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Test Bank for Research Essentials: Foundations for
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Research Essentials: Foundations for Evidence-Based Practiceby Susan
L. Norwood is a fresh NEW nursing research textbook which provides
an engaging and user-friendly introduction to this important subject area.
With valuable information for nursing students, nurses in clinical
practice, and nurses in leadership positions, Research Essentials:
Foundations for Evidence-Based Practicehelps nurses acquire essential
skills for today’s dynamic health-care environment.

Susan L. Norwood is a professor in the Department of Nursing at

Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. She has been a nurse
educator for 23 years and also serves as the research consultant for
Kootenai Medical Center in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. She earned her
Doctorate in Educational Leadership from Gonzaga University, her
certificate as a Women’s Health Care Nurse Practitioner from Harbor-
UCLA Medical Center, her Master’s in Nursing from the University of
Washington, and her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Pacific
Lutheran University. She has taught a wide variety of courses to both
undergraduate and graduate students, has published in a variety of
nursing journals, and has previously published graduate-level textbooks
on nursing research and nursing consultation. She lives in Spokane with
her dog Iris and her cat Bella. Her hobbies include knitting, gardening,
and learning to play the mountain dulcimer.
A Descriptive Test Bank for Research Essentials: Foundations for
Evidence-Based Practice By Susan L. Norwood, Gonzaga University

SECTION 1 NURSING RESEARCH: AN OVERVIEW

Chapter 1 Research and Contemporary Nursing
Chapter 2 The Research Process: An Overview
Chapter 3 Ways of Knowing for Nursing Research
Chapter 4 Ethical Considerations in Nursing Research

SECTION 2 UNDERSTANDING NURSING RESEARCH

Chapter 5 Study Foundations: The Research Problem, Purpose, “Sub-
Problems”, and Variables
Chapter 6 Study Backgrounds and Literature Reviews
Chapter 7 Frameworks for Nursing Research
Chapter 8 Research Designs
Chapter 9 Research Samples
Chapter 10 Principles of Measurement
Chapter 11 Data Collection Strategies
Chapter 12 Data Analysis in Quantitative Research
Chapter 13 Data Analysis and Qualitative Research

SECTION 3 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Chapter 14 The Research Critique Process
Chapter 15 Conducting Research in Practice Settings
Chapter 16 Communicating Research Findings
Chapter 17 Using Research Findings in Practice Settings
Chapter 18 Nursing Research and Nursing Practice
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 phosphorescence, 338;
reproduction, 340;
skeleton, 334;
spicules, 334;
zooids, 330
Alcyoniidae, 349
Alcyonium, 330 f., 332, 349;
nematocyst of, 247;
A. digitatum, 332, 338 f., 347, 349;
larva, 341;
A. glomeratum, 349;
A. palmatum, 340;
A. purpureum, 338
Aleurone, 37
Algae, related to holophytic colonial Flagellata, 109, 130
Algeria, dourine disease in, 119
Alicia mirabilis, 382
Aliciidae, 382
Alimentary canal, of Asterias rubens, 438;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546 f.;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 551;
of Antedon rosacea, 583;
of Hyocrinus, 589;
of Actinometra, 589;
development of, in Eleutherozoa, 604, 605;
in Antedon rosacea, 618, 619
Allen, on food of Echinus esculentus in Plymouth Sound, 516
Allman, 246, 265, 267, 273, 274;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
Allogromia, 59 f., 65
Allogromidiaceae, 58;
habitat of, 48, 59
Allopora, 287;
A. nobilis, 287
Alpheus, 351
Alternating modes of brood-formation in Sporozoa, 48
Alveolar, structure (fine) of cytoplasm, 6;
system (coarse) in relation to skeleton of Radiolaria, Dreyer's
scheme of, 84
Alveolate ectoplasm, of pelagic Foraminifera, 61;
of Heliozoa, 71 f.;
of Actinosphaerium, 72 f.;
of Radiolaria, 79;
pedicellaria of Leptogonaster, 456
Alveole (= minute cavity in cytoplasm), 5 f.;
in Ciliata, 142;
in Stylonychia, 140;
(= large vacuole of Radiolaria, etc.), 76, 79, 84
Alveolina, 59
Alveolus, of Echinus esculentus, 526
Alveopora, 397
Amalthea (Fam. Corymorphidae, 273), 266
Ambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, 544;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 550
Ambulacral groove, of Asteroidea, 432;
representative in Ophiuroidea, 481;
representative in Echinoidea, 515;
of Pelmatozoa, 579;
of Antedon rosacea, 581, 582, 587;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Carpoidea, 596;
of young Ophiuroid, 613
Ambulacral ossicle, of Asteroidea, 432;
of Asterias rubens, 434;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 481;
compared to auricula of Echinus esculentus, 526;
to inner plates of Palaeodiscus, 557;
to side-plates of Crinoidea, 589
Ambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, 511;
of Cidaridae, 533;
of Sphaerechinus, 539;
 of Strongylocentrotus, 539;
of Echinarachnius parma, 544
Amines, 15
Ammodiscus, 59
Amnion, 613
Amniotic cavity, 613
Amoeba, 4 f.;
reactions of, 7 f.;
devouring
a plant cell, 9;
excretion of, 14 f.;
motion of, 17 f.;
respiration of, 17 f.;
taxies of, 22
Amoeba, 51;
habitat of, 57;
posterior disc or sucker, 53;
A. binucleata, 30, 52;
A. coli, habitat, 57;
A. limax, 5;
form of amoebulae of Acrasieae, 90;
motions of, 47 n., 52;
A. polypodia in fission, 10;
A. proteus, 5;
brood-divisions of, 56 n.
Amoeboid, motion, 5;
stages of Acystosporidae, 97, 103 f.;
zoospores of Trichosphaerium, 54, 56;
gametes of Flagellata, 116 n.
Amoebophrya, 86, 159, 161
Amoebula, 31, 51;
of Myxomycetes, 91, 92;
of Didymium, 92;
of fever parasites, 104
Amphiaster (an aster in which the actines form a whorl at each
extremity of the axis, which is straight), 222
Amphibia, hosts of Opalinidae, 111, 123
Amphiblastula, 226
Amphicaryoninae, 306
Amphidisc, 176, 177 f., 202
Amphidiscophora, 203 f.
Amphihelia, 399
Amphileptus, 137
Amphimonadidae, 111
Amphimonas, 111
Amphinema, 273
Amphiprion percula, 378
Amphiura, 497;
A. squamata (= elegans), 485 n., 497, 601
Amphiuridae, 497
Amphizonella, 51;
test of, 53
Amphoriscidae, 192
Ampulla, of Millepora, 259, 260;
of Stylasterina, 284, 285;
of tube-foot of Asterias rubens, 441, 443;
synonym of axial sinus of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487;
of stone-canal of Echinus esculentus, 517;
of tube-foot of Echinus esculentus, 517;
of respiratory trees of Holothuria nigra, 563;
of podia of Holothuria nigra, 566;
of feelers of Aspidochirota, 568, 570;
of Pelagothuria, 568, 570;
of Molpadiida, 568;
of Synaptida, 568;
of Elasipoda, 571
Anabolic, 12 f.
Anabolism, 12 f.;
modes of, 15 f.
Anal, cirrhi, 139 f.;
papilla (tube) of Antedon rosacea, 581, 583;
of Eucalyptocrinus, 596
Ananchytidae, 554, 559
Anapta, 577
Anatomy, of a starfish (Asterias rubens), 432 f.;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479 f.;
of Echinus esculentus, 504 f.;
of Echinarachnius parma, 542 f.;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 549 f.;
of Holothuria nigra, 561 f.;
of Antedon rosacea, 581 f.
Anatriaene (a triaene of which the cladi or branches point
backwards, in the same direction as the rhabdome or shaft),
224
Anchoring flagella, 114;
of Dallingeria, 112;
of Bodo saltans, 117
Ancistrum, 137
Anemonia, 381;
A. sulcata, 381
Animal-feeding Protista, 38
Animals, defined, 39 f.;
and plants, discussion on, 35 f.;
Higher, 31, 38
Anisochela (a chela of which the two ends are unequally developed),
222, 234
Anisonema, 110
Anisospores of Radiolaria, 76, 85;
of Collozoum inerme, 76
Anochanus, 554
Anopheles, intermediate host of malarial parasite, 103 f.;
enemies of, 106;
precautions against, 106
Antedon, 594;
A. rosacea, 581, 582;
external features, 581;
skeleton, 582;
alimentary canal, 583;
water-vascular system, 583;
nervous system, 583 f.;
coelom, 585;
 genital organs, 586;
muscles, 587;
blood-system, 587;
development of, 617 f.;
A. eschrichtii, 594
Antennularia, 279;
A. antennina, 279;
A. ramosa, 279
Anterior, dorsal process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606;
of Auricularia, 608;
median process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606
Antero-lateral process, of ciliated band of Echinopluteus, 607
Anthea cereus, 381
Antheneidae, 471
Anthocaulus, 389
Anthocodia, 330
Anthocyathus, 388, 389
Anthomastus, 333, 349
Anthomedusae, 262 f.
Anthophysa (Flagellata), 111, 112 f.;
(Siphonophora, Physophorinae), 308, 302
Anthoptilidae, 362
Anthoptilum grandiflorum, 362
Anthozoa, 326 f.;
commercial importance, 328
Antipatharia, 407 f.
Antipathella, 408;
A. gracilis, 408
Antipathes, 408;
A. ternatensis, 409
Antipathidea, 367, 371, 407 f.
Antiseptic properties of "aromatic" compounds, 36 n.
Anuncinataria, 203
Anus, of Ciliates, 143 f.;
of Stylonychia, 139 f.;
of Carchesium, 147;
of Vorticella, 156;
 of Asterias rubens, 434;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546;
of Pygastrides relictus, 548;
of Euclypeastroidea, 549;
of Echinolampas, 554;
of Neolampas, 554;
of Holothuria nigra, 560;
of Antedon rosacea, 582;
of Dipleurula larva, 604;
of Asterina gibbosa, 611
Aphodal, 210
Aphrothoraca, 70
Aplanospore, 31
Aplysilla, 196
Aplysina, 225
Apocyte, 30, 32
Apocytial, condition, 32;
forms among Myxosporidiaceae, 107 f.;
Rhizopoda, 52
Apolemia, 308
Apoleminae, 307
Apopyle, 170
Aporosa, 397
Appendicularia, host of Gymnodinium pulvisculus, 132
Aquatic organisms, minute, distribution of, 47 n.
Arachnactis, 373, 411;
A. albida, 411;
A. americana, 411;
A. lloydii, 411
Arachnoides, 549
Arbacia, 520, 538
Arbaciidae, 530, 531, 532, 538, 558
Arbacioid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 538
Arcadomyaria, 324
Arcella, 51, 53;
A. vulgaris, 55
Archaeocidaridae, 557, 558
Archaeocyte, 171
Archaster, 467;
A. bifrons, 467
Archasteridae, 456, 466
Archenteron, definition of, 604
Archer, on Protozoa, 45;
on Heliozoa, 71
Archicoel, 450
Arcuothrix, 52;
transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, 47 n.
Arenaceous Foraminifera, 58 f.;
Carpenter on, 63 f.;
labyrinthine structure in, 66
Argas persica, 121
Aristocystis, 599, 599
Aristotle, 166
Aristotle's lantern, of Echinus esculentus, 515, 516, 524, 525;
variations of, in Endocyclica, 531;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546, 547;
absent in Echinocardium cordatum, 550
Arm, of Asteroidea, 431, 432, 453;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479;
of Ophiuroidea, 481, 491;
of Crinoidea, 580, 589;
of Antedon rosacea, 581;
of Antedon (other species), 594;
of Hyocrinus, 590;
of Rhizocrinus, 591;
of Bathycrinus, 591;
of Pentacrinidae, 592;
of Holopus, 594;
of Eudiocrinus, 594;
of Inadunata, 595;
of Articulata, 595;
of Camerata, 595;
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 611;
 in Antedon rosacea, 620
Arm-spines, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 479;
of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of Ophiothrix, 492;
of Ophiacantha, 492;
of Ophiopteron 492
Aromatic compounds in relation to nutrition and antisepsis, 36
Arthropods, hosts of Gregarines, 97 f.
Articulata, 595
Ascitic dropsy, Leydenia associated with, 91
Ascon, 185
Asconema setubalense, 221
Asexual reproduction of Asteroidea, 459;
of Linckia, 459;
of Asterina wega, 459
Ashworth, 331 n.
Asiphonacea, 347
Asphyxia, its effect on contractile vacuole, 143
Aspidochirota, 568, 569, 570 f., 577, 578
Aspidosoma, 476
Aspirotrichaceae, 137, 148, 151, 153, 154
Assimilation, assimilative anabolism, growth, 9, 13, 15 f.
Association, in Gregarines, 95, 98 f.;
in Lankesteria ascidiae, 95 f.
Astasia, 110, 112
Aster (= centrosome of mitotically dividing cell and peripheral rays),
25, 27;
(a polyaxonid spicule), 184
Asterias, 473, 475;
A. rubens, 432;
external features, 432;
pedicellariae, 433;
skeleton, 434;
coelom, 437;
alimentary canal, 438;
food, 439;
water-vascular system, 441;
 nervous system, 444;
perihaemal spaces, 448;
blood-system, 449;
genital organs, 451;
A. glacialis, 473;
pedicellariae, 434;
A. hispida, 474;
A. muelleri, 473;
A. murrayi, 473;
A. ochracea, 474;
A. polaris, 474;
A. spirabilis, 601, 602;
A. tenuispina, 453
Asteriidae, 453, 458, 473
Asterina, 454, 456, 459, 461, 463;
A. gibbosa, number of arms, 453;
eggs of, 463;
development of, 609, 610 f., 617;
A. wega, 459
Asterinidae, 455, 458, 463
Asternata, 554
Asteroid stage in the development of Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea,
613, 622
Asteroidea, 430, 431 f.;
compared with Ophiuroidea, 477 f.;
compared with Echinoidea, 503, 558;
mesenchyme of larva of, 602;
development of, 605, 608, 609, 610 f.;
phylogeny of, 621
Asteropsis, 471
Asterosmilia, 401
Asthenosoma, 536;
A. hystrix, 536, 537;
A. urens, 536
Astraeidae, 387, 399
Astraeopora, 390
Astrangia, 400;
 A. solitaria, 374, 400
Astrocnida, 501
Astrogonium, 472
Astroides, 404
Astronyx, 501
Astropecten, 455, 459, 467;
fossil, 475;
A. irregularis, 468;
movements, 468;
burrowing habits, 469
Astropectinidae, 454, 458, 459, 467, 470
Astrophyton, 491, 501
Astropyle, 81
Astrorhiza, 59
Astrorhizidaceae, 59
Astroschema, 501;
vertebra, 481
Astroschemidae, 501
Astrosclera willeyana, 194, 194
Astroscleridae, 194
Astylus, 287
Atelecrinus, 588, 594
Athoria (usually placed in a subfamily Athoriinae of the
Physonectidae, 307), 300
Atolla, 322;
A. bairdi, 322;
A. gigantea, 322;
A. valdiviae, 322
Atollidae, 322
Atoll, 390 f.
Atorella, 314, 322
Atrophy, of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, 151
Attached, Foraminifera, 64;
Flagellata, 112 f.;
Ciliata, 152;
Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Attachment, temporary, of Stentor, 155;
 permanent, of Rhizocrinus, 591;
of Bathycrinus, 591;
of young Pentacrinidae, 592;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Cystoidea, 597;
— temporary, of larva of sterina gibbosa, 610;
of Brachiolaria larva, 612;
of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619
Aulactinium, 79;
A. actinastrum, 82
Aulena, 220
Aulocystis grayi, 208
Aurelia, 310, 314, 324;
A. aurita, 312
Aureliania heterocera, 383
Auricula, of Echinus esculentus, 526;
of Cidaridae, 531;
of Arbaciidae, 531;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546;
represented by radial pieces of calcareous ring of Holothuroidea,
566
Auricularia, 607;
metamorphosis of, 614, 615
Auronectidae, 301, 308
Aurophore, 308
Autodermin, 523
Automatic processes, so-called, 12
Autotrophic, 37
Autozooids, 333
Axial filament, of Heliozoan pseudopodia, 49, 71, 72, 74;
of Actinophrys sol, 71;
of Actinosphaerium eichornii, 72;
of Radiolaria Acantharia, 80
Axial sinus, of Asterias rubens, 448;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 487;
of Echinus esculentus, 517, 528;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 552;
 of Holothuroid larva, 564;
of larva of Antedon rosacea, 583;
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 609
Axifera, 353
Axinella, 216, 222, 225;
A. erecta, 216
Axinellidae, 217
Axon, 444
Axoniderma, 216
Axopora, 262
Azoosporeae, 89

Babesia (= Piroplasma), 120

Bacteria, food of Myxomycetes, 92 f.;
nutrition of, 36
Bactronella, 193
Baker, H., on organisms of putrefaction, 43;
on Protozoa, 45;
on Noctiluca, 134 f.
Balanoglossus, larva and affinities of, 616
Balantidium, 137;
habitat of, 152
Balbiani, on Protozoa, 45;
on regeneration, 35 n.;
on "Pébrine" (Nosema bombycis), 107
Barbados, Miocene deposit of Radiolaria, 87
Barotaxy, 20
Barrier reef, 390 f.
Bary, A. de, on methods of culture of lower organisms, 44;
on nature of Myxomycetes, 91
Basal granules, of cilia, etc., 138 n., 141
—see also Blepharoplast
Basal plates, of Antedon rosacea, 584;
of Crinoidea, 588;
of Hyocrinus, 588, 590;
of Atelecrinus, 588, 594;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
 of Thaumatocrinus, 588, 594;
of Pentacrinidae, 591;
of Holopus, 592;
of Cystoidea, 598;
of Blastoidea, 599
Bastian, H. Charlton, on spontaneous generation, 44 n.
Bateson, 174
Bath sponge, 221
Bather, on Sympterura, 502;
on classification of Crinoidea, 589;
on phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622
Bathyactis, 404
Bathyanthus, 411
Bathycrinus, 589, 591
Bathypathes, 408
Bebryce, 356
Bell, F. J., 406 n.;
on classification of Ophiuroidea, 494;
of Endocyclica, 533
on relationships of Holothuroidea, 430 n., 622
Bell-animalcules, 155 f.;
feeding of, 145
—see also Carchesium, Epistylis, Peritrichaceae, Vorticella,
Zoothamnium
Beloidea, 77
Beneden, E. van, on Sporozoa, 94;
on pelagic Anthozoa, 411
Bernard, F., 241 n.
Bernard, H. M., 386 n., 397
Beroe, 413, 423;
B. cucumis, 416, 417;
B. ovata, 416, 423
Beroidae, 414, 423
Berthold, on protoplasmic movements, 16 n.
Bezzenberger, list of species of Opalina, 124 n.;
on parasitic Ciliata, 152 n.
Bicoeca, 111
Bicoecidae, 111
Bidder, 168, 172 n., 186 n., 235 n.
Biemma, 224
Bigelow, 304, 420 n.
Bile, 13
Biloculina, 59, 67
Biloculine, 66
Binary sex (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing
cells), 33 f.;
in Centropyxis, 57;
in Stylorhynchus, 99;
in Pterocephalus, 99;
in Coccidiaceae, 100 f.;
in Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.;
in Volvocidae, 127 f.;
in Eudorina, 129;
in Peritrichaceae, 151 f.
Biomyxa, 58
Bionomics of Protistic life, 43
Bipinnaria, 605 f., 608;
metamorphoses of, 612
Bipocillus (a microsclere consisting of a curved shaft, terminated by
a cup-shaped expansion at each end, characteristic of the
genus Iophon), 222
Birds, hosts of Acystosporidae, 103
Birth-pore, of brood-cavity of Suctoria, 161
Bisexual differentiation—see Binary sex
Bivium, of Echinarachnius parma, 543;
of Holothuria nigra, 561
Black Corals (= Gerardia, 406, and Antipatharia, 407)
Bladder, of Rotifers and Platyhelminthes, 14 n.
Blanchard, on Sporozoa, 94
Blastocoel, 603
Blastoidea, 580, 599 f.
Blastomere, 603
Blastostyles, 265
Blasts of Coccidiaceae, morphology of, 120;
 of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Blastula, definition of, 603
Blepharoplast, 19;
of Heliozoa, 72;
of Flagellata, 109, 115;
of Trypanosoma, 121;
of nuclear origin in Trypanosoma, 109 n.;
of T. noctuae, 120 f.;
of Ciliata, 141
Block-musculature, of spines of Echinus esculentus, 506
Blood, Acystosporidae and Haemosporidae parasitic in, 97, 102 f.;
Protomastigaceae parasitic in, in fever, 119 f.
Blood-corpuscle, entered by Haemosporidae and Acystosporidae,
102 f., 104 f.;
by Treponema and Trypanosoma, 120
Blood-system, of Asterias rubens, 449 f.;
of Echinus esculentus, 529;
of Holothuria nigra, 567;
of Antedon rosacea, 587
Bloody rain, 125
Blowflies, alleged spontaneous generation of, 42
Bodo, 111, 119;
B. caudatus, 116 n.;
B. saltans, 114, 116 n., 117 f.
Bodonidae, 111;
movements of, 114 n.
Body-cavity—see Coelom
Bohemura, 502
Bolina, 419;
B. infundibulum, 416
Bolinidae, 419
Bolinopsis, 419
Bolocera tuediae, 381
Borchgrevink, 310 n.
Borgert, on Dictyochidae, 87;
on fission in Aulacantha, 85;
on phaeodium in Radiolaria, 81 n.
Botanists, contributors to knowledge of Flagellates, 119
Bothriocidaris, 557, 561
Botryoidea, 79
Bougainvillia, 263, 264, 266, 269;
B. ramosa, 269
Bougainvilliidae, 269
Boulenger, 294 n.
Bourne, G. C., 246, 337, 338 n., 347
Bourrelet, 553
Boveri, on functions of chromatin, 28 n.
Bowerbank, 168, 169, 234 n.
Brachial ossicle, of Antedon rosacea, 582;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Brachiolaria, 612, 613
Brachionus, often found with Euglena viridis, 124
Brachiopoda, 428, 579
Brachyenemic, 405
Brachyeneminae, 405
Brady, classification of Foraminifera, 58 f.
Brain-Coral, 401
Branched, endoplasm, of Noctiluca, Trachelius, and Loxodes, 133,
153;
meganucleus, of Dendrosoma, 160;
theca, of Dinobryon, 112;
of Schizotricha, 152
Branching colony, of Carchesium, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, 158
Brandt, Karl, on commensals and parasites of Radiolaria, 87 n.;
on Radiolaria, 88
Breeding temperature of Protozoa, 47
Breeze Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosoma evansii, 119
Briareidae, 350
Brisinga, 474
Brisingidae, 453, 454, 474
Brissidae, 556
Brissopsis, 556;
B. lyrifera, 556
Brittle Star—see Ophiuroidea
Brood-cavity, in Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Brood-cell, 31
Brood-cyst, of Proteomyxa, 88 f.
Brood-division, brood-formation, 30 f.;
in Rhizopoda, 56 f.;
in Foraminifera, 67 f.;
in Radiolaria, 85 f.;
in Proteomyxa, 49, 88 f.;
in Sporozoa, 48, 94 f.;
in Flagellata, 109, 115, 117 f.;
in Polytomeae, 115;
in Chlamydomonadidae, 115;
in Paramoeba eilhardii, 116 n.;
in Choanoflagellates, 122;
in Proterospongia, 122;
in Volvocidae, 127 f.;
in Ciliata, 147;
in Colpoda cucullus, 147, 153;
of male Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157;
retarded, 31 f.
Brood-mother-cell, 31
Brood-pouch, of Pteraster, 465, 466;
of Hemiaster philippi, 556, 602;
of Anochanus, 554;
of Cucumaria laevigata, 602;
of Psolus ephippifer, 602
Brooks, 288, 290, 308 n.
Brown colour of lakes or ponds often due to Dinoflagellates, 131
Browne, 273, 281 n., 291 n., 312
Bruce, Col. and Mrs., on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness,
120
Bubbles of carbon dioxide formed in Arcella, etc., 53
Buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, 566
Buccal tentacle—see Buccal tube-foot
Buccal tube-foot (and tentacle), of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486;
of Echinus esculentus, 518;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 551, 561;
 of Holothuria nigra, 561;
of Spatangoidea, 577;
development of, in Holothuroid pupa, 615
Budding, in Trichosphaerium, 54;
in Rhizopoda, 56;
in Acanthocystis, 73;
in Acantharia, 86 n.;
in Spirochona, 147;
in Suctoria, 160, 162;
in Sponges, 177 f., 228, 229, 230;
in Hydrozoa, 250 f., 263, 275;
in Medusae, 270, 296;
in Scyphistoma, 317;
in Alcyonaria, 340;
in Zoantharia, 371
Bud-fission in testaceous Rhizopoda, 55;
in Euglypha, 29
Buffon, on organisms of putrefaction, 43
Bulimina, 59
Bulk and surface of organism, ratio between, 14
Bunodactis gemmacea, 378
Bunodeopsis, 382
Bunodes, 378, 382;
B. gemmacea, 382
Bunodidae, 382
Burrowing habits, of certain Asteroidea, 461;
of Astropecten, 469;
of Paxillosa, 469;
of Porcellanasteridae, 471;
of Strongylocentrotus lividus, 541;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 549;
of Spatangus purpureus, 555;
of Molpadiida, 575;
of Synaptida, 576;
of Synapta inhaerens, 577
Burrowing Urchins, 529
Bursaria, 137, 155
Bury, on primary axial sinus of Holothuroid larva, 564;
on change in position of mouth during metamorphosis of
Auricularia, 614
Bütschli, on protoplasm, 16 n.;
on paramylum, 95 n.;
on Protozoa, 46;
on Cystoflagellates, 135;
on classification of Ciliata, 137;
on Strombidium and Torquatella, 155 n.;
on Sponges, 168, 172 n.

Caecum (diverticulum), of alimentary canal of Echinocardium

cordatum, 551;
of alimentary canal of Elasipoda, 569, 571
Caenomorpha, 137, 141 n., 154;
C. uniserialis, 155
Cake-urchins = Clypeastroidea, q.v.
Calcaire Grossier, 70
Calcarea, 184 f.
Calcareous ooze, 114
Calcareous ring, of Holothuria nigra, 566;
of H. cinerascens, 567;
of Phyllophorus rugosus, 567
Calcaromma calcarea, 83
Calcituba, 59;
growth of, 64;
pylomes of, 64
Calices of Madreporaria, 371
Calicoblasts, 385
Calkins, on nucleus in Protozoa, 25 n.;
on Protozoa, 46;
on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n.
Calliactis (family Sagartiidae, 381);
C. parasitica, 378
Callianira, 418
Callianiridae, 417