy to obtain so that they do not require intermediaries.
Discuss licensing. Define it, give the advantages and disadvantages, and explain what contract
manufacturing, contract assembly, and franchising are.
Answer:
Licensing offers the right to a company trademark, patent, trade secret, or other similarly valued
items of intellectual property in return for a royalty or a fee. The advantages to the company
granting the license are low risk and a capital-free entry into a foreign country. The licensee
gains information that allows it to start with a competitive advantage and the foreign country
gains employment by having the product manufactured locally. However, the licensor forgoes
control of its product and reduces the potential profits gained from it. The licensor may be
creating its own competition. To offset this disadvantage, many companies strive to stay
innovative so that the licensee remains dependent on them. Additionally, should the licensee
prove to be a poor choice, the name or reputation of the company may be harmed. Contract
manufacturing is when a U.S. company contracts with a foreign firm to manufacture products
according to stated specifications. The product is then sold in the foreign country or exported
back to the United States. With contract assembly, the U.S. company may contract with a foreign
firm to assemble (not manufacture) parts and components that have been shipped to that country.
Franchising is one of the fastest growing market-entry strategies. Franchises include soft drink,
motel, retailing, fast food, and car rental operations, and a variety of business services. A
franchise is a contractual arrangement between a parent company (a franchisor) and an individual
or firm (a franchisee) that allows the franchisee to operate a certain type of business under an
established name and according to specific rules.
- 111 -
Explain the difference between joint venture and direct investment market entry strategies. What
are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?
Answer:
When a foreign company and a local firm invest together to create a local business, it is called a
joint venture. These two companies share ownership, control, and profits of the new company.
The advantages are twofold: First, one company may not have the necessary financial, physical,
or managerial resources to enter a foreign market alone. Second, a government may require or
strongly encourage a joint venture before it allows a foreign company to enter its market. The
disadvantages arise when companies disagree about policies or courses of action or when
governmental bureaucracy bogs down the effort. Direct investment entails a domestic firm
actually investing in and owning a foreign subsidiary or division. Advantages include cost
savings, better understanding of local market conditions, and fewer local restrictions.
Disadvantages include increased financial commitments and risks.
What are the product and promotion strategies available to a company seeking to enter the global
marketplace? How do they relate to each other in terms of the same or adapted product and
promotion?
Answer:
There are five product and promotional strategies for global marketing. (1) Sell the same home
country product using the same home country promotion in a foreign country (product extension
strategy). (2) Sell the same home country product using an adapted promotion strategy in a
foreign country (communication adaptation strategy). (3) Sell an adapted home country product
using the same home country promotion in a foreign country (product adaptation strategy). (4)
Sell an adapted home country product using an adapted home country promotion in a foreign
country (dual adaptation strategy). (5) Create a new product for the foreign market (product
invention strategy).
Answer:
Figure 7-7 outlines the channel through which a product manufactured in one country must travel
to reach its destination in another country. The first step involves the seller; its headquarters is
the starting point and is responsible for the successful distribution to the ultimate consumer. The
next step is the channel between two nations, moving the product from one country to another.
Intermediaries that can handle this responsibility include resident buyers in a foreign country,
independent merchant wholesalers who buy and sell the product, or agents who bring buyers and
sellers together. Once the product is in the foreign nation, that country’s distribution channels
take over. These channels can be very long or surprisingly short, depending on the product line.
Ultimately, the products reach the final or ultimate consumer.
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Page(s): 185 LO: 4 AACSB: Global QD: Medium
Answer:
Dumping is when a firm sells a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or below its
actual cost. Parallel importing, also known as gray marketing, is when companies price their
products very high in some countries but competitively in others. Individuals then buy products
in a lower-priced country from an authorized retailer, ship them to higher-priced countries, and
sell them below the suggested retail price through unauthorized retailers.
- 113 -
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Gertrude shook her head vigorously, her pleasant round face
flushing a little too. “I don’t mean to be,” she said, “of course it’s a
great temptation; we secretaries know everything, it’s like turning a
dress inside out and finding the lining’s only paper-cambric with a
silk facing; it’s all a big sham, we’re on the inside and know! But,
goodness, it would ruin Fox, and I know, Rose, I know she’s in love
with him.”
Rose looked steadily away; she, too, saw the ivy leaves fluttering
gently in the sunshine as the light breeze rippled across them.
Miss English sighed. “Well,” she said, “I don’t care; Margaret’s so
unhappy, it seems as if she ought to try over again, only there are
the children. I forgot though, Rose, you’re very stiff-necked; I
suppose you hate divorces?”
Rose shook her head. “I don’t believe in marriage after divorce,” she
said; she was very young and she had rigid standards, like a great
many people who have never had to test them in their hearts’ blood.
Gertrude English opened her mild blue eyes. “Don’t you?” she said,
“I didn’t, either, until I saw Margaret; then I began to think it was
awful to have to live out a mistake; and there’s White too; really he’s
had his trials. I don’t know whether it would be wicked or not for her
to marry again.”
“It isn’t Scriptural,” said Rose firmly, her face colorless now.
Miss English rose and began to put on her gloves. “Well, there isn’t
any marrying or giving in marriage in heaven,” she remarked, “so I
suppose most of us have got to do it all here. As far as I’m
concerned, I don’t find any rush for a poor girl. It’s amazing to me
that the male creatures can’t see the advantages of the habit of
economy!” she added, with a good humored laugh.
“I wish you’d stay to lunch,” said Rose mechanically; she had not
Gerty’s keen sense of humor, and her heart felt like lead in her
bosom.
“I can’t!” the little secretary went to the mirror and adjusted her hat-
pins; “I’ve got to go and write notes. Margaret has no head, and
she’s probably in bed now. You know she really has heart trouble; I
shouldn’t wonder if she died in one of her fandangoes.”
“And she’s talking of divorce and marriage!” Rose looked gravely into
the other girl’s troubled face.
“Of course; isn’t it like her?” Miss English moved slowly to the door,
buttoning her gloves, and Rose followed.
In the hall she turned. “After all, who’s to blame?” she said stoutly;
“Margaret’s awfully unhappy, and Fox—goodness, he used to almost
live there, he was there to everything until that row with White over
the Cabinet business. I’d like to know what you think of him, Miss
Moralist, a man who flirts with a married woman!”
“I try not to think of it,” Rose replied quietly.
Miss English had opened the door and the sunlight streamed in. “Oh,
good gracious!” she exclaimed; “why, Rose, what’s the matter?
You’re as white as a sheet!”
“I’ve—I’ve got a headache,” Rose faltered, the fib lodging in her
throat, for she had been reared to tell the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth.
“And I’ve been teasing you! I’m a brute. Go and lie down, you poor
dear!” Gertrude kissed her affectionately and penitently; “try
phospho-caffein; your hands are like ice!”
“Oh, it’s nothing—only a headache,” fibbed Rose, more easily the
second time; she realized it with a shudder. The way of the
transgressor is not always hard, the road is wide, also it is agreeable
—but she had not discovered that yet!
“I’ll stop by to-night and inquire,” said Gertrude.
But Rose shivered at the thought of continued deception. “Oh, I’ll be
all right,” she called after her visitor, then she closed the door and
laid her head against it; everything turned dark for a minute and
swam around her.
She went back to the library and picking up her scissors put them
away, and quite mechanically arranged her father’s chair and his
footrest and looked up the book he would want in the evening. She
tried not to let her mind dwell too much on what Miss English had
told her, but her lips tightened and her eyes darkened with controlled
emotion. She had led, hitherto, a happy, sheltered life, she had never
suffered much, and her capacity for suffering was very great. Her
character, which was just emerging from the malleable sweetness of
girlhood, had begun to feel the impress of her father’s stern morality.
With Rose right was right, and wrong was wrong; there was no
middle course. She had an exalted conception of duty and the
sacrifices that one should be ready to make for a principle. She had
never tested any of these admirable theories in the fiery furnace of
temptation, but she had a shadowy notion that if she had lived in the
age of Nero she should have offered her body to be burned to save
her soul alive. It is unfortunate for some of the modern Christian
martyrs that they did not live at that time; a diet of prepared breakfast
foods and French entrées is not conducive to the production of
heroes.
Rose had been so happy the day before, the birth of a new and
beautiful emotion had so transfigured her young soul, that this
sudden and dreadful revelation was in the nature of a thunderbolt
from a clear sky; her heart shrivelled and shrank within her. Yet to
question Fox, to doubt him was, to her simple, loyal nature a hideous
possibility.
If this were true, if he had all the while loved a married woman—
Rose knelt down by her father’s vacant chair and laid her head on
her arms. She tried to thrust the thought away, but it haunted her and
that verse—she had been brought up on the Scriptures, she knew
them by heart, their denunciations had frightened her when she was
a little girl, they chilled her still—For whosoever shall keep the whole
law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. She shuddered;
what should she do? O God, would it be very hard? She caught
herself pleading; was she begging off? The stern conscience in her
made her start up from her knees with a sob.
XIII
IT fell out—most unseasonably for the Vermilions—that Mrs. O’Neal
had planned her annual reception for the same night as their fancy-
ball. All the world was sure to go to Mrs. O’Neal’s sooner or later,
and it broke up the mask-ball at an unusual hour, just before the
champagne began to take effect, which was, on the whole, rather a
mercy to the Vermilions, though they knew it not and suffered some
keen pangs of anger and jealousy. Mrs. O’Neal had, of course, done
it on purpose, Cynthia Vermilion said, and, perhaps she had! Mrs.
O’Neal was a thoroughly worldly old person who would have driven
her social chariot over a hundred Vermilions, figuratively speaking,
and felt a grim pleasure in doing it. The world is not precisely the
place for the cultivation of the more tender feelings, or an undue love
for your neighbor, and Martha O’Neal had long since forgotten that
there might be really serious reasons for considering any one but
herself.
So she gave her famous annual ball on that beautiful spring evening
when the scent of the lilacs in her garden came in through the open
windows. She had the house decorated with Easter lilies—it was
Eastertide—and she had made her offering from the front pew in the
most fashionable church in town, wearing her new bonnet while her
head vibrated sufficiently to make the roses dance in weird mockery
on its brim. She had remembered to mention, too, that she gave a
thousand dollars a year to the church, because it is quite useless to
hide your light under a bushel. Having done all these things she
gave her ball on the Vermilions’ evening, and it was a very beautiful,
a very select and a very famous affair, made more famous in the end
by an incident which she had not foreseen.
Those poor Vermilions! They had spent many thousands, and yet
people hurried away or came late, only to eat the supper; old
Vermilion was a magnificent provider. Of course there were some
who never went to the Vermilion’s at all, but always to Mrs. O’Neal’s;
among these were the Temples and old Mrs. Allestree, who made a
point to be present at Martha’s house, for she and Martha had been
schoolmates and were still good friends, although nothing could
have been more amusing than the contrast; the one in her old-
fashioned dress with her placid face and her kindly smile, and the
other, tight-laced, over-burdened with satin and jewels, her old head
wagging and quivering under its high white pompadour and its
jewelled aigrette.
Her rooms were thronged; the dark polished floors, the old
mahogany furniture, the glittering mirrors, the bewildering array of
candles, tall candles and short candles, huge seven-armed silver
candelabra, short, stout silver candlesticks, the masses of white
lilies, the sweet, heavy odor of them; what a beautiful, dazzling,
fanciful scene it was, when the lovely women in their rich dresses
began to throng every room and corridor and even lingered laughing
and talking on the wide stairs and in the gallery above which
commanded the lower hall and the ballroom, where the fluted pillars
were festooned with vines and crowned with capitals of roses. The
old, old woman, with her white head and her false teeth and her
gorgeous gown, receiving her guests, chattering and smiling and
proud; truly the ruling passion is strong in death. She stood there
nobly, heroically, cheerfully, though her tight satin shoes pinched her
poor, old feet, and the draughts from the door sent a shiver of
rheumatic pain across her poor, old, bare, shrivelled shoulders; and
the wide expanse of her ample neck and bosom, clad in jewels and
the imagination, felt the breeze too.
After awhile the guests from the fancy-ball began to drift in, a few at
first in costume, and then more and more, until the ballroom took on
the look of a harlequin show, and there was much gay laughter and
criticism of each new arrival from those who had disdained the
Vermilion ball or who had never been asked.
Mrs. Osborne came, beautiful and striking, dressed as an Eastern
sorceress, and almost at once she had a circle around her in the
corner of the conservatory, and was telling fortunes and interpreting
dreams with all the arts of a charlatan and the charm of a lovely
woman. The crimson tunic, the dark blue petticoat worked with gold,
the shapely ankles with broad gold bracelets, the glittering scarfs
which draped her shoulders and revealed her white arms, the dull
gold band on her forehead, binding back the masses of glossy
auburn hair, all combined to make her a charming and seductive
picture. She told fortunes well; it is an alluring art, it shows pretty
hands and delicate wrists, and the downward sweep of soft
eyelashes, the arch of a white brow, besides that swift glance
upward from bewilderingly lovely eyes—
The women looked at her over their shoulders and stiffened, while
the men all had their fortunes told and found the lines on their palms
of sudden and absorbing interest. One or two elderly women, the
mothers of grown boys and girls, were seized with a sudden desire
to go home, but it was no easy matter because the elderly
gentlemen belonging to them, and also the fathers of grown boys
and girls, found that corner too attractive to leave.
Judge Temple, observing it with his shrewd common sense, smiled
with much secret amusement and looked about to see if Rose saw it,
for Rose would understand though she had not his sense of humor.
But he discovered Rose greeting William Fox with an expression on
her sweet young face which startled him. She was smiling and
speaking easily, he saw that, but what was it in her eyes, her lips,
which seemed almost too subtle to interpret? The judge stopped
talking to his nearest neighbor and looked at his own child oddly;
could it be? Then he looked at Fox and there he read something too,
the look of a man in pain, physical or mental, a pain which he meant
to hide. The old judge had been to the supper-table and was
standing at the door when he saw them; he quite forgot the plate in
his hand, he almost let a strawberry roll off on to the floor when he
heard Mrs. Allestree’s voice.
“Dear me, judge, do remember that I’m wearing my one evening
gown and strawberries stain!” and she laughed as she saw his start;
“there, see what it is to be a philosopher out for an evening with a
frivolous old woman!”
“My dear Jane,” replied the judge—he had gone to school with Mrs.
Allestree—; “I’d forgotten that it wasn’t a strawberry vine. Do you
remember those we stole from old Mr. White’s patch a thousand
years ago?”
“Do I?” the old woman sighed; “Stephen,” she said, “how much nicer
they were than these! I wonder if I stole some now—”
“I should send you to jail,” he retorted, twinkling, “the second offense,
you know!”
“You stole those yourself!” she replied indignantly, “I was only
accessory after the fact! Who in the world is that?” she added,
catching her breath and craning her neck to peep through the throng.
It was Margaret White. She had just come from the fancy-ball where
it had been her whim to appear as Ophelia. Perhaps her conscience
had pinched her for her treatment of Mrs. Vermilion in Allestree’s
studio, or it had merely pleased her to go. It was often impossible to
find the key to her conduct. At any rate she had gone, and she came
late to Mrs. O’Neal’s, where she was to meet her husband, for he
had refused to go in costume to the Vermilions’. He was a man of too
heavy common sense to trick himself out in fancy dress, and on that
one point he knew his own limitations; he had never been able to
play a part to his own satisfaction, and he had too high an opinion of
Wicklow White to belittle him with a failure. So it happened that he
had already had his fortune told by the enchantress in the
conservatory when a ripple of excitement from the ballroom reached
him.
When Mrs. Allestree spoke the crowd had parted to let Margaret
pass through it. She wore a flowing, soft, white gown, thin, clinging,
revealing her neck and arms and the long slim lines of her figure; her
hair, which was beautiful and an unusual tint of pale brown, was
unbound and hanging, trimmed with flowers, while her arms were full
of them.
There was a silence; every eye was on her, and there was an
instantaneous recognition of her remarkable fitness for the part; the
delicate, subtle beauty of her face, her brilliant eyes, with the dusky
shadows below them, the longing, the pain, the uninterpreted feeling
of her expression, her wild hair, her slim, graceful figure, the
appealing beauty of her slender white hands as she held them out,
offering rosemary and rue and daisies, was she really an actress
born or—the very nymph herself? That mystic atmosphere of tragedy
which sometimes seemed to pervade her being had at last found an
expression at once visible and beautiful.
It was her whim to play the part out, and people watched her,
fascinated; those who did not approve of her, those who disliked her,
as well as those who fell under her spell, watched her with
undisguised eagerness. She drew all eyes and knew it. She looked
up and saw her husband standing in the door of the conservatory;
their eyes met with a challenge; they had quarrelled woefully over
her coming in this dress, and it only needed the sight of him to kindle
her wilful daring, her abominable obstinacy. Some one called her by
name and spoke to her but, unheeding, she began to sing Ophelia’s
song, throwing flowers as she walked slowly, very slowly down the
crowded room.
“Hey non nonny, nonny, hey nonny!” she sang.
There was a little breathless applause, but she met it with a vacant
look, coming on, tossing a rose here, a lily there, to be caught by
some ready hand.
Mrs. Wingfield, unhappily, stood in her path. She had been watching
her approach with an expression which needed no explanation, but
she could not be content with silent disapproval, she rushed upon
her fate. “Why, how do you do, Mrs. White,” she said, in her audible
voice, “I really didn’t know it was you; I thought it must be some
actress!”
Margaret looked at her blankly, then she put her head on one side.
“‘Well, God ’ild you!’” she exclaimed, “‘they say the owl was a baker’s
daughter.’”
Mrs. Wingfield turned painfully scarlet. There was a titter, an audible
and wavering titter around her. Alack, there were only too many who
remembered, with the memory of society, that her father had dealt in
loaves and fishes!
But Margaret had passed on; she handed a flower to Fox as she
passed, rosemary for remembrance; she gave a rose to Rose
Temple and to the judge a sprig of rue with a little malicious smile.
“Call it herb of grace o’ Sundays!” she said lightly, and the judge
laughed good humoredly with the others, for he knew that his stiff,
old-fashioned manners and customs were often meat for jests.
After all, it was not so bad, people were obviously entertained; White
began to draw a breath of relief, he tried to signal to her to stop. But
Margaret was not done, instead, the very spirit of defiance seemed
to possess her. She suddenly knelt in the centre of the room and
began to make a wreath of flowers, singing Ophelia’s lament, her
sweet, high voice carrying far in the great rooms. The throng of gayly
dressed women drew farther away, the circle widened, necks were
craned, those behind stood on tip-toe.
It was too much for Wicklow White, he could endure no more; he
walked abruptly across the space. “Margaret,” he said, in a low
peremptory voice, “this is too much, we must go home!”
She looked up and shook back her soft, wild hair as she tossed a
flower at him.
“‘For bonny, sweet Robin is all my joy!’” she sang maliciously.
He crimsoned and bit his lip. Again some one applauded; there was
a slight murmur of talk.
Margaret rose abruptly from her knees and began to laugh, herself
again, gay, debonair, indifferent. “What a fool I can be to entertain
you,” she said, her delicate face bright as a child’s.
People gathered about her at once; she was congratulated, praised,
but in the corners others disapproved and thought her a little mad.
Mrs. Osborne glanced meaningly at her nearest friend and tapped
her forehead, and Mrs. Wingfield laughed furiously.
“What a delightful side-show!” she said; “they say White will lose his
place—no wonder!”
The throng had closed up again, the gay murmur of talk rose; the
musicians were just beginning to play a waltz and the ballroom was
filling with dancers.
Margaret, laughing and talking gayly, stood in the door. Fox, looking
across at her, experienced a feeling of deep amazement. What an
actress a woman can be! It seemed to him that he had dreamed that
scene in White’s house, that it was impossible, untrue, a phantasm
of his troubled brain. Then, as he watched her, pondering on a
woman’s unfathomable moods, he saw a sudden gray whiteness
spread over her face like a veil, her eyelids quivered, her lips parted
and she swayed.
In an instant he had reached her and caught her as she fell. Judge
Temple helped him hush the stir it made, and he carried her quietly
and swiftly down stairs to a reception room below where he could get
help at once.
An hour later Rose joined Mrs. Allestree on the way to the studio.
The old lady was out walking in the spring sunshine, her fine aged
face mapped close with delicate wrinkles and little puckers and her
keen old eyes bright and alert in spite of the weight of years.
She took Rose’s proffered arm with a smile. “I forgot my cane,” she
said; “I always forget that I’m more than twenty-four until I try to go
up stairs. I tell Robert that I can’t climb up to his studio much longer,
he’ll have to have an elevator. I’m going now to see your picture, he
means to send it to your father to-morrow; it’s been hard to part with
it!”
Rose colored deeply, much to her own chagrin. “Father is anxious to
have it,” she said, “he spoke about it this morning.”
“Wants to pay for it, I presume,” the old woman retorted shrewdly;
“I’ve always said that Stephen Temple would offer to pay for his halo!
Tell him not to try to pay Robert, Rose, it would hurt.”
Rose looked at her helplessly. “He’s written about it,” she said
reluctantly; “I told him, but he would do it.”
Mrs. Allestree’s sensitive face colored almost as vividly as the girl’s
and she stopped, her hand on Rose’s arm, and looked down
thoughtfully. “It’s in your father’s writing, of course?” she said at last.
“Yes, he wrote this morning and posted it himself.”
The old woman drew a long breath. “I’m going to commit a felony,
Rose,” she said, “I’m going to get that letter; Robert’s mail comes to
the house, I see it first. I shall send the check back to your father
myself.”
“I’m afraid he’ll be angry,” said Rose thoughtfully; “I didn’t know what
to do; I was sure Robert didn’t want to—to be paid for it.”
“Paid for it!” Mrs. Allestree shook her head sadly; “my dear child, it
has been a labor of love. You couldn’t ask Robert to take money for
it.”
Rose was silent, she felt herself a mere puppet in Mrs. Allestree’s
hands; the old woman was as shrewd and as skilful as the most
worldly matchmaker in her gentle and affectionate way; besides she
adored her son and, like most mothers, she was willing to offer up
any sacrifice which seemed to her sufficiently worthy for immolation.
There was a moment of embarrassment on Rose’s part, and she
was glad to see the Wicklow White motor-car coming swiftly toward
them. At the sight of the liveries Mrs. Allestree turned quickly and
caught an indistinct view of a woman’s figure, a white chiffon hat and
a feather boa.
“Why, it’s Margaret!” she exclaimed, half stopping to look back.
“No, it’s Mrs. Osborne,” Rose said quietly; “she’s taken off her half
mourning.”
Mrs. Allestree’s face changed sharply. “In White’s motor-car?” the old
woman glanced after the vanishing juggernaut with an eloquent
expression. “Society is curious now-a-days! White has behaved
outrageously; I suppose you’ve heard of the divorce project?”
Rose nodded. “Gerty told me.”
“So she did me,” said Mrs. Allestree grimly, “in strict confidence, of
course!”
They looked at each other and laughed helplessly.
“Poor Gerty, she tells everything!” said Rose; “but she’s so good
hearted.”
“My dear child,” remarked Mrs. Allestree, “the longer you live the
more convinced you’ll be that good-hearted people and fools are
blood relations. Of course White has behaved dreadfully, we all know
it—but the Lord knows Margaret has provoked him beyond
endurance many a time! I shall speak to her about the children.
Robert says I sha’n’t; he’ll have me locked up first, that it’s none of
my business. A pretty way to speak to his old mother! I can’t help it, I
shall ask her to remember her poor little children.”
“I’m afraid they’re an awful burden to her, anyway,” rejoined Rose
soberly.
“Oh, I’ll admit that it’s an affliction, a downright scourging of the
Almighty’s, to have them look so much like old Mrs. White! But she’s
got to consider them; she brought them into the world, poor, little,
homely souls! Estelle always reminds me of a little pink-eyed rabbit!
As for the divorce, it will be a hideous scandal!” and the old lady’s
bright eyes glanced quickly at Rose. She was wondering if she had
heard that Mrs. Wingfield said that Fox was the cause of it. It was
cruel, it couldn’t possibly be true, but it was sure to gain credence
and Mrs. Wingfield knew it!
William Fox was her own nephew, she was proud of him and she
loved him, but she was torn between her desire to see her son
happy and to shield her nephew. Her thin old lips opened once to
speak and closed again quickly; no, she dared not! What was in the
child’s heart? Rose was such a child and her father had brought her
up so unlike other girls, she was sure to take the man’s view, the
hard, flat, ethical view of Stephen Temple, and Mrs. Allestree felt,
with some secret amusement, that she would as soon try to argue
with the devil as with the judge when once his feet were planted in
the straight and narrow path, the old, blue Presbyterian path, as the
old woman called it, with her whimsical smile.
Ah, if Rose had only loved Robert as any well regulated young
woman would! But Robert’s mother had few self deceptions on that
point; she had eyes and she had used them.
Meanwhile they walked up the hill to the studio. On the right, the
terraced wall of the corner garden was half hidden by the fresh green
sprays on the ivy which mantled it, and a great purple lilac in full
bloom nodded above it, its fragrance filling the air. The row of old
brick houses opposite had assumed a more genial aspect, here and
there a striped awning broke the dull red of their monotonous fronts,
and the white pillars of a rejuvenated portico shone in the sunshine.
A little girl was buckling her roller-skates on the curb just in front of
Daddy Lerwick’s curiosity-shop.
Mrs. Allestree stopped and halted Rose before the glass show-
windows, peering in at the odds and ends with a smiling face.
“Rose,” she said amusedly, “what shall I give you? A camel’s-hair
shawl or a six shooter?”
“I couldn’t buy anything here,” the girl replied quickly; “I suppose I’m
foolish, but the thought—oh, poor things, how it must have hurt to
sell them, one after another, for a trifle, too!”
The old woman laughed softly. “You’re your father’s daughter, Rose,”
she said; “I’m ashamed, but I’m going to buy that old mirror. Go up
stairs and send Robert down with his purse; I don’t want you about,
you make me uncomfortable!”
“I suppose I am very silly,” Rose admitted reluctantly, “but I can’t help
it.”
“My dear, you’re perfectly right, I haven’t a doubt about it,” laughed
Mrs. Allestree gently; “you haven’t a sense of humor, that’s all, child,
and if I were a man I’d just as soon marry an animated conscience;
you’ll either reform your husband or you’ll be the death of him! Now,
go and send Robert, for I’m an old sinner and I want that mirror!”
Rose went up stairs, laughing in spite of herself. But as she
approached the studio she caught her breath, she heard voices,
could Fox be there? She hesitated and stood still, agitated by the
thought, then, unwilling to listen even to assure herself, she parted
the portières and called to Allestree. As she did so she came face to
face with Mrs. Osborne. This then was her destination when she had
passed in the motor-car, Rose thought swiftly, but it was too late now
to retreat; she gave Robert his mother’s message.
“I’ll go,” he said, “if you’ll excuse me a moment, and bring mother up;
if I don’t, she’ll get the whole shop on credit.”
“Oh, go at once!” exclaimed Mrs. Osborne laughing; “that would be
worse and more expensive than a bridge tournament.”
Rose bit her lip; the reference was pointed and she caught Robert’s
eye full of doubt. “Go,” she said hastily, “and bring your mother up
stairs; she didn’t want me there to see her bargain.”
“I shan’t be a moment,” he exclaimed, and they heard him running
down stairs.
Left alone with Mrs. Osborne, Rose moved to the window and looked
out. The atmosphere was radiant; even the commonplace narrow
street below was touched with the alchemy of spring; sunshine
slanted across it, a flock of pigeons gathered where some grain had
fallen, to rise with the whir of wings at the first alarm. The garden
opposite, above the terrace wall, was coming into bloom, a tall
magnolia in a fluttering mantle of white and pink and the lilacs full out
on the southern slope, while behind it, a long row of young elm trees
were still delicate with new greens, and beyond rose the gray tower
of the church across the square. How sweet it was, how calm, how
reassuring!
Rose heard the rustle of the other woman’s silken linings as she
moved restlessly about the studio, and after a moment she came
over to the window, though Rose’s very attitude was repellent.
“How full the lilacs are,” she observed, and the girl noticed the rich
softness of her tone, “I like them; we had lilacs about the old house
at home.”
“They grow wonderfully in New England, I know. I’ve often seen
them like trees,” Rose rejoined a little stiffly.
“But I’m not from New England,” laughed Lily Osborne, “I’ve often
wondered what mother thought of it.”
“She wasn’t a New Englander then?” Rose turned and looked at her,
more interested than usual.
Mrs. Osborne shrugged her shoulders with much expression. “She
was from New Orleans, a French Creole. She married a Frenchman,
I was born in Paris; it was my husband who took me to New
Hampshire first; my mother had lived there five years with some
relatives, but she never spoke of it!” she added laughing.
“You are only half an American then,” Rose remarked, surprised.
Mrs. Osborne looked at her critically through her long eyelashes. “I’m
a woman,” she said; “that’s all we ever are, my dear, and it’s
enough.”
“More than enough sometimes,” Rose replied quietly.
Lily Osborne laughed again, stooping a little to lean both hands on
the window-sill as she looked out. At the touch of her flowing
draperies Rose drew back with instinctive repugnance. They were
naturally antagonistic, and the touch of her dress, the sound of her
voice, were distasteful.
The older woman noticed the movement instantly, her perceptions
were of the keenest. She looked upon the girl as rather dull, if
beautiful, and as an unworthy adversary, yet she resented her
manner. Her cheek reddened and she bit her lip as she stared down
into the street with unseeing eyes. The offense lay deeper; she had
never forgotten or forgiven the bridge whist incident, nor the day
when Judge Temple, an important figure in the social world, failed to
see her. She turned and saw Rose looking at a rough sketch of Fox.
Allestree had done it in a few moments when Fox was talking and
unconscious that he was a model. The result was remarkable; the
artist had caught his happiest expression and the fine upward sweep
of the brow, the noble pose of the head. Rose saw it for the first time
and she had forgotten Lily Osborne. She was looking at it with an
absorbed eye, her cheek pale.
The other woman read her as easily as an open page; she moved
over to her side and raised her lorgnon. “Excellent,” she commented;
“a splendid head, I always said so! You have heard of the great
divorce—Mrs. White from the secretary?”