CON4339-ws

CH1-ex1
Latest Code of Practice (CoP) for Reinforced Concrete (RC) Design in Hong Kong
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 (2020 Edition)
available at https://www.bd.gov.hk
Obsolete version such as Concrete Code 2004, Concrete Code 1987
Other international code such as

BS8110:1985
BS8110:1997
BSEN1992-1-1:2004
GB50010-2010
CH1-ex2
Role of concrete:
1) take up compressive stress
2) provide ductility to concrete
3) prevent brittle failure of concrete
4) ability to form plastic deformation (large deformation without breakage)
5) prevent buckling of steel reinforcement
6) corrsion protection to steel reinforcement
7) fire protection to steel reinforcement
Role of steel reinforcement:
1) take up tensile stress due to tension/ bending/ shear/ torsion, etc
2) improve compressive strength of concrete
3) control cracking in concrete
4) improve stiffness of concrete, reduce deflection
5) provide high ductility of structures
6) as the tie element to form a robust structures
7) adequate bond length to ensure effective transfer of stress
CH1-ex3
Ultimate limit state (ULS) is the state when the structure collapses.
It concerns with the strength and stability of the structure.
Serviceability limit state (SLS) is the state when the structure fails to serve its purposes.
It concerns with deflection, cracking, durability, vibration, etc. of the structure.
CH1-ex4
CH1-ex5
Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu (N/mm2, or MPa)
28-day cube strength
Not more than 5% of test results will fall below it
Compressive strength of concrete in the structural element = 0.67 fcu
For example
Grade C35 concrete, fcu = 35 N/mm2, comp strength =
CH1-ex6
Characteristic strength of steel, fy (N/mm2, or MPa)
Yield strength
Not more than 5% of test results will fall below it
Mild Steel High Tensile Steel

Grade 250 500B/ 500C
fy (N/mm2) 250 500
Apprearance Plain Ribbed
Notation R T
Bar diameter (mm) Cross Sectional Area (mm2) Usage

8 50.3 not available in market
10 78.5 Slab, beam (shear links)
12 113 Slab, beam, column/ wall
16 201 Slab, beam, column/ wall
20 314 beam, column/ wall
50 1964 bored pile, soil nail
CH1-ex7
The design tension capacity of steel is:
T = (fy / 1.15)* As = 0.87 * fy * As
i) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 1T25 ?

design tension capacity T = 0.87*fy*As
T =
T =
T =
i) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 2T32 ?

T =
T =
T =
ii) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 4T40 ?

T =
T =
T =
iv) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 6R16 ?

T =
T =
T =
v) What is the design tension capacity of slab reinforcement T10-300 ?
steel area, As =
T =
T =
T =
vi) What is the design tension capacity of slab reinforcement T12-200 ?

steel area, As =
T =
T =
T =
vii) What is the design tension capacity of slab reinforcement T16-125 ?

steel area, As =
T =
T =
T =
CH1-ex8
Materials Density (kN/m3)
Reinforced concrete
Cement mortar
Natural stone (granite)
Soil
Water
CH1-ex9
Find the minimum imposed load for following usage
Usage qk(kPa) Qk(kN)
Domestic
Office for general use
Classrooms, lecture rooms
Restaurant, canteens (floors with tables)
Concert halls
Assembly areas with fixed seating
Assembly areas without fixed seating
Department stroes, shops
carpark for private cars, taxi
Refuse storage
CH1-ex10
Max Design Load = 1.4 * Characteristic Dead Load + 1.6 * Characteristic Live Load
Min Design Load = 1.0 * Characteristic Dead Load
i)
Dead Load, Gk = 5 kN
Live Load, Qk = 8 kN
Max Design/ Ultimate Load, W =
W =
Min Design/ Ultimate Load, W =
W =
ii)
W =
W =
iii)
W =
W =
iv)
Dead Load, gk = 4.5 kN/m2
Live Load, qk = 5 kN/m2
Max Design/ Ultimate Load, w =
w =
Min Design/ Ultimate Load, w =
w =
CH1-ex11
Determine the characteristic dead load, gk, of a 150 mm thick R C slab with 1.5 kPa finishes.
Characteristic Dead Load, gk:
Slab
Finishes
CH1-ex12
Determine the characteristic dead load, gk, of a 175mm thick RC slab with
25 mm thick cement mortar and 450 mm thick soil on it.
Slab
Cement mortar
Soil
CH1-ex13
Determine the characteristic dead load, gk, of a 175mm thick RC slab with
20 mm thick cement mortar and 25 mm thick granite tile on it.
Slab
Cement mortar
Granite Tile
CH1-ex14
i) Determine the design load for the following slab:
Overall slab thickness, h: 175 mm
Finishes: 1.5 kPa
Usage: Offices for general use
Solution:
Dead Load, gk: slab
finishes
Live Load, qk: live load
Design Load/ Ultimate Load, w =

w =
CH1-ex15
i) Determine the design load for the following slab:
Cement mortar 25 mm
Ceiling: 0.6 kPa
Granite tile: 20 mm
Usage: Department Store
Moveable partition: 1.5 kPa
Solution:
Dead Load, gk: slab
cement mortar
ceiling
granite tile

partition

w =
CH1-ex16
Determine the design moment, M, for the following simply-supported beam
under a uniformly distributed load (UDL):
Effective Span, L = 8 m
Dead Load, gk = 29.2 kN/m
Live Load, qk = 23.5 kN/m
Solution:
Method 1
Dead Load, gk =
Live Load, qk =
Design Load, w =
w =
Design mid span moment, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.125 w L^2
M =
Design shear force at support, V = w L / 2 = 0.5 w L
V =
Method 2
Total Dead Load, Gk =
Total Live Load, Qk =
Design Load, W =
W =
Design mid span moment, M = F L / 8 = 0.125 F L
M =
Design shear force at support, V = F / 2 = 0.5 F
V =
CH1-ex17
under a point load at mid span:
Dead Load, Gk = 29.2 kN
Live Load, Qk = 23.5 kN
Solution:
Dead Load, Gk =
Live Load, Qk =
Design Load, P =
P =
Design mid span moment, M = P L / 4 = 0.25 P L
M =
Design shear force at support, V = P / 2 = 0.5 P
V =
CH1-ex18
Determine the design moment, M, for the following cantilever beam
Effective Span, L = 3.74 m
Dead Load, gk = 21.5 kN/m
Live Load, qk = 15.2 kN/m
Solution:
Dead Load, gk =
Live Load, qk =
Design Load, w =
w =
Design moment at support, M = w L^2 / 2 = 0.5 w L^2
M =
Design shear force at support, V = w L
V =
CH1-ex19
Determine the design moment, M, for the following cantilever beam
under a point load at tip:
Dead Load, Gk = 29.2 kN
Live Load, Qk = 23.5 kN
Solution:
Dead Load, Gk =
Live Load, Qk =
Design Load, P =
P =
Design moment at support, M = P L
M =
Design shear force at support, V = P
V =
CH1-ex20
Overall depth of the beam, H = 750 mm
Breadth/ Width of the beam, B = 300 mm
Details of the slab supported by the beam:
Slab thickness = 160 mm
Finishes = 2 kPa
Imposed load = 5 kPa
Load width by the beam = 3.3 m
Solution:
Dead Load:
1) Slab s/w:
2) Beam s/w:
3) Finishes:
Live Load/ Imposed Load:

w =

M =
V =
CH1-ex21
Effective span, L = a1 + Ln + a2
where
Ln = Clear span, i.e. distance between faces of support
a1, a2 = lesser of h/2 or Sw/2 at each support
h = overall depth of the beam
Sw = width of the support
Except for beam seating on bearing, where the center of bearing
should be used to assess the effective span.
CH1-ex22
Determine the effective spans of the beam 5B2 and the slab 5S1
Solution:
For beam 5B2,
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Effective span, L = a1 + Ln + a2 =
For slab 5S1,

Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
CH1-ex23
Determine the effective spans of following simply-supported beam:
Centre-to-centre (c/c) distance between supports = 5400 mm
Width of the support at left = 300 mm
Width of the support at right = 300 mm
Effective depth of the beam, d = 395 mm
Overall depth of the beam, h = 450 mm
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
CH1-ex24
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
CH1-ex25
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
CH1-ex26
Determine the design shear, Vs, at the face of the two supports for the following
simply-supported beam under UDL:
Design load, w = 73.2 kN/m
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Support reaction at both ends, R =

Design shear at centre of support at left hand support, V1 =
Design shear at centre of support at right hand support, V2 =
Design shear at face of left hand support, V =
Design shear at face of right hand support, V =

CH1-ex27
Loading Arrangement for Design of Continuous Beam (Cl. 5.2.5.2 of HKCP-2013):
CH1-ex28 Loading pattern for 3-span continuous beam

CH1-ex31 Moment Redistrubtion
HKCP-2013 allows moment redistribution for design and the limit is 30%
The percentage of redistribution for the above beam is (1 - 92.5/115.7) = 20%. It is within this limit.
For the above example, βb = 92.6/115.7 = 0.80.
Take notes in the design when using moment re-distribution

The beam section has adequate ductility
The crack widths are properly controlled
The deflection is within the limit
CH1-ex32 Loading Distribution on slab/ beam/ column by tributary area method
Beam 1
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 4
beam 3-1
A1 5 5 5 5 A2 5 5 5 5 A3 5 5 5 5 5 A4 Beam A
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
B1 5 5 5 5 B2 5 5 5 5 B3 5 5 5 5 5 B4 Beam B
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Beam B-1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Beam B-2
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
C1 5 5 5 5 C2 5 5 5 5 C3 5 5 5 5 5 C4 Beam C
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
D1 5 5 5 5 D2 5 5 5 5 D3 5 5 5 5 5 D4 Beam D
Loading diagram of beam 3-1
Loading diagram of beam B-1
Loading diagram of beam C
Loading diagram of beam B
Loading diagram of beam 2
Loading diagram of beam A
Loading on columns A1, A2, B1, B2

CH2-ex1 Strength of concrete
cube strength of concrete, fcu
design ultimate strength of concrete = 0.67 * fcu / 1.5 = 0.45 fcu
where
0.67 is to account for the differences between the testing
condition and the actual effect on concrete in the structure.
1.5 is the partial factor of safety for the strength of concrete
under bending or axial load.
fcu = 35 N/mm2, design strength =

CH2-ex2 Short-term Static Modulus of Elasticity of concrete

According to CoP HKCC2013, c.l. 3.1.5, Short-term Static Modulus of Elasticity (Ec) of concrete
Ec = 3.46 * sqrt(fcu) + 3.21
fcu = 35 N/mm2, Ec =
CH2-ex3 Strength of steel reinforcement

yield strength of steel reinforcement, fy =
design yield strength = fy / 1.15 = 0.87 fy
CH2-ex4 Modulus of Elasticity of steel reinforcement

Modulus of Elasticity of steel reinforcement, Es =
CH2-ex5 Strain of concrete and steel reinforcement

The ultimate compressive strain of concrete, εcu =
The yield strain of reinforcement, εs = 0.87 fy / Es =
CH2-ex7 Design Ultimate Capacity for Axial Compression
Design Ultimate Capacity for Axial Compression, Nuz
Nuz = Compression Resistance of Concrete + Compression Resistance of Steel
Nuz = 0.45*fcu*Anc + 0.87*fy*Asc
where
Anc = Net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = Area of steel in compression
Determine the design ultimate capacity for axial compression of the concrete sectionj:
Concrete grade: C40
Dimensions : 400mm x 400mm
Rebars : 4T25 vertical bars fully restrained by links
Solution:
fcu =
fy =
Asc =
Anc =
Nuz =
Nuz =
The application of this equation is subject to the following conditions:

(i) the column is subject to axial load only, without eccentricity and moment,
(ii) the rebars restrained from buckling, and
(iii) the column is not slender.
CH2-ex7 Effective depth (single layer of steel reinforcement)

Determine the effective depth of the following section:
Overall beam depth, h = 500
Concrete cover = 40
Size of link = 10 H d
Bottom bars = 3 T 32 in one layer
Solution
Effective Depth, d
d = overall depth - concrete cover - diameter of shear links - half bar size
d =
d =
CH2-ex8 Effective depth (multi layers of steel reinforcement)
Determine the effective depth of the following section:
Overall beam depth, h = 650
Concrete cover = 45
Size of link = 12 H d
Bottom bars = 3 T 40 +
2 T 32 in two layers
Solution:
The clear spacing between two layers of bars should not be less than
(cl.8.2 of HKCP-2013)
(a) maximum bar size
(b) aggregate size + 5 mm
(c) 20 mm
spacer =
the effective depth is simply taken to the "center", instead of the centroid
of the two layers of rebars as follows.
d =
d =
CH2-ex9 spacing of steel reinforcement

Determine the centre-to-centre spacing and clear spacing of following beam arrangement
i) i) ii) iii) iii)
Beam width, B (mm) 350 750 425 425
concrete cover, c (mm) 35 50 30 30
shear links diameter (mm) 10 12 10 10
main bar 3T32 6T40 6T25 4T25
Solution:
clear spacing between links
c/c spacing between bars
clear spacing between links
CH2-ex10 min and max spacing of steel reinforcement
The clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual or horizontal layers of
parallel bars should not be less than (Cl.8.2 of HKCP-2013):
i. maximum bar size
ii. aggregate size + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25mm
iii. 20 mm
The maximum spacing of the bars is determined by the service stress in the rebars, their
distance from the concrete surface and the thickness of the concrete element.
In general,
c/c bar spacing between 100 and 150 (for beams)
c/c bar spacing < 250 and < 2h (for slabs)
CH2-ex11 Minimum and maximum percentage steel reinforcement for members

refer to CoP of Concrete 2013, table 5.7,
a) For 600 * 350 Beam,

Min steel =
Max steel =
b) For 450 * 550 Columns,
Min steel =
Max steel =
CH2-ex12 Ultimate moment resistance of beam section by given reinforcement
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the following beam section:
Breadth, b = 350 mm
Effective depth, d = 480 mm
Area of steel provided, Asp = 3T32 = 3 * 804 = 2412 mm2
Concrete, fcu = 35 N/mm2
Steel, fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
For equilibrium of compression and tension forces:
Compression in concretre = Tension in steel reinforcement
Fcc = Fst
0.45*fcu*b*s = 0.87*fy*As
Depth of concrete stress box, s
s = 0.87*fy*As/0.45/fcu/b
s =
s =
Depth of neutral axis, x = s / 0.9

x =
x =
Lever arm, z = d - s/2

z =
z =
Take moment about the centroid of compression zone:

Moment of resistance, M = Fst * z = 0.87*fy*Asp*z
M =
M =
M =
CH2-ex13 Design for moment with singly-reinforced section (K<0.156)(0.775d<z<0.95d)
Determine the rebars for the following beam section:

Design moment M = 350 kNm assumed shear link = 10 mm
Beam breadth B = 350 mm assumed main bar = 32 mm
Beam depth H = 536 mm Concrete strength, fcu = 35 N/mm2
Concrete cover c = 30 mm Rebar strength, fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
eff. depth d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
Lever arm, z = [0.5 + sqrt(0.25- K/0.9)]*d (<= 0.95 d)

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
Tension steel required, As = M / 0.87 fy z

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
For beam, the maximum bar spacing requirement can in general be complied with
by providing one bar for every 100 to 150 mm width of the beam.
Steel % =
CH2-ex14 Design for moment with singly-reinforced section (K<0.156)(z>0.95d)
Solution:
eff. depth d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
For beam, the maximum bar spacing requirement can in general be complied with
by providing one bar for every 100 to 150 mm width of the beam.
Steel % =
CH2-ex15 Moment resistance of the balanced section

Find the moment of resistance of the balanced section and the required amount of steel.
Solution:
eff. depth d =
Mbal = K'*fcu*bd^2 =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
z =
Tension steel required at the balanced section, As = M / 0.87 fy z

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
CH2-ex16 Design for moment with doubly-reinforced section (K>0.156)

Solution:
eff. depth d' =
eff. depth d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
Lever arm, z = 0.775*d

z =
z =
Depth of neutral axis, x = 0.5*d =

Check d'/ x =
Compression steel required, As' = (K-K')fcu b d^2 / 0.87 / fy/ (d - d')

As' =
As' =
As'p =
Steel % =
Tension steel required, As = K' fcu b d^2 / 0.87 fy z + As'
As =
As =
Asp =
Steel % =
CH2-ex17 stress and strain of steel reinforcement if d'/ x > 0.38

Determine the strain and stress of the compression reinforcement for a doubly
reinforced concrete section with the following information:
d' = 70 mm
d = 350 mm
Solution:
For doubly reinforced section,
x = 0.5 d
x =
d' / x =
That mean compression steel reinforcement does not yield,
The yield strain of reinforcement, εs < 0.002175 and fy < 500
Refer to strain diagram, the relationship of the starin of

concrete and the strain of steel
εs εcu
=
x - d' x
εs =
fs =
CH2-ex18 Effective Width of Flanged Beam
Determine the effective flange width for an interior span of a continuous beam with
approximately equal spans with the following information:
Breadth, Bw = 350 mm
Effective span, L = 6700 mm
Clear spacing between adjacent beams = 2500 mm (same on both sides)
Solution:
for internal span of continuous beam
Lpi =
b1 =
b2 =
beff1 = min (
beff1 = min (
beff1 =
beff2 = min (
beff2 = min (
beff2 =
beff = beff1 + bw + beff2

beff =
CH2-ex19 Effective Width of Flanged Beam

Determine the effective flange width for an end span of a continuous beam with
approximately equal spans with the following information:
Breadth, Bw = 350 mm
c/c spacing between adjacent beams = 1650 mm (to left hand side)
c/c spacing between adjacent beams = 2300 mm (to right hand side)
Solution:
Clear spacing between adjacent beams =
for end span of continuous beam

Lpi =
b1 =
b2 =
beff1 = min (
beff1 = min (
beff1 =
beff2 = min (
beff2 = min (
beff2 =
Effective width of flanged beam, beff = beff1 + bw + beff2

beff =
CH2-ex20 Design of Flanged Beam under Sagging/ Hogging Moment

Design ultimate sagging moment, M sag = 375 kNm
Design ultimate hogging moment, M hog = 400 kNm
Breadth, bw = 350 mm
Effective width of flanged beam, beff = 1780 mm
Slab thickness, hf = 150 mm
Effective depth of beam, d = 480 mm
Concrete strength, fcu = 35 N/mm2
Steel reinforcement strength, fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
Design for sagging moment (by flanged beam design)
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
z =
x = (d - z) / 0.45 = (
Tension steel (bottom reinforcement) required, As = M / 0.87 fy z

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Design for hogging moment (by rectangular beam design)
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
z =
Tension steel (top reinforcement) required, As = M / 0.87 fy z

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
CH2-ex21 Flanged Beam in T-section and L-section (edge beam)

CH3-ex1 Shear force, shear stress and max shear stress
Determine the shear stress , v, of following conditions
V (kN) bv (mm) d (mm) fcu (N/mm2)
a) 300 200 350 45
b) 800 600 800 60
c) 2000 400 600 80
Solution
shear stress v = V / bv d
a) v =
v must not exceed the lesser of 7 MPa or 0.8*sqrt( 45 ) =
b) v =
c) v =
If the shear stress of a section is found to exceed the above limits, the concrete will
crush under shear, and the size of the section has to be increased.
CH3-ex2 Shear strength of concrete, vc

Determine the concrete shear strength , vc, of following conditions
fcu (N/mm2) 100As/bd d (mm)
a) 35 1.5 300
b) 40 2.5 400
c) 45 3.5 600
Solution
It is noted that 100As/ bd should not taken as >= 3
(400 / d)^(1/4) should not taken as <= 1
vc = 0.79 * (100As/bd)^(1/3) * (400 / d)^(1/4) / 1.25 * (fcu / 25)^(1/3)
a) vc =
vc =
vc =
b) vc =
vc =
vc =
c) vc =
vc =
vc =
CH3-ex3 Nominal shear reinforcement
Determine the nominal shear link reinforcement, Asv/sv, of following conditions
fyv (N/mm2) bv (mm)
a) 250 350
b) 500 450
c) 500 650
Solution
By Asv/ sv = 0.4 bv / 0.87 fyv
a) Asv/ sv =
b) Asv/ sv =
c) Asv/ sv =
refer to CoP of Concrete 2013, table 5.9, Asv/sv for single link (2 legs)
CH3-ex4 Shear reinforcement for a beam section (v > vmax)

Design the shear reinforcement for the following section.
fcu = 30 N/mm2 bv = 200 mm
fy = 500 N/mm2 H = 200 mm
fyv = 250 N/mm2 d = 134 mm
Tension reinforcement provided 2 T 32
Design shear force, V = 120 kN
Solution
shear stress, v = V/ bv d
v =
v =
CH3-ex5 Shear reinforcement for a beam section (v < v+vc)
fcu = 30 N/mm2 bv = 300 mm
fy = 500 N/mm2 H = 400 mm
fyv = 250 N/mm2 d = 334 mm
Solution
v =
v =
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

As =
100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Provide nominal links Asv/sv = 0.4 bv / 0.87 fyv
Asv / sv =
max spacing of sv = 0.75 * d =
Asv / sv provide R12-125 2legs, As/sv =
CH3-ex6 Shear reinforcement for a beam section (v > v+vc)
fcu = 40 N/mm2 bv = 350 mm link = 12 mm
fy = 500 N/mm2 H = 650 mm
fyv = 250 N/mm2 cover = 35 mm
Solution
Effective depth, d =
v =
v =

As =
100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv = (
CH3-ex7 Design of RC beams
A rectangular beam simply supported at both ends as shown below.
Design the reinforcement and check if the deflection is acceptable or not.
Design parameters
Overall depth, h = 750 mm
Breadth, b = 350 mm
Span Length = 5 m (centre-to-centre between support)
Support width, sw1 = 350 mm (left support)
Support width, sw2 = 900 mm (right support)
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyv = 500 N/mm2
Concrete cover = 35 mm
Preferred bar size = 40 mm
Preferred link size = 10 mm
UDL, w DL = 100 kN/m (self weight included)
LL = 80 kN/m
Solution
1) Determine the effective length of beams
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
2) Determine the design load

DL = kN/m (self weight included)
LL = kN/m
Design load, w =
Design Moment, M = 0.125 wL^2
M =
Design Shear, V = 0.5 wL
V =
3) Design for moment at mid span
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel ratio =
4) Design for shear at support

Shear at centre of support, V =
shear stress at centre of support , v = V/ bv d
v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv = (
Asv / sv provide T10-100 2legs, As/sv =
5) Alternatively, by consider the enchanced shear strength at support
Shear at support face, Vs =
shear stress at support face, v = Vs/ bv d

v =
v =
Shear at 1.0d from support face, Vd =
shear stress at 1.0d from support face, v = Vd/ bv d

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv = (
to determine the extent of shear link
Vn = (vc + 0.4)*bv*d
Vn
Vn
Distance between Vs and Vn

=
=
nos of shear links T10-250 2 legs at support

=
=
it takes nos of shear links T10-250 2 legs at support
By providing nominal shear links

Asv/ sv = 0.4 bv / 0.87 fyv
Asv/ sv =
CH3-ex8 Basic span-to-depth ratio
HKCP-2013 allows the use of this deem-to-satisfy approach in checking the deflection.
The span-to-depth ratio is defined as:
L Effective span of the beam or slab
Basic =
d Effective depth of the section
Allowable L/d = Basic L/d * mt * mc * ml

where mt : Modification factor for tension rebar
mc : Modification factor for compression rebar
ml : Modification factor for long span
Basic L/d ratio of typical arrangement of beams
CH3-ex9 Modification factor for long span

Determine the modification factor for long span of following beams
i) L = 5 m ml
ii) L = 7 m ml
iii) L = 10 m ml
iv) L = 12 m ml
v) L = 15 m ml
CH3-ex10 Modification factor for compression bars
Determine the modification factor for compression bars of following beams with
b = 625 mm, effective d = 750 mm and H = 800 mm
i) As' prov = 609 mm2 p = 100As' prov/bd = mc =
ii) As' prov = 3516 mm2 p = 100As' prov/bd = mc =
iii) As' prov = 13125 mm2 p = 100As' prov/bd = mc =
iv) As' prov = 16406 mm2 p = 100As' prov/bd = mc =
CH3-ex11 Modification factor for tension bars

Determine the modification factor for compression bars of following beams with
b = 625 mm, effective d = 750 mm and H = 800 mm
i) M = 2707 kNm Asp/ As = 1
ii) M = 1920 kNm Asp/ As = 1.2
iii) M = 1230 kNm Asp/ As = 2
iv) M = 369 kNm Asp/ As = 2.5
Solution
i) M/bd^2 = fs = N/mm2 Mt =
ii) M/bd^2 = fs = N/mm2 Mt =
iii) M/bd^2 = fs = N/mm2 Mt =
iv) M/bd^2 = fs = N/mm2 Mt =
CH3-ex12 Deflection check for beam

A simply supported rectangular beam with the following information given:
Width, b = 325 mm
effective depth, d = 534 mm
Design mid span moment, M = 320 kNm (βb = 1.0)
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
Without the information on the reinforcements provided, perform a preliminary check on
the adequacy of deflection of beam.
Basic L/d ratio =

M / bd^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
by assuming As req = As prov
fs = 2/3 * fy =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =

by given As req = 1575 mm2
and As prov = 3 T 32 = 3 * 804 = 2412 mm2
Check the deflection of the beam again
Solution:
fs = 2/3 * fy * Asreq / Asprov
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
given As' prov = 3 T 20 = 3 * 314 = 942 mm2
are provided in the compression zone of the beam, check the deflection of the beam again
Solution:
100 As' prov / bd =
mc =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =

Check the deflection of end span of a continuous rectangular beam:
Width, b = 325 mm
effective depth, d = 534 mm
Design mid span moment, M = 320 kNm (βb = 1.0)
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
As req = 1575 mm2
As prov = 3 T 32
As' prov = 3 T 20
Solution:
Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
As prov =
fs =
mt =
As' prov =
100 As' prov / bd =
mc =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH3-ex16 Min Ultimate Anchorage Bond Lengths and Lap Lengths of reinforcement
Lapping of reinforcement bars is required

when the force in a bar has to be transmitted
to another bar in the same direction
The length of lapping depends on the

anchorage bond length, concrete cover
and spacing between adjacent laps.
CH4-ex1 Design of Simply-supported Rectangular Beam
Beam overall depth, h = 750 mm

Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 9050 mm
Width of LHS support, Sw1 = 400 mm
Width of RHS support, Sw2 = 850 mm
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyv = 250 N/mm2
Cover = 35 mm
Loading w, DL = 30 kN/m DL (S/W included)
LL = 11.25 kN/m
Solution
Determination of effective span
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Determination of design force (Moment M and Shear V)

Design load, w = 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL
w =
Design moment, M = 0.125 wL^2
M =
Design shear, V = 0.5 wL
V =
Design for bending moment

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for shear at support

v =
v =

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv =
Design for deflection
Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH4-ex2 Design of Simply-supported beam (Rectangular Beam Design)
Design the beam 5B2 by rectangular beam design

c/c dist. btw supports = 9000 mm
c/c dist. btw adjacent beams = 3300 mm
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyv = 250 N/mm2
Cover = 35 mm
Concrete density = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for finishes = 2 kN/m2
Characteristic imposed load = 5 kN/m2
Solution

Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (

Load width =
Dead load, DL =
Slab self weight =
Beam self weight =
Finishes =
Live load, LL =

w =
M =
V =

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
v =
v =

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv =

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH4-ex3 Design of Simply-supported beam (Flanged Beam Design)
Design the beam 5B2 by flanged beam design

fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyv = 250 N/mm2
Cover = 35 mm
Solution
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Load width =
Dead load, DL =
Slab self weight =
Beam self weight =
Finishes =
Live load, LL =

w =
M =
V =
Design for effective flnage width

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =

for simply supported beam

Lpi =
b1 =
b2 =
beff1 = min (
beff1 = min (
beff1 =
beff2 = min (
beff2 = min (
beff2 =

beff =

M
K = =
fcu * beff * d^2
K =
z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =
x = (d - z) / 0.45 = (

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =

v =
v =

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv =

Basic L/d ratio =
M / beff d^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH4-ex4 Design of Continuous Beam

For continuous beam in building structures,
sagging moment in the mid-span is usually resisted by flanged section while
hogging moments in the supports are resisted by rectangular section
Design the reinforcement and check the deflection for the end span, RB21 of this beam.
with following design parameter
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyv = 250 N/mm2
Cover = 40 mm
Allowance for soil = 450 kN/m2
Solution
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (

Load width =
Dead load, DL =
Slab self weight =
Beam self weight =
Finishes =
Soil =
Live load, LL =

w =
Design moment at LHS support (outter support), M = 0
Design moment near the mid span, M = 0.09 wL^2
M =
Design moment at RHS support (1st interior support), M = 0.11 wL^2
M =
Design shear at LHS support (outter support), V = 0.45 wL

V =
Design shear at RHS support (1st interior support), V = 0.60 wL
V =
Design for mid-span bending moment
M =
Effective Depth, d
d =
d =

for end span of continuous beam

Lpi =
b1 =
b2 =
beff1 = min (
beff1 = min (
beff1 =
beff2 = min (
beff2 = min (
beff2 =

beff =
M
K = =
fcu * beff * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z = (cannot larger than 0.95 d)
z =
x = (d - z) / 0.45 = (

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for LHS Support Shear

V = kN
The design moment is zero.
Therefore, As and d of the bottom bars are used for shear design.

v =
v =
v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv = (
Design moment at RHS support (1st interior support)

M = KNm (hogging moment resisted by rectangular section)
Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design shear at RHS support (1st interior support)

V = kN
Therefore, As and d of the top bars are used for shear design.

v =
v =

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
vc + 0.4 =
Asv / sv = (
to determine the extent of shear link
Vn = (vc + 0.4)*bv*d
Vn
Vn
Distance between Vs and Vn

=
=
nos of shear links T- legs at support

=
=
it takes
By providing nominal shear links

Asv/ sv = 0.4 bv / 0.87 fyv
Asv/ sv =

Basic L/d ratio =
M / beff d^2 =
ml = min (10/L, 1) = min (
As prov =
fs =
mt =
As' prov =
100 As' prov / bd =
mc =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH5-ex1 Classification of slabs
One-way Slab Two-way Slab
A slab is subjected to uniformly distributed load (UDL),

we can take a unit width, say 1 m, of the slab to design as a beam. That is taking B = 1000mm
CH5-ex2 Design loads and forces for a simply supported one way slabs
Determine the design loads and forces for following simply supported one way slabs
c/c distance between support: 3000 mm
Width of supporting beams, sw: 350 mm (same for both ends)
Finishes: 1.5 kPa
Usage: Department store
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Determination of design load

Dead Load, gk: slab
finishes

w =
Determination of design force
M =
V =
CH5-ex3 Design forces for a continuous one way slabs

Determine the design loads and forces for following continuous one way slabs
Notes
1) The force coefficients for slab are in general smaller than those for beam. The support
moments are about 22% lesser, and the mid-span moments are 5% to 10% lesser.
2) A redistribution of 20% is allowed for the support moments of slab, i.e. βb = 0.8, and
therefore K' is reduced to 0.132 for designing the section at supports. (There is no redistribution
for mid-span moments, and the value of K' for mid-span moment remains 0.156.)
3) The nominal design moment at the outer (or end) support for slab (simply-supported) is
50% instead of 15% (for beam) of the mid-span moment.
4) If a slab does not fulfill the conditions to use the force coefficients in the above table,
structural analysis has to be performed to determine the design forces.
5) If the slab fulfills conditions 1 to 3 stated in the notes of Table 5.1 above,
a single-load case of maximum design load on all spans can be adopted for design.
CH5-ex4 Design loads and forces for a continuous one way slabs
Determine the design loads and forces for following simply supported one way slabs
c/c distance between support: 3000 mm
Width of supporting beams, sw: 350 mm (same for all supports)
Finishes: 1.5 kPa
Usage: Office for general use
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (

Dead Load, gk: slab
finishes

w =
Determination of design force

Design moment at outter support at end span, M = 0 kNm
Design moment at mid span of end span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.086 w L^2
M =
Design moment at 1st interior support, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.086 w L^2
M =
Design moment at mid span of interior span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.063 w L^2
M =
Design moment at support of interior span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.063 w L^2
M =
Design shear force at outter support, V = w L / 2 = 0.4 w L
V =
Design shear force at 1st interior support, V = w L / 2 = 0.6 w L
V =
Design shear force at interior support, V = w L / 2 = 0.5 w L
V =
CH5-ex5 Design of simply-supported one way slab

Slab thickness, h = 175 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
Loading w, Finishes = 1 kN/m
Partition = 1 kN/m
LL = 3 kN/m
Solution
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (

DL = slab self weight =
SDL =
LL = Partition =
LL =

w =

M =
V =

Effective Depth, d
d = overall depth - concrete cover - half bar size
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for distribution bars

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (

v =
v =
100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
The deflection check is not fulfilled.

To increase the reinforcement provided in order to reduce the service stress of reinforcement

fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
For this slab, deflection controls the amount the steel required
reinforcement provided for moment design, As =
reinforcement provided for deflection, As =
Slab Reinforcement detailing

4000
1000 1000
T10-300 T2 T10-300 T2
T1 layer = max of (50% of B1, min steel)
T10-175 B1
T10-300 B2 distribtion bars
Note:
(a) Top bars are provided at the supports for anti-cracking purposes. The nominal requirement is
50% of the steel required at mid-span. They are provided with full anchorage length into the
supports and extend 0.15L or 45ϕ into the span.
(b) The bar spacing of 125mm for main bars and 250mm for top bars deem appropriate.
Refer to chapter 2 for details.
(c) Pay attention that the slab may be designed to act as the top flange of the supporting beams
to take up flexural compressive stress. If it is the case, the amount of top bars has to be increased
to 15% and extends into the slab over the whole effective flange width of the flanged section.
(d) Theoretically, 50% of the bottom bars can be curtailed at about 0.1L from the support.
However, for simplicity, all the bottom bars are extended into the support in this case.
(e) The bottom bars have to extend 12ϕ beyond the centerline of the support.
(f) The rules of reinforcement detailing is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Refer to the design code for details.
CH5-ex6 Design of continuous one way slab

Design the end span of the continuous slab. 5S1with following design parameters.
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
Partition = 1 kN/m
LL = 4 kN/m
Solution
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (

SDL =
LL = Partition =
LL =

w =
Bay size = 9 x 9.9 = 89.1 m2 > 30 m2
Imposed load is not greater than 1.25 dead load.
Imposed load is not greater than 5kPa.
The force coefficients in Table 6.4 of HKCP-2013 can be used.
Design moment at outter support at end span, M = 0 kNm

Design moment at mid span of end span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.086 w L^2
M =
Design moment at 1st interior support, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.086 w L^2
M =
Design moment at mid span of interior span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.063 w L^2
M =
Design moment at support of interior span, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.063 w L^2
M =
Design shear force at outter support, V = w L / 2 = 0.4 w L
V =
Design shear force at 1st interior support, V = w L / 2 = 0.6 w L
V =
Design shear force at interior support, V = w L / 2 = 0.5 w L
V =
Determination of effective depth

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
Design for mid span moment at end span and support moment at 1st intertior support
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
where K' = 0.156 for mid span. K' = 0.132 at support (with βb = 20%)
z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (
Design for shear at outter support at end span

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for shear at 1st interior support

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for deflection at end span
Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
Design for mid span moment at interior span and support moment at intertior support
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
where K' = 0.156 for mid span. K' = 0.132 at support (with βb = 20%)

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (
Design for shear at outter support at end span

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for deflection at interior span
Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH5-ex7 Moment coefficient of simply supported two way slab
The slab is simply supported on four edges

Aspect ratio of the slab (Ly/ Lx) is smaller than 2
Reinforcement bars in two directions to resist the bending moment
Four corners are not prevented from uplifting and there is no provision for torsion
To obtain the moment coefficient and slab loading in following condition

i) Lx = 2.5 m, Ly = 2.75 m, n = 10 kN/m2
ii) Lx = 2.75 m, Ly = 3.4375 m, n = 12.5 kN/m2
iii) Lx = 3 m, Ly = 4.35 m, n = 18 kN/m2
iv) Lx = 4 m, Ly = 7 m, n = 22.3 kN/m2
Solution:
i) Ly / Lx = αsx = , αsy =
ii) Ly / Lx = αsx = , αsy =
iii) Ly / Lx = αsx = , αsy =
iv) Ly / Lx = αsx = , αsy =
i) Msx =
ii) Msx =
iii) Msx =
iv) Msx =
i) Msy =
ii) Msy =
iii) Msy =
iv) Msy =
CH5-ex8 Design of simply-supported two way slab

c/c distance btw supports = 4200 mm in short direction
c/c distance btw supports = 5460 mm in long direction
Width of support, Sw = 250 mm for all support
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
Partition = 1 kN/m
LL = 3 kN/m
Solution
Clear span, Lnx =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Effective span, Lx = a1 + Ln + a2 =
Clear span, Lnx =

a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Effective span, Ly = a1 + Ln + a2 =

SDL =
LL = Partition =
LL =

w =
Ly / Lx =
αsx = , αsy =
Msx =
Msy =

Effective Depth in short span, d
d = overall depth - concrete cover - half B1 layer bar size
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Effective Depth in long span, d

d = overall depth - concrete cover - B1 layer bar size - half B2 layer bar size
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for shear at support (use smaller value of d to check)
V =
v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for deflection (Check short span only)

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH5-ex9 Terminology of staircase and load path

Common load path of staircase:
A) transversely-spanned and supported on
both sides of the stairs
B) longitudinally-spanned in the direction of
the flight and is supported at the ends of
the flight and landing
C) Longitudinally-spanned flight can be
supported by the landing slabs
D) cantilever steps, flight supported by
stringer beams, cantilever stairs
CH5-ex10 Self weight of waist and steps of staircase
Determine the self weight of waist and

steps of staircase by giving
waist, h = 175 mm
riser = 150 mm
tread = 250 mm
Solution:
inclined length of a step =
cos θ =
consider the direction of waist,

eqvalent thickness of step, t, such that
t =
total thickness of waist and step = h + t =

vertical weight of staircase =
CH5-ex11 Longitudinally-spanned Stair Supported by End Walls
Design the stair with following configuration
Waist, h = 275 mm
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
Number of risers, N = 14 mm
Flight horizontal length, L2 = 250 * 14 = 3500 mm
Flight width, W = 1200 mm
Landing slab thickness = 275 mm (same as waist)
Landing clear width, Ln = 1200 mm (same at both ends)
Width of support, Sw = 200 mm (same at both ends)
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for handrail = 0.5 kN/m2
Solution:
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Determinatin of loading on landing slab

Dead Load:
1) Slab s/w:
2) Finishes:
3) Handrail:
Design Load on landing slab, w1 =

w1 =
Determinatin of loading on flight
cos θ =

t =
Dead Load:
1) staircase flight
2) Finishes:
3) Handrail:
Design Load on flight slab, w2 =

w2 =
Determinatin of design force on staircase

M = 0.5*w1*L1^2 + 0.5*w2*L2(L1 + 0.25*L2)
M =
M =
V = w1*L1 + 0.5 w2*L2

V =
V =

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =
z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
L2/ L =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =

fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH5-ex12 Longitudinally-spanned Stair Supported by Landing Slabs

Design the stair with following configuration
Waist, h = 200 mm
Tread = 250 mm
Riser = 150 mm
Number of risers, N = 14 mm
Flight horizontal length, L2 = 250 * 14 = 3500 mm
Flight width, W = 1200 mm
Landing slab thickness = 200 mm (same as waist)
Width of landing, Lb = 1200 mm (same at both ends)
Clear span of landing, Ln = 2600 mm
Width of support, Sw = 200 mm (same at both ends)
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
Density of concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Allowance for handrail = 0.5 kN/m2
Solution:
Determination of effective span of flight
Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Determinatin of loading on flight

cos θ =
t =
Dead Load:
1) staircase flight
2) Finishes:
3) Handrail:
Design Load on flight slab, w =

w =
Determinatin of design force on flight

M = 0.5*w*L2*(L1+L2 / 2) - w*(L2/2)^2/ 2
M =
M =
V = 0.5*w*L2
V =
V =
Design for bending moment for flight

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for distribution bars for flight

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (
Design for shear at support of flight

v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for deflection for flight

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
L2/ L =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =

fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
Determination of effective span of landing slab

Clear span, Ln =
a1 = min (
a2 = min (
Determinatin of loading on landing slab
Dead Load:
1) Landing slab s/w:
2) Finishes:
3) Flight slab s/w:

1) Landing slab:
2) Flight slab:
Design Load , W + R=
W+R =
Determination of design force on landing slab

M =
V =
Design for bending moment for landing slab

Effective Depth, d
d =
d =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

z = [ 0.5 + sqrt( 0.25 - / 0.9)] *
z =
z =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Steel % =
Design for distribution bars for landing slab

Asd = max of (
Asd = max of (
Design for shear at support for landing slab
v =
v =

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
Design for deflection for landing slab

Basic L/d ratio =
M / bd^2 =
fs =
mt =
allowable L/d =
actual L/d =
CH6-ex1 Terminology and property of columns
1) A column is generally referred to a vertical member designed to resist compression (N)
and/ or bending moment (M).
2) Additional bending M=NΔ and/ or M=Nδ may be induced when it deflects laterally
3) Additional moment will induce further lateral deflection in slender column, and then further
additional bending and so on leading to sideway buckling failure of the column.
4) Additional moment may be small and can even be neglected in the design of the structure is
braced against side sway and the column is not slender (ie. short braced column)
5) Braced columns vs non-braced columns
6) Short columns vs long columns = slender columns
for example,
moment of inertia of column =
moment of inertia of column =
total moment of inertia of columns and walls =
loading distributed to each column =

loading distributed to each wall =
it is appropriate to assume the columns are braced because walls nearly take all wind loads
CH6-ex2 Effective length and slenderness of columns
Le = β*Lo
where
Le = effective length of columns
Lo = clear height between end restraints
Lex / h and Ley / b <= 15 for short braced columns

Lex / h and Ley / b <= 10 for non-braced columns
CH6-ex3 Effective length and slenderness of columns

A braced column is shown in the figure below. Beams are connected monolithically to it.
With the information given, determine whether the column is short or slender.
Column: h= 550 mm mm (in Y-direction)
b= 450 mm mm (in X-direction)
Floor-to-floor height: 7000 mm
Beams at the Top: Depth of the beam in X-direction = 400 mm
Depth of the beam in Y-direction = 425 mm
Beams at the Bottom: Depth of the beam in X-direction = 500 mm
Depth of the beam in Y-direction = 475 mm
Solution:
By considering the plane in X-Direction
(bending about Y-axis)
Beam depth
End Column width Condition
Top
Bot
β =
Loy =
Ley =
Ley/b =
By considering the plane in Y-Direction
(bending about X-axis)
Beam depth
Top
Bot
β =
Loy =
Ley =
Ley/b =
Lex / h <= 15 and Ley / b <= 15, it is a short braced columns
CH6-ex4 Design axial forces and nominal moment of columns

Determine the design axial forces and nominal moment of following columns
B = 400 mm (in X-direction) 7000 5500
H = 550 mm (in Y-direction)
DL = 15 kN/m2
LL = 5 kN/m2
Solution:
4500
Tributary area (loaded area)

of the column =
5000
DL =
LL =
ult P =
nomainal eccentricity about x-x axis = max(

nomainal eccentricity about y-y axis = max(
nomainal design moment about x-x axis = N * emin =

nomainal design moment about y-y axis = N * emin =
The design moment of a column should not be taken as less than this value.
CH6-ex5 Reduction of design load of column in multi-storey building
If a column carries loads from more than one floor, the total distributed imposed load on it may
be reduced by 5% per additional floor up to the maximum of 40%
A short braced column supports beams in approximately symmetrical arrangement.

The tributary area for the column is 95 m2
Dead load, gk = 5.3 kN/m2 (assuming self-weight of the column included)
Imposed load, qk = 3 kN/m2
Number of floors supported = 10
Determine the design axial force for the column
Solution:
DL of each floor =
LL of each floor =
numbers of
columns at
floor DL
floor
supported
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
G
numbers of
columns at
floor LL (with reduction)
floor
supported
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
G
columns at
Design axial load, P = 1.4 DL = 1.6 LL
floor
9 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
8 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
7 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
6 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
5 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
4 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
3 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
2 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
1 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
G 1.4 * + 1.6 * =
CH6-ex6 Design moment of column (by Simplified Sub-frame Analysis)
A braced short column supports beams B1 and B2 on each side and an upper column with the
following design parameters. Determine the maximum design moment transmitted from the beams.
Column size = 350 * 400 (in the direction of the beam)
Length of upper column, Lc1 = 3500 mm
Length of lower column, Lc2 = 3500 mm
Beam size (h*b) = 700 * 300
Length of beam at left, Lb1 = 9700 mm
Length of beam at right, Lb2 = 5000 mm
DL on beam = 30.16 kN/m (beam self weight included)
LL on beam = 53.25 kN/m
Solution:
in order to obtain maximum unbalanced moment acting on columns,
Max design load on beam = 1.4DL + 1.6LL, acting onto longer span of beam
w =
Min design load on beam = 1.4DL + 1.6LL, acting onto shorter span of beam
w =
Fix end moment on beam at left (longer span)

Mb1 =
Fix end moment on beam at right (shorter span)
Mb1 =
Unblanced moment, Mes = Mb1 - Mb2, to be resisted by the members in the joint
Mes =
by considering the stiffness of beams and columns

stiffness of upper column = 4I/L
Kc1 =
stiffness of lower column = 4I/L
Kc2 =
stiffness of beam at left = 0.5*4I/L = 2I/L
Kb1 =
stiffness of beam at right = 0.5*4I/L = 2I/L
Kb1 =
Total stiffness of beams and columns at the joint K = Kc1 + Kc2 + Kb1 + Kb2
K =
K =
Distribution factor of upper column =

Distribution factor of lower column =
Distribution factor of beam at left =
Distribution factor of beam at right =
Therefore,
Design moment of upper column =
Design moment of lower column =
Design moment of beam at left =
Design moment of beam at right =
CH6-ex7 Design formulae for axially loaded column

i) N = 0.45 fcu Ac +0.87 fy Asc (Ultimate capcity)
ii) N = 0.40 fcu Ac +0.75 fy Asc (Short Column Subjecting to Axial Load with
Moment due to Nominal Eccentricity)
iii) N = 0.35 fcu Ac +0.67 fy Asc (Short Braced Column Supporting an
Approximately Symmetrical Arrangement of Beams)
Design the columns with following condion
Column dimensions: h = b = 600 mm
Grade of concrete , fcu = 40 N/mm2
Reinforcement bars, fy = 500 N/mm2
Design axial compression, N = 9785 kN
i) Design using ulitmate capacity of column

ii) Design as Short Column Subjecting to Axial Load with Moment due to Nominal Eccentricity
iii) Design as Short Braced Column Supporting an Approximately Symmetrical Arrangement
of Beams
Solution:
i) By N = 0.45 fcu Ac +0.87 fy Asc
Asc =
Steel ratio =
ii) By N = 0.40 fcu Ac +0.75 fy Asc
Asc =
Steel ratio =
ii) By N = 0.35 fcu Ac +0.67 fy Asc
Asc =
Steel ratio =
CH6-ex8 Design charts for columns with axis load and uniaxial moment
Design the column with

B=H= 600 mm
d/h = 0.825
N/fcu b h = 0.45
M/fcu b h^2 = 0.094
fcu = 45 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
using the chart of d/h =
As fy / fcu b h =
As =
steel ratio = As /b h =
CH6-ex9 Design charts for columns with axis load and moment
Determine the main reinforcement bars for column C2 at G/F with following parameter
For Column C2
Column breadth, b = 350 mm (in X-dir)
Column depth, h = 400 mm (in Y-dir)
Floor-to-floor height = 3500 mm (same for all floors)
Beams in Y-direction
Beams BY1 & BY2, h x b = 700 * 300 mm
Beam BY1 span, Lby1 = 9900 - 400 /2 = 9700 mm
Beam BY2 span, Lby2 = 5000 mm
Beams in X-direction
Beams BX1 & BX2, h x b = 500 * 300 mm
Beam BX1 span, Lbx1 = 3500 mm
Beam BX2 span, Lbx2 = 3600 mm
Slab thickness = 225 mm (same for all floors)
Allowance for finishes = 2 kPa (same for all floors)
Imposed load = 15 kPa (same for all floors)
No of storeys = 3
fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 40 mm
Solution:
Determination the effective length of columns
By considering the plane in X-Direction
(bending about Y-axis)
Beam depth
Top
Bot
β =
Loy =
Ley =
Ley/b =
By considering the plane in Y-Direction

(bending about X-axis)
Beam depth
Top
Bot
β =
Loy =
Ley =
Ley/b =
Lex / h <= 15 and Ley / b <= 15, it is a short braced columns
Determination the loading to beams in Y-Direction

loaded width =
Dead Load
Slab
Beam
Finishes
Live load
Max design load on beam =

Min design load on beam =
Determination the loading to beams in X-Direction

(No loading transferred from slab)
Dead Load
Beam
Determination the column self weight

Dead Load
Column
Case A - maximum axial load on column

Determination the axial load and moment for columns at G/F
Dead Load
3/F beam in Y-dir
3/F beam in X-dir
2/F column
2/F beam in Y-dir
2/F beam in X-dir
1/F column
1/F beam in Y-dir
1/F beam in X-dir
G/F column
Live Load
3/F beam in Y-dir
2/F beam in Y-dir
1/F beam in Y-dir
No of storeys supported by the column =
Live load reduction =
Design axial force =

Mb1 =
Mb1 =
Mes =
by considering the stiffness of beams and columns

stiffness of upper column = 4I/L
Kc1 =
stiffness of lower column = 4I/L
Kc2 =
stiffness of beam at left = 0.5*4I/L = 2I/L
Kb1 =
stiffness of beam at right = 0.5*4I/L = 2I/L
Kb1 =
Total stiffness of beams and columns at the joint K = Kc1 + Kc2 + Kb1 + Kb2
K =
K =
Distribution factor of upper column =

Distribution factor of lower column =
Distribution factor of beam at left =
Distribution factor of beam at right =
Therefore,
Design of column at G/F

Design axial load of column at G/F, N =
Design moment of column at G/F, M =
d =
d/ h =
N/fcu b h =
M/fcu b h^2 =
As fy / fcu b h =
Case B - minimum axial load on column

Mb1 =
Mb1 =
Mes =
Therefore,

N/fcu b h =
M/fcu b h^2 =
As fy / fcu b h =
Case C - maximum moment on column

Dead Load (factored)
3/F =
2/F =
1/F (longer span) =
1/F (shorter span) =
1/F (beam in X-dir) =
G/F column =
Live Load (factored)

3/F beam in Y-dir
2/F beam in Y-dir
1/F beam in Y-dir
1/F beam in Y-dir

Mb1 =
Mb1 =
Mes =
Therefore,

N/fcu b h =
M/fcu b h^2 =
As fy / fcu b h =
Design for critical case

Case Description N (kN) M (kNm) As fy / fcu b h
A Max Axial Load
B Min Axial Load
C Max Moment
As fy / fcu b h =
As =
Steel ratio =
CH6-ex10 Design for Biaxial Moment
The columns can be designed by transforming the biaxial moment into
uniaxial moment with increased moment abour the axis
Column width, b = 350 mm

Column depth, h = 400 mm
Design Axial Load, N = 1800 kN
Design Moment about X-axis, Mx = 85 kNm
Design Moment about Y-axis, My = 95 kNm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 40 mm
Solution:
b' =
h' =
Mx / h' =
Therefore, increase Mx for design
N/ fcu bh =
β =
Mx' =
As bending about X-axis is considered, the following parameters are used for Design Chart
b =
h =
d =
N/ fcu bh =
M/ fcu bh^2 =
d/ h =
As fy / fcu b h =
As =
Steel ratio =
CH6-ex11 Detailing on Transverse Reinforcement of columns
i) Bar size ≥ 6 or 1/4 x size of the longitudinal bar.
ii) Spacing ≤ 12 x size of the longitudinal bar, b and h, 400mm whichever is lesser.
iii) All corner bars, alternate bars shall be restrained in 2 directions.
iv) No unrestrained bars should be more than 150mm from a restrained bar.
v) 2-direction restraint should be provided by links passing round the bar with an included
angle of not more than 135o.
vi) Circular or spiral links should be provided to circular column.
CH6-ex12 Property of wall design

Wall refer to vertical element with length > 4* thickness
For resisting axial load and in-plane moment (strong axis bending), design similar to column
For resisting axial load and out-of-plane moment (weak axis bending), design similar to slab
Stocky Wall refer to wall with Le/ h <= 15 (focus in this chapter)
Slender wall refer to wall with Le/ h > 15, additional out-of-plane moment shall be considered
Reinforced wall refer to wall with steel ratio >= 0.4%
Plain wall refer to wall with steel ratio < 0.4%
For example,
A 180mm thick reinforced wall is constructed monolithically with
150mm slabs at each floor and the floor-to-floor height is 3200mm,
and the building structure is braced.
Unrestrained height, Lo = 3200 - 150 = 3050mm.
As the slab thickness at both top and bottom is thinner than the wall,
the restraints belong to condition 2, and therefore β = 0.85.
Effective height Le = 0.85 x 3050 = 2593mm.
Le/h = 2593/180 = 14.4 < 15.
It is a stocky wall.
CH6-ex13 Design for Axially Loaded Stocky Wall
Design a stocky braced wall supports an approximately symmetrical arrangement of slabs,
Wall length, L = 3500 mm
Wall thickness, h = 250 mm
Asc = T16/250 B.F.
fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Solution:
Wall capacity, Nw = 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fy Asc
by considering 1m long of wall,
Ac =
Asc =
Nw =
Nw =
CH6-ex14 Design for Axial Load and Out-of-plane Moment

Design a braced stocky wall with following condition
Length, L = 3500 mm
Thickness, h = 250 mm
Axial load, N = 14000 kN
Moment, M = 511 kNm
fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Hori bar dia. = 10 mm
Vert bar dia. = 16 mm
cover, c = 30 mm
Solution:
By considering 1m length of wall for design
L =
h =
d =
d/h=
N =
M =
N/ fcu bh =
M/ fcu bh^2 =
As fy / fcu b h =
As =
Steel ratio =
CH6-ex15 Design for Axial Load and In-plane Moment (by M-N Interaction Chart Method)
Determine the main reinforcement for the following stocky braced wall
Wall dimensions b x h = 350 * 4000
Design in-plane Moment, M = 12000 kNm
fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 30 mm
Solution:
N/ fcu bh =
M/ fcu bh^2 =
Assume the steel is uniformly distributed, therefore d / h =0.75
From Column Design Chart of d / h = 0.75
As fy / fcu b h =
As =
Steel ratio =
CH6-ex16 Design for Axial Load and In-plane Moment (by Linear Load Distribution Method)
Determine the main reinforcement for the following stocky braced wall
Wall dimensions b x h = 350 * 4000
Design in-plane Moment, M = 12000 kNm
fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Cover = 30 mm
Solution:
N/ h =
6M/ h^2 =
N/h - 6M/ H^2 =
Divide the wall into 4 strips Width of each strip =
The max load on each strip is tabulated as follows

Strip 1 2 3 4
Width
Loading due to N
Loading due to M
Total Axial Force
0.4 fcu b h
Force taken up by steel
As = N/ 0.75 fy * consider 0.4% min steel
100As/bh
If reversal of bending is necessary,
Force taken up by steel
As = N/ 0.75 fy
100As/bh
CH6-ex17 Detailing on Reinforcement of walls

i) Spacing of vertical bars < lesser of 400mm and
< 3 x wall thickness
ii) Detailing of slab apply to walls if walls subject to out-of-plane bending
iii) Detailing on horizontal bars (transverse bars) refer to Cl.9.6.3 and Cl.9.6.4 of HKCP-2013
CH7-ex1 Introduction to shallow foundation
a) Foundation is to transmit the load from the structure to the ground safely by
transferring the force down to a suitable bearing stratum (ie. to ensure the pressure
exerted by the base onto the soil would not induce excessive settlement or even
rupture the soil.)
b) Shallow foundation (eg. pad footing & spread footing) can be used when
i) load is not very large
ii) suitable soil stratum can be identified in shallow depth
c) 2 aspects have to be checked:
i) Pressure at the bearing stratum (geotechnical design)(SLS)
ii) Reinforced concrete design of the footing (structural design)(ULS)
CH7-ex2 Size of Simple Pad Footing

A square footing is designed to support a column placed at the center of it. With the
following information, prepare a preliminary estimate of the size of the footing based
on allowable soil bearing pressure.
Characteristic loads from the column:
Dead load, Gk = 1800 kN (s/w of column included)
Imposed Load, Qk = 1550 kN
Footing founding level: at 1.5m below ground level
Soil: Dry dense sand (i.e. granular soil)
Allowable soil bearing pressure, qa = 300 kPa
Solution:
Assume the self-weight of footing, Wf =
By ignoring the soil above the founding level
Total working load at the founding level =
Bearing area required =
Footing selfweight =
CH7-ex3 Simple Pad Footing Design
A square pad footing supporting a column at its center. The design parameters for the pad
given below. Assuming the soil reaction pressure beneath footing are the footing is uniformly
distributed. Design the reinforcement for the footing.
Side length of the square footing, L = 3000 mm
Overall depth of the footing, h = 600 mm
Column width, c = 500 mm
Cover to rebar = 50 mm
Grade of concrete, fcu = 35 N/mm2
Grade of rebars,fy = 500 N/mm2
Preferred size of main bars = 20 mm
Dead load from column, Gk = 1200 kN (column s/w included)
Imposed Load from column, Qk = 450 kN
Solution:
Design load from column, F = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
F =
Base area, Af =
Net upward soil pressure, pn =
1) Determine Reinforcement for Bending

Breadth of the section, b =
Cantilever span = (
Loading act on footing soffit, w =
Design moment, M =
M
K = =
fcu * b * d^2
K =

M
As = =
0.87 fy * z
As =
Check bar distribution, 1.5(c + 3d) =
footing reinforcement uniformly distributed across the width of footing

As =
Asp =
Steel % =
2) Check Maximum Shear at the Perimeter of the Column Face

Perimeter of the column = 4*c =
Design Shear V =
Maximum shear stress, vmax =
vmax =
3) Check Shear at Section 1.0d from Column Face

Design shear =
Shear stress =
100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
Compare to 0.67 instead of 1.0 because link is seldom provided in footing.
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
4) Check Punching Shear

Width of the critical perimeter = 1.5d + c + 1.5d = c+3d
p =
Critical perimeter =
Area outside the critical perimeter =
Design punching shear =
Punching shear stress, v =
v =
Notes: If the shear stress in either (3) or (4) is larger the vc, you may have either
(i) to increase the depth of the footing,
(ii) to increase vc by providing more flexural reinforcement, or
(iii) to provide shear reinforcement.
CH7-ex4 Simple Pile Cap
Pile cap seats on top of the piles, acting as the transition between the superstructure
and pile foundation.
Two methods of design are commonly used in pile cap design:
i) bending theory
ii) truss analogy
Pile cap is subjected to high concentrated point loads, and with very small span-to-depth ratio,
it behaves like a deep beam.
The surcharge, soil weight and self-weight of the pile cap are in general very small
and are ignored in the design.
The amount of reinforcement can then be determined by As = T / (0.87fy)

Where the spacing of piles (center-to-center) exceeds 3ϕ (i.e. 3 times the pile diameter),
only those reinforcement within 1.5ϕ from the center of a pile should be considered to
constitute a tension member of the truss.
CH7-ex5 Design of Simple Pile Cap

A group of four piles supports a column by using a square RC pile cap. Check the shears and
design the reinforcement for the pile cap with the design parameters provided below.
Diameter of pile, ϕ = 450 mm
c/c distance pile, L = 1350 mm
Overall length of the cap = 2100 mm
Overall depth of the cap, h = 700 mm
Column width, c = 425 mm
Cover to rebar = 75 mm
Grade of concrete, fcu = 35 N/mm2
Grade of rebars, fy = 500 N/mm2
Preferred size of main bars = 20 mm (two directions)
Dead load from column, Gk = 1100 kN (column s/w included)
Imposed Load from column, Qk = 600 kN
Solution:
Design load from column, F =
1) Design Bottom Tension Reinforcement

Design tension per bottom chord, T = FL/8d
T =
As =
Distance between pile center and pile cap edge, C

C =(
1.5 * pile diamter =
The reinforcement shall be placed within 1.5ϕ from the center of a pile
Therefore, the reinforcement shall be placed
As =
As =
Steel % =
2) Check Maximum Shear at the Perimeter of the Column Face

Perimeter of the column =
Design shear, V =
Shear stress, v =
v
3) Check Shear at Section av from Column Face

100 As/bd =
(400/ d)^(1/4) = (
(fcu/ 25)^ (1/3) = (
vc =
av = (
Enhanced vc =
Enhanced vc
Design shear, V =
Shear stress, v =
4) Check Punching Shear

As the pile spacing is not more than 3 times the pile diameter, no further checking of
punching shear is required

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CH1-ex1

Obsolete version such as Concrete Code 2004, Concrete Code 1987

Other international code such as

Mild Steel High Tensile Steel

Bar diameter (mm) Cross Sectional Area (mm2) Usage

i) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 1T25 ?

i) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 2T32 ?

ii) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 4T40 ?

iv) What is the design tension capacity of beam reinforcement 6R16 ?

vi) What is the design tension capacity of slab reinforcement T12-200 ?

vii) What is the design tension capacity of slab reinforcement T16-125 ?

Live Load, qk: live load

Design Load/ Ultimate Load, w =

Live Load, qk: live load

Design Load/ Ultimate Load, w =

Live Load/ Imposed Load:

Design mid span moment, M = w L^2 / 8 = 0.125 w L^2

For slab 5S1,

Support reaction at both ends, R =

Design shear at face of right hand support, V =

CH1-ex28 Loading pattern for 3-span continuous beam

CH1-ex29 Loading pattern for 4-span continuous beam

For the above example, βb = 92.6/115.7 = 0.80.

Take notes in the design when using moment re-distribution

Loading diagram of beam 3-1

Loading diagram of beam B-1

Loading diagram of beam C

Loading diagram of beam B

Loading diagram of beam 2

Loading diagram of beam A

Loading on columns A1, A2, B1, B2

fcu = 35 N/mm2, design strength =

CH2-ex2 Short-term Static Modulus of Elasticity of concrete

CH2-ex3 Strength of steel reinforcement

design yield strength = fy / 1.15 = 0.87 fy

CH2-ex4 Modulus of Elasticity of steel reinforcement

CH2-ex5 Strain of concrete and steel reinforcement

The application of this equation is subject to the following conditions:

CH2-ex7 Effective depth (single layer of steel reinforcement)

CH2-ex9 spacing of steel reinforcement

CH2-ex11 Minimum and maximum percentage steel reinforcement for members

a) For 600 * 350 Beam,

Depth of neutral axis, x = s / 0.9

Lever arm, z = d - s/2

Take moment about the centroid of compression zone:

Determine the rebars for the following beam section:

Lever arm, z = [0.5 + sqrt(0.25- K/0.9)]*d (<= 0.95 d)

Tension steel required, As = M / 0.87 fy z

Lever arm, z = [0.5 + sqrt(0.25- K/0.9)]*d (<= 0.95 d)

Tension steel required, As = M / 0.87 fy z

CH2-ex15 Moment resistance of the balanced section

Lever arm, z = [0.5 + sqrt(0.25- K/0.9)]*d (<= 0.95 d)

Tension steel required at the balanced section, As = M / 0.87 fy z

Determine the rebars for the following beam section:

Lever arm, z = 0.775*d

Depth of neutral axis, x = 0.5*d =

Compression steel required, As' = (K-K')fcu b d^2 / 0.87 / fy/ (d - d')

CH2-ex17 stress and strain of steel reinforcement if d'/ x > 0.38

Refer to strain diagram, the relationship of the starin of