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Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

Chapter 07
Body Weight and Body Composition

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 147) Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of ________ or higher.
A. 25
B. 35
C. 30
D. 39

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

2. (p. 148) Overweight, a condition that is less serious than obesity, is defined as having an adult
BMI between ________ and ________.
A. 30; 39.9
B. 18.5; 25.9
C. 30; 35.9
D. 25; 29.9

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

3. (p. 148) John weighs 242 pounds and has a body mass index of 26; John is considered
A. normal weight.
B. overweight.
C. obese.
D. Not enough information is provided.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

4. (p. 148) All of the following indicate a healthy body weight EXCEPT
A. a weight within an acceptable range for one's height.
B. a fat distribution that is not a risk factor for illness.
C. a weight within the common range for one's age group.
D. the absence of medical conditions that suggest a need for weight loss.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

5. (p. 148) The body mass index (BMI) is used mainly to determine
A. your overall physical condition.
B. how height correlates with weight.
C. how your body weight may affect your health.
D. your body fat percentage.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

6. (p. 148) Of the following, who has a body fat percentage outside the range generally
considered healthy?
A. Richard, a dentist, with 26 percent body fat
B. Abbey, a female college gymnast, with 22 percent body fat
C. Clarke, a male college soccer player, with 19 percent body fat
D. Caroline, a travel agent, with 24 percent body fat

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

7. (p. 150) Which of the following statements about body fat percentages is true?
A. Body fat percentage for women decreases during puberty.
B. Average body fat percentage does not differ by gender.
C. Some hormones cannot be produced when body fat falls below a certain threshold.
D. Ethnicity has no influence on body fat percentage.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

8. (p. 150) All of the following are associated with low body fat levels EXCEPT
A. depression.
B. hair loss.
C. increased appetite.
D. infertility.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

9. (p. 150) Which of the following statements about body fat distribution is true?
A. Fat carried on the hips and thighs is a disadvantage because it breaks down and enters the
bloodstream more easily.
B. Women, after menopause, experience a shift in body fat from the hips and thighs to the
abdomen.
C. Obese men tend to accumulate fat around the hips and thighs.
D. There is no association of abdominal fat distribution with diabetes.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-3
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

10. (p. 150) Abdominal fat is considered a greater threat to health than hip-and-thigh fat because
abdominal fat
A. squeezes the heart.
B. reduces lung capacity.
C. more easily enters the bloodstream.
D. causes lower back ailments that lead to inactivity.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

11. (p. 150) Barbara is beginning to experience menopause; her fat distribution will most likely
A. remain unchanged.
B. become undifferentiated.
C. shift from her abdomen to her hips and thighs.
D. shift from her hips and thighs to abdomen.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

12. (p. 150) Obese people are ________ times as likely as healthy-weight people to die before
reaching their expected life span.
A. two
B. four
C. eight
D. sixteen

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-4
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

13. (p. 151) Which of the following is true regarding the genetics of obesity?
A. Adopted children tend to be similar in weight to their adoptive parents.
B. The risk of becoming obese increases slightly if one's parents are not obese.
C. Twin studies support a genetic tendency toward obesity.
D. For most people, obesity involves a single gene.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

14. (p. 152) After puberty, a boy of healthy weight typically levels off at ________ percent body
fat.
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

15. (p. 152) Which of the following statements about weight in the different phases of life is
true?
A. Childhood obesity is not a strong determinant for adult obesity.
B. Girls experience an increase in body fat during puberty.
C. Weight gained in early pregnancy always recedes following birth.
D. Middle age is often a time of weight maintenance.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

7-5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

16. (p. 153) At what age does weight typically begin to decline for males and females due to
causes such as less muscle tissue, less body mass, and a decreased caloric need?
A. 50
B. 75
C. 60
D. 80

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

17. (p. 154) Of the following, the greatest influence on the growth of weight problems in
America is
A. a weakening economy.
B. the growing availability of health information.
C. the growing availability and convenience of unhealthy foods.
D. the decreasing availability of whole grains and vegetables.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

18. (p. 155) Surveys show that 25 percent of all trips in the United States are less than 1 mile,
and yet ________ percent of these trips are taken by car.
A. 25
B. 50
C. 75
D. 90

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

7-6
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

19. (p. 157) The thermic effect of food—the energy required to process the food one eats—is
estimated at ________ percent of energy intake.
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

20. (p. 157) To estimate one's daily energy requirements, consider all of the following EXCEPT
A. energy spent on basal metabolic rate.
B. energy spent during sleep.
C. energy spent on physical activities.
D. the thermic effect of food.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

21. (p. 157) Which of the following is true about BMR?


A. Physical activity only influences BMR by burning calories.
B. There is no way to change your BMR.
C. BMR is influenced by age, gender, and weight.
D. Between 50 and 75 percent of the calories consumed each day are used for physical
activity.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

7-7
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

22. (p. 157) For a person who is trying to lose weight, a weight loss of ________ pounds per
week is a healthy goal.
A. 1 to 2
B. 2 to 4
C. 4 to 5
D. 5 to 7

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

23. (p. 159) To find a weight loss plan that offers the best chance of success, you should avoid
plans that
A. claim to promote balanced nutrition.
B. will drastically change your eating patterns.
C. rely on physical activity to help you succeed.
D. focus on gradual instead of rapid weight loss.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

24. (p. 159) A very-low-calorie diet (800 calories or less daily) is


A. always a hazard to health.
B. only recommended under a doctor's supervision.
C. effective only until BMR adjusts within a few days.
D. not an accepted weight-loss approach.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-8
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

25. (p. 159) How do the diet drugs lorcaserin and phentermine-topiramate help people lose
weight?
A. They reduce food intake.
B. They reduce body fat absorption.
C. They reduce food absorption.
D. They reduce the body's caloric need.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

26. (p. 160) Sheriz has started taking an over-the-counter diet drug but has experienced
dizziness, shakiness, and sleep difficulties. What drug is Sheriz most likely reacting to?
A. Orlistat, an appetite suppressant
B. Ritalin, a methylphenidate
C. Prozac, an antidepressant
D. caffeine, a stimulant

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

27. (p. 159) ________ works in the intestines to block the absorption of fat.
A. Phentermine
B. Orlistat
C. Prozac
D. Sibutramine

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-9
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

28. (p. 160) A major premise of the size acceptance movement is that
A. there is no proven connection between body weight and wellness.
B. the weight loss industry is exploitative and unhealthy.
C. there is no ideal body shape.
D. most obesity research is biased.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

29. (p. 160) For individuals, achieving a healthy body weight for life depends mainly on
A. lifestyle.
B. environment.
C. economic status.
D. access to health care.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

True / False Questions

30. (p. 148) Every person has an ideal weight, a set point of healthy weight.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

31. (p. 148) It is impossible to determine with weight information alone whether an individual is
at a healthy weight, underweight, overweight, or obese.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-10
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

32. (p. 149-150) The healthiest body mass index, or BMI, is between 15 and 18.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

33. (p. 150) A body fat percentage below a healthy range can cause health problems such as
infertility, depression, and lack of menstruation.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

34. (p. 150) The lower healthy range of body fat is 5-10 percent for male athletes and 15-20
percent for female athletes.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

35. (p. 150) Hormones cannot be produced when the body falls below a certain body fat
threshold.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-11
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

36. (p. 150) Obese men tend to accumulate fat in their hips and thighs, while obese women tend
to accumulate fat in their abdomens.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

37. (p. 150) In 2012, no state in the United States had a prevalence rate of obesity less than 20
percent.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

38. (p. 147) If both of a person's parents are obese, he or she still has only a 10 percent higher
chance of becoming obese than a person with parents who are both not obese.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

39. (p. 150) Men and women have similar patterns of weight gain over the course of their
lifetimes.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

7-12
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

40. (p. 152) Married men tend to weigh more than men who have never been married.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

41. (p. 153) After age 50, men tend to see an increase in abdominal fat.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

42. (p. 157) Some studies have shown that if an individual's friends gain weight, that individual
is more likely to gain weight.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

43. (p. 152-153) One year after delivery, about 15 to 20 percent of women continue to maintain
the weight they gained during pregnancy.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

44. (p. 154) Food served in restaurants and fast food outlets tends to be higher in fat and total
calories than food prepared at home.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

7-13
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

45. (p. 155) Studies have found an association between television watching and overweight in
children, youth, and adults.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

46. (p. 159) Most people who begin diets that drastically alter their eating patterns go off the diet
and return to their previous eating patterns.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

47. (p. 151) Chronic stress can increase the amount of fat that is deposited in the abdomen.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

48. (p. 157-158) High-fat foods have a greater thermic effect than high-carbohydrate foods.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

49. (p. 159) Very-low-calorie diets are reserved only for patients with high health risks due to
obesity; they involve an intake of 800 or fewer calories each day.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-14
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

50. (p. 159) Very-low-calorie diets are used for people with BMIs greater than 30 who are highly
motivated but have not had success with more conservative plans.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

51. (p. 159-160) Many of the diet drugs currently available and approved by the FDA can ensure
permanent weight loss.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

52. (p. 159-160) Orlistat, a fat-blocker, results in an average weight loss of 15 pounds or more.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

53. (p. 159) There are currently three classes of drugs commonly prescribed for weight loss:
those that act in the brain to reduce food intake; those that act in the body to reduce fat
absorption; and those that directly attack and reduce fat deposits in the body.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-15
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

54. (p. 160) Surgery should be considered the first-line approach for patients with a BMI of 40 or
greater.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

55. (p. 160) Of all the herbal supplements used for weight-loss, supplements containing ephedra
appear to be the most effective and safe.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

56. (p. 160) A person who is genetically predisposed to be obese cannot improve his or her
overall health through moderate lifestyle changes.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

57. (p. 162) The U.S. surgeon general has asked that all schools reduce junk food and promote
healthy, balanced meals.
TRUE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

7-16
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

58. (p. 163) From 1985 to 2000, the average price of soft drinks rose by 115 percent as part of a
joint federal and state government initiative to decrease consumption of unhealthy foods.
FALSE

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

Short Answer Questions

59. (p. 147) Defined as a body mass index of 30 or more, ________ is body weight that greatly
exceeds the recommended guidelines for good health.

obesity

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

60. (p. 148) Measuring body weight in relationship to height, body mass ________ uses the unit
kilograms (of body weight) per square meter (body height squared).

index

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

61. (p. 148-149) Body weight that exceeds the recommended guidelines for good health, or a body
mass index of 25 or more and below 30, is considered ________.

overweight

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-17
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

62. (p. 149) An underweight individual will have a BMI that is less than ________.

18.5

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

63. (p. 150) These are several different ways to measure body fat. The method that involves
measuring the thickness of skin and fat is referred to as ________ measurement, or caliper
testing.

skinfold

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

64. (p. 150) The body fat measurement technique in which an individual is weighed underwater
is ________.

immersion

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

65. (p. 150) The body fat measurement technique in which an electrical current is directed
through the body is bioelectrical ________.

impedance

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

7-18
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

66. (p. 150) An unhealthy waist circumference for a woman would be one that is greater than
________ inches. (Use numerals for the number instead of spelling it out.)

35

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

67. (p. 151) ________ is a disease in which the levels of glucose circulating in the bloodstream
are too high, setting the stage for health complications.

Diabetes

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain how to calculate what a healthy body weight is.
Topic: What is a Healthy Body Weight?

68. (p. 152) Girls increase their body fat percentage due to hormonal changes during ________.

puberty

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

69. (p. 154) The caloric bottom line has been dramatically impacted by "________"—a term
describing the increase in portion sizes seen in many fast food restaurants and food product
lines.

supersizing

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

7-19
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

70. (p. 157) The "yo-yo dieting" effect of repeated cycles in which a person loses weight only to
be followed by new gain in weight is referred to as ________.

weight cycling

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss what factors influence one's weight.
Topic: What Factors Influence Your Weight?

71. (p. 157) The rate at which the body uses energy for basic life functions is called the
________ rate.

basal metabolic

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

72. (p. 157) The relationship between caloric intake (in the form of food) and output (in the form
of metabolism and activity) is ________.

energy balance

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

73. (p. 157) A pound of body fat stores about ________ calories.

3,500

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

7-20
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

74. (p. 157) The ________ of food is an estimate of the energy required to process the food one
eats. This energy is used in chewing and digesting the food one eats, and in absorbing,
transporting, metabolizing, and storing the energy and nutrients one gets from food.

thermic effect

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Explain why energy balance is the key to weight control.
Topic: The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance

75. (p. 158-159) ________ is a weight management organization that provides group support with
a focus on teaching skills for healthy eating and exercising. (Provide the organization's full
name, not the acronym.)

Take Off Pounds Sensibly

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

76. (p. 158-162) ________ is a weight management organization utilizing a 12-step program that
may be more suitable for individuals with complex emotional issues related to weight.

Overeaters Anonymous

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

77. (p. 158-162) ________ is a commercial weight management organization that provides social
support and nutritional, exercise, and behavioral education, and is particularly known for its
point exchange system.

Weight Watchers

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-21
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

78. (p. 159) One class of weight-loss drugs works in the brain to reduce food intake; the other
class works in the body to reduce food ________.

absorption

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

79. (p. 160) Individuals with a BMI of 40 or greater and a history of failed medical treatments
for obesity may have the option to undergo ________ surgery.

gastric

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

80. (p. 160) The ________ movement aims to decrease negative body image thoughts, while
encouraging self-acceptance and healthy eating patterns.

size acceptance

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

81. (p. 160) The stimulant ________, formerly found in many over-the-counter weight loss
supplements, may cause cardiac arrhythmia and even death by constricting blood vessels
while increasing the heart rate and speeding up the nervous system.

ephedra

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Discuss so-called quick fixes for overweight and obesity.
Topic: Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?

7-22
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Body Weight and Body Composition

82. (p. 161) One strategy behind behavior management techniques for changing eating and
activity patterns is ________—that is, detecting and responding to environmental cues
associated with unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity.

stimulus control

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

83. (p. 163) Recognizing obesity as a chronic degenerative condition may help individuals,
health insurance companies, and health care providers move away from the current
"________" mentality.

quick fix

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember


Learning Objective: Describe tasks for individuals and for society to achieve a healthy body weight for life.
Topic: Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life

7-23
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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220. Intérpretes del Derecho romano fueron el M. Jácome Ruiz ó
Jacobo de las Leyes, que escribió Flores de las leyes ó Suma legal
y el Doctrinal de los pleitos; el M. Ferrando Martínez, Maestre
Roldán, Las Partidas; Bernardo Compostellano, Apostillae in
Codicem et Digestum. Scholia in secundam collectionem
Decretalium. Collectio Decretalium ó Compilatio Romana. Lectura
Aurea super primum librum Decretalium. Breviarium iuris canonici.
Casus super Decretales libri V. Apparatus in Decretales. Summa
quaestionum ex Decretalibus. Notabilia novae compilationis
Decretalium. Juan de Dios escribió: Cavillationes seu doctrina
advocatorum partium et assessorum. Apparatus Decretorum.
Breviarium Decretorum. Liber Dispensationum. Summa sub certis
casibus Decretalium. Liber iudicum, etc. Vicente Hispano:
Apparatus super quinque libros Decretalium Gregorii IX. Casus
Decretalium, etc. San Raimundo de Peñafort, autor de la
compilación de las Decretales, mandada hacer por Gregorio IX:
Compilationes Decretalium Gregorii IX. Summa Raymundina.
Dubitabilia cum responsionibus. De duello et bello. Juan García,
autor del Super Decretalibus libri quinque, fué el primer profesor que
tuvo sueldo fijo en Bolonia. D. Vital de Canellas, obispo de
Huesca, autor de la compilación legal, hecha en tiempo de D. Jaime
el Conquistador, del Derecho aragonés (1246), la ilustró con glosa:
Ad Foros Aragonum Regni Commentaria. El mismo D. Jaime
escribió el Libre de la Saviesa. El Maestre Pedro Gómez Barroso:
Libro de los Conseios et Conseieros de los Príncipes para su buen
gobierno.

221. La obra filológica de mayor importancia fué en el siglo xiii el


Vocabulario Arábigo-Latino, el primero que se conoce, de Fray
Ramón Martí (1230?-1286?), dominico, natural de Subirats, en
Cataluña, gran teólogo, filósofo, escriturario y filólogo. El Vocabulario
ha sido publicado por Sciapparelli, 1871. Fué además autor de la
famosa apología contra moros y judíos llamada Pugio fidei, que se
publicó en París, 1631.

Ramón Vidal de Besalú escribió Reglas ó dreita maniera de trobar.


222. Mohamad Aben-Quich compuso el Lapidario, libro que va
unido á los Lapidarios, de Rabí Jehudah Mosca-ha-Qaton y, como
ellos, fué mandado traducir por Alfonso X. Este Rabí tradujo del
árabe desde 1241 á 1250, por orden del mismo Rey, con el clérigo
Garci Pérez, los tres Lapidarios, de Abolays. Otro Lapidario hay al
fin del Poridat de Poridades, que se atribuía á Aristóteles. Abu
Mohamed Abdallah-ben-Ahmed ó Aben-el-Beithar, de Málaga,
compuso la Gran Colección de medicamentos y alimentos simples
(Almofridat), la mejor obra de botánica y materia médica de la Edad
Media.

223. En Medicina fué notable Aben Aljhatib, que escribió De la


peste. Cuestiones de Medicina. De la confección de la triaca.
Tratado de Medicina. De la generación del feto. De los medios de
conservar la salud. Poema sobre la medicina. Poema sobre los
alimentos.

De un judío es el Libro de Isaaque, en castellano, sobre las fiebres,


incluso las intermitentes. Un médico toledano anónimo,
probablemente judío, escribió uno de los primeros tratados de
Topografía médica, vulgarmente conocido por Medicina Castellana
Regia; floreció en tiempo de Fernando IV de Castilla.
ÉPOCA DIDÁCTICA
(SIGLO XIV)

224. Resumen histórico. Reyes de Castilla y de León: Fernando IV


el Emplazado (1295-1312). Alfonso XI el del Salado (1311-1350).
Pedro I el Cruel (1350-1369). Casa de Trastamara: Enrique II el de
las Mercedes (1369-1379). Juan I (1379-1390). Enrique III el
Doliente (1390-1407). Los Benimerines vencidos en el Salado
(1340). Cisma de Occidente (1378-1417). Fundación del Colegio de
San Clemente de Bolonia por el cardenal don Gil de Albornoz
(1364).

Literatura francesa. Cronistas, Joinville (1224-1319) y Froissart


(1337-1410); poetas, Guillaume de Lorris († 1260) y Jean de Meung
(† 1305); dramáticos y líricos, Adam de Le Halle († 1286), Ruteboeuf
(contemporáneo de Luis y Philippe le Hardi), Eustache Deschamps
(† 1407).

Literatura provenzal: G. Molinier (hacia 1350), Flors del gay saber ó


Leys d'Amors.

Literatura italiana: Petrarca (1304-1374), Rime, Trionfi y obras


latinas; Boccaccio (1313-1375), Decamerón, Filocolo, Filostrato, La
Fiammetta, Il Ninfale Fiesolano, Ameto, L'amorosa Visione;
Francisco de Barberino (1264-1348), I documenti d'Amore, Del
reggimento e costumi di donne; Sacchetti (1335-1400); el historiador
Villani († 1348), Santa Catalina de Sena (1347-1380), Cartas;
Salutati, humanista.

225. Tres grandes escritores llenan el siglo xiv: don


Juan Manuel, cuentista moralizador; el Arcipreste de
Hita, poeta de los grandes del mundo; Pero López
de Ayala, nuestro historiador más antiguo. El espíritu
de los tres es didáctico y de moralista, no menos que
el de Sem Tob, el único poeta de segundo orden, y el
de los grandes prelados y demás escritores
eclesiásticos de este siglo. Al cual podemos llamar,
por consiguiente, Época didáctica, aunque el
Arcipreste de Hita, proponiéndose enseñar, además
de hacerlo como nadie, narrando apólogos, se
levante como vate extraordinario y parezca y sea de
hecho un lírico y un dramático de los mayores que
ha habido en España.

El lenguaje castellano erudito, el único que de esta


época conocemos, se hace más castizo y menos
latino en estos autores, cobrando matices y bríos,
sobre todo en manos del Arcipreste, merced á su
ingenio popular, que le lleva á sacar del habla del
vulgo otra más nueva y rica sátira, de la que Berceo
y los otros escritores del mester de clerezia sacaban
de los libros latino-eclesiásticos. El caudal léxico se
enriquece, hácese más doblegadiza y blanda la
construcción y el engarce de las frases, prefiérense
los vocablos populares á los latino-eruditos y el
habla, en suma, toma mayor color y fuerza.

226. La Vida de San Ildefonso debió de escribirse á


poco de haberse instituido la fiesta del santo en el
Concilio de Peñafiel, en mayo de 1302. En sus 1034
alejandrinos procura el autor, beneficiado de Úbeda,
imitar la sencillez y unción de Berceo; pero no lo
consigue por no tener sentimientos ni orejas de
poeta.
227. Al final de la Vida declara el autor haber puesto en metro la
historia de la Magdalena, cuando era beneficiado de Úbeda. El
manuscrito es abominable y del siglo pasado, de donde la publicó
por primera vez Janer (1864); el códice original, que estaba en San
Martín de Madrid en tiempo de Sánchez, no se sabe dónde para.
Ed. Bibl. de Aut. Esp., t. LVII. Consúltense: A. Restori, Alcuni appunti
su la Chiesa di Toledo nel secolo xiii, en Atti della Reale Academia
delle Scienze di Torino, 1893, t. XXVIII, págs. 54-68.

228. Pertenece al mester de clerezia el principal de


los monumentos aljamiados, esto es, escritos en
romance con letras arábigas ó hebraicas,
compuestos por mudéjares, moriscos y judíos, la
Historia de Yuçuf ó Poema de José, Hadiç de Yuçuf,
que hizo algún mahometano, sacando el asunto, no
de la Biblia, sino de la duodécima sura ó capítulo del
Corán, con añadiduras tradicionales entre moros y
judíos. Escrita para musulmanes esta historia del hijo
de Jacob, nada tiene del arábigo más que la
invocación á Allah. En ella el principal papel lo hace
la infiel esposa de Putifar, llamada aquí Zuleika ó
Zalija. Está en la cuaderna vía y se lee con gusto por
su apacibilidad.
229. Alfonso el Sabio insertó este asunto en su Grande e General
Estoria y fué varias veces contado en prosa castellana por nuestros
moriscos, como puede verse en un libro publicado recientemente
por Guillén Robles. El Yuçuf se conserva en dos manuscritos muy
defectuosos, el más antiguo de los cuales y el menos castellanizado
permite afirmar que el autor fué algún morisco aragonés de fines del
siglo xiii ó principios del xiv. Transcribiólo en letra vulgar Pascual
Gayangos, y se lo dió á Ticknor para que lo insertase en los
apéndices al tomo III de su History of Spanisch literature, de donde
lo han copiado los demás. Se ha publicado después el texto en letra
arábiga. El Poema de José, ed. H. Morf, Leipzig, 1883; M. Schmitz,
Ueber das altspanische Poema de José, en Romanische
Forschungen, 1901, t. XI, págs. 315-411 y 623-627; Bibl. Aut. Esp., t.
LVII (estas ediciones reproducen el Ms. de la Bibl. Nacional de
Madrid, la primera en letra arábiga, las otras dos en letra latina),
Poema de Yúçuf, ed. R. Menéndez Pidal, en Revista de Archivos,
1902, t. VII, págs. 91-129, 276-309, 347-362 (reproducción del Ms.
de la Academia de la Historia de Madrid, en letra arábiga y latina).
Consúltense: J. Saraoīhandy, Remarques sur le Poème de Yuçuf, en
Bulletin hispanique, 1904, t. VI, págs. 182-193; J. D. M. Ford, The
old Spanisch sibilants, en Studies and Notes in Philology and
Literature, Harvard University, 1900, t. VII, págs. 153-159; Μ.
Grünbaum, Gesammelte Aufsätze sur Sprach-und Sagenkunde,
Berlín, 1901, páginas 548-551, 563-593.

230. Sobre los aljamiados, etc.: Francisco Codera y Zaidin, Almacén


de un librero morisco descubierto en Almonacid de la Sierra, en el
Boletín de la R. Academia de la Historia, 1884, t. V, págs. 269-276;
Pablo Gil, Los manuscritos aljamiados en mi colección, en el
Homenaje á Codera, Zaragoza, 1904, págs. 537-549; Pablo Gil,
Julián Ribera y Manuel Sánchez, Textos aljamiados, Zaragoza,
1888; Francisco Guillén Robles, Leyendas moriscas, Madrid, 1885-
1886, 3 vols.; íd., Leyendas de José, hijo de Jacob y de Alejandro
Magno, Zaragoza, 1888, Bibliot. de Escritores Aragoneses, t. V;
Marcus Joseph Müller, Morisco Gedichte, en el Sitzungsberichte der
Königl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1860,
Heft I, págs. 201-253; Eduardo Saavedra, Discurso sobre la
literatura aljamiada, 1878, en las Memorias de la Real Academia
Española, 1889, t. VI, págs. 140-192 y 237-328.

231. En 1305 escribió en Monpesier Bernardo Gordonio el Libro


de medecina. Las tablas de los ingenios. El Regimiento de las
agudas. El tractado de los niños con el regimiento del ama. Las
pronósticas. Imprimiéronse en Toledo, 1513; Madrid, 1697.

En 1305 celebró Fernando IV Cortes en Medina del Campo, cuyo


texto se conserva, así como el de las de Valladolid, 1307.

Recordemos que en 1309 Moisés-ben-Shem-Tob, de León, dió á


conocer el famoso libro llamado Zohar, en siro-arameo, y parece
haberse compuesto en el siglo i.

Fray Pedro Perpiñano de Riu, carmelita, escribió por aquel


tiempo Super Sententiarum libri IV. Quaestiones Sententiarum libri II.
In Psalmos. Sermones varios.

Don Gonzalo de Hinojosa († 1319) obispo de Burgos desde 1313,


escribió Abbreviatio historiarum Regum omnium Christianorum.

Fray Arnaldo de Rosignol, valentino, mercedario, escribió hacia


1314 un Comentario al cap. Nunquam y De consecratione.

Hacia 1320 floreció el Doctor Dulcífluo Antonio Andrés, teólogo


escolástico, discípulo de Escoto, franciscano aragonés, escribió
Commentarii in artem veterem Aristotelis. In libros sex principiorum
Gilberti Porretani. In libros Peri-hermenias Aristotelis. In librum
divisionum Boethii. In octo libros physicorum. In XII libros
metaphysicae. In quatuor libros Sententiarum.

Hacia 1322 floreció Fray Miguel Carmell, mercedario aragonés,


que escribió In Canticum Canticorum.

D. Ximen Pérez de Salanova, Justicia de Aragón, dicen escribió un


tomo de Observantiae; vivió hasta 1330. Jayme Hospital (hacia
1349), Observantiae. Otros comentadores de las leyes aragonesas:
Juan Pedro de Patos, Pedro Lanaja, Martín de Pertusa, Juan
Antich Bages, Juan del Río, Martín de Larraga, etc.

El M. Pedro Compostelano escribió, hacia 1325, De Consolatione


Rationis, parte en verso. Fray Guillermo Rubio, franciscano
aragonés, escribió In quatuor libros Sententiarum.

232. El príncipe don Juan Manuel (1282-1348)


debe ponerse antes del Arcipreste de Hita, por
pertenecer más de lleno á la escuela didáctica y del
apólogo, tanto, que es el principal de ella. Nació en
Escalona, del infante don Manuel, postrer hijo de
San Fernando, y de doña Beatriz de Saboya, hija de
Amedeo IV, conde soberano de dicho Estado. Perdió
á su padre á los veinte meses, quedando bajo la
dirección de su madre, que le dió por mayordomo á
Juan Sánchez de Ayala, y por ayos á Gómez
Fernández de Orozco y á Alfonso García. Túvole en
su casa y cuidó de él don Sancho IV, acrecentando
su herencia, con la cual labró el Príncipe su castillo
de Peñafiel, su preferida morada, fundando allí
mismo un monasterio de dominicos. En 1294, de
doce años no cumplidos, entró en tierra de Vera
como Adelantado del reino de Murcia, venciendo á
los moros granadinos; peleó luego con aragoneses y
navarros, que, en paz ajustada en 1289 con los de la
Cerda, tomaban villas y castillos en Murcia y
Alicante. Antes de los veinte negoció hábilmente, en
nombre de la reina doña María de Molina y de su hijo
don Fernando, con don Jaime II, logrando en premio
la mano de la infanta aragonesa doña Constanza,
hija de don Jaime, para dentro de ocho años, por ser
muy niña todavía. Su mediación con los Infantes de
la Cerda le valió el señorío de Villena. Pero su
ambición le lleva á asociarse con el infante don
Felipe contra don Juan el Tuerto por la tutoría de don
Alfonso XI, y luego se alía con el segundo contra el
primero y hasta se declara contra el Rey, la Regente
y sus cortesanos, declarándolos reos de muerte.
Gracias que el Rey le ganó para sí pidiéndole la
mano de su hija doña Constanza, á quien hizo
Reina, dándole en cambio castillos y alcázares y el
título de Adelantado Mayor de la frontera y del reino
de Murcia, con lo cual, satisfecho, entró en el reino
de Granada, venciendo á Osmín á orillas del
Guadalhorce. Otra vez se levantó contra Alfonso XI,
y ésta aliándose con los mismos moros vencidos,
añadiendo la "despedida, del Rey", y
"desnaturamiento" del reino, usando del "fuero de la
tierra". Motivo, el haber encerrado el Rey á su
esposa, hija de don Juan Manuel, en el castillo de
Toro. En esto murió su mujer, doña Constanza de
Aragón, año de 1327. Alióse con doña Juana Núñez
de Lara, viuda de don Fernando de la Cerda, y
ajustó las bodas de los dos hijos de ésta, tomando él
la mano de doña Blanca y ofreciendo á don Juan
Núñez, alférez mayor del Reino, la de doña María,
hija de don Juan el Tuerto. Luego buscó amistades
en Portugal, ofreciendo al infante don Pedro la mano
de su hija, la que fuera Reina de Castilla, y fué
aceptada. Solicitó, además, y logró el apoyo del rey
de Granada Mohammad III y, en fin, metió cizaña
entre los privados del Rey, atrayéndose algunos á su
bando. Con esto pudo luchar con su sobrino don
Alfonso XI, turbando la tierra, hasta tener que
humillársele el Rey en 1328, rogándole se le juntase
contra los moros, ofreciéndole la libertad de su hija.
Aceptado, vuélvese el Príncipe contra los
granadinos, venciéndolos en todas partes. Vuelto á
Castilla, arremete de nuevo contra el Rey, hace
treguas con el moro, desbaratando los planes de don
Alfonso. Cansado éste, en 1331, de tío tan tornadizo
y revolvedor, dicen le convidó á comer á
Villahumbrales, con don Juan Núñez, con propósito
de deshacerse de él, como lo hizo con don Juan el
Tuerto; pero esquiva el peligro, y más sañudo, hace
alianza con don Pedro IV de Aragón. Quiere don
Alfonso arrebatarle su hija doña Constanza para
impedir la boda con el de Portugal y le sitia en Garci-
Muñoz, de donde escapa en 1336 y se "desnatura"
otra vez. Así anduvo dos años más, revolviendo en
bandos á Castilla, hasta que, mediando su suegra
doña Juana Núñez, tuvo por bien allegarse al Rey
por centésima vez, ayudándole ésta contra los
moros africanos y granadinos y muriendo en paz con
todos en 1349, después de asistir á las Cortes de
Alcalá mismo, y en agosto ya su hijo don Fernando
se halla en el cerco de Gibraltar como señor de
Villena. Concurrió don Juan Manuel á la batalla del
Salado y á la toma de Algeciras, como uno de los
más valientes guerreros de su tiempo. Pocos como
él supieron tan gallardamente menear á la vez la
pluma y la espada. Pero lo que pasma es ver á un
varón tan bullicioso y revolvedor, de tan
desapoderada ambición, de entrañas tan vengativas,
de altanería tanta, que parecía cebarse en luchas
perpetuas con el Rey, con los de su propia casa, con
los que el día anterior fueron sus amigos, ponerse á
escribir con la serenidad y sosiego de un sabio, que
no sabe dejar su rincón ni desnudarse el casero
brial. ¿Quién dijera, al leer sus graves escritos, sus
patriarcales consejos, sus severas sentencias, que el
mismo día de asentar tan apesadumbradamente la
pluma en el pergamino le había de volver á ver entre
sus mesnadas desnudo el acero en la diestra,
encarnizados los ojos de cólera contra su real
sobrino ó firmando tan frescamente alianza con el
moro enemigo de España ó desnaturalizándose de
su patria como un forajido? He aquí un caso en que
la vida y carácter de un escritor no solamente no
concuerdan y aclaran sus escritos, sino que los
contradicen de todo en todo. Este guerrero, este
vengativo, este hombre de violentísimas pasiones y
desgarrado proceder, escribe con la gravedad de
Séneca y la candidez de un niño inocente.

Las obras de don Juan Manuel son: 1. Tractado que


fizo don Juan Manuel sobre las armas... (publicado).
2. Libro de los Castigos et Consejos ó Infinido
(publicado). 3. Libro de los Estados ó del Infante ó
de las Leyes (publicado). 4. Libro del Caballero et del
Escudero (publicado). 5. Libro de la Caballería
(inédito). 6. Crónica Abreviada (inédito). 7. Crónica
complida (inédito). 8. Libro de los Engennos
(inédito). 9. Libro de la Caza (publicado). 10. Libro de
las Cantigas ó Cantares (inédito). 11. Reglas cómo
se debe trovar (inédito). 12. Libro de los Sabios
(inédito). 13. Libro del Conde ó Libro de Patronio ó
Libro de los Enxiemplos ó El Conde Lucanor
(publicado). 14. Tractado en que se prueba por razon
que Santa Maria está en cuerpo et alma en Paraiso
(publicado). Su mismo autor preparó el texto de sus
obras antes de 1335 y lo depositó en el monasterio
de dominicos de Peñafiel, pero el tal texto
desapareció. No poseemos el Libro de la Caballería,
hecho hacia 1320-1322 á imitación del Libre del orde
de Cauayleria, de Raimundo Lulio; ni el Libro de los
Engennos ó de máquinas bélicas; ni las Reglas
cómo se debe trovar; ni el Libro de los Cantares,
escritos los tres antes de 1329; ni el Libro de los
Sabios, que poco más ó menos fué compuesto por el
mismo tiempo. El de los Cantares lo tuvo Argote de
Molina (1549?-1597) y quiso imprimirlo después de
editar el del Conde Lucanor, donde hay cuartetas de
cuatro, ocho, once, doce y catorce sílabas y
redondillas octosilábicas. La Crónica Abreviada
(entre 1320 y 1324) lo es de la General, de su tío
Alfonso X. Perdióse la Crónica complida y acaso
está resumida en el Chronicon domini Johannis
Emmanuelis. El Libro de la Caza se compuso hacia
1325-1326, y en el c. 8 se habla de dos halcones
llamados Lançarote y Galván, lo que muestra que ya
se conocían las novelas del ciclo bretón. El Libro del
Caballero et del Escudero es imitación libre del Libro
del orde de Cauayleria de Raimundo Lulio. La
primera parte del Libro de los Estados está fechada
en 22 de mayo de 1330 y es obra didáctica alegórica
en 150 capítulos. El Libro de los castigos ó Infinido
(no acabado) es una colección de consejos á su hijo
don Fernando, hecha hacia 1334; en el c. 26 escribe
para el monje Juan Alfonso Las maneras de amor,
sobre la amistad. De la misma época es el Libro de
las armas, de los blasones y privilegios de su linaje.

El Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de


Patronio, en cuatro partes, la más importante es la
primera, en 51 capítulos; la última lleva la fecha de
12 de junio de 1335. Debió de escribirse entre 1328
y 1335, antes del Decamerón, de Boccaccio, que se
compuso entre 1348 y 1353. Ambas obras
remedaron las Mil y una noches, haciendo don Juan
Manuel en su libro de califa con nombre de Conde
Lucanor y Patronio de Scheherazada. Son todos
ejemplos ó apólogos con su moraleja al fin, en
versos que resumen la prosa del capítulo. Es la
mejor obra de don Juan Manuel, y en ella se muestra
buen cuentista y narrador, conciso y á la vez
pintoresco, en hacer resaltar pormenores, hábil en
planear y desenvolver con gracia el caso, realista en
aplicarlo á las costumbres y gente de su tiempo y
muy moral y severo en fondo y forma.
233. Advertencia al Libro de Patronio: "Et los libros que él ha fecho
fasta aquí son éstos: la Coronica abreviada, el Libro de los Sabios,
el Libro de la Caballería, el Libro del Infante, el Libro del Caballero et
del Escudero, el Libro del Conde, el Libro de la Caza, el Libro de los
Engennos, el Libro de los Cantares. Et estos libros están en el
monasterio de los fraires predicadores que él fizo en Peñafiel".
Equivocando las últimas palabras, Pascual Gayangos hizo un Libro
de los fraires predicadores, de un capítulo del Libro de los Estados.
Argote de Molina dividió en dos el Libro del Caballero et del
Escudero. El mismo Gayangos hizo otro libro titulado De las
maneras del Amor, del final del Libro de los Castigos et Consejos;
pero no es más que su final, como allí dice el mismo autor: "et asi lo
porné en este libro". En el prólogo que puso don Juan Manuel á sus
obras: "Todos los libros que yo fasta aqui he fecho son doce: el
primero tracta de la razon por qué fueron dadas al infante don
Manuel, mio padre, estas armas, que son alas et leones, et por qué
yo et mio fijo legitimo heredero et los herederos del mi linaje
podemos facer caballeros, non lo seyendo nos, et de la fabla que
fizo conmigo el rey don Sancho en Madrid ante su muerte (Tractado
que fiso don Juan Manuel sobre las armas que fueron dadas á su
padre el infante don Manuel, et por qué él et sus descendientes
pudiesen facer caballeros non lo siendo, et de cómo pasó la fabla
que con el rey don Sancho ovo ante que finase)[21]. Et el otro de
Castigos et Consejos, que dó á mi fijo don Fernando, et son todas
cosas que yo probé. El otro libro es de los Estados. Et el otro es el
Libro del Caballero et del Escudero. Et el otro Libro de la Caballeria,
et el otro de la Cronica Abreviada, et el otro de la Cronica Complida.
El otro el Libro de los Engennos, et el otro el Libro de la Caza, et el
otro el de las Reglas como se debe trovar". Aunque antes dijo que
eran doce sus libros, no hizo relación más que de once, y aquí
olvida dos de los allí apuntados.

De esto resulta que son trece los libros que él nombra; el catorce de
la lista lo publicó Gayangos, y Amador de los Ríos le da el título de
"Libro sobre la Fe, intitulado ó Fray Remon de Masquefa, que tal vez
sea el omitido por el copiante al transferir el prólogo general de
todas las obras" (Hist. crít. de la Liter. Esp., 1863, t. IV, pág. 234).
Argote de Molina publicó el Conde Lucanor en Sevilla, 1575, del
cual se han hecho otras ediciones: Madrid, 1642; Stuttgart, 1840;
Barcelona, 1853. Pero la mejor es la de Knust, Leipzig, 1900,
sacada del mejor códice (Bibl. Nac., 6.376, antes S-34); la de Krapf,
Vigo, 1902, reproduce el códice del Conde de Puñonrostro, hoy de
la Academia Española, sin las adiciones de los otros, aunque sólo
tiene la primera parte. Los códices son, además de los dos citados,
otro de la Nacional (4.236, antes M-100), el de Gayangos, hoy en la
Nacional (1.190), y el de la Academia de la Historia (Est. 27, gr. 3, E-
78). Gayangos dió á luz los números 4, 1, 2, 3, 13, 14. José
Gutiérrez de la Vega publicó el Libro de la Caza, Bibl. Venatoria,
Madrid, 1879.

234. Leyendo á don Juan Manuel echamos menos lo


que después hallamos en la prosa artística del
Renacimiento, ese buscar de palabras, frases y
metáforas, que condensen más ceñidamente el
pensamiento, hagan resaltar un toque, varíen el
estilo, ya con mayor atropello, ya con espacioso
sosiego, pinten las cosas, distingan colores y
sentimientos. Los primeros renacentistas del siglo
xv, como Santillana y el de Villena, buscan por otro
camino la novedad y la redondez de las lenguas
clásicas por medio del hipérbaton, desaforado las
más veces, por el uso de latinismos que desvirtúan
el lenguaje. En don Juan Manuel no hay la menor
huella ni de lo uno ni de lo otro. Escribe con una
sencillez de niño que ignora los secretos del arte, no
ha caído todavía en la cuenta de que pueda
escribirse de otra manera. Estamos en la niñez de la
prosa castellana. Véase, por ejemplo, cómo en el
Libro de la Caza menudea la conjunción et, cómo
corta cada frase de por sí, sin cuidarse de
engarzarlas en un todo más armónico. En esto le
ganó su abuelo Alfonso X, el cual gasta un ropaje
más rozagante para envolver sus reales leyes, un
estilo como imperial y cesáreo, y en la Crónica
mayor particularidad en los pormenores y en toques
de color, que ofrecen escenas tan menudas y
sentidas como las de Mio Cid. Don Juan Manuel
desconoce la manera de dar color y amplitud á su
decir, deja correr la pluma con una sencillez
paradisíaca. Acaso se acomode más esta cualidad á
los asuntos que trata, al apólogo y á los consejos
que da un tan elevado magnate á su hijo y á sus
súbditos. Porque esa sencillez y no buscada
naturalidad nada tienen de bajo y de arrastrado;
antes una señoril elevación y una dignidad
ahidalgada mantienen siempre en su punto la
llaneza del estilo.
Crónica de Don Jaime el Conquistador.
(Siglo XIV, Códice de Poblet, Biblioteca de San
Juan).
No alardea don Juan Manuel, que bien pudiera, de
erudiciones empalagosas, como los autores
renacentistas. Su erudición está en los consejos,
sentencias y cuentos, á la manera oriental
eslabonados, que parecen se traen de la mano unos
á otros, sin extremar el enchufado, como en las Mil y
una noches acontece. En el lenguaje no faltan voces
propias y particulares, mayormente en el Libro de la
Caza, aunque no sea tan rico como el del Arcipreste
de Hita, que por allegarse más al pueblo y ser tan
soberano poeta y juglar de castiza cepa, gana en
riqueza de vocabulario á todos los autores de la
Edad Media. Tampoco tiene su gracejo, su alegría, y
menos su ironía socarrona el príncipe don Juan
Manuel, el cual nunca desciende de su gravedad
principesca ni se mezcla con la gente villana de
plazas y encrucijadas.
235. El infante Juan Manuel, Obras, ed. P. de Gayangos, Bibl. de
Aut. Esp., t. LI; Libro de las tres razones, ed. A. Benavides, en
Memorias de don Fernando IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, t. I, págs.
352-362; Libro de los Estados, ó del Infante, ed. A. Benavides,
Memorias de don Fernando IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, t. I, págs.
444-599; El Conde Lucanor, ed. H. Knust [y A. Birch-Hirschfeld],
Leipzig, 1900; El Conde Lucanor, ed. E. Krapf, Vigo, 1898; El Conde
Lucanor, ed. E. Krapf, Vigo, 1902; Libro de la Caza, ed. J. Gutiérrez
de la Vega, en Biblioteca venatoria, Madrid, 1877, t. III; Libro de la
Caza, ed. G. Baist, Halle, 1880; El Libro del Cauallero y del
Escudero, ed. S. Gräfenberg, en Romanische Forschungen,

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