ASSIGNMENT

ECS 528 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

ASSESSMENT RUBRICS: ASSIGNMENT (ECS 528)

*Attach this page in front of your assignment work

DR RUQAYYAH ISMAIL
LECTURE GROUP: …………………………… EST1 GROUP 4
ASSIGNMENT GROUP NO.: ……………
Students Detail:
Name Matric No. Signature
1. MUHAMMAD SAZWAN EMIR BIN MAT SAAD 2020601982
2. AMMAR AIMAN BIN MUHAMAD ZAHIR 2020461314
3. MOHAMED SYAHRUL HAFIZ BIN JAAFAR 2019252936

40
4. MUHAMMAD FARIS AIZAD BIN BAKORI 2020884384
5.

CEP Attributes/
Assessment Criteria Description of Performance Criteria
Knowledge Profiles

Depth of Knowledge
Required (WP1)
Engineering Fundamental (WK3): A systematic, theory-based formulation of engineering
*in-depth engineering
fundamentals required in the engineering discipline.
Q1: Proposed a design knowledge at the level
procedure with all assumptions of one or more of
value of the prestressed WK3, WK4, WK5,
concrete bridge. WK6 or WK8 (WK’s) 1 2 3 4 5
(5 Marks) fundamental, first Incomplete design Complete Complete
(C4) (CO1:PO2) principles analytical Complete
Incomplete procedure but able design design
approach. design
design procedure to show minimum procedure but procedure with
Analyze the problem procedure with
with no elements level of missing 1-2 clear
using specified clear
of understanding understanding. design description of
knowledge profile. description of
shown. procedure. the design

4 @RBI2023
TASK 1
Proposed a design procedure with all design parameter value and analyse the material and
section properties and loadings to be considered in designing prestressed concrete beam.

Material Properties: High-Performance Concrete (HPC)

Explanation: Enhancement of strength, chemical resistance, and workability of the concrete.

It uses high-quality aggregates, a low water-to-cement ratio, and occasionally additional
substance such as fly ash or silica fume to improve its characteristics.

Support Conditions: Simply Supported

Explanation: Simply supported beams have a high serviceability level. They provide for simple
maintenance and inspection of bridge components because the beams can be changed
individually if necessary. Easier inspections and maintenance can be run through the beam of
the bridge. It is much more straightforward and predictable load distribution from the load to
the beam itself which proper outcome can be determined for the better future of the
construction itself. The load can be easily transfer to the support and the strength of the beam
will remain unshakable along the length of the beam. Therefore, it eases the design process
when designing the beam with any loads.

System for Prestressing: Post- Tensioned Prestressed System

Explanation: Post tensioned prestressed system are being applied to this simple supported
bridge which the placement of the tendons was placed after the process of casting the
concrete. Anchorage block and jack was applied to the system to apply tension to the tendons.
The strength of the tendon is secured by seating the wedges which can increase the load
bearing capacity yet minimize the chance of cracking from ever occurring in the concrete
member.

Concrete Strength Class: C40/50

Allowable Compressive Strength, fck = 40 N/mm2
Compressive Strength at Transfer, fck,t = 27 N/mm2
Yield Strength, fyk = 500 N/mm2 (Y-bar)
Explanation: The C40/50 concrete strength class ensures that the concrete can withstand the
tensile strains brought on by the prestressing forces. C40/50 concrete's strong strength
contributes to the preservation of structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.

Losses, K (Assume) = 20% = 0.8

Explanation: The k value of 0.8 is a typical assumption obtained from empirical findings and
historical practices. It is a common ratio of steel and concrete elastic in various prestressed
concrete applications. This assumption is much more straightforward calculations and design
declaration.

Cross Section of Beam = T shape section (appointed group 4 case study)

Section Properties

15m

Selfweight beam

1 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.16 m2

0.2 x 0.6 = 0.12 m2

Total area = 0.16 + 0.12

= 0.28 m2

Unit weight = 25 kN/m3

Dead load = 25 x 0.28 Live load = 40 kN/m

= 7 kN/m

Segment 1 Segment 2

Area 1 = 0.16m2 Area 2 = 0.12m2

= 160 000mm2 = 120 000mm2

y1 = 200 + 400/2 y2 = 200/2

= 400mm = 100mm

Total Area = 0.28m2 = 280 000 mm2

∑𝐴𝑖𝑦𝑖
𝑦̅ =
∑𝐴𝑖

(160000)(400) + (120000)(100)
=
280000

= 271.43 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 272 𝑚𝑚

yT = y b + y t

yT = 600 – 272

= 328 mm

𝐵𝐷 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = + 𝐴𝑑𝑦 2
12

(400)(400)3 (600)(200)3
= [ + (400)(400)(328 − 200)2 ] + [ + (600)(200)(272 − 100)2 ]
12 12

= (4.75 × 109 ) + (3.95 × 109 )

= 8.7 × 109 mm4

𝐼𝑥𝑥 8.7 × 109

𝑧𝑡 = = = 26.52 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑦𝑡 328
 𝐼𝑥𝑥 8.7 × 109
𝑧𝑏 = = = 31.99 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑦𝑏 272

Minimum Selection Section

At Service At Transfer

fmin = 0 N/mm2 f’min = -1 N/mm2

fmax = 0.6 fck fmax = 0.6 fc’k

= 0.6(40) = 0.6 (24)

= 24 N/mm2 = 14.4 ≈ 15 N/mm2

Load Analysis

1) Selfweight beam (dead load) = 7 kN/m

2) Live load = 40 kN/m (as stated in the task)

wL2 7(15)2
Mmin = = = 196.88 kNm
8 8

wL2 40(15)2
Mmax = 8
= 8
+ 196.88 = 1321.88 kNm
TASK 2

Determine prestressed force:

1) Magnel diagram:
Determine a range of possible values of prestress force for a given or assumed
eccentricity.

Compressive and tensile stress table for transfer and service:

• The member is to be designed with a concrete strength class of C40/50

at service:

fmax = 0.6fck

= 0.6( 40) =24 𝑛/𝑚𝑚2

fmin= 0𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
at transfer:

f’max = 0.6 fck(t)

= 0.6(24) = 14.4𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

f’min = −1.0𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Mmin = 196.88 KNm

Mmax =1321.88 KNm

Zt= 26.52 x 10^6mm^2

Zb= 31.99 x 10^mm^2

assume loss due to short and long term loss is 20%: k=0.8

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 𝑘( − )
Equation 1: 𝑃
≥ 𝐴 𝑧𝑡
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 103
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥−
𝑧𝑡

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 (0.8)( − )
280𝑥103 26.52 𝑥 106
𝑃
≥ 1321.88 𝑥 106
𝑥103 𝑥 106
24−
26.52 𝑥 106

106
≥ −110.55 + 1.17𝑒
𝑃

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 ( − )
Equation 2: 𝑃
≤ 𝑎 𝑧𝑡
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 103 𝑥 106
𝑓′𝑚𝑖𝑛−
𝑧𝑡

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 (280𝑥103 − 26.52 𝑥 106 )
≤ 𝑥 103 𝑥 106
𝑃 196.88 𝑥 106
−1.0 −
26.52 𝑥 106

1 𝑥106
≤ −423.97 + 4.47𝑒
𝑃

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 𝑘( + )
Equation 3: 𝑃
≤ 𝑎 𝑧𝑏
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥103 𝑥 106
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛+
𝑧𝑏
 1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 0.8 (280 𝑥 103 + 31.99𝑥 106 )
≤ 𝑥 103 𝑥106
𝑃 1321.88 𝑥 106
0+
31.99 𝑥 106

1 𝑥106
≤ 69.14 + 0.61𝑒
𝑃

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 ( + )
Equation 4: 𝑃
≥ 𝑎 𝑧𝑏
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 103 𝑥106
𝑓′ 𝑚𝑎𝑥+
𝑧𝑏

1 𝑒
1 𝑥106 (280𝑥103 + 31.99𝑥106 )
≥ 𝑥 103 𝑥 106
𝑃 196.88 𝑥 106
14.4 +
31.99 𝑥 106

1 𝑥106
𝑃
≥ 173.75 +1.52e
Based on the magnel diagram constructed, the value of maximum and minimum
prestressed force can be shown:

The minimum prestress force that obtained was:

106
= 460𝐾𝑁 = 𝑃𝑜 = 2173𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 = 210𝑚𝑚
𝑃

The maximum prestress force that obtained was:

106
= 50𝐾𝑁 = 𝑃𝑜 = 20000𝐾𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 = −110𝑚𝑚
𝑃
2) Cable profile:

at service:
fmax = 0.6fck

= 0.6(40) =24 n/mm^2

fmin= 0N/mm^2

at transfer:

f’max = 0.6 fck(t)

= 0.6(24) = 14.4N/mm^2

f’min = -1.0N/mm^2

CABLE ZONE:

loss factor, K= 0.8

Area, A= 280000mm^2

Mmin = 196.88 KNm

Mmax =1321.88 KNm

Zt= 26.52 x 10^6mm^2

Zb= 31.99 x 10^mm^2

Pi = 3000KN
End of beam:

At the end of simply supported beam there are no moment due to external loading
Mmax =Mmin = 0, based on the equation of eccentricity:

At transfer:

26.52 𝑥 106 −1 𝑥26.52 𝑥 106

𝑒≤ − + 0 ≤ 103mm
280𝑥 103 3000 𝑥 103

31.99 𝑥 106 14.4 𝑥31.99 𝑥 106

𝑒≤− 280𝑥 103
+ 3000 𝑥 103
+ 0 ≤ 39mm

At service:

26.52 𝑥 106 24 𝑥26.52 𝑥 106

𝑒≥ 280𝑥 103
− (0.8)3000 𝑥 103 + 0 ≥ - 170mm

31.99 𝑥 106 0 𝑥31.99 𝑥 106

𝑒≥− 280𝑥 103
+ 0.8(3000 𝑥 103 ) + 0 ≥ -114mm
At the end of beam the tendon are lie within the range of -114mm to 39mm

Midspan:

At transfer:

26.52 𝑥 106 −1 𝑥26.52 𝑥 106 196.88 𝑥 106

𝑒≤ − + ≤ 169𝑚𝑚
280𝑥 103 3000 𝑥 103 3000𝑥 103

31.99 𝑥 106 14.4 𝑥31.99 𝑥 106 196.88 𝑥 106

𝑒≤− + + ≤ 78𝑚𝑚
280𝑥 103 3000 𝑥 103 3000𝑥 103

At service:

26.52 𝑥 106 24 𝑥26.52 𝑥 106 1321.88 𝑥 106

𝑒≥ − + ≥ 380𝑚𝑚
280𝑥 103 (0.8)6000 𝑥 103 (0.8)6000𝑥 103

31.99 𝑥 106 0 𝑥31.99 𝑥 106 1321.88 𝑥 106

𝑒≥− + + ≥ 436𝑚𝑚
280𝑥 103 0.8(6000 𝑥 103 ) (0.8)6000𝑥 103

The range of eccentricity for the mid span are between 169 mm to 380mm

Tendon cable profile:

Therefore, the exact starting prestress force that has to be applied for this project may be
ascertained from the cable zone/tendon profile calculations, as seen in the figure below:

Hence Po = 3000KN at e=75mm and e= 169mm when 10^6/po = 330

Prestressed Losses:

Prestressed losses types was based on the pre-tensioning or post-tensioning and it

can be classified on the short term losses adnd long term losses
Based on previous calculation;
Initial prestress force, Pi = 3000 kN
Total Characteristic strength, Ppk = 14000 kN
Area of Beam, Ac = 280000mm^2= 0.28m^2
Second Moment of area, I = 8.7 x 10^9mm^4
Assume the following data for estimating losses,
Area of prestressing tendons, Ap = 2 x 7 x π x (11)=483.6mm^2
Elastic modulus, Ecm (transfer) = 35 kN/mm^2 , Es = 205 kN/mm^2
Creep coefficient, Φ (∞, t0) = 2.3, 2Ac /u = 2(280000)/2200= 254

Short term losses:

Loss due to elastic shortening:

Average eccentricity for parabolic tendon 2/3𝑒𝑐 = 2/3(170) = 133 𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝑒 2 𝑃𝑡 𝑥 103 𝑃𝑡 𝑥 103 𝑥 1332

𝜎𝐶 = ± = ± = 3.77 𝑥 10−2 𝑃𝑡
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 280 𝑥 103 8.7 𝑥 109

205
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ≈ 𝛼𝐴𝑐 𝜎𝐶 = (280𝑥10^3)(5.78 𝑥 10−3)(𝑃𝑡 𝑥 10−3 )
36

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 0.009 𝑘𝑁
Total of short term loss = elastic shortening 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 0.009𝑃𝑡

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)

𝑃𝑡 = 3000 − 0. 009𝑃𝑡

Since 𝑃𝑡 = 2973 𝑘𝑁,

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 =0.009 𝑃𝑡 = 26.76 𝑘𝑁

Loss (%) = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝑃𝑖 × 100% = 26.76/3000 × 100% = 0.89%

Long term losses:

Loss due to creep

𝐸𝑠𝐴𝑝 𝐴
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = ∅ (1 + 𝑒 2 ) 𝑝′
𝐸𝑐𝑚𝐴 𝐼

205 𝑥 103 (483.6) 2

(280 𝑥 103
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 2.3 (1 + 133 ) (3000 − 26.76)
(35 𝑥 103 )(280 𝑥 103 ) 8.7 𝑥 109

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 118 kN =3.93%

Loss due to shrinkage:

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 𝜀𝑠(𝑡, 𝑡𝑜)𝐸𝑠𝐴𝑝

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 280 x 10^-6 x 205 x 10x 483.6

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 =27.76kN = 0.9 %

Loss due to relaxation:

P’ = 70% of the characheteristics strength Po

Long term relaxation loss factor 1.5 for class 2 strand from table 8.4 of the Consice
Eurocode

For Class 2, 𝜌1000 = 2.5% , relaxation factor = 1.5, 1000 = 2. 5% 𝑃𝑡 = 3000 kN

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 𝜌1000 𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑃𝑡

2.5
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑃 = 100 𝑥 1.5 𝑥 2973=111.49 kN =3.72%

Total estimated loss = 26.76 + 118 + 27.76 + 111.49 = 283.98 Kn = 9.47%

Deflection:

Initial prestress loss, Pi = 3000kN

Eccentricity,e = 170mm

Area of beam Ac=289 x 10^3 mm^2

Second moment inertia,I = 8.7 x 10^9 mm^4

Elastic modulus,

Ecm =35kN/mm^2

Es = 205kN/mm^2

Mmin = 196.88 KNm

Mmax =1321.88 KNm

Assumed finishes only a small proportion of prestress losses have occurred, weight of
finishes = 2kN/m

s/w = 7 kN/m

Live Load = 40 kN/m

Total Load = 47 kN/m

From Cable Zone, it shows that the tendons are in a parabolic state.

Deflection at transfer, ya:

5𝑥7𝑥154 𝑥1012 5(3000𝑥 103 𝑥170)(152 𝑥106 )

𝑦𝑎 = −
384𝑥35 𝑥103 𝑥 8.7 𝑥 109 48𝑥35𝑥103 𝑥8.7 𝑥 109

𝑦𝑎 = −24.1𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑎 = 24.1𝑚𝑚(𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
 𝐿
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 24.1 ≤ = 24.1𝑚𝑚 ≤ 42.8𝑚𝑚 (𝑜𝑘!)
350

Deflection at application of finishes, yb:

5 𝑥 2 𝑥154 𝑥1012
𝑦𝑏 = −24.1 +
384 𝑥 35 𝑥103 𝑥8.7 𝑥109

𝑦𝑏 = −19.77𝑚𝑚

𝑦𝑏 = 19.77𝑚𝑚(𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑)

𝐿
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 19.77 ≤ = 19.77𝑚𝑚 ≤ 42.8𝑚𝑚 (𝑜𝑘!)
350

Long term due to quasi permanent action plus prestress force after losses:

Assuming 30% of variable load contributes to quasi permanent action:

Quasi-permanent action = self-weight + finishes + 0.3variable load

Quasi-permanent action = 7 + 2 + 0.3(40) = 21.0 kN/m

Prestress forces after loses =0.9P₀= 0.8(3000) = 2700 kN

𝐸𝑐𝑚 35 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑐, 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = = = 10.6
(1 + ∅(∞, 𝑡𝑜) (1 + 2.3) 𝑚𝑚2
 5 𝑥 21 𝑥154 𝑥1012 5 𝑥 2700 𝑥 103 𝑥 170 𝑥 152 𝑥106
𝑦𝑐 = −
384 𝑥 10.6𝑥103 𝑥8.7 𝑥109 48 𝑥 10.6 𝑥 103 𝑥 8.7 𝑥 109

𝑦𝑐 = 33,45 mm

span
𝑦𝑐(𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖) = 33,45 mm(downwards) ≤ 250
= 33.45mm ≤ 60mm (ok!)

Movement after applications of finishes:

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑦𝑑 = 33.45 − 19.77 ≤ 13.68𝑚𝑚 ≤ 500
= 13.68𝑚𝑚 ≤ 30 𝑚𝑚 (𝑜𝑘!)

End Block:

Assume,

Jacking force = 250 kN

Partial safety of factor = 1.2

Area of end zone = 150 x 150 mm

Diameter of conical anchorage = 100 mm

Calculate area of end zone and area of anchorage plate

Area of end zone, Ac1 = π (150) / 4 = 17671mm^2

Area of anchorage plate, Ac0 = π (100)^2 / 4 = 7853 mm^2

Checking bearing stress under the anchor:

𝛾𝑝 𝑥 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓𝑏 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
 1.2 𝑥 250 𝑥 10^3
𝑓𝑏 = 7853
= 38.2N/mm^2

𝐴𝑐𝑙
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑓𝑟𝑑𝑢 = 0.67 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( ) ^0.5
𝐴𝑐𝑜

17671
𝑓𝑟𝑑𝑢 = 0.67 (40) ( 7853 ) ^0.5 = 40.2N/mm^2

Frdu > fb satisfactory

Reinforcement:

Tensile force in the equaivalent truss is given by:

T = 0.33 x 1.2 x 250 = 100kN

Area of steel required

𝑇 100𝑥 103
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 200𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500

Area of tensile steel required (assuming stress in the steel is limited to 500 N/mm^2)

As prov = R8 – 300 c/c

This can be provided by three 10 mm closed links (471 mm2) at say, 50, 125 and 200
mm from the end face; that is distributed over a length equal to the largest dimensions
of the anchorage block (150 mm). Note that in each direction there are two legs of
each link acting to resist the tensile force.

Checking compressive stress in the struts:

Actual compressive stress in strut

ɣ0.6𝑃 0.6
= 1.2 = 9.61 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑙 (150 𝑥 150 𝑥 cos 33.7)

Allowable compressive stress in strut

𝑓𝑐𝑘 40 13.44𝑁
0.4 (1 − ) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.4 (1 − ) (40) =
250 250 𝑚𝑚2

Compressive stress in the struts is adequate since allowable compressive strut is

greater than actual compressive stress in strut.
TASK 3

Initial prestress loss, Pi = 3000 kN

Eccentricity, e = 170 mm
Area of Beam, Ac = 280000mm2 = 0.28m2
Second Moment of Inertia, I = 8.7 x10^9 mm4 = 0.0087 m4
Elastic modulus, Ecm (transfer) = 35 kN/mm2, Es = 205 kN/mm2

Mmin= WL28 = (7)(15)28 = 196.88 kNm

Mmax= WL28 = (40)(15)28 + 196.88= 1321.88 kNm

Assumed finishes only a small proportion of prestress losses have occurred, weight of
finishes = 0.5kN/m

s/w = 7 kN/m
Live Load = 40 kN/m
Total Load = 57.34 kN/m (unsure)

From Cable Zone/Tendon Profile, it shows that the tendons are in a parabolic state.
Long term effects include creep, shrinkage, relaxation with 20% losses at K=0.8.

ytransfer=5384WminL4EcmI - 548PoeL2EcmI

=5 x 7.0 x 154 x 1012384 x 35 x 103 x 8.7 x 109-5 x 3000 x 103 x 170 x 152 x
10648 x 35 x 103 x 8.7 x 109

= 15.15-39.25 (upwards)
= 24.1 mm (upwards)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 24.1 ≤ 𝐿/250 = 24.1 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 60 𝑚𝑚 → Satisfactory (OK!)

Deflection at application of finishes (before)

Assuming, Weight of finished = 0.5 kN/m

yb=ytransfer+5WfL4384EcmI
= -24.1+5 x 0.5 x 154 x 1012384 x 35 x 103 x 8.7 x 109
= -24.1+1.08
 = 23.02 mm (upwards) ≤ 60 𝑚𝑚 → Satisfactory (OK!)

In the long term due to quasi-permanent action plus prestress force after losses.

Assuming 30% of the variable load contributes to the quasi-permanent action.

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 + 0. 3 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎d
=7.0+0.5+0.3(40)
=19.5 kN/m

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.75 𝑃o = 0.75 × 3000 = 2250.0 𝑘N

Ec, eff=Ecm(1 + Φ(∞,𝑡o ))=351+2.3=10.61 kN

yquasi=5384WquasiL4Ec, effI-548PoeL2Ec, effI

yquasi=5 x 19.5 x 154 x 1012384 x 10.61 x 103 x 8.7 x 109-5 x 2250.0 x 103 x 170 x 152 x
10648 x 10.61 x 103 x 8.7 x 109

yquasi=139.25-97.12mm

yquasi=42.13 mm (downwards) ≤ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250 = 42.13 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 60 𝑚m

Movement after application of finishes

yd=yquasi-yb

yd=42.13-23.02

yd=19.11 mm (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠) ≤ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/500 = 19.11 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 30 mm – satisfactory (OK!)

Hence, the movement after application of finishes is satisfactory.

END BLOCK

Assume,
Jacking force = 250 kN
Partial safety of factor = 1.2
Area of end zone = 150 x 150 mm
Diameter of conical anchorage = 100 mm

Calculate area of end zone and area of anchorage plate

Area of end zone, Ac1 = π (150) / 4 = 17671 mm2

Area of anchorage plate, Ac0 = π (100) / 4 = 7853 mm2

a) Check bearing stress under the anchor,

Actual bearing stress, fb =p X prestressing forceLoaded Area

=1.2 X 250 X 1037853

=38.2N/mm2

Allowable bearing stress, frdu = 0.67fck(Ac1Ac0)0.5

= 0.67(40)(176717853)0.5

=40.2N/mm2

frdu (40.2N/mm2)> fb (38.2N/mm2) , satisfactory

b) Reinforcement

Tensile force in the tie, T = p(0.33P) = 1.2 (0.33 x 250) = 99 kN Area of steel required
(assuming stress in the steel is limited to 500 N/mm2 )

As,req = T / fyk = 99 x103 / 500 = 198 mm2

Therefore, the area of tensile steel provided can be assumed as three 10 mm closed
links (471 mm2)
 As,prov = R8 – 300 c/c

This can be provided by three 10 mm closed links (471 mm2) at say, 50, 125 and 200
mm from the end face; that is distributed over a length equal to the largest dimensions
of the anchorage block (150 mm). Note that in each direction there are two legs of each
link acting to resist the tensile force.

c) Checking compressive stress in the struts

Actual compressive stress in strut

p0.6PAc1=1.20.6(250 X 103)150 X 150 X cos 33.7=9.61 N/mm2

Allowable compressive stress in strut

0.4(1-fck250)(fck)=0.4(1-40250)(40)=13.44 N/mm2

Compressive stress in the struts is adequate since allowable compressive strut is

greater than actual compressive stress in strut.
TASK 4
Data: Prestress force after losses = 2400kN
I= bh3 /12 = 400(400)3 /12 = 8.7 x 10^9
Ac = 280000 mm2 = 0.28 m2
Ap = 483.6 mm2 = 0.0004836 m2
Fyk =250 N/mm2 (shear link)
Fyk = 500 N/mm2 (longitudinal bar)
Total Load = 1.35 GK +1.5QK = 1.35 (7.0) + 1.5 (40) = 69.45 kN/m
Fctk = 2.5 N/mm2

(1) Calculate shear force

VEd = wL/2 = 69.45(15) / 2 = 520.875 kN

(2) Check the design shear resistance VRd,max

σ Cp = 0.9 KP0 / Ac = 0.9 (2400×10^3 )/(280000x10^6 ) =7.71x10-6 N/mm2

0.133fck = 0.133(40) = 5.32 N/mm2

0.333fck = 0.333(40) = 13.32 N/mm2

Thus, W = 1.25 for 0.167fck < σ Cp < 0.333fck

VRd,max(22)=cw0.36bd(1-fck250)(fck)cot +tan =(1.25)0.36(400)(400)(1-

40250)(40)cot 22+tan 22=843.2kN

Ved < VRd,max(22) , so use VRd,max(22) to design for shear link. Only minimum
shear link required

Design of shear link required

Asws=Ved0.78(bw)(fyk)cot=520.875 X 1030.78(400)(250)cot22=2.67

Thus, use R16-150

Design minimum shear link

 Asw,mins=0.08fck0.5bwfyk=0.08(40)0.5(400)250=0.809

Thus, use R16-300

Calculate Vmin

Asws=0.513Vedfyk(d)=0.513(520.875 X 103)250(400)=2.67

Vmin=Asws(0.78)(d)(fyk)cot=2.67(0.78)(400)(250)(2.5)x10-3=520.65kN

Calculate additional longitudinal tensile force cause by the shear

Δftd = 0.5vedcotθ = 0.5(520.875)(2.5) = 651.09KN

Asl=ftd0.87fyk=651.09 X 1030.87(250)=2993.52 mm2

Hence provide, 4H32(3220 mm2 )

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE FLEXURAL

Assume bonded case:

Initial stress, σi =PAp=3000 X 1038043.52=372.97 kN/mm2

Area of prestress, Ap = (d)24X10(for 10 wires)=8043.52mm2

Stress in steel,σp = γ × Κ × σi = = 0.9 × 0.8 × 372.97 = 268.54kN/mm2

Strain in steel,p=pEs=268.54205 X 103=1.31 X 10-3

Effective depth, d = height of beam- concrete cover- diameter of bar/2- diameter of link=
600-50-32/2-16 = 518 mm
Check:

Design yield stress, p=fp0.1k1.15 where fp0.1k is 1500 N/mm2 obtained from the table
above.

Hence,
p=15001.15=1304.35 N/mm2

Since, 268.54 N/mm2 < 1304.35 N/mm2; take p = 1304.35 N/mm2 – OK!

Design Yield Strain,p=fp0.1k/1.15Es=1500/1.15205 X 103=0.0064

Since 0.00131 < 0.0064, p = 0.0064- OK!

Then, Try x=0.5d

X=0.5(518) =259 mm
Then, compute total stress in steel,

s=strain due to prestress + strain due to bending

s=0.0064+((d-xx)(cu))
s=0.0064+((518-327327)(0.0035))

s=0.0084
Since; s = 0.0084 > 0.0064, take s = 0.0064

fs = εs × Es = 0.0064 × 205 × 103 = 1312

Since;

fs = 1312 > 1304.35, take fs = 1304.35

Then, calculate tension in steel, Fs = fs As= 1304 X 483.6 X10-3 =630.61 kN

Since Tension in steel, Fs = Compression in concrete ,Fc (Equilibrium)

630.61 X 103= 0.567 fck (b)(0.8x)

630.61 X 103= 0.567(40)(400) (0.8x)

x=86.90

Then calculate Ultimate Moment, Mu=Fsz

Mu=Fsz
=1312 × (d− 0.4x)
= 1312 × (518− 0.4(86.90))
=634 kN

Design Consideration

Designing flexural and shear ULS (Ultimate Limit State) in prestressed concrete requires
careful consideration of several factors beyond those typically encountered in conventionally
reinforced concrete design.

Flexural ULS:

• Prestressing force: The magnitude and distribution of the prestressing force

significantly impact the flexural capacity of the section. An optimal prestressing force
should balance the applied loads and limit tensile stresses at service loads.
 • Section geometry: The shape and dimensions of the concrete section influence its
flexural capacity. T-sections and box sections are commonly used in prestressed
concrete due to their efficient utilization of concrete and prestressing steel.
• Material properties: The compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of
prestressing steel affect the ultimate flexural capacity. High-strength materials allow
for more efficient designs.

Shear ULS:

• Shear forces: Prestressed concrete members can experience significant shear forces,
particularly in continuous structures. Adequate shear reinforcement is crucial to
prevent brittle shear failure.
• Concrete contribution: The compressive pre-stress contributes to the shear capacity
of the section by closing up cracks and increasing the friction between aggregate
particles.
• Shear reinforcement: Stirrups or vertical prestressing tendons can be used to provide
additional shear resistance. The type, spacing, and diameter of the shear
reinforcement depend on the applied shear forces and the concrete strength.

Considerations for both flexural and shear ULS:

• Durability: Prestressed concrete structures are exposed to environmental factors such

as moisture, chlorides, and carbonation, which can deteriorate the concrete and
prestressing steel. Proper detailing and material selection are crucial for ensuring long-
term durability.
• Fatigue: Repeated loading can lead to fatigue cracks in prestressed concrete
members. Fatigue considerations are particularly important for structures subjected to
cyclic loading, such as bridges.
• Constructability: The prestressing system and reinforcement layout should be
designed for ease of fabrication and installation.
TASK 5
Specify solution made to the design to cater the heavy traffic loads which will account
for dynamic effects, fatigue considerations, and ensure the structural design can
withstand the applied loads over its design life.

To ensure that the proposed 15-meter simply supported post-tensioned prestressed

concrete beam meets the requirements for heavy traffic loads, dynamic effects, and fatigue
considerations according to AASHTO code recommendations, the following design
considerations can be implemented:

1. Dynamic Load Analysis:

• Conduct dynamic load analysis to account for the effects of moving loads,
such as heavy vehicles, on the bridge. This may involve applying dynamic
load factors specified in the AASHTO code to the static loads.

• Ensure that the bridge can withstand dynamic forces without exceeding
permissible stress limits. Consider factors such as resonance and vibrations
caused by traffic.

2. Fatigue Considerations:

• Perform fatigue analysis to assess the potential effects of repetitive loading

over the bridge's design life.

• Use appropriate fatigue factors from AASHTO guidelines to determine the

fatigue strength of the materials, particularly at critical locations like the
tendon anchorages and connections.

3. Prestressing Design:

• Optimize the post-tensioning forces to counteract both dead and live loads
effectively. Consider using a combination of mild and prestressing
reinforcement to enhance the overall strength of the beam.
• Ensure that the post-tensioning system is designed to accommodate the
variable live loads specified by the AASHTO code.

4. Material Properties:

• High-Performance Concrete (HPC) with enhanced strength, chemical

resistance, and workability is well-suited for heavy traffic loads. Ensure that
 the mix design meets the required specifications, including the specified
compressive strength (C40/50).

• Verify that the aggregates used are of high quality and control the water-to-
cement ratio to enhance durability.

5. Cross-Sectional Design:

• The T-shaped cross-section is appropriate for efficient load distribution and

stability. Ensure that the dimensions and proportions of the T-section meet the
structural requirements and that the web and flange are designed to resist
both bending and shear forces effectively.

By integrating these considerations into the design and construction processes, the resulting
bridge should meet the AASHTO recommendations and provide a reliable and durable
solution for heavy traffic loads over its design life.
ASSIGNMENT
ECS 528 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

the design procedure and

Evaluate the problem procedure. ability to
under such correspond to
circumstance towards high distinction.
providing an effective 1 2 3 4 5
Q1: Proposed assumptions solution.
Incorrect The proposed The proposed
materials value and other Incorrect proposed The proposed
proposed parameters parameters are
parameter to be considered in assumption value parameters are
assumption value have 1-2 all correct but
designing prestressed concrete but able to show all correct with
with no elements incorrect without
bridge. minimum level of sufficient
of understanding value. sufficient
(5 Marks) understanding justification.
shown. justification.
(C4) (CO1:PO2)
1 2 3 4 5
Q1: Analyse the section
Evaluate the problem Incorrect section The section The section
properties to be considered in Incorrect section The section
under such analysis with no analysis is all analysis is all
designing prestressed concrete analysis but able analysis has
circumstance elements of correct but correct with
bridge. to show minimum 1-2 incorrect
towards providing an understanding without sufficient
(5 Marks) level of value.
effective solution. shown. sufficient justification.
(C4) (CO1:PO2) understanding
justification.
Engineering Design (WK5): Knowledge that supports engineering design in a practice area
Q2: Design the simply supported 1 2 3 4 5
prestressed bridge cross section
beam assigned for each group; Incorrect Correct The proposed
Extent of Incorrect proposed The proposed
Proposed Section and proposed beam proposed beam design is
Applicable Codes beam design but beam design is
Determine Prestressed Force design with no beam design correct but
(WP5) able to show correct with
Magnel Diagram, Cable elements of but with without
minimum level of sufficient
Profile, understanding incorrect 1-2 sufficient
Outside problems understanding justification.
(5 Marks) shown. values. justification.
encompassed by
(C4) (CO2:PO3)
standards and codes
1 2 3 4 5
of practice for
Q2: Design the simply supported Incorrect SLS Incorrect SLS The SLS The SLS
professional Correct SLS
prestressed bridge for cross elements elements elements elements
engineering. elements
section beam assigned for each procedure with procedure but able procedure is procedure is
procedure but
group. no elements of to show minimum correct but correct with

5 @RBI2023
ASSIGNMENT
ECS 528 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

Check SLS elements, understanding level of with incorrect without sufficient

Prestressed Losses and End shown. understanding 1-2 values sufficient justification.
Block justification
Long-term sea water exposure
(5 Marks)
(C4) (CO2:PO3)
Engineering Design (WK5): Knowledge that supports engineering design in a practice area
1 2 3 4 5
Q3: Analyse the simply
The SLS
supported prestressed bridge for Incorrect SLS Incorrect SLS The SLS
Correct SLS elements
cross section beam assigned for elements elements elements
elements procedure is
each group. -Check SLS procedure with procedure but able procedure is
procedure but correct but
elements, Deflection no elements of to show minimum correct with
with incorrect without
(5 Marks) understanding level of sufficient
1-2 values sufficient
(C4) (CO1:PO2) shown. understanding justification.
Familiarity of Issues justification
(WP4) 1 2 3 4 5
Q4: By considering parameters Involve infrequently The flexural &
Incorrect flexural Correct The flexural &
of the prestressed concrete encountered issues. Incorrect flexural & shear ULS
& shear ULS flexural & shear ULS
bridge designed in Q4 (c) shear ULS design design
design shear ULS design
proposed flexural and shear consideration consideration
consideration design consideration
resistance of the section under made but able to made are
made with no consideration made are
ultimate limit state. –Flexural & show minimum correct but
elements of made but with correct with
Shear ULS (5 Marks) level of without
understanding incorrect 1-2 sufficient
(C5) (CO2:PO3) understanding sufficient
shown. values justification
justification
Engineering Practice (WK6): Knowledge of engineering practice (technology) in the practice
areas in the engineering discipline (SDG9)
Q5: Propose a prestressed Interdependence
1 2 3 4 5
concrete bridge with complete (WP7)
Incorrect sketch
detailing (longitudinal and cross- High level problem Incorrect sketch of The sketch of The sketch of
detailing with no Correct sketch
section) of the designed post- including many detailing but able detailing is detailing is
elements of of detailing but
tensioned prestressed concrete component parts or to show minimum correct but with correct with
understanding with incorrect
beam section complete and sub-problems. level of missing 1-2 sufficient
shown. parameters
consideration of heavy traffic understanding parameters justification

6 @RBI2023
ASSIGNMENT
ECS 528 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

loads which will account for

dynamic effects, fatigue
considerations, and ensure Incorrect design Incorrect design Correct design
Correct design Correct design
the structural design can solution with no solution but able solution but
solution but solution with
withstand the applied loads elements of to show minimum with
without sufficient
over its design life. -AutoCAD understanding level of unacceptable
justification justification
Complete Dimension shown. understanding justification
(5 Marks)
(C5) (CO2:PO3)

7 @RBI2023