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Essential Mathematics 4th Edition Lial

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6.1 Basics of Percent 239

CHAPTER 6 PERCENT (f) À ~ %


Move the decimal point two places to the right and
6.1 Basics of Percent attach a percent sign.
6.1 Margin Exercises (g) À ~  %

1. (a)  out of  is 
or %, so % of the One zero is attached so the decimal point can be
adults keep fit by walking. moved two places to the right. Attach a percent
(b) The tax rate is $ per $. The ratio is sign.

and the percent of tax is %À (h)  ~ %

(c)  out of  is or %, so % of the
 Two zeros are attached so the decimal point can be
Americans picked football as their favorite sport. moved two places to the right. Attach a percent
sign.
2. (a) %~ e  ~ À
(b) % ~  e  ~ À 5. (a) % is all of the money.
So, % of $ À  is $ À .
(c) À %~ À e  ~ À
(b) % is all of the workers.
(d)  %~ e  ~ À So, % of   workers is   workers.
(e) % ~  e  ~ À or  (c) % is twice ( times) as many photographs.
3. (a) %~ À% ~ À So, % of  photographs is  •  ~ 
photographs.
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. (d) % is  times as many miles.
So, % of miles is  • ~  miles.
(b) % ~ À% ~ À
6. (a) % is half of the patients.
Drop the percent sign. Attach one zero so the
So, % of  patients is
decimal point can be moved two places to the left.

of  ~  patients.
(c) À % ~ À 

Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point (b) % is half of the tweets.
two places to the left. So, % of  tweets is  tweets.

(d) À % ~ À (c) % is  of the elm trees.
Move the decimal point one place to the left.
Drop the percent sign. Attach two zeros so the So, % of  À elm trees is  elm trees.
decimal point can be moved two places to the left.
4. (a) À  ~ % 
(d) % is  of the pounds.
Move the decimal point two places to the right. Move the decimal point one place to the left.
(The decimal point is not written with whole So, % of À pounds is À pound.
number percents.) Attach a percent sign.

(b) À ~  % (e) % is  of the length.
Move the decimal point two places to the left.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
So, % of À feet is À feet.
attach a percent sign.
(c) À ~ % 
(f) % is  of the money.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and Move the decimal point two places to the left.
attach a percent sign. So, % of $À is $.
(d) À  ~ À %
6.1 Section Exercises
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. 1. To write a percent as a decimal, drop the %
symbol and then divide by .
(e) À  ~ À%
Move the decimal point two places to the right and 2. A quick way to divide a number by  is to move
attach a percent sign. the decimal point two places to the left.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


240 Chapter 6 Percent

3. % ~ À% ~ À 17. À % ~ À


Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point Drop the percent sign. Attach two zeros so the
two places to the left. decimal point can be moved two places to the left.
4. %~ À% ~ À 18. À % ~ À
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point Drop the percent sign. Attach two zeros so the
two places to the left. decimal point can be moved two places to the left.
5. % ~ À% ~ À  or À 19. To write a decimal as a percent, multiply by 
and then attach a % symbol.
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. 20. A quick way to multiply a number by  is to
move the decimal point two places to the right.
6. % ~ À% ~ À or À
21. À ~ %
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left.  is attached so the decimal point can be moved
two places to the right. Attach a percent sign.
7.  % ~  À% ~ À
(The decimal point is not written with whole
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point numbers.)
two places to the left.
22. À ~ %
8.  % ~  À% ~ À
 is attached so the decimal point can be moved
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point two places to the right. Attach a percent sign.
two places to the left. (The decimal point is not written with whole
numbers.)
9. % ~ À% ~ À or À
23. À ~ %
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
10.  % ~  À% ~ À  or À
24. À ~ %
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
11. À % ~ À
25. À ~ À %
Drop the percent sign. Attach one zero so the
decimal point can be moved two places to the left. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
12. À % ~ À
26. À  ~ À %
Drop the percent sign. Attach one zero so the
decimal point can be moved two places to the left. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
13. % ~ À% ~ À or 
27.  ~ %
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. Two zeros are attached so the decimal point can be
moved two places to the right. Attach a percent
14. % ~ À% ~ À or
sign.
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
28. ~ %
two places to the left.
Two zeros are attached so the decimal point can be
15. À % ~ À
moved two places to the right. Attach a percent
Drop the percent sign. Attach two zeros so the sign.
decimal point can be moved two places to the left.
29. À ~  %
16. À % ~ À
One zero is attached so the decimal point can be
Drop the percent sign. Attach two zeros so the moved two places to the right. Attach a percent
decimal point can be moved two places to the left. sign.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.1 Basics of Percent 241

30. À ~ % 43. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left.
One zero is attached so the decimal point can be
moved two places to the right. Attach a percent Post secondary teachers:  À% ~ À 
sign.
44. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
31. À ~ À% two places to the left.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and Security guards: À% ~ À
attach a percent sign.
45. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
32. À  ~ À % attach a percent sign.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and Customer service representatives: À ~ À %
attach a percent sign.
46. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
33. À  ~  À%
attach a percent sign.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
Carpenters: À ~ À %
attach a percent sign.
47. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
34. À  ~ À %
two places to the left.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. Cooks: À % ~ À

35. À ~ À % 48. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. Management analysts: À % ~ À

36. À  ~ À % 49. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. À of the population ~ %
37. Answers will vary. Some possibilities are: No 50. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
common denominators are needed with percents. attach a percent sign.
The denominator is always  with percent,
À of the money needed ~ 8%
which makes comparisons easier to understand.
38. Answers will vary. Some answers might be: 51. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
When using discounts on purchases, calculating two places to the left.
sales tax, figuring interest on loans, examining % above normal ~ À or À
investments, finding tips in restaurants, calculating
interest on savings, and doing math problems in 52. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
this book. two places to the left.
39. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point  % greater than anticipated ~ À  or À
two places to the left.
53. % is all of the children.
Truck drivers: % ~ À So, % of  children is  children.
 children are present.
40. Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. 54. % is all of the adults.
Registered nurses: À% ~ À So, % of  adults is  adults.
 adults are think their taxes are too high.
41. Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. 55. % is two times as many employees.
So, % of  employees is  •  ~ 
Physicians and surgeons: À ~ À % employeesÀ There are  employees this year.
42. Move the decimal point two places to the right and 56. % is two times as many licenses.
attach a percent sign. So, % of   licenses is  •   ~  licensesÀ
Waiters and waitresses: À  ~ À% They sold  fishing licenses this season.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


242 Chapter 6 Percent

57. % is three times as many chairs. 69. (a) Since % means  parts out of  parts or

So, % of  chairs is  •  ~   chairs. 
, the shortcut for finding % of a number is to
We'll need   chairs. move the decimal point in the number one place to
the left.
58. % is three times as many friends.
So, % of  friends is  •  ~  friends. (b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $ 
She now has  friends. is $ À
59. % is half of the tuition. 70. 
(a) Since % means  part out of  parts or  ,
So, % of $ is  • $ ~ $ À . the shortcut for finding % of a number is to move
Financial aid will pay $ À . the decimal point in the number two places to the
left.
60. % is half of the loan.
So, % of $ is  • $ ~ $ . (b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $ 
The amount of the loan is $ . is $ .
61. % is found by moving the decimal point one 71. % or À of the pet owners selected the devil
place to the left. costume for their pet.
So, % of  commuters is  commuters.
 commuters carpool. 72. À % or À of the pet owners selected the pirate
costume for their pet.
62. % is found by moving the decimal point one
place to the left. 73. (a) The third longest bar, Witch, is the third-most-
So, % of  dozen plants is  dozen plants. popular costume.
The number of unsold plants will be  dozen. (b) Witch was selected by À % or À of the
63. % is found by moving the decimal point two pet owners.
places to the left. 74. (a) The second longest bar, Pumpkin, is the
So % of   plants is  plants. second-most-popular costume.
 plants are poisonous.
(b) Pumpkin was selected by À% or À  of the
64. % is found by moving the decimal point two pet owners.
places to the left.
So, % of   accidents is  accidents. 75. % or À of the motorists chose "Tailgating."
 accidents were caused by mechanical failure.
76. % or À of the motorists chose "Texting while
65. (a) Since % means  parts out of  parts, driving."
% is all of the number.
77. (a) "Speeding" was the violation that was least
(b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $  often chosen for the biggest fine.
is $ À
(b) % or À of the motorists chose "Speeding."
66. (a) % means  parts out of  parts. That's
half of the number. A shortcut for finding % of 78. (a) "Running red light/stop light" was the
a number is to divide the number by . violation that was most often chosen for the
biggest fine.
(b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $
is $ e  ~ $ À (b) % or À of the motorists chose "Running
red light/stop light."
67. (a) Since % is two times a number, find %
of the number by multiplying the number by  79. % or À of the children eat french fries.
(double it). 80. % or À of the children eat pizza.
(b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $ 81. (a) The food eaten by the lowest portion of
is  • $ ~ $À children is candy.
68. (a) Since % is three times a number, find (b) % or À of the children eat candy.
% of the number by multiplying the number by
 (triple it). 82. (a) The food eaten by the highest portion of
children is hot dogs.
(b) Answers will vary. For example, % of $
is  • $ ~ $À (b)  % or À of the children eat hot dogs.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.2 Percents and Fractions 243

83. Ninety-five parts of the one hundred parts are 89. The shaded portions contain  squares, so four of
shaded. them give us  •  ~  shaded squares.

~ À ~ % ~ À  ~ %
 
Five parts of the one hundred parts are unshaded.  c  ~  squares of the one hundred squares
are unshaded.
~ À ~ % 
 ~ À ~  %

84. Twenty parts of the one hundred parts are shaded. 90. The corner-shaded portions contain  squares, so
 four of them give us  •  ~  shaded squares.
~ À ~ % The middle-shaded portion contains  squares, so

the total number of shaded squares is
Eighty parts of the one hundred parts are  b  ~ À
unshaded. 
~ À ~ %
 
~ À  ~ %
  c  ~ squares of the one hundred squares
85. Three parts of the ten parts are shaded. are unshaded.

 ~ À ~ %
~ À ~ % 

Seven parts of the ten parts are unshaded.
6.2 Percents and Fractions
6.2 Margin Exercises
~ À ~ %  e  
 1. (a) % ~ ~ ~
  e  
86. Eight parts of the ten parts are shaded.
e 
(b) %~ ~ ~
~ À ~ %   e  
   e 
(c)  %~ ~ ~
Two parts of the ten parts are unshaded.   e  

 (d) % ~
~ À ~ % 

  e  
87. Fifty-five parts of the one hundred parts are (e)  % ~ ~ ~ ~
  e   
shaded.    e  
(f)  % ~ ~ ~ ~
  e   
~ À ~ %
  À  À ²³  e  
2. (a)  À %~ ~ ~ ~
Forty-five parts of the one hundred parts are  ²³  e 
unshaded. À À ²³  e 
(b) À % ~ ~ ~ ~
  ²³  e 
~ À ~  %
 À À ²³  e
(c) À % ~ ~ ~ ~
88. Thirty-seven parts of the one hundred parts are  ²³  e 
shaded.   
 

(d) %~ ~  ~ e
     
~ À ~  %   
 ~ • ~
  
Sixty-three parts of the one hundred parts are
   
 
unshaded. (e)  % ~ ~  ~ e
    
   
~ À  ~ % ~ • ~
   

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


244 Chapter 6 Percent

  
  
(f) %~ 
~  ~ e 4. (a) as a percent
     

~ %
\  
~ • ~
\
  (b) % as a fraction

  
3. (a) ~ % ~
  
 •  ~  •  (c) À š À as a fraction
•  
~ À š À ~
  
~

(d)  
% as a fraction

Thus, 
~  %.
 
   %~
(b) ~ 
 
 •  ~  •  (e) as a percent
 •  
~ 
  ~ % or À %
 ~  

Thus, 
~ %. (f) as a percent
 
 
(c) ~ ~ %
  
 •  ~ • 
(g)   % as a fraction
 • 
~  
   % ~
 ~   

Thus, 
~ %. (h)  as a percent

 
(d) ~  ~  %
 
•  ~ • 
•  6.2 Section Exercises
~
  e 
 ~ À 1.  %~ ~ ~
  e  

Thus, ~ À %. Thus,  % ~ 
is false.
    e  
(e) ~ 2. % ~ ~ ~
   e  
•  ~  •  Thus, % ~ 
is true.

• 
~ e 
3. %~ ~ ~
~ À š À   e  

  Thus, %~ is true.
Thus, š  À % or exactly  
%. 
  e  
  4. % ~ ~ ~
(f) ~   e 

•  ~  •  Thus, % ~ is false.
•  e 
~ 5. % ~ À ~ ~ ~
  e 
 ~ À š À
  e
 6.  % ~ À ~ ~ ~
Thus, š À% or exactly   %.   e 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.2 Percents and Fractions 245

À À ²³  e   
7. À % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 ²³  e   
 •  ~  • 
À À ²³ e 
8. À %~ ~ ~ ~  •  
 ²³  e  ~
 
À À ²³  e   ~
9. À % ~ ~ ~ ~
 ²³ , e   Thus, 
~ % is false.

À À ²³  
10. À %~ ~ 23. ~
 ²³ 
 e  •  ~  • 
~ ~
, e   • 
~

     \   ~ 
11.  %~ ~ e ~ • ~
    \
  
 Thus, ~ % is false.

  
    \
   24. ~
12. %~ ~ e ~ • ~  
     \    •  ~  • 

   •  
  
 ~
13. %~ ~ ~ e  
      ~ 

\
   Thus, 
~ % is true.
~ • ~ 
\
  

25. ~
   
   
14.  %~ ~  ~ e  •  ~ • 
    
 •  
\ ~
   
~ • ~
 \   ~ 
Thus, 
~ %.
À À ²³ e 
15. À % ~ ~ ~ ~  
 ²³  e  26. ~
 
À À ²³ e   •  ~  • 
16. À % ~ ~ ~ ~
 ²³  e  • 
~
    e    
17.  % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
  e 
  e   Thus, 
~ %.
18. % ~ ~ ~ ~ 
  e 
27. The denominator is already 100.
  e  
19.  %~ ~ ~ ~ 
  e    ~ %
  e   
20.  % ~ ~ ~ ~ 28. The denominator is already 100.
  e   
  
21. ~ ~ %
  
 •  ~  •  
•  29. ~
~ 
  •  ~ • 
~  •  

~ ~
Thus, 
~ % is true. 
 ~ À

22. Note that  is %, so if you recognize this fact,
there is no need to find  as follows. Thus, ~ À %.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


246 Chapter 6 Percent

  
30. ~ 37. ~
  
•  ~  •   •  ~ • 
•    •  
~ ~ ~
  
 ~ À ~

Thus, 
~ À %. Thus, 
~  %.

 
31. ~ 38. ~
  
•  ~ • 
 •  ~ • 
•    •  
~ ~ ~
  
~ À ~
Thus, ~  %.
Thus, ~ À %. 

  39. ~
32. ~ 
 •  ~ • 
•  ~  •  •   
•  ~ ~
~ ~ 
  š À
~ À
Thus, ~ À% (rounded).

Thus, ~  À %.
 
40. ~
  
33. ~ •  ~  • 
 
 •  ~  •  •  
~ ~
 •  
~ š À
 
~ 
Thus, ~  À % (rounded).

Thus, 
~  %. 
41. ~
  
34. ~ •  ~ • 
 
• 
 •  ~  •  ~
 •  
~ š À
 
~  Thus, ~ À % (rounded).
Thus, 
~ %. 
 42. ~

35. As a different approach, we see that the •  ~ • 
denominator, , can be multiplied by  to get a • 
denominator of . We'll multiply both the ~
numerator and denominator by . š À
  •   Thus, ~ À % (rounded).
~ ~ ~ %
 •   
43. ~
36. As a different approach, we see that the 
denominator, , can be multiplied by  to get a •  ~  • 
denominator of . We'll multiply both the • 
~
numerator and denominator by .
 š À
  • 
~ ~ ~ % 
 •  Thus, ~ À% (rounded).

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.2 Percents and Fractions 247

   e 
44. ~ 56. À  ~ ~ ~ fraction
   e 
•  ~ •  À  ~ À % percent
• 
~ 
57. š À decimal

 š À š À % percent
Thus, ~ À% (rounded).
58. š À  decimal
 •
45. ~ ~ ~ À decimal š À% percent
 • 
 •
So choice (b) is correct. 59. ~ ~ ~ À decimal
 • 
46. % ~ À decimal ~ % percent
   •  
~ ~ fraction 60. ~ ~ ~ % percent
   •  
~ À ~ À decimal
So choice (d) is correct.
e  61. ~ % percent
47. À ~ ~
~ fraction 
  e  ~ À decimal
À ~ À  ~ % percent

e  62. % ~ ~ fraction
48. À ~ ~ ~ fraction 
  e  % ~ À ~  decimal
À ~ À  ~ % percent
 •
63. ~ ~ ~ À decimal
49. À % ~ À decimal   • 
e  ~ À % percent
~ ~ ~ fraction
  e   
64. ~
50. % ~ À decimal  
  •  ~  • 
~ ~ fraction  •  
 ~
 
 
51. š À decimal  ~ ~ À

š À % percent 
Thus, ~ À % percent
 
52. š À decimal ~ À decimal

š À% percent 
65. À ~  ~ fraction
 
53. À ~ fraction À ~  % percent

À ~ À  ~ % percent
66. À ~  fraction
 À 
54.  À %~   
 ~~ ~  % percent
 
 À ²³
~  • 
²³ 67.  ~ ~ ~ À decimal
 e   • 
~ ~  % percent
 e 
 
~ fraction 68.  ~ ~ À decimal

 À % ~ À decimal ~  % percent
55. À % ~ À decimal 69. There are many possible answers. Examples 2 and
  e   3 show the steps that students should include in
~ ~ ~ fraction their answers.
  e 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


248 Chapter 6 Percent

70. There are many correct answers. The table of 77. (a)  out of  employees have iPhones.
percent equivalents shows some of the
possibilities.  e 
~ ~ fraction
 e
71.  out of  people who used the Internet to find  •
~ ~ ~ À decimal
pet information, said they used it when buying a • 
pet. À ~ À  ~ % percent

  e  (b)  c  ~  employees do not have iPhones.


~ ~ fraction
  e  
•    e 
~ ~ ~ À decimal ~ ~ fraction
 •   e
À ~  % percent  • 
~ ~ ~ À decimal
• 
72.  of every  purchased included a coloring À ~ À ~ % percent
activity.
78. (a)   out of  tons of food is discarded.

fraction    e  
 ~ ~ fraction
   e   
~ À decimal  • 
 ~ ~ ~ À decimal
À ~  % percent  • 
À ~  % percent
73.  adults out of  adults consumes the
recommended  mg of calcium daily. (b)  c   ~   tons of food is not
discarded.

fraction    e  
 ~ ~ fraction
   e   
~ À decimal  •
 ~ ~ ~ À decimal
À ~ % percent  • 
À ~ % percent
74.   parents out of  parents said they were most
influenced by relatives, friends, and spouses. 79.  out of   do not have side effects.
  c  ~  do have side effects.
    e 
~ ~ fraction   e 
  e   ~ ~ fraction
•     e 
~ ~ ~ À decimal 
  •  ~ À decimal
À ~  % percent 
À ~ À ~ % percent
75.   out of  workers said no.
80. (a)  out of  doctors used a basic system.
   e  
~ ~ fraction   e 
 e  ~ ~ fraction
 •    e  
~ ~ ~ À decimal • 
•  ~ ~ ~ À decimal
À ~ À ~ % percent   • 
À ~  % percent
76. of   adults consider climate to be the most
important factor to consider when relocating after (b)  c  ~  doctors did not use a basic
retirement. system.

e   e  
~ ~ fraction ~ ~ fraction
    e    e  
•    •
~ ~ ~ À decimal ~ ~ ~ À decimal
  •    • 
À ~  % percent À ~ % percent

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.3 Using the Percent Proportion and Identifying the Components in a Percent Problem 249

81.  people out of  people picked Winter as 91. Find % of $ , then add 
of the % amount.
their favorite season.
% b % ~  %
  e   ¨ ¨ ¨
~ ~ fraction
  e   $ b $ ~ $
 •
~ ~ ~ À decimal
  •  92. Find % of $ , then add % of $ .
À ~ % percent
% b % ~  %
82.   people out of  people picked Spring as ¨ ¨ ¨
their favorite season. $  b $  ~ $
    e  
~ ~ fraction 93. From % of $ , subtract % of $ .
  e  
  •  % c % ~ %
~ ~ ~ À decimal
 •  ¨ ¨ ¨
À ~  % percent $  c $ ~ $
83.  people out of  people picked Summer as 94. To % of $ , add another % of $ , and
their favorite season. then add % of $ .
  e  
~ ~ fraction % b % b % ~ %
  e  
  •   ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
~ ~ ~ À decimal $  b $  b $  ~ $ 
 • 
À ~  % percent
6.3 Using the Percent Proportion and
84.   people out of  people picked Fall as Identifying the Components in a
their favorite season.
Percent Problem
    e 
~ ~ fraction 6.3 Margin Exercises
  e  
• 
~ ~ ~ À decimal  
  •  1. (a) ~
 
À ~  % percent
Cross product:  •  ~ ;  •  ~ 
85. % of a number means all of the parts or 
parts out of  parts. % means two times as The cross products are equal, so the proportion is
many parts and % means three times as many true.
parts.   
(b) ~
86. (a) % of workers is workers.  
(b) % of  letters is  •  ~ letters. Cross product:  •  ~ ;  •   ~ 

(c) % of DVDs is  • ~  DVDs. The cross products are equal, so the proportion is
true.
87. % of a number is  parts out of  parts,
which is half or  of the parts.  
(c) ~

88. % of a number is  parts out of  parts and Cross product: •  ~ ; •  ~ 
can be found quickly by moving the decimal point
 place to the left. The cross products are not equal, so the proportion
is false.
89. % of a number is  part out of  parts and can
be found quickly by moving the decimal point   
(d) ~
places to the left.  
90. (a) % of   homes is  •   ~  homes. Cross product:
 •  ~ , ;  •  ~ ,
(b) % of   printers is  printers.
The cross products are not equal, so the proportion
(c) % of $ is $À . is false.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


250 Chapter 6 Percent

2. (a) part ~ , percent ~  3. (a) The number preceding the percent symbol is
part percent the percent. So,  is the percent.
~ (b) The percent is . The number appears
whole 
with the symbol %.
   
~ OR ~ (c) The percent is 
because 
appears with the
%  %   
% •  ~  •  word percent.
% •  ~ 
(d) The percent is . The number  appears

% •\  with the symbol %.
~
\  (e) The word percent has no number with it, so the
 percent is the unknown part of the problem.
%~
4. (a) The whole is  since there are  total
The whole is . tests.
(b) part ~ , whole ~  (b) The whole is  since there are  total
 %  % students.
~ OR ~
    (c) For "  tons of recyclables is % of what
 • % ~  •  number of tons?," the whole is, "what number," the
•%  unknown part of the problem.
~
  5. (a) The percent is  and the whole is .
%~
 is the remaining number, so the part is  .
The percent is  , written as  %. Part ¦   ¥ Percent
~
(c) whole ~ , percent ~  Whole ¦   ¥ Always 

%  %  (b) The percent is and the whole is .


~ OR ~  is the remaining number, so the part is .
  
% • ~  •  Part ¦  ¥ Percent
~
%•  Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
~
(c) The percent is  and the whole is unknown.
% ~   is the part.
The part is . Part ¦   ¥ Percent
~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
(d) whole ~ , percent ~ 
6.3 Section Exercises
%  %
~ OR ~ 1. part ~ , percent ~ 
   
% •  ~  • part percent
%• , ~
~ whole 
  
~
% ~   unknown 
The part is  . The unknown component is the whole.
2. part ~ À , whole ~ À
(e) part ~ , whole ~ 
part percent
Note: If you don't see how to write the fraction in ~
whole 
lowest terms, just proceed with the original À unknown
fraction. ~
À 
 %  % The unknown component is the percent.
~ OR ~
   3. part ~  , whole ~ 
• % ~  • 
part percent
•%  ~
~ whole 
 unknown
% ~  ~
 
The percent is , written as %. The unknown component is the percent.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.3 Using the Percent Proportion and Identifying the Components in a Percent Problem 251

4. whole ~ Á percent ~  11. part ~  , whole ~ 


part percent  %  %
~ ~ OR ~
whole     
unknown   • % ~  • 
~ •% 
  ~
 
The unknown component is the part. %~
5. whole ~  , percent ~  The percent is  , written as  %.
part percent 12. part ~  , whole ~ 
~
whole   %  %
unknown  ~ OR ~
~    
  
 • % ~  • 
The unknown component is the part. % ~ 
6. part ~ , percent ~  The percent is , written as %.
part percent 13. part ~ À , whole ~  À
~
whole  Use a calculator.
 
~ À %
unknown  ~
 À 
The unknown component is the whole.  À • % ~ À • 
 À •% 
7. part ~ , percent ~  ~
 À  À
    % ~ À (rounded)
~ OR ~
%  % The percent is about À, written as À%.
% •  ~  •
%~  14. part ~ À , whole ~ À
À %  %
The whole is  . ~ OR ~
À   
8. part ~  , percent ~   • % ~  • 
•% 
  ~
~  
%  % ~ À (rounded)
The numerators are equal, so the denominators The percent is about À, written as À%.
must be equal. The whole is .
15. whole ~ Á percent ~ 
9. part ~  , percent ~  %  % 
~ OR ~
       
~ OR ~ %• ~ •
%  %
%• ~  • %• 
~
%•   
~ %~
 
%~  The part is  .
The whole is . 16. whole ~  , percent ~ 

10. part ~ , percent ~ %  % 


~ OR ~
   
   % •  ~  • 
~ OR ~
%  %  %•  
% •  ~  •  ~
 
% ~  % ~ À
The whole is . The part is À .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


252 Chapter 6 Percent


17. whole ~ À, part ~  23. whole ~ , part ~  
 %   %
~ ~
À   
À • % ~  •   • % ~   • 
À • %  
~  • % , 
À À ~
% ~  À (rounded)  
% ~ À
The percent is about  À , written as  À %.
The percent is À , written as À %.
18. whole ~ À , part ~ 
24. percent ~   , whole ~ 
 %
~ %  
À  ~
À • % ~  •   
À •%  % •  ~  •  
~
À À % •  ,
% ~ À (rounded) ~
 
The percent is about À , written as À %. %~ 
19. part ~  , percent ~  The part is .
part percent 25. whole ~  , part ~  À
~
whole   À %
  ~
~   
%    • % ~  À • 
% •  ~  • 
% •     •%  
~ ~
     
% ~  % ~ À
The whole is  . The percent is À, written as À%.
20. percent ~  , whole ~   26. part ~  À , percent ~  
part percent  À 
~ ~ 
whole  % 
%  % •   ~  •  À
~
  
 • % ~   •  % •    ,
 ~
 • %    
~
  % ~  , •  ~ , 
%~ 
The whole is , .
The part is .
27. In a percent problem, the percent can be identified
21. whole ~ , part ~  because it appears with the word percent or with
 %  % the % symbol after it.
~ OR ~
     28. In a percent problem, the whole is the entire or
  • % ~  • 
total quantity and often appears after the word of.
 •% 
~ 29. In a percent problem, the part is the portion being
   
% ~ À compared with the whole.
The percent is À, written as À%. 30. To solve a percent proportion, you must cross
multiply.
22. part ~  , whole ~  
 %  % 31. % of how many is  bicycles?
~ OR ~ bicycles
    
 • % ~  •  § § §
 • %  percent whole part
~  unknown 
 
% ~ À Part ¦   ¥ Percent
~
The percent is À , written as À %. Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.3 Using the Percent Proportion and Identifying the Components in a Percent Problem 253

32. % of how many is  39. À is À % of what number?


preschoolers preschoolers? § § §
§ § § part percent whole
percent whole part À À unknown
unknown 
Part ¦ À À ¥ Percent
~
Part ¦  ¥ Percent Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
40.  À  is À % of what number?
33. What percent of $  is $ ? § § §
§ § § part percent whole
percent whole part  À  À unknown
unknown   Part ¦  À  À ¥ Percent
~
Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
41. À % of $ is what number?
34. What percent of $  is $ ? § § §
§ § § percent whole part
percent whole part À  unknown
unknown    Part ¦ unknown À ¥ Percent
~
Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
~
Whole ¦    ¥ Always  42. What amount is À% of $ À ?
35. What is  % of $ ? § § §
§ § § part percent whole
part percent whole unknown À À
unknown   Part ¦ unknown À ¥ Percent
~
Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent Whole ¦ À  ¥ Always 
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always  43. Percent—the ratio of the part to the whole. It
What is % of  homes? appears with the word percent or "%" after it.
36.
Whole—the entire quantity. Often appears after
§ § §
the word of. Part—the part being compared with
part percent whole the whole.
unknown  
44. A possible sentence is: Of the  cars entering the
Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent parking lot,   cars, or %, had parking stickers
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always  on their windshields.
37.  injections is % of what number percent ~ ; whole ~ ; part ~  
of injections?
§ § § 45.  of   computers is what percent?
part percent whole § § §
  unknown part whole percent
   unknown
Part ¦   ¥ Percent
~ Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always  ~
Whole ¦    ¥ Always 
38.  is   % of how many 
46. % of  ounces is what number?
pallets percent pallets. 

§ § § § § §
percent percent whole part
part whole 
   unknown 
 unknown

Part ¦    ¥ Percent Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent
~ ~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always  Whole ¦   ¥ Always 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


254 Chapter 6 Percent

47. of  people is what percent? 54.  is what of 


§ § § credits percent credits?
part whole percent § § §
 unknown part percent whole
Part ¦ unknown ¥ Percent  unknown 
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always  Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent
~
How much is  % of $ ? Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
48.
§ § § 55.  À % of  people is how many
part percent whole people?
unknown   § § §
part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent percent whole part
~  À  unknown
whole ¦   ¥ Always 
49. % prefer  is the total the number of Part ¦ unknown  À ¥ Percent
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
salad number of customers who prefer
dressing customers salad dressing 56. $ is % of what number?
§ § § § § §
percent whole part part percent whole
  unknown  unknown
Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent Part ¦  ¥ Percent
~ ~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always  Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
50.  % of the total is  students. 57. % total number is  people.
§ § § of surveyed
percent whole part § § §
 unknown  percent whole part
Part ¦   ¥ Percent  unknown 
~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always  Part ¦   ¥ Percent
~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always 
51.  students is what of ?
percent 58.  is what of 
§ § § cars percent cars?
part percent whole § § §
 unknown  part percent whole
Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent  unknown 
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always  Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent
~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
52.  is % of what
cups capacity? 59.  % of  toys is what number?
§ § § § § §
part percent whole percent whole part
  unknown   unknown
Part ¦   ¥ Percent Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent
~ ~
Whole ¦ unknown  ¥ Always  Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
53. % of   adults is how many 60.   is what of  ,
adults? sports fans percent sports fans?
§ § § § § §
percent whole part part percent whole
  unknown   unknown  ,

Part ¦ unknown ¥ Percent Part ¦   unknown ¥ Percent


~ ~
Whole ¦    ¥ Always  Whole ¦  ,  ¥ Always 

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6.4 Using Proportions to Solve Percent Problems 255

6.4 Using Proportions to Solve Percent 2. (a) % of , xrays É % ~ À


Write % in decimal form as À À
Problems part ~ ²À ³²,³ ~ 
6.4 Margin Exercises % of , xrays is  xrays.
1. (a) % of  patients (b)  % of  miles É  % ~ À
percent is ; whole is  part ~ ²À ³²³ ~  À
part percent  % of  miles is  À miles.
~
whole 
(c)  % of  dosages É  % ~ À
% % 
~ OR ~ part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~ 
     % of  dosages is  dosages.
% •  ~  • 
% •  ~  (d) À % of $ É À % ~ À
 part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~ À
% •\
 
~ À % of $ is $À .
\ 

% ~  3. (a) Step 1 The problem asks us to find the
number of pieces of mail that are advertising
% of  patients is  patients. pieces.
(b)  % of $
Step 2 The total number of pieces is  , so the
percent is  ; whole is  whole is  . The percent is  . To find the
part percent number of advertising pieces, find the part.
~
whole 
%  %  Step 3   is about  and  % is about
~ OR ~ %, or  À To get an estimate, multiply  by 

   
% •  ~  •  to get  À
% •  
~ Step 4 Write  % in decimal form as À .
 
%~  part ~ ²À ³ • ² ³
 % of $ is $ . ~ 
(c) % of   miles Step 5 There were  advertising pieces of
percent is ; whole is   mail.
part percent
~ Step 6 The exact answer, , is close to the
whole  estimate,  .
%
~
   (b) Step 1 The problem asks us to find the
% •  ~   • number of students who wear glasses or contact
% •   ,  lenses.
~
 
%~ Step 2 The total number of students is , so
the whole is . The percent is . To find the
% of   miles is  miles.
number of students who wear glasses or contact
(d)  % of   kilowatts lenses, find the part.
percent is  ; whole is   Step 3  is about , and % is about
part percent %, or 
À To get an estimate, multiply ,
~
whole  
by  to get À
% 
~
   Step 4 part ~ ²À³² ³ ~  
% •  ~   • 
% •  ,  Step 5   students wear glasses or contact
~ lenses.
 
%~ À Step 6 The exact answer,  , is close to the
 % of   kilowatts is À kilowatts. estimate, .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


256 Chapter 6 Percent

4. (a) part is ; percent is (b) Step 1 The problem asks us to find the total
 weight of a batch of cake mix.
~ OR ~
%  %  Step 2 The percent is  . The part is
% •  ~ •   pounds. The whole is unknown.
% ~  
contestants is % of   who auditioned. Step 3  % is close to %, or  , and the part
 is close to .  is about  of the total
(b) part is  ; percent is  weight, so multiply  by to get  as an
   estimate.
~ OR ~
%  % 
% • ~  •  Step 4 part is ; percent is 
%•    
~ ~ OR ~
%  % 
%~  % • ~  • 
 antiques is  % of  antiques. %•  ,
~
(c) part is  ; percent is  % ~ 
  
~ OR ~ Step 5  pounds of sugar is  % of 
%  % 
%• ~  • pounds of cake mix.
%•
~ Step 6 The exact answer matches the estimate.
% ~  6. (a) part is ; whole is 
 customers is  % of  customers.
 %  %
~ OR ~
(d) part is  À ; percent is  À   
• % ~  • 
 À  À
~ 
%  \•% 
% •  À ~ ² À ³²³ ~
\
%• À  ,  
~ % ~ 
 À  À
%~ 
$ is % of $ .
 À miles is  À % of  miles.
(b) part is  ; whole is 
5. (a) Step 1 The problem asks us to find the total
number of tons in the crop.  %  %
~ OR ~
Step 2 The percent is . The part is   tons.    
 • % ~  • 
The whole is unknown.
 • % 
~
Step 3 % is about %, or  , and   is about  
.  is about  of the total tons, so multiply %~
 by  to get  as an estimate.
 Internet companies is  % of  Internet
      companies.
Step 4 ~ OR ~
%  % 
% •  ~   •  (c) part is  ; whole is  

% •\
    %  %
~ ~ OR ~
\      
  • % ~  • 
%~   • % ,
~
Step 5   tons is % of   tons.  
%~
Step 6 The exact answer,  , is close to the
estimate, .  trials is  % of   trials.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.4 Using Proportions to Solve Percent Problems 257

7. (a) part is  ; whole is  5.  % of   military personnel


 % part ~ ²À ³² ³
~
  part ~   military personnel
 • % ~  • 
 • %  ,  6. % of   websites
~
 
%~ part ~ ²À³² ³
part ~  websites
The bid price is % of the minimum.
7. % of  ft
(b) part is ; whole is 
 % part ~ ²À³²³
~ part ~ À ft
 • % ~ ² ³
 
8. % of $ 
•% 
~ part ~ ²À ³² ³
 
%~ part ~ $À 
% of the tests were completed in the morning. 9.  % of  files
8. (a) part is  ; whole is  part ~ ²À ³²³
 %  % part ~  files
~ OR ~
   
 • % ~  •  10. % of  trees
•%  part ~ ²À³² ³
~
  part ~ trees
%~ 
The miles per gallon around town is  % of the 11. À % of   trucks
miles per gallon on the highway. part ~ ²À  ³² ³
(b) part is ; whole is   part ~  trucks
 % % 12.  À% of   loads
~ OR ~
   
• % ~ •  part ~ ²À ³² ³
•%  part ~  À loads
~
13. % of $ 
% ~ 
part ~ ²À³² ³
The service calls made were % of their goal for
the week. part ~ $À

6.4 Section Exercises 14. % of $

1. To find the part using the multiplication shortcut, part ~ ²À ³²³
use the formula part ~ $ À

part ~ percent • whole 15.  % of  tables


2. percent is  ; whole is  part ~ ²À ³² ³
part ~   tables
part ~ percent • whole ~ À •  ~
3.  % of  test tubes 16. % of   apartments

part ~ ²À ³²³ part ~ ²À³² ³


part ~  test tubes part ~  apartments

4. % of   rentals 17.  À % of  cell phones


part ~ ²À³² ³ part ~ ²À ³²³
part ~   rentals part ~   cell phones

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


258 Chapter 6 Percent

18.  À% of  kilograms 27. part is  ; percent is 


part ~ ²À ³² ³     
~ OR ~
part ~  À  kilograms %  %
%• ~  •
19. À % of $ %• 
~
part ~ ²À ³²³
part ~ $À  % ~ 

20. À% of $   mountain bikes is % of  mountain


bikes.
part ~ ²À³²³
part ~ $À 28. part is  ; percent is 
21. part is ; percent is     
~ OR ~
  %  % 
~ % •  ~  • 
unknown  % •  , 
22. part is ; percent is ~
 
 % ~  
~
unknown   graduates is % of   graduates.
23. part is  ; percent is 
29. part is  ; percent is À
   
~ OR ~   À
%  %  ~
% •  ~  •  % 
À • % ~  ,
%•  
~ À • %  ,
  ~
%~  À À
% ~  
% of   hay bales is  hay bales.
  % of   is  .
24. part is  ; percent is 
30. part is  ; percent is 
  
~ OR ~  À
%  %  ~
% •  ~  •  % 
% •    À • % ~  • 
~ À •%  , 
  ~
%~  À À
% ~ 
% of   experiments is  experiments.


% of  is  .
25. part is  ; percent is 
   31. part is  ; whole is 
~ OR ~
%  %   unknown
% • ~  •  ~
 
%•  
~ 32. part is ; whole is 
%~   unknown
~
 successful students is % of  students.  
33. part is ; whole is  
26. part is  ; percent is 
    %  %
~ OR ~ ~ OR ~
%  %      
%• ~  •  • % ~  • 
%•   •% 
~ ~
 
% ~  %~ 
 text messages is  % of  text messages.  hybrid cars is % of   hybrid cars.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.4 Using Proportions to Solve Percent Problems 259

34. part is ; whole is  40. part is ; whole is 


 %  %  %
~ OR ~ ~
     
 • % ~  •   • % ~  • 
•%   • % 
~ ~
   
%~ %š À
 tweets is % of  tweets.  employees is À% (rounded) of 
employees.
35. part is  ; whole is  
 %  % 41.  % of $ cannot be less than $ because
~ OR ~  % is greater than  (%). The answer must
    
 • % ~  •  be greater than $.
 • %   % of $ cannot be greater than $ because
~  % is less than  (%). The answer must be
 
less than $ .
% ~ À
42. Answers will vary. One example is:
 downloaded songs is À % of   downloaded
There are  vehicles in the parking lot and  of
songs.
them are pickup trucks. What percent are pickup
36. part is ; whole is  trucks? Total vehicles, , is the whole, and the
 %  % number of pickup trucks,  , is the part.
~ OR ~
     %
 • %  ~
~  
   • % ~  
% ~ À 
\
 • %  
 cartons is À % of  cartons. ~
\ 

37. part is ; whole is 
% ~ À or À %
 % %
~ OR ~ 43. (a) part is unknown; whole is ; percent is 
   
 • % ~ •  %  % 
~ OR ~
 • %     
~ % •  ~  • 
 
%š À %•   
~
 
$  is  À % (rounded) of $.
% ~ À
38. part is ; whole is 
The amount withheld is $ À .
 % %
~ OR ~ (b) The amount remaining after the withholdings
    is $ c $ À  ~ $ À.
 • % ~ • 
 •%  44. (a) whole is  , ; percent is  À ; part is
~
  unknown
% š À %  À
~
$ is À % (rounded) of $ .  ,  
% •  ~  ,  •  À
39. part is ; whole is  
% •   ,
 % ~
~  
   % ~  À š  
  • % ~  • 
 •%  About   accidents were caused by driver
~ distractions.
   
% ~ À (b) The number of accidents caused by other
factors is  ,  c   ~ , .
 tires is À% of   tires.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


260 Chapter 6 Percent

45. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is (b) The number of trips not using public
transportation is
%
~  ,, c , ~  ,,
 
% •  ~  • or  million c À million ~  À million.
% •   ,
~ 50. (a) whole is  ; percent is ; part is unknown
 
%~  % % 
~ OR ~
     
The number of people who check their e-mails %• ~  •
while working is  .
%•  , 
~
46. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is    
% ~  
% 
~ The number of workers who recycle bottles and
 
% •  ~  •  cans is  .
% •   ,  (b) whole is  ; percent is ; part is unknown
~
  % % 
% ~  À š  ~ OR ~
     
The number of people who check their e-mails in % •  ~   • 
bed is  (rounded). %• , 
~
 
47. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is  %~ 
%  The number of workers who recycle paper
~
  products and newspapers is .
% •  ~  • 
% •  , 51. % of the children go to bed without brushing, so
~ % c % ~ % brush their teeth before
 
going to bed.
% ~ À š 
52.  % of the children do not floss, so
The number of people who check their e-mails as % c  % ~ % do floss.
soon as they wake up is  (rounded).
53. % of  ~ ²À ³²³ ~  
48. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is    of the  children brush less than one
%  minute.
~
  54. % of  ~ ²À³²³ ~  
% •  ~  •    of the  children brush only once a day.
% •   ,
~ 55. part is ; whole is  ,; percent is unknown
 
% ~  À š    %  %
~ OR ~
 ,   
The number of people who check their e-mails  • % ~  • 
during meals is   (rounded). •% 
~
49. (a) part is unknown; whole is  ,,; percent  
is  %~

%  There are % of these jobs filled by women.


~
 ,,  56. part is ,; whole is ,; percent is
%  unknown
OR ~
 ,,  , %  %
% •  ~  ,, •  ~ OR ~
,   
%•   ,,  • % ~  • 
~
   • % 
% ~ , ~
 
The number of trips using public transportation is % š  À
, or À million. They can identify  À% (rounded) of the words.

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6.4 Using Proportions to Solve Percent Problems 261

57. part is ; whole is unknown; percent is À % 66. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is À
 À % À
~ ~
%   
À • % ~  •  % •  ~  • À
À •% , % •  ,
~ ~
À À  
% ~  %~ 
She has monthly earnings of $ and yearly  of the drivers in the – age group were
earnings of ²$³ ~ $ ,. pulled over by the police.
58. whole is unknown; percent is ; part is 67. percent is ; whole is  ,; part is unknown
,,
% % 
,,  ~ OR ~
~  ,   , 
%   • % ~  , • 
 • % ~  • ,, •% ,
•% , ,, ~
~  
  % š ,
% š , ,
 , c , ~ 
The total number of income tax returns that were  products were successful.
filed years ago was , , (rounded).
68. part is , ; percent is À ; whole is unknown
59. After "Other" and "Private Label," the brand that
was purchased most often was Breyers. ,  À
~
% 
60. À% b  À % ~ % of ice cream purchases À • % ~ ,  • 
were of "Private Label" or "Other" brands.
À •% , ,
~
61. À % of   people À À
% ~  ,
part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~ À 
part š people (rounded) The amount of the investment is $ ,.
..
people said they purchase Haagen-Dazs. 69. If % of her customers paid for their orders using
Pay Pal, then % c % ~  %, used some
62. À% c À % ~ À % more people said they
other method of payment.
purchase Blue Bell than Ben & Jerry's.
part is unknown; whole is  ; percent is 
part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~ À %  % 
part š  people (rounded) ~ OR ~
     
 more people said they purchase Blue Bell than  • %  •  
~
Ben & Jerry's.  
 • %  
63.  À% of the drivers in the  – age group were ~
 
pulled over by the police, so % ~ 
% c  À% ~ À % were not.
 customers used some other method of
64. À% of the drivers in the b age group were payment.
pulled over by the police, so
% c À% ~ À % were not. 70. (a) If a family spends % of its earnings, then it
saves % c % ~ %.
65. part is unknown; whole is ; percent is À part is unknown; whole is  ; percent is 
% À %  % 
~ ~ OR ~
       
% •  ~  • À  • %  
% •   , ~
~  
  %~ 
% ~  
The monthly savings is $ .
  of the drivers in the – age group were
pulled over by the police. (b) The annual savings is ²$ ³ ~ $ .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


262 Chapter 6 Percent

71. In the percent proportion, part is to whole as 6.5 Using the Percent Equation
percent is to .
6.5 Margin Exercises
72. All percent problems involve a comparison
between a part of something and the whole. 1. (a)  % of  policyholders É  % ~ À
73. Since there are  grams of total carbohydrates per
part ~ percent • whole
serving, and there are  calories per gram of
part ~ ²À ³² ³
carbohydrates, there are
part ~ 
 •  ~ 
 policy holders is  % of  policyholders.
calories per serving from total carbohydrates.
(b) % of  gallons É % ~ À
74. % of what number is  grams?
part is  ; whole is unknown; percent is part ~ percent • whole
 % ~ ²À³² ³
~ % ~  À
% 
% • ~  • 
 À gallons is % of  gallons.
%•  
~
(c) % of $ É % ~ À
% ~ 
part ~ percent • whole
 grams of total carbohydrates are needed to
% ~ ²À³²³
meet the recommended daily value.
%~ 
75. % of what number is grams?
part is ; whole is unknown; percent is  $  is % of $.

  (d)  % of $  É  % ~ À


~ OR ~
%  % 
%• ~ • part ~ percent • whole
%•  % ~ ²À ³² ³
~ % ~ 
 
%š $ is  % of $ .
grams (rounded) of fat are needed to meet the
(e) À % of  fruit cups É À % ~ À
recommended daily value.
76. % of what number is  grams? part ~ percent • whole
part is ; whole is unknown; percent is  % ~ ²À ³²³
%~
   
~ OR ~
%  % fruit cups is À % of  fruit cups.
%• ~ •
% ~  (f) À % of   lab tests É À % ~ À

 grams of saturated fat are needed to meet the part ~ percent • whole
recommended daily value. % ~ ²À ³² ³
%~
77. Yes, since they would eat
 % d  servings ~ % of the daily value.  lab tests is À % of   lab tests.
78. Each package has  servings and each serving has 2. (a)  is  % of what number?
% of the recommended daily value of fiber.
part ~ percent • whole
% %
~ š À  ~ ²À ³²%³  % ~ À
 • % %
 ²À ³²%³
 packages (rounded) would have to be eaten. It ~
À À
may be possible but would result in a diet that is  ~ %
high in total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and total
carbohydrates.  dancers is  % of  dancers.

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6.5 Using the Percent Equation 263

(b) À is  % of what number? (d) The whole is  and the part is .
part ~ percent • whole part ~ percent • whole
À ~ ²À ³²%³  % ~ À ~ % • 
À ²À ³²%³ % • 
~ ~
À À  
 ~% À ~ %
À containers is  % of   containers. À is À %.
world class runners is À % of  runners.
(c) is  % of what number?
part ~ percent • whole 6.5 Section Exercises
~ ²À ³²%³  % ~ À 1.  % of  text messages
²À ³²%³
~ The percent sign follows  , so write percent next
À À
  ~ % to  À

inoculations is  % of   inoculations. There are  total messages, so write whole next


to  (also,  follows of ).

(d) 
% of what number is ?
2. % of   forums
part ~ percent • whole
 The percent sign follows , so write percent next
~ ²À ³²%³ % ~ À % ~ À to À

²À ³²%³ There are   forums, so write whole next to
~
À À   (also,   follows of ).
 ~ %

3. part ~ percent • whole
% of  policies is policies.
 % ~ ²À ³² ³  % ~ À
3. (a) The whole is  and the part is . %~ 
part ~ percent • whole  % of   blood donors is   blood donors.
~ %•
4. part ~ percent • whole
%•
~ % ~ ²À ³² ³  % ~ À
  % ~ 
À ~ %
 % of  MP3 players is  MP3 players.
À is %.
% of  Facebook friends is Facebook friends. 5. part ~ percent • whole
(b) The whole is and the part is . % ~ ²À ³²³  % ~ À
% ~  
part ~ percent • whole
 ~ % •  % of  bath towels is   bath towels.
 %• 6. part ~ percent • whole
~
% ~ ²À ³² ³ % ~ À
À ~ % %~ 
À is %. % of   dosages is   dosages.
 post office boxes is % of post office
boxes. 7. part ~ percent • whole
% ~ ²À³² ³ % ~ À
(c) The whole is  and the part is  .
% ~ À
part ~ percent • whole
 ~ % •  % of   quarts is À quarts.
 % •  8. part ~ percent • whole
~
  % ~ ²À³²³ % ~ À
À ~ % % ~  À
À is %.
% of  liters is  À liters.
% of  invitations is  invitations.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


264 Chapter 6 Percent

9. part ~ percent • whole 18. part ~ percent • whole


% ~ ²À³² ³ % ~ À  ~ ²À³²%³ % ~ À
% ~    ²À³²%³
~
À À
  air bags is % of   air bags.  ~%
10. part ~ percent • whole  classrooms is % of   classrooms.
% ~ ²À ³² ³  % ~ À
% ~  19. part ~ percent • whole
 ~ ²À³²%³ % ~ À
 % of  hamburgers is  hamburgers.  ²À³²%³
~
11. part ~ percent • whole À À
 ~ %
% ~ ²À³² ³ À% ~ À
% ~  À % of  salads is  salads.

À% of  meters is  À meters. 20. part ~ percent • whole


~ ²À ³²%³ % ~ À
12. part ~ percent • whole
²À ³²%³
% ~ ²À ³² ³  À% ~ À  ~
À À
% ~ À  ~ %
 À% of   miles is À miles. % of  wrenches is wrenches.
13. part ~ percent • whole 21. part ~ percent • whole
% ~ ²À ³² ³ À % ~ À  ~ ²À ³²%³   % ~ À % ~ À
% ~ À  ²À ³²%³
~
$À is À % of $ . À À
  ~ %
14. part ~ percent • whole
  % of   people is  people.
% ~ ²À³² ³ À% ~ À
% ~ À 22. part ~ percent • whole

À% of $  is $À.
  ~ ²À ³²%³  % ~  À % ~ À
  ²À ³²%³
15. % of what number of backpackers is  ~
À À
backpackers?  ~ %

The percent sign follows , so write percent next  
% of  batteries is   batteries.
to À
23. part ~ percent • whole
"What number" follows of, so it is the "whole." À ~ ²À ³²%³   % ~ À % ~ À
 is the given portion of the whole, so write part À ²À ³²%³
next to  . ~
À À
16.   lab tests is  % of what number of lab tests?  ~ %

The percent sign follows  , so write percent next   % of  gallons is À gallons.
to  À 24. part ~ percent • whole
"What number" follows of, so it is the "whole." ~ ²À ³²%³   % ~ À % ~ À
  is the given portion of the whole, so write part ²À ³²%³
next to  . ~
À À
 ~ %
17. part ~ percent • whole
 ~ ²À ³²%³  % ~ À   % of  files is files.
 ²À ³²%³ 25. When using the percent equation to solve for
~
À À percent, you must always change the decimal
 ~% answer to percent by moving the decimal point two
 patients is  % of   patients. places to the right and attaching a % symbol.

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6.5 Using the Percent Equation 265

26. When using the percent equation to solve for part 34. The correct answer is $ À . The error is in
or whole, you must always change the percent to a changing  % to a decimal.  % ~ À % ~ À ;
decimal by moving the decimal point two places to
the left and dropping the % symbol. ²À ³²$³ ~ $ À  Correct
27. part ~ percent • whole Here are the incorrect answers and how your
 ~ % •   classmates got them.
 %•  
% ~ À ; ²À ³ ²$ ³ ~ $ À Incorrect
~ 
    
À ~ % % ~ À ; ²À ³ ²$ ³ ~ $ Incorrect

% ~ À ; ²À ³ ²$ ³ ~ $  Incorrect
À is %.  tuxedos is % of   tuxedos.
28. part ~ percent • whole 35.  % of  million
~ % •  part ~ percent • whole
% •  % ~ ²À ³²³
~
  % ~ À
À ~ %
À million or , , office workers want
À is %. iPods is % of  iPods.
more storage space.
29. part ~ percent • whole
36. % of  ounces of shampoo
À ~ % •  
À %•  part ~ percent • whole
~
    % ~ ²À ³² ³
À ~ % % š À
À is À %. À % of   liters is À liters. À ounces (rounded) in the  -ounce bottle are
30. part ~ percent • whole water.
À ~ % • 
37. (a) % of ,  people
À % • 
~
  part ~ percent • whole
À ~ % % ~ ²À ³², ³
À is À %. À % of  meters is %~ 
À meters. The number of people in the survey who would
31. part ~ percent • whole rather admit their age is  .
  ~ %•
(b)  % of ,  people
  %•
~ part ~ percent • whole
À ~ % % ~ ²À ³², ³
À is  %.   cartons is  % of cartons. %~
32. part ~ percent • whole The number of people in the survey who would
 ~ % •  rather admit their weight is  .
 % •  (c) % of ,  people
~
 
À ~ % part ~ percent • whole
À is %.  orders is % of  orders. % ~ ²À ³², ³
% ~ 
33. You must first write the fraction in the percent as a
decimal, then divide the percent by  to change The number of people in the survey who would
it to a decimal. rather admit their salary is .
38. À % of À million
part ~ percent • whole
% ~ ²À ³², ,³
%~ ,
À million or , samples have been given.

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266 Chapter 6 Percent

39. (a) % of  , 43. part ~ percent • whole


  ~ % •  
part ~ percent • whole
  % •  
% ~ ²À ³² ,³ ~
   
% ~  ,  À š %
 ,  households are expected to have a À is  À %.  À % (rounded) of these
refrigerator. Americans rate their health as excellent.
44. part ~ percent • whole
(b)  , c  ,  ~   households are
  ~ % • 
expected to not have a refrigeratorÀ
  % • 
~
40. (a) % of ,   
À š %
part ~ percent • whole
À is À%. They have planned À%
% ~ ²À ³², ³
(rounded) additional stores.
% ~ ,
45. (a) The largest percent is  %, so "Relatives" is
, households are expected to have a the type of day care used most often.
dishwasher. (b) part ~ percent • whole
(b) ,  c , ~ ,  households are % ~ ²À ³² ³
expected to not have a dishwasherÀ %~ 
  families used "Relatives" for day care.
41. (a)  of the  states 46. (a) The smallest percent is %, so "Mother while
part ~ percent • whole working" is the type of day care used least often.
 ~ %•  (b) part ~ percent • whole
 %•  % ~ ²À³² ³
~ % ~ 
 
À ~ %  families used "Mother while working" for day
À is % care.
47. part ~ percent • whole
% of the states do not have drive-in movies.
% ~ ²À ³² ³
(b) % c % ~ % of the states do have % ~ 
drive-in movies.  families used "Nanny or family day care
home" for day care.
42. (a) of   attorneys
48. part ~ percent • whole
part ~ percent • whole % ~ ²À³² ³
~ % •   %~ 
% •     families used "Child care center or nursery
~ school" for day care.
   
À ~ % 49. part ~ percent • whole
À is  % % ~ ²À ³², ³ % ~ À
% ~ 
 % of the attorneys take work home during the The average amount of loan debt increased by
week. $ . Therefore, the average amount of loan is
(b)  of   attorneys $,  b $ ~ $, .
50. First find the monthly earnings.
part ~ percent • whole $À is À % of what number?
 ~ % •   part ~ percent • whole
 % •   À ~ ²À ³²%³
~
    À ²À ³²%³
À ~ % ~
À À
À is  %  ~%
²$ ³ ~ $ , 
 % of the attorneys take work home on the
weekend. Her annual earnings are $ , .

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Summary Exercises Using Percent Proportion and Percent Equation 267

51. ,  is  À% of what number? Summary Exercises Using Percent


part ~ percent • whole Proportion and Percent Equation
,  ~ ²À ³²%³
,  ²À ³²%³ 1. À % ~ À 
~ Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
À  À 
 , š % two places to the left.

In  , , Mustangs (rounded) were sold. 2.  % ~ À  or À


Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
52. $ À is  À % of what number? two places to the left.
part ~ percent • whole
3. À ~  À %
À ~ ²À ³²%³
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
À ²À ³²%³
~ attach a percent sign.
À À
 ~% 4. À ~ À %
His weekly sales were $ . Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign.
53. part ~ percent • whole
% ~ ²À ³² ,³   % ~ À À À • 
5. À %~ ~
% ~  ,    • 
e 
There was an increase in sales of $ , . ~ ~ ~
Therefore, the amount of sales this year is   e 
$ , b $ ,  ~ $ , .     e  
6.  % ~ ~ ~ ~
54. Find the increase in the mileage, then add it to the   e 
old mileage. 
7. ~
part ~ percent • whole 
•  ~ • 
% ~ ²À ³² À ³
• 
% š À ~
Mileage of À b  À š  À miles per gallon  ~ À
(rounded) can be expected.
Thus, ~ À %.
55. Find the sales tax.
 
part ~ percent • whole 8. ~
 

% ~ ²À ³² ³ % ~ À  •  ~  • 
% ~ À   •  
~
 
Add the sales tax to the purchase price.  ~ À
$  b $À  ~ $ À  
Thus, 
~ À %.
Subtract the trade-in.
9.  of  adults have a fear of putting on
$ À  c $ ~ $ À  weight.
The total cost to the customer is $ À .   e  
~ ~ fraction
56. Find the increase in sales.   e  
 À % of  , is what number?   •  
~ ~ ~ À decimal
 • 
part ~ percent • whole À ~  % percent
% ~ ²À ³²  , ³
% š , 10.  of  adults dread traveling.

Add the increase to last year's sales.   e  


~ ~ fraction
  e  
 , b , ~ ,  
~ À decimal
To the nearest whole number, ,  cars were 
sold this year. À ~  % percent

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


268 Chapter 6 Percent

11. of  adults dread too much family time. 18. part is  ; whole is
e    % %
~ ~ fraction ~ OR ~
  e     
 •  • % ~ • 
~ ~ ~ À decimal
 •   • % 
À ~ % percent ~
 
12. of  adults dread the expense. % š À
e  About À % of circuits is  circuits.
~ ~ fraction
  e  
19. À % of  
~ À decimal
 part ~ percent • whole
À ~ % percent % ~ ²À ³² ³
13. percent is ; whole is  %~ À š
part ~ percent • whole  people (rounded) prefer Dreyer's/Edy's brand
% ~ ²À ³² ³ ice cream.
%~ À
20. À % of $
% of $  is $ À .
part ~ percent • whole
14. part is ; percent is  % ~ ²À ³² ³
   % ~ À  š À 
~ OR ~
%  % 
% • ~  •  Add the sales tax, $À , to the purchase price,
%•  $ , to get the total price, $ À À
~
21. À% of , ,
%~ 
part ~ percent • whole
 cable customers is  % of  cable
% ~ ²À ³², ,³
customers.
% ~ , 
15. part is  ; whole is 
To the nearest thousand, there were ,
 %  %
~ OR ~ student loans that were in default last year.
   
 • % ~  •  22. part is ; percent is 
 • % 
~    
  ~ OR ~
%~ %  % 
% •  ~  • 
% of  policies is  policies. %•  , 
~
16. percent is À ; whole is    
%~ 
part ~ percent • whole
% ~ ²À ³² ³ The total number of owners was  , so the
%~ number of dog owners in the survey who do not
take their dogs on vacation is
À % of   screening exams is  screening
exams.   c  ~   À

17. part is  À; percent is   23. c  ~  miles remain.


 À    À   %  %
~ OR ~ ~ OR ~
%  %  
% •  ~ ² À³² ³ % • ~  • 
% •    %• 
~ ~
 
%~  % ~ 
 À acres is  % of   acres. % of the run remains.

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6.6 Solving Application Problems with Percent 269

24. part is  ; whole is  (d) The cost of the pickup truck is $, .
 %  % amount of sales tax ~ ² %³²$, ³
~ OR ~
     ~ ²À ³²$, ³
 • % ~  • 
 ~ $ 
 •% 
~
  The total cost is $,  b $  ~ $ , .
% š À
2. Use the sales tax formula:
À % (rounded) of the workers will be laid off.
sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
25. part is À million; percent is
À million (a) The tax on a $ patio set is $ À .
~
%  $ À  ~  • $
% • ~ À million •   À   • 
%•  million ~
~  
À ~ 
% ~ À million
À is %. The sales tax rate is %.
To the nearest tenth of a million, there were À
million tax returns filed electronically last year. (b) The tax on a $ park bench is $ À.
26. 10À % of   $ À ~  • $
part ~ percent • whole À •
~
% ~ ²À ³² ³
% ~ À š  À ~

The number of ski-lift tickets sold this week was À is À % or 
%. The sales tax rate is À %
  c  ~  À or  %.

6.6 Solving Application Problems with (c) The tax on a $, Dodge Charger is
$  À .
Percent
$  À  ~  • $,
6.6 Margin Exercises
 À   • ,
1. Use the sales tax formula: ~
, ,
amount of sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item À ~ 
The sales tax rate is %. À is %. The sales tax rate is %.
(a) The cost of the bat is $ . 3. Use the commission formula:
amount of sales tax ~ ² %³²$ ³
amount of commission (c)
 ~ ²À ³²$ ³
~ rate of commission • amount of sales
 ~ $À 
The total cost is $ b $À  ~ $À . (a) Rate of commission is %; sales are $ , .

(b) The cost of the home theater system is $ .  ~ ²%³²$ , ³
 ~ ²À³²$ , ³
amount of sales tax ~ ² %³²$ ³
 ~ $
 ~ ²À ³²$ ³
 ~ $À  Jill earned a commission of $ for selling
The total cost is $ b $À  ~ $ À . dental equipment.

(c) The cost of the leather chair and ottoman is (b) Rate of commission is %; sales are $ , .
$ .
 ~ ² %³²$ , ³
amount of sales tax ~ ² %³²$ ³  ~ ²À ³²$ , ³
 ~ ²À ³²$ ³  ~ $, 
 ~ $ À
Alyssa earned a commission of $,  for selling
The total cost is $ b$ À ~ $ À. a home.

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270 Chapter 6 Percent

4. (a) A commission of $  and sales worth amount of increase (part) percent


~
$, : original value (whole) 
  %
part % ~
~ , 
whole  , • % ~   • 
  % , • %  , 
~ ~
,   , ,
,  • % ~   •  %~
,  • %  ,
~ The percent of increase is  %.
,  , 
%~ (b) Flu cases rose from  cases to  cases.
The rate of commission is %. increase ~  c  ~ 
 %  %
(b) A commission of $ and sales worth ~ OR ~
   
$,:
 • % ~  • 
part % •% 
~ ~
whole   
 % %~
~
,  The percent of increase is  %.
, • % ~  • 
, • %  ,  7. (a) The number of service calls decreased from
~   to  À
, ,
%~ decrease ~   c  ~
The rate of commission is %. amount of decrease (part) %
~
original value (whole) 
5. (a) % discount on a leather recliner priced at %
$ : ~
  
  • % ~ • 
amount of discount  •% 
~ rate of discount • original price ~
   
~ ²À³²$ ³ %~
~ $
The percent of decrease is  %.
sale price
~ original price c amount of discount (b) The number of workers decreased from  
~ $  c $ to  .
~$  decrease ~  c ~ 
The sale price for the Easy-Boy leather recliner is  
~
$ .   
  •  ~  • 
(b)  % discount on a sweater set priced at $.  • ,
~
   
amount of discount ~ ²À ³²$³ ~
~ $À 
The percent of decrease is  %.
sale price ~ $ c $À 
~ $ À 
6.6 Section Exercises
1. When solving a sales tax problem, the cost of an
The sale price for the sweater set is $ À . item is the whole, the sales tax rate is the percent,
and the amount of sales tax is the part.
6. (a) Production increased from , units to
 , units. 2. To find the amount of sales tax, multiply the sales
tax rate by the cost of the item. The total cost is
increase ~  , c , ~   the cost of the item plus the sales tax.

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6.6 Solving Application Problems with Percent 271

3. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item 12. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
~ ²%³²$ ³ ~ ²%³²$ ³
~ ²À³²$ ³ ~ ²À³²$ ³
~ $À ~$
The amount of sales tax is $À and the total cost The amount of commission is $ .
is $ b $À ~ $ À.
part percent
4. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item 13. ~
whole 
~ ² %³²$ ³
 %  %
~ ²À ³²$ ³ ~ OR ~
  
~ $À • % ~  • 
The amount of sales tax is $À and the total cost •% 
~
is $ b $À ~ $ À .
% ~ 
5. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
$À ~  • $ The rate of commission is %.
À  • 
~ part percent
  14. ~
whole 
À ~ 
  %
À is %. The tax rate is % and the total cost is ~
$ b $À ~ $ À .  
 • % ~   • 
6. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item  • %  ,
~
$ À ~ •$   
À •  %~
~
  The rate of commission is  %.
À ~ 
À is %. The tax rate is % and the total cost is 15. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
$ b$ À ~$ À . ~ ²%³²$  À ³
~ ²À³²$  À ³
7. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
š $ À 
~ ²  %³²$, ³
~ ²À ³²$, ³ The amount of commission is $ À  (rounded).
š $ À  16. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
The amount of sales tax is $ À  (rounded) and ~ ² %³²$ À ³
the total cost is $, b $ À  ~ $, À . ~ ²À ³²$ À ³
8. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item š $ À
~ ²  %³²$, ³
The amount of commission is $ À (rounded).
~ ²À ³²$, ³
š $ À 17. When solving retail sales discount problems, the
original price is always the whole, the rate of
The amount of sales tax is $ À (rounded) and discount is the percent, and the amount of discount
the total cost is $, b $ À ~ $, À . is the part.
9. When solving commission problems, the whole is
the sales amount, the percent is the commission 18. To find the sale price in a retail discount problem,
rate, and the part is the commission. subtract the amount of the discount from the
original price.
10. To find the commission, multiply the rate of the
commission by the sales amount. 19. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
11. commission ~ rate of commission • sales ~ ²%³²$ À ³
~ ² %³²$ ³ ~ ²À³²$ À ³
~ ²À ³²$ ³ š $À
~ $À The amount of discount is $À (rounded) and
The amount of commission is $À. the sale price is $ À c $ ~ $ À .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


272 Chapter 6 Percent

20. discount ~ rate of discount • original price The sales tax is


~ ² %³²$ À ³ ² %³²$ À ³ ~ ²À ³²$ À ³ š $ À.
~ ²À ³²$ À ³
š $À Thus, the total cost is

The amount of discount is $À (rounded) and the $ À  b $À b $ À ~ $À  (rounded).
sale price is $ À c $À ~ $ À . 28. The cost of sets of towels is
21. discount ~ rate of discount • original price ²$À ³ ~ $ À .
$  ~  • $ 
 •  Since the cost of the towels is "$ À to $ À,"
~ we need to add $À for shipping and insurance.
   
À ~  The sales tax is

À is %. The rate of discount is % and the ² %³²$ À ³ ~ ²À ³²$ À ³ š $À .
sale price is $  c $  ~ $ . Thus, the total cost is
22. discount ~ rate of discount • original price $ À b $À b $À ~ $ À (rounded).
$ À  ~  • $
À  • 29. The cost of  pop-up hampers is
~
  ²$ À ³ ~ $ À .
À ~ 
The cost of  nonstick mini donut pans is
À is  %. The rate of discount is  % and the
sale price is $ c $ À  ~ $ À . ²$À ³ ~ $À .

23. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item The cost of the hampers and pans is
~ ² %³²$ À³ $ À b $À ~ $ À . Since this cost is
"$ À to $ À ," we need to add $À for
~ ²À ³²$ À³
shipping and insurance.
~$ À The sales tax is
The amount of discount is $ À and the sale price ² %³²$ À ³ ~ ²À ³²$ À ³ š $À .
is $ À c $ À ~ $ À .
Thus, the total cost is
24. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
~ ²%³²$ À ³ $ À  b $À b $À  ~ $ À  (rounded).
~ ²À³²$ À ³ 30. The cost of coach lamp bird feeders is
~ $ À 
²$ À ³~$ À .
The amount of discount is $ À  and the sale
price is $ À  c $ À  ~ $ À . The cost of garden weather centers is

25. Answers will vary. A sample answer follows: ²$À ³~$ À .


On the basis of commission alone you would The cost of the feeders and centers is
choose Company A. Other considerations might $ À b $ À  ~ $ À . Since this cost is
be: reputation of the company; expense "$À or more," we need to add $À for
allowances; other employee benefits; travel; shipping and insurance.
promotion and training (to name a few). The sales tax is
26. Some answers might be: ² %³²$ À ³ ~ ²À ³²$ À ³ š $ À .
calculating percent pay increases or decreases;
changes in the cost of utilities, groceries, gasoline, Thus, the total cost is
and insurance; changes in the value of investments;
$ À b $À b $ À ~ $À (rounded).
the economy (inflation or deflation)—to name a
few. 31. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
27. The cost of skillets is $ ~  • $ 
• 
²$ À ³ ~ $ À . ~
   
Since the cost of the skillets is "$À or more," À ~ 
we need to add $À for shipping and insurance. À is %. The rate of sales tax is %.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.6 Solving Application Problems with Percent 273

32. sales tax ~ tax rate • cost of item 37. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
$ À  ~  • $ À  ~ ² %³²$ ³
À  • À  ~ ²À ³²$ ³
~
 À   À  ~ $
À š 
The sale price of the coat is $ c $ ~ $.
À is %. The sales tax rate is % (rounded). 38. amount of discount ~ rate of discount • original price
33. increase ~  , c  , ~  ,  ~ ² %³²$ ³
~ ²À ³²$ ³
increase % ~ $ À 
~
original 
The sale price of the washer/dryer set is
 ,  %
~ $ c $ À  ~ $ À .
 , 
 , • % ~  ,  •  39. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
 , • %  , ,000 ~ ²%³²$ , ³
~ ~ ²À³²$ , ³
 ,  ,
%š À ~$ À 

The percent of increase is  À % (rounded). Strong's commission is $ À .


40. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
34. increase ~  ,  c ,  ~ , 
~ ²%³²$, ³
increase % ~ ²À³²$, ³
~
original  ~ $ À 
,  % Ferns' commission is $ À .
~
,  
,  • % ~ ,  •  41. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
,  • % , ,00 $  À ~  • $ , 
~  À • , 
,  ,  ~
 ,   , 
% š À
À ~ 
The percent of increase is À % (rounded). À is %
The rate of commission for Keyes is %.
35. decrease ~  c  ~ 
42. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
decrease % $ À ~  • $,
~
original   À  • ,
 % ~
~ , ,
  À š
 • % ~  •  À is about À%
 •% 
~ The rate of commission for Vargas is
 
%~ À% (rounded).
43. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
The percent of decrease is  %.
~ ²%³²$ ³
36. decrease ~  c  ~ ~ ²À³²$ ³
~$ À 
decrease %
~ The discount is $ À , and the sale price is
original 
$  c $ À  ~ $À.
%
~ 44. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
 
 • % ~ •  ~ ²%³²$, ³
 •%  ~ ²À³²$, ³
~
  ~ $ 
% š À
The discount is $ , and the sale price is
The percent of decrease is À% (rounded). $,  c $  ~ $ , .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


274 Chapter 6 Percent

45. The price decreased $ À  c $ À ~ $À. 49. sales commission ~ rate of commission • sales
~ ²%³²$ , ³
decrease % ~ ²À³²$ , ³
~
original  ~$ 
À %
~ The sales representative gets
 À  
 À  • % ~ À •  % c % ~ %À
 À •%  commission for agent ~ ² %³²$  ³
~
 À   À  ~ ²À ³²$  ³
% ~  ~ $  À
The percent of decrease in price is %. The agent receives $  À.

46. The cost for generating electricity from the sun has 50. member fee ~ ² %³²$ , ,³
been brought down from  cents per kilowatt ~ ²À ³²$ , ,³
hour to cents. ~ $ , 
association fee ~ ²%³²member fee³
decrease ~  c ~  cents
~ ²À³²$ , ³
decrease % ~ $,
~
original  The association will get $, .
 %  % 51. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
~ OR ~
    ~ ² %³²$ ,³
 • % ~  •  ~ ²À ³²$ ,³
•%  ~ $ À
~
 
%š À The sale price is
$ , c $ À ~ $,À .
The percent of decrease is À % (rounded). sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
47. discount ~ rate of discount • original price ~ ²  %³²$,À ³
~ ² %³²$ À ³ ~ ²À ³²$,À ³
~ ²À ³²$ À ³ š $ À
~ $À
The total cost of the boat is
The sale price is $ À  c $À ~ $ À . $,À b $ À ~ $,À (rounded).

sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item 52. amount of discount


~ ² %³²$ À ³ ~ rate of discount • original price
~ ²À ³²$ À ³ ~ ²%³²$, ³
š $À ~ ²À³²$, ³
~ $
The cost of the dictionary is
$ À b $À ~ $ À (rounded). The sale price is $,  c $ ~ $ .

48. discount ~ rate of discount • original price sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
~ ² %³²$ ³ ~ ²  %³²$ ³
~ ²À ³²$ ³ ~ ²À  ³²$ ³
~ $ À ~ $ À 
The sale price is $ c $ À ~ $ À. The total price is
$  b $ À  ~ $ À .
sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
~ ² %³²$ À³ 53. The percent equation is
~ ²À ³²$ À³
š $ À  part ~ percent • whole
54. The sales tax formula is
The cost of the fax machine is
$ À b $ À  ~ $ À (rounded). sales tax ~ rate (percent) of tax • cost of item

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.7 Simple Interest 275

55. The fly fishing rod and the spinning rod cost 2. (a) $  at % for   years
$ b $ ~ $ .
0 ~ ••!
excise tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item ~ ² ³²À³²À ³
~ ²%³²$ ³ ~ À 
~ ²À³²$ ³
~$ À  The interest is $ À .

sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item (b) $  at % for   years


~ ²  %³²$ ³
0 ~ ••!
~ ²À ³²$ ³ ~ ² ³²À³²À ³
~ $ À (rounded) ~
The total cost is $ b $ À  b $ À ~ $À
The interest is $ .
(rounded).
56. From Exercise 55, the two taxes added together (c) $ ,  at % for   years
give us a total tax of $ À  b $ À ~ $ À .
0 ~ ••!
The combined tax rate is % b À % ~  À %. ~ ² , ³²À³²À ³
sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item ~ 
~ ² À %³²$ ³ The interest is $ .
~ ²À ³²$ ³
~ $ À (rounded) 3. (a) $  at % for  months

Yes, the answers are the same since both taxes are 0 ~ ••!
calculated on the same selling price. ~ ² ³²À³ 4 

5  months
57. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item ~  2  3 ~ 2 
 3
year
~ ²  %³²$ ³ 
~ ~
~ ²À ³²$ ³ 
~$ À 
The interest is $ .
Excise tax from table: $ À 
(b) $ , at 
% for  months
The total cost is

³ 2 
 3
0 ~ ••!
$ b $ À  b $ À ~ $ À.
~ ² ,³²À
58. No. In Exercise 57 the excise tax of $ À cannot ~ ²³ 2  3
be added to the sales tax rate of  % because the 
excise tax is an amount, not a percent. ~ ~ 

6.7 Simple Interest The interest is $  .
6.7 Margin Exercises 4. (a) $  at 
% for months

1. (a) $ at % for  year 0 ~ ••!
0 ~ ••! ~ ² ³²À ³ 4  5
2  3
~ ²³²À³²³
~ 
~ 

The interest is $. ~ ~ À

(b) $  at % for  year The interest is $À .
0 ~ ••! total amount due ~ principal b interest
~ ² ³²À³²³ ~ $  b $À 
~  ~ $ À 
The interest is $ . The total amount due is $ À .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


276 Chapter 6 Percent

(b) $, at % for years 8. $  at % for  years


0 ~ ••! 0 ~ ••!
~ ²,³²À ³² ³ ~ ² ³²À³²³
~  ~ 
The interest is $. The interest is $ .
total amount due ~ principal b interest
9. $ at   % for   years
~ $, b $
~ $ ,  0 ~ ••!
~ ²³²À ³²À ³
The total amount due is $ , .
~ À
(c) $ at   % for   years
The interest is $ À .
0 ~ ••! 
10. $  at % for   years
~ ²³²À ³²À ³ 

~ 0 ~ ••!
The interest is $ . ~ ² ³²À ³²À ³
~ À
total amount due ~ principal b interest
~ $ b $ The interest is $ À .
~ $ 11. $,  at 
% for   years

The total amount due is $ .
0 ~ ••!
6.7 Section Exercises ~ ², ³²À ³²À ³
~  À
1.   % is the same as À %, and is written as a
decimal as À . The interest is $ À .

2. 

% is the same as À %, and is written as a 12. $, at   % for   years
decimal as À .

~ ²,³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
3.   years is written as a decimal as À years.

4. 
years is written as a decimal as À years. ~ ² ³²À ³

~ À 
5. $ at % for  year
The interest is $ À .
0 ~ ••!
~ ²³²À ³²³ 13.  months
~  e 
~ ~ fraction
The interest is $ .   e  
 • 
~ ~ ~ À decimal
6. $ at % for  year  • 
0 ~ ••! 14. months
~ ²³²À³²³ e 
~ ~ ~ fraction
  e 
The interest is $ .  •  
~ ~ ~ À  decimal
 •  
7. $  at % for  years
15. months
0 ~ ••!
e 
~ ² ³²À ³²³ ~ ~ fraction
  e  
~   •
~ ~ ~ À decimal
The interest is $ .  • 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.7 Simple Interest 277

16.  months 23. $ , at 
% for months
  e
~ ² ,³²À  ³2  3
~ ~ fraction 0 ~ ••!
  e  
~ ² À ³2  3
• 
~ ~ ~ À decimal
 • 
~  À (rounded)
17. $ at % for months
The interest is $  À .

~ ²³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••!
24. $,  at   % for  months

~ ²³2  3
³2  3
0 ~ ••!
~ ², ³²À
~ ² À ³2  3

~  ~ 


The interest is $ .
~  À  (rounded)
18. $  at % for  months
The interest is $ À .

~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••! 25. $ at % for  year

0 ~ ••!
~ ² ³²³
~ ²³²À ³²³
~
~ 
The interest is $ .
The interest is $.
19. $  at % for  months
total amount due ~ principal b interest
~ $ b $
~ ² ³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••!
~ $
~ ² À³²À ³ The total amount due is $.
~ À
26. $ at % for months
The interest is $À.

~ ²³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••!
20. $ at % for  months
~ ² ³2  3
~ ² ³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••!
 ~ ~
~ ² À³²³ 
~ À The interest is $.

The interest is $ À. total amount due ~ principal b interest



~ $ b $ ~ $
21. $ at 
% for  months
The total amount due is $.

~ ² ³²À ³2 
 3
0 ~ ••!
27. $  at % for months

~ ² À ³2  3
~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!

~ ²À³2  3
~  À  (rounded)
The interest is $ À .
À
 ~ ~ À
22. $  at 
% for  months 
The interest is $À.
~ ² ³²À ³2 
 3
0 ~ ••!
total amount due ~ principal b interest
~ ² À ³2  3 ~ $  b $À
~ À (rounded) ~ $ À

The interest is $ À . The total amount due is $ À.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


278 Chapter 6 Percent

28. $  at % for  years 32. $  at   % for  year


0 ~ ••! 0 ~ ••!
~ ² ³²À³²³ ~ ² ³²À ³²³
~ ² À³²³ ~ 
~ À
The interest is $.
The interest is $ À .
total amount due ~ principal b interest
total amount due ~ principal b interest ~ $  b $
~ $  b $ À  ~ $ 
~ $ À 
The total amount due is $ .
The total amount due is $ À . 
33. $ ,  at 
% for months
29. $  at % for  months

~ ² , ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!

~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
~ ² À ³2  3
~ ² ³²À ³ ~  À  (rounded)
~ 
The interest is $  À .
The interest is $.
total amount due ~ principal b interest
total amount due ~ principal b interest ~ $ ,  b $  À 
~ $  b $ ~ $ , À 
~ $
The total amount due is $ , À  (rounded).
The total amount due is $.

34. $ ,  at 
% for months
30. $  at % for months

~ ² , ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!

~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!

~ ² À ³2  3
~ ² ³2  3
~ À (rounded)
~ 
The interest is $ À .
The interest is $ .
total amount due ~ principal b interest
total amount due ~ principal b interest ~ $ ,  b $ À
~ $  b $ ~ $ , À
~ $ 
The total amount due is $ , À (rounded).
The total amount due is $  .
35. The answer should include:
31. $  at   % for months Amount of principal—This is the amount of money
borrowed or loaned.
~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
Interest rate—This is the percent used to calculate
the interest.
~ ²À ³²À ³ Time of loan—The length of time that money is
~ À (rounded) loaned or borrowed is an important factor in
determining interest.
The interest is $ À .
36. When time is given in months, the number of
total amount due ~ principal b interest months is placed over  because there are 
~ $  b $ À months in a year. This becomes a fraction of a
~ $ À year. For example,
The total amount due is $ À (rounded). months ~ year ~ 
year ~ À year.
 

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


6.7 Simple Interest 279

37. $  at % for  years 43. $,  at   % for  months


0 ~ ••!
~ ², ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
~ ² ³²À³²³
~ ²³2 3

~  À
He will earn $ À in interest. ~ À 
38. $ , at % for years He will earn $ À  in interest.
0 ~ ••! 44. $ , at 
% for  months

~ ² ,000³²À³² ³

~ ² ,³²À  ³2  3
~ ,  0 ~ ••!

She will earn $,  in interest. 


~ ²  ³²À ³
39. $ , at % for  months ~ , À 

~ ² ,³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••! The amount of interest they will owe is
 $, À .
~ ², ³²À ³ 
45. $  at % for  months
~  ,  

~ ² ³²À  ³2 
 3
0 ~ ••!
The amount of interest is $ , .

~ ²  ³2  3
40. $ , at % for months

~ ² ,³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••! ~ À 
She will earn $ À  in interest every  months.
~ ² ³²À ³

~  46. $  at 
% for months
The family will earn $ in interest.
~ ² ³²À  ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
41. $  at % for months
~ ² À ³²À ³

~ ² ³²À ³2  3
0 ~ ••!
~ À (rounded)

~ ²À ³2  3 The amount of the penalty is $ À (rounded).


~ À (rounded) 47. (a) $  at   % for   years
The interest is $ À . 0 ~ ••!
total amount due ~ principal b interest ~ ² ³²À ³²À ³
~ $  b $ À ~ ² À ³²À ³
~ $  À ~ À
The total amount due is $  À (rounded). The interest is $À .
42. $  at % for months (b) The total amount in the account is
$  b $À ~ $ À .

~ ² ³²À³2  3
0 ~ ••!

48. (a) $ , at % for   years
~ ²³2  3


0 ~ ••!
~ ~ ² ,³²À  ³²À ³
The interest is $ . ~ ² À ³²À ³
~ À
total amount due ~ principal b interest
~ $  b $ The interest will be $ À .
~$ (b) The total amount he must repay is
The total amount due is $ . $ , b $ À ~ $, À .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


280 Chapter 6 Percent

49. The total cost of the bird cages is (b) $ at % for  years

•$  ~ $ . Year Interest Compound Amount


 ²$³²À³²³ $ b $
The amount borrowed is % of $ . ~ $ ~ $
% ~ ²À ³² ³  ²$³²À³²³ $ b $À 
% ~   ~ $À  ~ $ À 
 ²$ À ³²À³²³ $ À  b $À 

$  at 
% for   years š $À  ~ $À

0 ~ ••! The compound amount is $À (rounded).


~ ² ³²À ³²À ³
2. (a) $  at % for  years
~ ² À ³²À ³
~ À  % b % ~ % ~ À
²$ ³’•••••••“•••••••”
²À³²À³²À³ š $ À
The interest is $ À .
 times
total amount due ~ principal b interest The compound amount is $ À (rounded).
~ $  b $ À 
~ $ À  (b) $  at % for  years

The total amount due is $ À . % b % ~ % ~ À


²$ ³’•••“•••”
²À³²À³ ~ $ À 
50. The total cost of the earth movers is  times
 • $ , ~ $, ,. The compound amount is $ À .

The amount borrowed is % of $, ,. (c) $  at % for  years

% ~ ²À ³², ,³ % b % ~  % ~ À


% ~ , , ²$ ³’•••••••••••“•••••••••••”
²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³ š $ À
 times
$, , at   % for   years
The compound amount is $ À (rounded).
0 ~ ••!
~ ², ,³²À ³²À ³ 3. Read from the compound interest table.
~  ,
(a) $ at % for years: $À  š $À
The interest is $ ,. (b) $ at % for years: $À  š $À
total amount due ~ principal b interest (c) $ at   % for  years: $À š $À 
~ $, , b $ ,
~ $ , , 4. Use the table and multiply to find the compound
amount. Then subtract the original deposit from
The total amount due is $, ,. the compound amount to find the interest.
6.8 Compound Interest (a) $ at % for  years É table ~ À

6.8 Margin Exercises compound amount ~ ²$³²À ³


~$  À 
1. (a) $ at % for  years interest ~ $  À  c $
~ $ À 
Year Interest Compound Amount
 ²$³²À³²³ $ b $ (b) $,  at   % for years É table ~ À
~ $ ~ $
 ²$ ³²À³²³ $ b $ À  compound amount ~ ²$, ³²À ³
~ $ À  ~ $À  ~ $ , À
interest ~ $ , À c $, 
The compound amount is $À . ~ $ À

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6.8 Compound Interest 281

(c) $,  at   % for  years É table ~ À 7. $  at % for  years


compound amount ~ ²$, ³²À ³ Year Interest Compound Amount
~ $ , À   ²$ ³²À ³²³ $  b $
interest ~ $ , À  c $,  ~ $ ~ $ 
~ $, À   ²$  ³²À ³²³ $  b $ À
~ $ À ~ $ À
6.8 Section Exercises  ²$ À ³²À ³²³ $ À b $ À 
1. The statement is false. Compound interest will š $ À  ~ $ À
yield more interest than simple interest.  ²$ À ³²À ³²³ $ À b $À
š $À ~ $ À
2. When using compound interest, the amount of
interest earned at the end of a compound interest The compound amount is $ À (rounded).
period will be added to the amount of the principal 8. $  at % for  years
at the beginning of that period.
Year Interest Compound Amount
3. $  at % for  years
 ²$ ³²À ³²³ $  b $
Year Interest Compound Amount ~ $ ~ $ 
 ²$ ³²À³²³ $  b $  ²$ ³²À ³²³ $  b $ À 
~ $ ~ $  ~ $ À  ~$  À 
 ²$ ³²À³²³ $  b $À   ²$  À ³²À ³²³ $  À  b $ À
~ $À  ~ $ À  š $ À ~$ À
The compound amount is $ À .  ²$ À ³²À ³²³ $ À b $ À
š $ À ~ $ À 
4. $  at % for  years
The compound amount is $ À  (rounded).
Year Interest Compound Amount
 ²$ ³²À ³²³ $  b $ 9. To find the compound amount for a deposit of
~$ ~ $ $ at % for  years, you can multiply
 ²$ ³²À ³²³ $ b$ À ²$³²À³²À³²À³ ~
~$ À ~ $ À $À (rounded).
 ²$ À ³²À ³²³ $ À b $ À 10. To find the compound amount for a deposit of
š $ À ~ $  À $ at % for  years, you can multiply
The compound amount is $  À (rounded). ²$³²À ³²À ³ ~ $ À .
5. $  at % for  years 11. $ at % for  years
Year Interest Compound Amount % b % ~  % ~ À
 ²$ ³²À³²³ $  b $  ²$³²À ³²À ³ ~ $À 
~$  ~ $ 
The compound amount is $À .
 ²$ ³²À³²³ $  b $ À 
~$ À  ~ $  À  12. $  at % for  years
 ²$  À ³²À³²³ $  À  b $ À % b % ~ % ~ À
š $ À ~ $ À  ²$ ³²À³²À³²À³ š $ À
The compound amount is $ À  (rounded). The compound amount is $ À (rounded).
6. $ at % for  years 13. $ at % for years
Year Interest Compound Amount % b % ~  % ~ À
 ²$³²À³²³ $ b $ ²$³²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³ š $  À 
~ $ ~ $
The compound amount is $ À  (rounded).
 ²$³²À³²³ $ b $À 
~ $À  ~ $ À  14. $  at % for  years
 ²$ À ³²À³²³ $ À  b $À  % b % ~ % ~ À
š $À  ~ $À ²$ ³²À³²À³²À³²À³ š $ À
The compound amount is $À (rounded). The compound amount is $ À (rounded).

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


282 Chapter 6 Percent

15. $  at % for years 25. $  at % for  years


% b % ~  % ~ À % column, row  of the table gives À .
²$ ³²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³
compound amount ~ ²$ ³²À ³
²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³ š $ À
~$ À
The compound amount is $ À (rounded). interest ~ $ À c $ 
16. $,  at % for years ~ $ À

% b % ~  % ~ À 26. $  at % for years


²$, ³²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³ % column, row of the table gives À .
²À ³²À ³²À ³ š $ , À
compound amount ~ ²$ ³²À ³
The compound amount is $ , À (rounded).
~ $, À 
17. $,  at % for years interest ~ $, À  c $ 
% b % ~ % ~ À ~ $ À 
²$, ³²À³²À³²À³²À³²À³²À³ 27. $  À at   % for years
š $, À
À % column, row of the table gives À.
The compound amount is $, À (rounded).
compound amount ~ ²$  À ³²À³
18. $ ,  at % for years š $, À
% b % ~ % ~ À interest ~ $, À c $  À
²$ , ³²À³²À³²À³²À³ ~ $  À  (rounded)
²À³²À³²À³²À³ š $ , À 
28. $, À at 
% for  years
The compound amount is $ , À (rounded).
À % column, row  of the table gives À .
19. $ at % for years
compound amount ~ ²$, À ³²À ³
% column, row of the table gives À . š $ , À
20. $ at À % for  years interest ~ $ , À c $, À
~ $  À (rounded)
À % column, row  of the table gives À .
29. Compound interest is interest paid on past interest
21. $ at % for years
as well as on the principal. Many people describe
% column, row of the table gives À  . compound interest as "interest on interest."
22. $ at À % for  years 30. Compound amount is the total amount, original
À % column, row  of the table gives À . deposit plus interest on deposit, at the end of the
compound interest period. The interest is found by
23. $ at % for years subtracting the original deposit from the compound
amount.
% column, row of the table gives À .
compound amount ~ ²$³²À ³ 31. $ , at % compounded annually for years
~ $ À  % column, row of the table gives À .
interest ~ compound amount c original deposit compound amount ~ ²$ ,³²À ³
interest ~ $ À  c $ ~ $ ,  À
~ $ À  He will have $ ,  À at the end of years.
24. $, at % for  years 32. $,  at   % compounded annually for  years
% column, row  of the table gives À .
  % column, row  of the table gives À .
compound amount ~ ²$,³²À ³
~ $, compound amount ~ ²$, ³²À ³
interest ~ $, c $, ~ $ ,  À
~ $ She must repay $ ,  .

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6.8 Compound Interest 283

33. (a) $ , at % compounded annually for 37. The formula for simple interest is
years
Interest ~ principal • rate • time
% column, row from the table is À . or 0 ~  •  • !.
compound amount ~ ²$ ,³²À ³
38. The formula for the total amount due is
~ $ ,
Total amount due ~ principal b interest.
The total amount that should be repaid is
$ ,. 39. Compound interest is interest calculated on
(b) The amount of interest earned is principal plus past interest.
$ , c $ , ~ $ , 40. Compound amount is the original
34. (a) $ ,  at % compounded annually for 
principal b compound interest.
years
% column, row  from the table is À . 41. (a) $  at % simple interest for years:

compound amount ~ ²$ , ³²À ³ ²$ ³²À ³² ³ ~ $


~ $, À  $  at % compounded annually for years
The total amount that they will have at the end of (use the table):
 years is $, À .
²$ ³²À ³ š $  À
(b) The amount of interest earned is
$  À c $  ~ $ À
$, À  c $ ,  ~ $, À .
The difference in the amount of interest is
35. (a) $, at % compounded annually for  $ À c $ ~ $ À .
years
(b) $  at % simple interest for  years:
% column, row  from the table is À .
compound amount ~ ²$,³²À ³ ²$ ³²À ³²³ ~ $
~ $,  $  at % compounded annually for  years
After  years she will have $,  . After the (use the table):
$, deposit, she will have $ ,  . ²$ ³²À³ ~ $ À
% column, row  from the table is À .
$ À c $  ~ $À
compound amount ~ ²$ ,  ³²À ³
The difference is $À c $ ~ $ À .
š$ , À
The total amount will be $ , À (rounded). No, it has more than doubled. It is about five times
as much ²$ À e $ À š ³.
(b) The amount of interest earned is
$ , À c $, c $, ~ $ , À. (c) Examples will vary.
36. (a) $ , at % compounded annually for  42. (a) $, at % simple interest for  years:
years
²$,³²À ³²³ ~ $ 
% column, row  from the table is À .
$, b $  ~ $ ,
compound amount ~ ²$ ,³²À ³
~ $ ,À  $  at % compounded annually for  years
(use the table):
After  years she will have $ ,À . After the
second $ , deposit, she will have $ ,À . ²$ ³²À  ³ ~ $ , À
% column, row  from the table is À  . The compound interest account has the higher
compound amount ~ ²$ ,À ³²À  ³ balance. It has $ , À c $ , ~ $ À
more.
š $ , À
After years she will have $ , À (rounded). (b) Greater amounts of interest are earned with
compound interest than with simple interest
(b) The amount of interest earned is because interest is earned on both principal and
$ , À c $ , c $ , ~ $ , À. past interest.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


284 Chapter 6 Percent

Chapter 6 Review Exercises  


16. ~
 
1.  % ~ À  •  ~  • 
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point  •  
 places to the left. ~
 
2.  % ~ À  ~ À
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point Thus, 
~ À %.

 places to the left.
 
3. À% ~ À  17. À   ~ À
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point À   
 places to the left.

4. À % ~ À
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point 
 places to the left. 

5. À ~  % 
Move the decimal point  places to the right and
attach a percent sign. 18. From Exercise 17, À ~ À %.
6. À ~ %   e 
19. À ~ ~ ~
Move the decimal point  places to the right and   e  
attach a percent sign. 20. À ~  %
7. À ~ À %     e  
Move the decimal point  places to the right and 21.  % ~ ~ ~ ~
  e 
attach a percent sign.
22.  % ~ À  ~ À
8. À ~ À%
Move the decimal point  places to the right and 23. part ~  , percent ~ 
attach a percent sign.
   
  e  ~ OR ~
9.  %~ ~ ~ %  % 
  e  % •  ~  • 
 À  À •   e   %~ 
10.  À %~ ~ ~ ~
  •   e  The whole is  .
  e 
11.  %~ ~ ~ ~ 24. whole ~  , percent ~
  e   
À ²À ³²³  % % 
12. À % ~ ~ ~ ~ OR ~
 ²³²³       
% •  ~   • 
 
13. ~ % •   
  ~
 •  ~  •   
% ~ 
• 
~
  The part is .
~
25.  % of  mailboxes is  mailboxes.

Thus, 
~ %.
Part ¦   ¥ Percent
 ~
14. ~ Whole ¦   ¥ Always 

•  ~ •  26.  DVDs is what percent of  DVDs?
•  Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent
~ ~
Whole ¦   ¥ Always 
 ~ À
27. Find % of   mountain bikes.
Thus, ~ À % or   %.
Part ¦ unknown  ¥ Percent
15.   ~  

~ À ~  % ~
Whole ¦    ¥ Always 
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Review Exercises 285

28.  curtains is  % of what number of curtains? 37. part is À ; percent is ; whole is unknown.
Part ¦   ¥ Percent À  À
Whole ¦ unknown
~ ~ OR ~
 ¥ Always  %  %
%• ~ À •
29. A golfer lost  of his golf balls.
%• 
What percent were lost? ~
Part ¦  unknown ¥ Percent %~ 
~
Whole ¦  ¥ Always 
À miles is % of   miles.
30. What number is % of   keys?
38. part is  ; percent is À ; whole is unknown.
Part ¦ unknown ¥ Percent
~  À
Whole ¦    ¥ Always  ~
% 
31. whole is ; percent is  ; part is unknown. ²À ³²%³ ~  • 
part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~   ²À ³²%³ , 
 % of  programs is   programs. ~
À À
32. whole is  ; percent is ; part is unknown. % ~  ,
%  %  À % of  , cases is  cases.
~ OR ~
    
• % ~   • 
39. part is  ; whole is  ; percent is unknown.
•%    %
~ ~
  
%~    • % ~  • 
  • % , 
% of   reference books is  reference ~
books.    
%~
33. whole is ; percent is À ; part is unknown.
 tulip bulbs is % of   tulip bulbs.
part ~ ²À ³² ³ ~ À
À % of  acres is À acres. 40. part is ; whole is  ; percent is unknown.
34. whole is ; percent is À; part is unknown. %  %
~ OR ~
% À     
~  • % ~  • 
 
 • % ~ ²À³²³  • %  
~
 • %    
~ % š À
 
% ~ À dinner rolls is À% (rounded) of   dinner
À% of  kilograms is À kilograms. rolls.

35. part is  ; percent is ; whole is unknown. 41. part is  ; whole is  ; percent is unknown.
    % %
~ OR ~ ~ OR ~
%  %     
% • ~  •  • % ~ • 
%•   •% 
~ ~

%~  %š À

 crates is % of  crates.  pairs is À % (rounded) of   pairs.

36. part is  ; percent is  ; whole is unknown. 42. part is ; whole is ; percent is unknown.
     %  %
~ OR ~ ~ OR ~
%  %     
% •  ~  •   • % ~  • 
%•   • % 
~ ~
   
% ~  % š À

 test tubes is  % of  test tubes.  cans is À % (rounded) of  cans.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


286 Chapter 6 Percent

43. Add  À% of  to . part is unknown; whole is 51. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
; percent is  À ~ ² %³²$ ³
%  À ~ ²À ³²$ ³
~ ~ $À 
 
 • % ~  À • 
The sales tax is $À  and the total cost is
 • %  À $  b $À  ~ $ À .
~
 
% ~  À š  52. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
$ À  ~ •$ 
The number of shark attacks on humans this year
À  • 
was  b  ~ (rounded). ~
 
44. part ~ ; whole ~ ; percent is unknown. À ~ 
À is  %
~ À (use a calculator)

The tax rate is  % and the total cost is
 % of the shoppers are seniors. $  b $ À  ~ $  À .
45. part ~ percent • whole 53. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
% ~ ²À³² ³ % ~ À ~  %²$ ³
% ~  À ~ ²À ³²$ ³
% of $  is $ À . ~ $
46. part ~ percent • whole The amount of the commission is $ .
% ~ ²À ³²³  % ~ À 54. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
%~
$ ~  • $ ,
 % of  trucks is  trucks.   • ,
~
47. part ~ percent • whole , ,
À ~ % •  À ~ 
À % •  À is %
~
  The rate of commission is %.
À ~ %
55. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
À is À%. À ounces is À% of
~ ²%³²$À ³
 ounces.
~ ²À³²$À ³
48. part ~ percent • whole ~ $À
À ~ % •  
À %•  The amount of discount is $À and the sale
~ price is
   
À ~ % $À  c $À ~$ À .
À is  %. À meters is  % of 56. discount ~ rate of discount • original price
  meters. $  ~  • $ 
49. part ~ percent • whole  • 
~
À ~ ²À ³²%³    
À ²À ³²%³ À ~ 
~ À is  %
À À
 ~ % The rate of discount is  % and the sale price is
À miles is  % of  miles. $  c $  ~ $ .
50. part ~ percent • whole 57. $ at % for  year
 ~ ²À ³²%³
 ²À ³²%³ 0 ~ ••!
~ ~ ²³²À³²³
À À
~% ~
$  is  % of $ . The interest is $ .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Chapter 6 Review Exercises 287

58. $  at % for   years 65. $  at   % for  years


0 ~ ••!   % column, row  of the table gives À.
~ ² ³²À ³²À ³   ~ À compound amount ~ ²$ ³²À³
~ ² ³²À ³ ~ $ À
~ À interest ~ $ À c $ 
The interest is $ À . ~ $  À

59. $ at   % for  months 66. $,  at 
% for years

% column, row of the table gives À .
~ ²³²À ³ 2 
 3
0 ~ ••! 

compound amount ~ ²$, ³²À ³


~ ²³ 2 
 3 ~ $ , À 
~ À interest ~ $ , À  c $, 
~ $  À 
The interest is $À .

67. [6.3] whole ~ , percent ~ 
60. $  at % for  months
 part percent
~
~ ² ³²À ³ 2  3
0 ~ ••! whole 

~ ²À³ 2  3
%  % 
~ OR ~
   
% •  ~  • 
~  À
% •  
The interest is $ ÀÀ ~
 
 % ~ 
61. $  at 
% for  years
The part is .
0 ~ ••!
~ ² ³²À ³²³ 68. [6.3] part ~  , percent ~ 
~ À part percent
~
The total amount due is whole 
$  b $ À  ~ $ À .   
~ OR ~
%  % 
62. $  at % for months % • ~  • 
%• , 
~ ²1 ³²À³ 2  3
0 ~ ••! ~

~ ² À ³ 2  3
% ~  

~  À The whole is  .

The total amount due is 69. [6.5] % of   meters


$  b $ À ~ $ À. part ~ percent • whole
63. $ at % for  years % ~ ²À³² ³
% ~ À
% column, row  of the table gives À .
% of   meters is À meters.
compound amount ~ ²$³²À ³
~$  À  70. [6.3] part is  ; whole is  ; percent is
interest ~ $  À  c $ unknown.
~ $ À   %
~
64. $  at % for  years  
 • % ~  • 
% column, row  of the table gives À .  • % , 
~
compound amount ~ ²$ ³²À ³  
%~ 
š $ À 
interest ~ $ À  c $  The percent is  , written as  %.
~ $ À  (rounded)  cars is  % of  cars.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


288 Chapter 6 Percent

71. [6.5] À % of $ 81. [6.1] À % ~ À


Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
part ~ percent • whole
two places to the left.
% ~ ²À ³² ³
% ~ À  82. [6.1] À ~ À %
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
À % of $ is $À .
attach a percent sign.
72. [6.4] part is ; percent is ; whole is unknown.
 •
 83. [6.2] ~ ~ ~ À ~ %
~ OR ~  • 
%  % 
% •  ~ •    e  
84. [6.2] % ~ ~ ~
%~    e  
employees is % of   employees. 85. [6.2]
73. [6.4] part is ; whole is  ; percent is unknown. À •  e 
À %~ ~ ~ ~
%  %  •    e 
~ OR ~
     
• % ~  •  86. [6.2] ~

•%   •  ~  • 
~
•  ~ 
% ~  • 
~
The percent is , written as %.

chickens is % of   chickens.  ~  À or 

74. [6.4] part is À ; percent is ; whole is  
~  À % or  %
unknown. 
À   87. [6.2]
~
% 
% •  ~ ²À ³²³  À •    e  
 % ~ ~ ~ ~
% •  , À   •    e  
~
   
%~ À 88. [6.2] ~

À  liters is % of  À liters. •  ~  • 
•  ~ 
75. [6.1] % ~ À • 
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point ~
two places to the left. ~ 
76. [6.1] % ~  Thus, 
~ %.
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
two places to the left. À • 
89. [6.2] À % ~
77. [6.1] ~ %  • 
  e 
Attach two zeros so the decimal point can be ~ ~ ~
moved two places to the right. Attach a percent , , e  
sign.  •
90. [6.2]  ~ ~ ~ À ~ %
78. [6.1] À  ~  %  • 
Move the decimal point two places to the right and 91. [6.7] $,  at 
% for  months

attach a percent sign.

~ ², ³2  32  3
79. [6.1] À % ~ À 0 ~ ••!
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point  % 
two places to the left. 
~ ², ³²À ³²À ³ ~ À
80. [6.1] À  ~ À% 
~ À
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
attach a percent sign. The interest earned is $À .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Chapter 6 Review Exercises 289

92. [6.7] $,  at % for  months 96. [6.6] increase ~  c  ~


Use the percent proportion.

~ ²1, ³ %2  3


0 ~ ••!
%
~
~ ², ³²À ³²À ³  
 • % ~ • 
~ 
 • % , 
~
The interest is $  and the total amount due is  
$,  b $  ~ $ , . % š  À

93. [6.4] (a) part is ; whole is  ; The increase is  À% (rounded).
percent is unknown.
97. [6.6] amount of discount
%
~ ~ rate of discount • original price
 
 • % ~ ² ³²³ ~ ² %³²$ ³
 • % ,  ~ ²À ³²$ ³
~ ~ $ À
 
% š À
The price is $ c $ À ~ $ À .
The percent of adults who have a smoke alarm in
their home is À% (rounded). sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
~ ² %³²$ À ³
(b) part is  ; whole is  ; ~ ²À ³²$ À ³
percent is unknown. ~ $ À  (rounded)
  %
~ The cost of the washer/dryer set is
 
 • % ~ ² ³²³
$ À b $ À  ~ $  À.
 • %  ,
~
  98. [6.3] part ~ ; percent ~ ; whole is unknown
%š À

The percent of adults who have a carbon monoxide ~


detector in their home is  À % (rounded). % 
•% ~ • 
94. [6.8] (a) $ , at % compounded annually •% 
~
for  years
% b % ~  % ~ À % ~ 

²$ ,³²À ³²À ³²À ³²À ³ š There were  boaters (rounded) in the survey.
$ , À 
The compound amount is $ , À . 99. [6.5]  % b % b % b % b % b %
b % ~ % and % c % ~  %, so the
(b) The amount of interest is couple saves  % of their earnings.
$ , À  c $ , ~ $, À . Jack's yearly income is
95. [6.6] Add the two sales.
$  •  ~ $,.
$ , b $ , ~ $ ,
Their total yearly income is
amount of commission
~ rate of commission • amount of sales $, b $, ~ $ , .
~ 2  %3 ²$ ,³
The amount saved is
~ ²À ³²$ ,³
~ $   % of $ ,  ~ ²À ³²$ , ³
~ $, .
The commission that he earned was $  .

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


290 Chapter 6 Percent

100. [6.6] decrease ~ À c  À ~ À 13. part is ; whole is ; percent is unknown.
Use the percent proportion. Use the percent proportion.
À %  %  %
~ ~ OR ~
À    
À • % ~ ²À³²³ • % ~  • 
À • %  •% 
~ ~
À À
% š À % ~ 
The percent of decrease is À% (rounded). $  is % of $.

Chapter 6 Test 14. part is ,; percent is À ; whole is unknown.


Use the percent proportion.
1. % ~ À
, À
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point ~
two places to the left. % 
% • À ~ , • 
2. À ~ % % • À ,,
 is attached so the decimal point can be moved ~
À À
two places to the right. Attach a percent sign. % ~  ,,
3. À ~  % The total number of households is  ,,.
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
15. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item
~ 2  %3²$³
attach a percent sign.
4. À ~ À % or  %
~ ²À ³²$³
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
~ $À 
attach a percent sign.
The total cost is
5. % ~ À or 
Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point $ b $À  ~ $ À .
two places to the left. 16. commission ~ rate of commission • sales
6. % ~ À $  ~ •$ 
Drop the percent sign, attach two zeros on the left,  • 
and move the decimal point two places to the left. ~
 
À •    e   À ~ 
7. À % ~ ~ ~ ~
 •    e  À is %. The rate of commission paid is %.
À ²À ³²³  17. decrease ~  c  ~ 
8. À % ~ ~ ~
 ²³²³ 
 %  %
  •   ~ OR ~
9. ~ ~ ~ %    
•    • % ~  • 
 •% 
10. ~ ~
  
•  ~ •  %~
• 
~ The percent decrease is  %.
 ~ À 18. A possible answer is:
Thus, ~ À % or   %. Part is the increase in salary.
Whole is the last year's salary.
 •   Percent of increase is unknown.
11.  ~ ~ ~ À  ~  %
 •   amount of increase 
12. part is ; percent is ; whole is unknown ~
last year's salary 
Use the percent proportion.
19. The interest formula is 0 ~  •  • !.
    If time is in months, it is expressed as a fraction
~ OR ~
%  %  with  as the denominator. If time is expressed in
% •  ~  •  years, it is placed over  or shown as a decimal
% ~  number. Problems will vary. Some possibilities
 sacks is % of  sacks. are:

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1–6) 291

Cumulative Review Exercises


0 ~ ²$³²À ³2  3 ~ $ À 
0~  •  • !
(Chapters 1–6)
0 ~ ²$³²À ³²À ³ ~ $
1. Estimate: Exact:
20. amount of discount
~ rate of discount • original price , ,
~ ²%³²$ ³ c , c  , 
~ ²À³²$ ³ ,  ,
~ $À 
2. Estimate: Exact:
The amount of discount is $À . The sale price
is $ c $À  ~ $ À . À 
c c À 
21. amount of discount ~ ²À %³²$ ³
~ ²À ³²$ ³  À 
~$  3. Estimate: Exact:
The amount of discount is $ . The sale price is
 
$  c $  ~ $ .
d  d 
22. $ at % for   years , ,  
0 ~ ••!  
~ ²³²À ³²À ³ ,  , 
~
4. Estimate: Exact:
The interest on the loan is $ .
 À ¥  decimal place
23. $  at % for  months d d À ¥  decimal place

~ ² ³²À ³2 
 3
0 ~ ••!   
 
~² ³2  3 À ¥  decimal places
~  5. Estimate: Exact:
The interest on the loan is $ .
  
24. $ , at % for  months   ,      ,
0 ~ ••! 

~ ² ,³²À ³2  3

~ ~ À 
 
~ ²³²À ³
~ 

The interest is $  and the total amount due is
$ , b $  ~ $, . 6. Estimate: Exact:
25. (a) $ at % for  years À 
% column, row  of the table gives À . À ^ À ^ 

²$³²À ³ ~ $ À 

$  À ($  b $ À) at % for  years  
% column, row  of the table gives À . 

²$  À³²À ³ š $, À 

Rounded to the nearest dollar, the total amount

after four years is $, . 7. c ² ³
~  c ² ³ Exponent
(b) The amount of interest earned is
~ c Multiply.
$, c $ c $  ~ $ . ~ Subtract.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


292 Chapter 6 Percent

8. j b •  c 18. Add the hours together.


~ b • c Square root  
~
~ b  c Multiply.  
 
~ c Add. ~
~ Subtract.  
 
 ~ 
9. b e  b ²³  
~ b  b ²³ Divide. b ~
~ bb Multiply.   
 ~  b b ~ 
~  b  ~  Add.    
Altogether, she studied   hours.
10. , ,  rounded to the nearest hundred
thousand: , ,  
19.

Next digit is or more. Hundred thousands place   
changes ² b  ~ ³. All digits to the right of the ~ and ~
  
underlined place change to . , ,   
 , so  .
11. $ À rounded to the nearest dollar:   
Draw a cut-off line: $ OÀ 
20.
First digit cut is less than so the part you keep  
stays the same. $    
~ and ~
   
12. $ À  rounded to the nearest cent:   
Draw a cut-off line: $ À O  , so  .
   
First digit cut is or more, so the cents place 
changes ² b  ~ ³. $ À  21.
 
 
13. ~ ~
  

b ~ € , so € .
   
6 c 7~ 6 c 7
    
 22.
  
    
 ~  b b ~  \ \
~ •
\ \

    
14. ~ ~

   ~
c ~  ~  
e6 b 7~ e6 b 7
   
23.
 

    •   ~ e
15.  • ~ • ~ ~ ~
 •  
\ \
 ~ •
   \
   \ \
16.  e ~ e ~ • ~ ~  
    \  ~


6 c 7c6 7 •

17. Area (cell) ~ length • width  
24.
~ ² ft) • ² ft³ ~  ft   

~6 c 7c6 7 •

Area (cage) ~ length • width   
     
~ ² ft) • ² ft³ ~ • ~ ft
c6 7 •

     
Subtract the areas. ~
  
 c ~ 
c ~ 
~    
    ~ c •
  
There are   more square feet in the floor of the   
prison cell than in the shark cage. ~ c ~ ~
   
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1–6) 293

 33. % ~ À
25. ~ À À
 Drop the percent sign, attach one zero on the left,
 À  
and move the decimal point two places to the left.

 34. % ~ À or 
 Drop the percent sign and move the decimal point
 two places to the left.
 35. À ~ %
26. ~ À À 
Move the decimal point two places to the right and
À   
attach a percent sign.
 
 36. À ~  %
 is attached so the decimal point can be moved
 two places to the right. Attach a percent sign.

e 
 37. % ~ À ~ ~ ~
  e  
27. ~ À  (rounded) À    e 
 38. À % ~ À  ~ ~ ~
 À       e 
 e 
  39.  % ~ À ~ ~ ~
  e  
%
 40. ~
 
• % ~ • 
 •% 
 ~
 %~ À
 
28. ~ À À Thus, ~ À % or 
%.

  À 
 • 
  41.  ~ ~ ~ À ~ %
• 
 
  42. % of   DVDs

part ~ ²À ³² ³
 % % ~  DVDs
29. ~

• % ~  •  Cross products 43. part is À ; percent is   ; whole is unknown
•% 
~ À 
~ 
%~ % 
²À ³²%³ ~ À • 
   ²À ³²%³ 
30. ~ OR ~ ~
 %  % À À
•% ~ • % ~  
%~
  % of   miles is À miles.
 
31. ~ OR ~
%  %  44. part is  ; whole is  ; percent is unknown
• ~ %•
 ~%   % %
~ OR ~
   
% À • % ~ • 
32. ~
  •% 
 • % ~ ² À ³ ~
 • % 
~ % ~ 
 
% ~    hours is % of   hours.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


294 Chapter 6 Percent

45. sales tax ~ rate of tax • cost of item 51. The increase in sales is
$ À  ~  • $   , c , ~ .
 À  • 
~ Use the percent proportion.
   
À ~  increase %
~
original 

À is À % or %. The tax rate was À % or  %  %

 ~ OR ~

%À ,  
• % ~  • 
46. commission ~ rate of commission • sales •% 
~ ²%³²$  ³ ~
~ ²À³²$  ³ % ~ À
~ $ À The percent of increase in sales in the northeastern
region is À %.
The amount of her tips is $ À .
52. The increase in sales is
47. discount ~ rate of discount • original price , c , ~ .
~ ² %³²$ ³ increase %
~ ²À ³²$ ³ ~
original 
~ $ À  %  %
~ OR ~
The amount of discount is $ À and the sale ,   
price is $ c $ À ~ $ À .  • % ~  • 
•% 
~
48. $ , at % for months  
%~

~ ² ,³²%³2  3
0 ~ ••!
The percent of increase in sales in the midwestern
region is %.
~ ² ,³²À³²À ³
53. The decrease in sales is
~ À
, c ,  ~  .
The total amount to be repaid is decrease %
~
original 
$ , b $À ~ $ ,À .
  % %
~ OR ~
49. Set up a proportion. ,    
  • % ~ • 
children tested %  •% 
~ ~
 hours  hours    
 • % ~ •  %š À
•% •\
 The percent of decrease in sales in the southern
~ region is À % (rounded).
 \

54. The decrease in sales is
%~
, c  ,  ~ .
 children can be tested in  hours. decrease %
~
50. Set up a proportion. original 
 %  %
À ounces % ~ OR ~
~ ,   
gallons  gallons  • % ~  • 
• % ~ ²À ³²³  • % 
~
•%   
~
% š À
%~ The percent of decrease in sales in the western
region is À% (rounded).
 ounces of Roundup is needed.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Another random document with
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Diese Güter sind nicht dein.

Überhaupt bestätigt sich, daß Gellert den überragenden Einfluß


auf die sittliche Bildung des Zeitalters behauptet.
Naturgemäß findet auch Gottesfurcht verschiedentlich ihren
Ausdruck. Aber auch das Religiöse bewegt sich meist im
Gedankenkreise der Aufklärung. Von Herrnhuter Einfluß ist nichts zu
finden. Von den sogenannten »Pietisten« wird nur Canitz (aus dem
Freundeskreise Speners) angeführt:
Hilf, daß ich wandeln mag, als brächt’ ein frommes Leben
Mir hier in dieser schon die Schätze jener Welt;
Dabei, Herr, wolltest du mir solchen Glauben geben,
Der sein Verdienst vor nichts und dich vor alles hält!

(Canitz)
Recht nüchtern muten uns auch die Verse an, in denen das Lob
der Tugend gesungen wird:
Wird sie geliebt, so liebt sie wieder,
Erfreut den Geist, belebt die Glieder,
Bringt wahren Ruhm, versöhnt die Feinde,
Genießt das Glück der treusten Freunde,
Verjüngt das Alter, schmückt die Jugend:
die edle Tugend. –

Durch dich, o göttliche Tugend, durch dich nur können wir freudig
Das Meer des Lebens durchschiffen. Laßt diesen Pharus uns leuchten,
So sehn wir den Hafen des Glücks trotz Ungewitter des Zufalls,
Trotz aller Leidenschaft Sturm, der nur den Einlauf befördert,
So wird die Vorsicht uns weise, der Himmel uns gnädig bedünken.

(Kleist)

Neben den Altären der Tugend rauchen die Altäre der


Freundschaft. Ist doch das ganze Buch der Freundschaft gewidmet.
Deshalb hat man ihm folgenden Vers vorangesetzt:
Mensch, lerne doch dein Leben dir versüßen,
Und laß dein Herz von Freundschaft überfließen,
Der süßen Quelle für den Geist!
Sie quillt nicht bloß für diese kurzen Zeiten,
Sie wird ein Bach, der sich in Ewigkeiten
Erquickend durch die Seel’ ergeußt.

(Gellert.)
Mehr in der Tonart der »Empfindsamkeit« gehalten sind folgende
Verse, die zwar auch der Freundschaft gelten, in denen aber der
Modeausdruck »Sympathie« in erster Linie gebraucht wird:
Wen erhabene Sympathie,
Durch dein Band verbunden,
Deine Zauberstimme nie
Froh in Abendstunden
Hand in Hand und Brust an Brust,
Mit Empfindung grüßet,
Wem sie mit der reinsten Lust
Nicht die Zeit versüßet:
Der hat nur aus Eitelkeit
Musen Treu’ geschworen
Und von deiner Zärtlichkeit,
Freundschaft, viel verloren. –

Durch Sympathie will ich mit Dir


Das Glück der wahren Freundschaft singen,
Empfinden – und so wollen wir
Uns einst als Greise noch umschlingen.

Im scharfen Gegensatze hierzu steht die Äußerung eines bitteren


Spötters:
Maler, male mir den Jüngling, dessen Herz von Freundschaft glüht
Und gefühlvoll an den Busen seines einz’gen Lieblings flieht,
Wie er noch in späten Jahren dieses Feuer nährt! –
Du staunst und sprichst, dies sei original? –
Gut! mal ihn mir einmal!
So wird mein Wunsch mir doch gemalt gewährt.
Maler, male!

Den Ausgleich bildet der von Lessing geschriebene Spruch:


Satius amicum habere nullum quam levem.
Nach dem hohen Liede der Freundschaft erwarten wir das hohe
Lied der Liebe. Doch von Liebe ist bezeichnenderweise wenig die
Rede, um so mehr von Empfindung, damals gleichfalls ein
Modeausdruck. Es heißt da zum Beispiel:
Ein empfindungsvolles Herz und eine weisheitsbegierige Seele –
beides eine Welt voll Glück und Unglück! –

Stiller Freuden sich bewußt,


Mancher edlen Tat:
Dies sind Güter einer Brust,
Die Empfindung hat. –

Holder Zärtlichkeiten
Hohe Seligkeiten
Sind ganz ungemein.
Ihre schönsten Stunden
Wollen nur empfunden,
Nicht beschrieben sein. –

Freund, ein einziger Blick von einer Seele begeistert,


Die von der süßen Gewalt ihrer Empfindungen bebt,
Und ein Seufzer mit vollem Verlangen, mit voller Entzückung
Ausgedrückt auf einen zitternden, blühenden Mund,
Ein beseelender Kuß ist mehr als hundert Gesänge
Mit ihrer ganzen langen Unsterblichkeit wert.

Etwas weniger klar ist der Ausspruch:


Empfindsamkeit ist das Genie zur Tugend.

Natürlich kann es im Zeitalter der Schäferspiele und


Einsiedlerhütten nicht an Sprüchen fehlen, welche die Schönheit des
ländlichen, in idyllischer Zurückgezogenheit verbrachten Lebens
preisen:
Nur der ist ein Liebling des Himmels, der fern vom Getümmel der Toren
Am Bache schlummert, erwachet und singt. Ihm malet die Sonne
Den Ost mit Purpur, ihm haucht die Wiese, die Nachtigall singt ihm.
Ihm folget die Reue nicht nach, nicht durch die wallenden Saaten,
Nicht unter die Herden im Tal, nicht an sein Traubengeländer.
Mit Arbeit würzt er die Kost. Sein Blut ist leicht wie der Äther.
Sein Schlaf verfliegt mit der Dämm’rung, ein Morgenlüftchen verweht ihn.
(Kleist.)
An klassische Vorbilder gemahnt:
Glücklich ist der, der, fern vom Altar der feilen Chikane,
Richter und Anwalt nicht kennt und seinen ruhigen Morgen
In dem Gefolge der Musen, von Würden verschonet, dahinlebt.

(Zachariä.)
Denselben Gedanken, nur ein bißchen mehr ins Spießbürgerliche
übertragen, bringt folgender, gleichfalls von Zachariä verfaßter Vers
zum Ausdruck:
Oh, wie beglückt ist der, der seinen Morgen braucht,
Und früh beim klugen Buch sein sichres Pfeifchen raucht,
Der Tee des Nachmittags, Kaffee des Morgens trinket
Und früh sein Mädchen sieht, wenn sie sich nicht geschminket!

Doch bald werden wir wieder zu höheren Schichten erhoben:


So wie ein Silberbach hinfließt,
Den keine Welle schlägt,
Wenn er sich sanft ins Tal ergießt,
Von keinem Sturm bewegt,
So sanft fließe auch deine Zeit
Durchs Tal des Lebens hin.
Mit Blumen sei dein Weg bestreut,
Stets fröhlich sei dein Sinn!

Der Naturbetrachtung ist ein Vers von Brockes gewidmet, der uns
schon wieder ins Gebiet des nüchternen Rationalismus führt:
Sag, o Mensch, auf welche Weise
Kann sich zu des Schöpfers Preise
Uns’re Seele schöner schmücken,
Als wenn wir von seinen Werken
Dadurch, daß wir sie bemerken
In den Geist ihr Bildnis drücken!

Aber gleich darauf kommen Verse, die Sonnenschein, Friede und


süße Lieder atmen:
Dein Leben gleiche dem Liede
Der Musen im Myrtenhain,
Es tanze dahin wie jugendlicher Friede
Im heitern Sonnenschein! –

Oh, laß beim Klange süßer Lieder


Uns lächelnd durch das Leben gehn
Und, sinkt die lange Nacht hernieder,
Mit diesem Lächeln stille stehn!

(Jacobi.)

Einen begeisterten Hymnus auf die Musik stimmt der Organist


Ernst Friedrich Rösler in Plauen an. (Vielleicht hat er den jungen
Herrn in der Kunst des Flötenspieles unterrichtet):
Die Tonkunst macht die Freuden süße.
Sie kann die Schwermut selbst erfreun.
Sie macht entzückender die Küsse,
Den Scherz belebt und süß den Wein.
Das Gastmahl fliehn die Fröhlichkeiten,
Dem Freiheit und Musik gebricht,
Und bei dem Klange sanfter Saiten
Hört man der Narren Plaudern nicht.

Ein anderer wieder schätzt die Musik im Rahmen heiterer


Lebenslust:
Ein fühlbar Lied, das Heinriettchen singt,
Hat mich oft zärtlich eingenommen.
Doch wenn mein Trinkglas dazu klingt,
So ist erst die Musik vollkommen.

Den hübschen Kindern gilt mancher Vers:


Freund, wider eines Mädchens Reiz
Hilft weder Fürstenhut noch Kreuz. –

Wer glücklich leben will, der lebe so wie ich.


Ich lieb’ ein hübsches Kind
Und bleibe doch vor mich.

Ein Offizier schreibt:


Hübsche Mädchen sind erschaffen
Für Soldaten, nicht für Pfaffen.
Drum erwählt ich diesen Orden
Und bin ein Soldat geworden.

Ein weiterer Eintrag beweist, daß Logaus Vers


Wie kannst du weiße Lilien
Zu roten Rosen machen?
Küß’ eine weiße Galathee;
Sie wird errötend lachen

nicht erst durch Kellers »Sinngedicht« weiteren Kreisen bekannt


geworden ist. – An anderer Stelle finden wir ein eigenartiges Rezept
für die Behandlung heranwachsender Töchter:
Soll ein Mädchen lüstern sein,
Gebt ihr einen Wächter:
Die verbotne Frucht allein,
Reizet Evens Töchter.
Honigsüß wird der Genuß,
Wenn die Väter dräuen.
Und im Winkel schmeckt ein Kuß
Besser als im Freien!

Ein Studiengenosse streift das Gebiet der Eindeutigkeiten:


Ein schwarzes Auge, dessen Nacht
Nicht List noch Schalkheit fehlen.
Ein Mund für deinen Kuß gemacht,
Den Lieb und Scherz beseelen.
Ein Busen, halb dem Auge bloß,
Erobernde Gebärden,
Ein Körper – –
Hier überlasse ich Ihnen, welche Schönheiten usw.

Aber es gibt auch strenger Denkende:


Ein Stammbuch, Freund, soll, wie ich denke,
Ein heiliger Ort und keine Schänke,
Kein Sammelplatz von Zot und Wahnsinn sein.
Die Freundschaft stiftet sich hier Tempel und Altäre,
Nur reiner Weihrauch füllt der Göttin Atmosphäre,
Der Freund ätzt hier sein Bild in reinstem Marmor ein,
Und so wie dieses Bild muß seine Freundschaft sein.

Man frägt sich unwillkürlich, ob bestimmte Einträge im Stammbuch


dem Einzeichner Anlaß zu dieser Ermahnung gegeben haben. Im
allgemeinen war man ja damals nicht übermäßig prüde. Ich habe ein
anderes Stammbuch aus derselben Zeit gesehen, das wesentlich
derbere Einträge enthielt. Und dieses Stammbuch gehörte einem
Theologen! Vielleicht aber haben Einträge im Reiboldtschen
Stammbuch gestanden, die über das, was damals als zulässig galt,
hinausgingen, und der Besitzer hat diese Seiten nachträglich
entfernt. Hierfür würde der Umstand sprechen, daß mehrere Seiten
fehlen, die – nach der Seitenbezeichnung zu schließen –
ursprünglich darin waren. Andererseits könnten es auch leere Blätter
gewesen sein, denn auch der jetzige Bestand weist eine Anzahl
unbeschriebene Seiten auf. Und hier erhebt sich die weitere Frage,
warum das Stammbuch vom Jahre 1778 an nicht mehr benutzt
worden ist. Erschien dem Besitzer nach seiner Rückkehr ins
Philisterium die Umwelt so öde und nüchtern, daß es ihn nicht
verlockte, seinem neuen Bekanntenkreise ein bleibendes Andenken
zu sichern? Oder sollte er sich grollend vor den Erscheinungen der
neuen Zeit zurückgezogen haben? Der Inhalt der Randvermerke
spricht dagegen. Aus anderen Quellen habe ich über sein späteres
Leben nichts erfahren können, als daß er sich mit Henriette Eleonore
Sophie von Watzdorf vermählt hat und im Jahre 1799 als
Amtshauptmann des Vogtländischen Kreises unter Hinterlassung
von sechs Kindern in Taltitz gestorben ist. –
Kehren wir zum Buche zurück! Es ist bezeichnend für den Geist
des Zeitalters, daß von Liebe zur Heimat oder von Begeisterung für
das Vaterland so gut wie niemals die Rede ist. Aber auch
Weltbürgertum wird nur einmal, und zwar in dem kurzen
Wahlspruche »Patria est, ubi bene est« (zu deutsch: Wo es mir gut
geht, ist mein Vaterland) gepredigt. Hingegen findet das Ideal der
Freiheit, das anderthalb Jahrzehnte später so gewaltige
Umwälzungen hervorrufen sollte, in einigen der Einträge einen,
wenn auch nur vorsichtigen Ausdruck:
Wer den Wert der Freiheit kennt,
Nimmt aus ihr die Lehre,
Daß, was die Natur vergönnt,
Unser Wohl vermehre.
Rückt das Ende nun heran,
Oh, so wird ein freier Mann
Andrer Welten Ehre. –

Der Wahrheit echter Freund haßt Stolz und Heuchelei.


Denkt von der Gottheit groß, von Menschen gut doch frei,
Traut nie zu kühn dem oft sich täuschenden Verstande
Und trägt auch nicht als Knecht des Aberglaubens Bande.

(Clodius.)

Im Gegensatz hierzu steht der Eintrag des Schwagers Heinrich


Christian August von Tümpling, der sich an das Altüberlieferte hält:
Wir Kinder wollen’s so wie unsre Väter halten;
Treu, redlich, ohne Falsch, so hielten ’s auch die Alten.

Nüchterner Rationalismus und schwärmerische Sentimentalität


hielten sich – das geht auch aus unseren Einträgen hervor – im
Zeitalter des Rokoko die Wage. Aber es hatte sich auch schon ein
drittes gemeldet. Friedrich der Große hatte an die Pforten der Zeit
geklopft. Mannesmut, Ehre, tätiges Leben wurden nun wieder
erstrebenswert. Auch dies hat seinen Niederschlag im Stammbuch
gefunden:
Die Ehre kennt keinen Obern. Wer ihr zum Nachteil was gebeut,
Den fürchte nicht, wenn dich dein Leben zum Schutz der Ehre nicht gereut.

(Logau.)
Das Genie ist ein mutig Pferd, geht immer seinen stolzen, sichern
Gang vor sich hin, sprengt weg über alles, was ihm im Wege steht,
über Gräben und Hügel, Felder und Gebüsch – wohl ihm, wenn es nie
zu kurz faßt! –
Wer gern zu tun hat, dem gibt Gott zu schaffen.
(Eintrag Goethes.)

Wer groß im kleinen ist, wird größer sein im großen.

(Haller.)
* *
*

Wir haben uns bis jetzt in der Hauptsache mit dem Kern der
Einträge beschäftigt, mit den Aussprüchen in gebundener oder
ungebundener Rede, die der Einzeichner dem Besitzer des Buches
als Geleitwort zum bleibenden Andenken mit auf den Weg gab.
Dazu kam die eigenhändige Unterschrift und, wie wir gesehen
haben, in einigen Fällen das Wappen. Oft aber war auch noch
anderes Beiwerk vorhanden.

Abb. 6 Eintrag Goethes

Da findet sich z. B. neben der Unterschrift die Angabe eines


sogenannten »Symbols«; wir würden »Wahlspruch« sagen. Meist
sind es kurze Stichworte: »toujours sincère« (immer aufrichtig),
»toujours le même« und »semper idem« (beides: immer derselbe),
»Sympathie«, »Alles um Liebe«. Nur zweimal finden sich als
Wahlspruch Verse:
Nicht immer Weise,
Nicht immer ein Tor!

und
Poor is the friendless master of a world.
A world in purchase of a friend is gain.

(Young)

(zu deutsch:
Arm ist der freundlose Herr einer Welt.
Eine Welt als Kaufpreis für einen Freund ist Gewinn.)

Sodann die Höflichkeits-Bindesätze: So wie wir es noch jetzt für


unschicklich halten, unter unsere Briefe schlankweg unsern Namen
zu setzen, so glaubten damals viele – besonders scheinen es die
älteren Leute gewesen zu sein – einen Verstoß gegen die Regeln
des guten Tones zu begehen, wenn sie ihre Unterschrift mit dem
eigentlichen Eintrage nicht durch einen Schwall von
Höflichkeitsfloskeln verbanden. So heißt es zum Beispiel:
Mein Herr! Ich hatte das schätzbare Glück, mit unter die Zahl Ihrer
Freunde aufgenommen zu werden, und da ich itzt Sie verlassen muß,
so tue ich es mit dem Wunsch, daß Sie mich fernerhin Ihrer
schätzbaren Freundschaft und geneigten Andenkens würdigen
mögen.
Noch schöner machen sich solche Redensarten auf französisch:
Monsieur – La permission que Vous m’avez donnée de mettre mon
nom dans ce livre d’amis me fait espérer l’exaucement de ma prière
que j’adresse par ceci à Vous en Vous conjurant de me conserver
toujours la même amitié dont Vous m’avez honoré jusqu’ici, qui je suis
– Monsieur – Votre – usw.
Herzlicher klingen die Worte:
Teuerster, schätzbarster Freund! Erinnern Sie sich bei diesen
wenigen Worten Ihres Freundes, der Sie auch in der Entfernung so
lieben und hochschätzen wird, wie es Ihr vortrefflicher Charakter
verdient.
Aber die Zeitenwende zeigt sich auch auf diesem Gebiete. Die
verbindenden Worte werden kürzer. Goethe schreibt nur »Zur
Erinnerung«; andere setzen den nackten Namen darunter.
Eigenartig sind die nicht seltenen Vermerke, durch welche zum
Ausdrucke kommt, daß zwei Personen, die sich hintereinander
eingetragen haben, durch Bande der Freundschaft verknüpft sind.
Meist geschieht dies durch die über zwei Seiten hinwegreichenden
Worte: Haec pagina || jungit amicos oder Quos junxit amicitia ||
junguntur pagina (der Papierbogen verbindet die Inschriften von
Freunden). An anderer Stelle heißt es kürzer; Amici || tia
(Freundschaft). Auch der Abschiedsgruß »Adieu mein || liebster
Freund« ist offenbar aus demselben Gedanken erwachsen. Noch
schlichter und zu Herzen gehender wird der Gedanke durch die
Worte ausgedrückt: »Ich suchte || dich, Freund.«

Je mehr man sich in das Buch vertieft, um so stärker wird man


gefesselt. Die Umwelt des Christian Ferdinand von Reiboldt und das
Zeitalter des ausgehenden Rokokos treten greifbar vor unsere
Seele. Aber auch das Buch selbst erhält Leben, wird ein
selbständiges Wesen, dem man seine Liebe dadurch bezeugen
möchte, daß man kosend mit der Hand über den Einband hinfährt.
Unwillkürlich zieht es uns zu Vergleichen. Man denkt daran, was
unsere – angeblich so hochentwickelte – Zeit aus den
Stammbüchern gemacht hat. Sie führen gar nicht mehr den
ehrlichen Namen »Stammbuch«. Bestenfalls heißt es »Album«, ein
Wort, das so gut wie gar nichts sagt. Aber es kommt noch
schlimmer. Denn »Poesie« leuchtets in Golddruck von dem
schäbigen Einband. Aber was darin steht, ist vielfach barbarische
Unkultur, und der abgedroschene Witz, auf die letzte Seite des
Buches den Vers zu schreiben:
Wer dich lieber hat als ich,
Der schreibe sich nur hinter mich!

gehört immer noch zu den besseren Einfällen.


Doch wir wollen gerecht sein. Die Stammbücher spielen bei uns
auch nicht entfernt die Rolle, die ihnen in früheren Jahrhunderten
zukam. In der Hauptsache stammen die Einträge ja doch nur von
Kindern und jungen Leuten, die noch nicht recht flügge geworden
sind, allenfalls von Lehrern und Geistlichen, die in Erfüllung einer Art
von Berufspflicht den Eintrag bewirkten. Wer einmal in hundert
Jahren die Stammbücher aus dem letzten Drittel des neunzehnten
und dem ersten Viertel des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts betrachtet,
der täte uns Unrecht, wenn er unsern Kulturgrad nach diesen
Büchern beurteilen wollte. Ganz so tief sind wir im großen und
ganzen denn doch nicht gesunken!

Fußnoten:
[2] Vergleiche die von Oskar von Hase verfaßte Denkschrift
»Breitkopf u. Härtel«, Verlag Breitkopf u. Härtel, I. Band, S. 116.
[3] Vergleiche Band XIII, Heft 1/2, Seite 9 ff. der Mitteilungen des
Heimatschutzes.
[4] Näheres über Gottlob und Stenzel in der schon erwähnten
Denkschrift »Breitkopf u. Härtel«, I. Band, Seite 115 ff.
Unsere alte Linde
Von Marianne Bieber
In dem kleinen Orte Kleinolbersdorf bei Chemnitz fiel im Sommer
1923 die tausendjährige Linde am Kirchhof einem Sturme zum
Opfer. Die Pfarrerstochter, die im Schatten des Baumes
aufgewachsen ist, widmet dem untergegangenen Naturdenkmal ein
Gedenkblatt.
Schon seit frühesten Kindheitstagen war sie uns eine liebe
Freundin – unsere alte Kirchhofslinde! Außerhalb des Friedhofes
stand sie, an der Umfassungsmauer und ihr Stamm bildete, völlig
krumm gebogen, – ob durch Alter oder durch Blitzschlag, war nicht
zu ermitteln – einen natürlichen Torbogen zum Friedhofseingange.
Ihr Alter war nicht festzustellen, die ältesten Dorfchroniken, die bis
ins fünfzehnte Jahrhundert zurückreichen, erwähnen schon ihr
Vorhandensein, aber nie ist darin der Tag ihrer Einpflanzung
genannt. So zogen Jahrhunderte an ihr vorüber, sie sah
Geschlechter kommen und vergehen und blieb immer die alte. Wenn
an linden Sommerabenden die Dämmerung ihre zartvioletten
Schleier über die heimatlichen Fluren breitete und süßer Heuduft
das Tal durchwehte, dann huschten wir Geschwister oft zur alten
Mauer. Auf weichem Moospolster eng beisammenhockend, lehnten
wir uns an den breiten Stamm unserer alten Linde – drei Männer
konnten ihn kaum umfassen – und wenn unser Auge verträumt den
goldenen Reflexen folgte, die der letzte Schein der Abendsonne in
die Fenster unseres Kirchleins zauberte, lauschten wir dem
Blättergesäusel. Oh, wir verstanden so gut, was uns unsere alte
Freundin erzählte. Führten doch der Anfang und das Ende eines
jeden Lebensweges durch den Bogen der alten Linde, zum Anfang,
wenn der zarte Täufling durchs Tor getragen ward, um im Kirchlein
durch die heilige Taufe ein junger Christ zu werden und am Ende,
wenn der müde Erdenpilger seine letzte Reise antrat.
Doch auch sonst war die alte Linde der Mittelpunkt des
Dorflebens. Um ihren Stamm tummelten sich die Dorfkinder mit
Haschen und Versteckspiel in frohem, jugendlichem Übermut und
sorgloser Heiterkeit. Die Konfirmanden schritten in feierlichem Zuge
hindurch, um als erwachsene Christen eingesegnet zu werden, um
Kraft zu finden für den beginnenden Ernst des Lebens. Aus den
Kindern, die sich einst am Fuße der alten Linde geneckt und gezaust
hatten, wurden Leute und manchem erblühte nun in ihrem Schatten
beim silbernen Schein des Mondes das selige Glück der ersten
Liebe, und hatten sich zwei junge Herzen fürs Leben gefunden, so
schritten gar bald zwei Glückliche Hand in Hand unter der Linde
hindurch, um den Bund der Herzen im trauten Kirchlein durch Gottes
Segen zu weihen.

Dem Sturme zum Opfer gefallene tausendjährige Linde am Kirchhof in


Kleinolbersdorf bei Chemnitz
So folgte ein Abschnitt des Lebens auf den anderen, bis dann der
letzte Weg herannahte. Manch ernster, stiller Zug ging durch das
Tor, tränenden Auges folgten wehe Herzen in verzweifeltem
Schmerz dem Sarge, der das Liebste für immer entführte zur letzten
Ruhestätte. Die greise Mutter, deren einziges Kind, die Stütze ihres
Alters, der unerbittliche Tod genommen, der gebeugte Witwer, der
mit seinen jammernden Kleinen das Grab der treuen Kameradin
aufsuchte, die verzweifelte Braut, deren blühendes Liebesglück des
Todes eisige Faust unbarmherzig zerstörte: sie alle gingen den Weg
durch das Tor des treuen Baumes.
Als die schweren Kriegsjahre kamen, gingen tiefbewegte
Menschen durchs Lindentor, um im Gotteshause Schutz und Hilfe für
teure Angehörige zu erbitten, und in der folgenden Zeit ward
mancher Kranz mit Ehrenschleife hindurchgetragen, um der
Nachwelt als Erinnerungszeichen das Angedenken Eines
wachzuhalten, der für das Vaterland sein Leben dahingegeben. Es
kam der Tag, an dem unsere liebe Glocke in früher Morgenstunde
ihren letzten Gruß durchs Dörflein hallen ließ. Groß und klein stand
unter der Linde, und manche stille Träne rann.
So teilte unsere alte Linde mit uns Freud und Leid; sie war uns
allen ans Herz gewachsen. Sie gehörte zu uns. Wie stolz waren wir,
wenn Schüler und Touristen auf der Wanderung unsern lieben
Baum, das seltene Naturgebilde, anstaunten und abzeichneten.
Längst schon bestand er nur noch aus geborstener Rinde, und es
war ein Wunder, daß er sich dennoch frisch erhielt, weiter grünte und
blühte. Sorgsam stützten wir den Hauptast, als sich Altersschwäche
bemerkbar machte, durch einen Pfeiler, und doch sollte der Tag
kommen, an dem unser treuer Baum, der fast ein Jahrtausend allen
Stürmen getrotzt hatte, morsch in sich zusammenfiel. Ein heftiger
Wirbelwind knickte eines Abends den Bogen, so daß nur noch ein
trauriger Stumpf stehen blieb, der wohl oder übel entfernt werden
mußte. Wie groß war die Bestürzung, als diese Botschaft durchs
Dorf lief. Manches Auge wurde feucht.
So ist mit unserm lieben Baum ein Zeuge vergangener
Jahrhunderte dahingesunken; aber in unseren Herzen wird das
Gedenken an unsere treue Lebensfreundin fortleben; Kindern und
Kindeskindern werden wir noch dankbar und stolz erzählen von
unserer alten Linde.
Leineweber-Weihnachten auf der
Neusorge vor fünfzig Jahren
Von William Bergmann, Sebnitz
Als ich im Jahre 1866 auf der Neusorge das Licht der Welt
erblickte, war Sebnitz ein armes Weberstädtchen. Von seinen
Weihnachtsfeiern will ich erzählen.
Wenn der liebe Herbst herankam, die Abern – Kartoffeln klang
fremd – im Keller lagen, finstere Nächte begannen, die Erde in
Dunkel zu hüllen, dann leuchteten aus der Ferne die ersten Strahlen
des kommenden Weihnachtssternes in die Nacht. Jetzt begann die
Zeit der seligen Weihnachtsträume. Jeder Tag und jede Nacht
wurden gezählt.
Die Anfangsvorbereitungen galten der Christmette, welche den
Glanzpunkt des Festes bildete. Wochenlang vorher fing man an, die
Lichter zu kaufen, die man zur Mette brauchte. »Pfenglichtel« hieß
man sie damals, die man nur nach und nach kaufen konnte, denn es
gab weniger Pfennige als heute. Die meisten Kinder – auch
Erwachsene – hatten jedes einen langen Nagel am
Fenstergewändel, an welchem die Lichter aufgehängt wurden, und
zwar so, daß man sie durchs Fenster von außen sehen konnte.
Es wurde gewetteifert, soviel als möglich Lichtel
zusammenzubringen, und man war stolz und glücklich, wenn sich
die »Globbe« vermehrte. Nun ging es in die Nachbarschaft gucken.
Siehe da: Der Hillemann Emil hatte schon zwölf, ich erst acht, der
Schwach Karle hatte noch mehr, aber der Just Elwin hatte wieder
weniger, das war ein Trost.
Die weiteren Vorboten kamen in Gestalt der Zimmermann
Karoline, Funkhähnel Male, Adler Mine und Pate Biesold seiner
Mutter, welche mit Pfefferkuchen in allen möglichen Farben, Figuren
und Formen hausieren gingen. Damit zu Weihnachten der nötige
Vorrat da war, wurden immer einige Stück gekauft und hingelegt.
Die Ausstellungen hatten begonnen. Man besichtigte bei
Henkbäcken, Hillbäcken, Krachbäcken, Heymannbäcken,
Endlerbäcken, Laubnerbäcken, Giebnerbäcken, Hochbäcken, wo ich
Pfefferkuchen mit malen durfte, weil seine Frau die Gruhnert Guste
von der Neusorge war, mit Bewunderung die Fenster mit den
ausgestellten Männern, Frauen, Reitern usw. Die schönsten
Pfefferkuchen hatte der Güntherbäcke …
Sorgenvolle Stunden bereitete die Ruprechtzeit. – Ob er heute
kommen wird? … Da plötzlich schlug die Rute unbarmherzig an die
Fensterläden. – Der Ruprecht kommt! der Ruprecht kommt! – Vor
Schreck schleunigst alle unter die Leineweberstühle gekrochen und
gebetet. – Die Äpfel und Nüsse mußten in allen Ecken und Winkeln
zusammengesucht werden und wurden sofort verspult. Aus den
leeren Nußschalen wurden Schnepperchen gemacht, Zwirnsfäden
drumgebunden und Holzspänel hineingesteckt. Damit wurde bis
Weihnachten geschneppert.
Haufens Großer parierte immer nicht. Den hat der Ruprecht in den
Sack gesteckt und mitgenommen. Der hat aber gezappelt und
gegorgelt …
Das Ausschneiden der Modellierbogen spielte eine große Rolle.
Es entstanden Kirchen, Häuser, Burgen, deren Fenster mit buntem
Papier überzogen, durch Lichtel erleuchtet, einen herrlichen Anblick
boten.
Zum Kammerfenster wurde jeden Morgen hinausgeguckt. Oh, es
hat geschneit! Diese himmlische Freude! Von diesem Tag an mußten
alle Pferde auf den Straßen Glockengeläut tragen, und dieser Klang
läutete in unsere Herzen die seligmachende, gnadenbringende
Weihnachtszeit ein.
Während der Adventszeit erfüllte die Leineweberstube täglich der
Gesang der Weihnachtslieder: »Ehre sei Gott in der Höhe«, »O
Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum«, »Ihr Kinderlein kommet« oder »Stille
Nacht, heilige Nacht« usw.
Der Vater ging jeden Sonntag in die Kirche und offenbarte zu
Hause in der Familie die Weihnachtsbotschaft, die er durch die
Predigt vernommen hatte.
Nicht unerwähnt soll bleiben, daß in den letzten Wochen in vielen
Geschäften die bunten Wachsstöckel in allen Größen ausgestellt
waren, welche hauptsächlich ein Geschenk für die Kundschaft
bildeten. Große Bewunderung riefen die Spielsachen bei Buchbinder
Schuberts und bei Eckböhmens hervor. Stundenlang wurden sie
angestaunt.
Was nun den finanziellen Teil der Leineweber betraf, so konnte
von Reichtümern keine Rede sein. Der dicke Haufe, bekannt als der
fleißigste Leineweber von der Neusorge und Retschine, machte jede
Woche eine Werfte ab und verdiente fünf Taler. Die übrigen
Leineweber, wie mein Vater, brauchten ziemlich zwei Wochen dazu.
Vor dem Abmachen mußte gewöhnlich eine Nacht durchgearbeitet
werden; denn Montag war öfters blauer Montag. Die Woche vor dem
Fest ging es natürlich feste Tag und Nacht, damit Geld ins Haus
kam. Als der heilige Abend herangekommen war, gingen Vater und
Mutter – Mutter mit dem Tragkorbe – in die Stadt einkaufen. Der
geheimnisvolle Bescherungsakt ließ dann nicht mehr lange auf sich
warten. Beim Onkel Adolf horchten wir ungeduldig auf das Zeichen.
In Blitzesgeschwindigkeit war der Gabentisch gestürmt. Nun wurde
bewundert, probiert, gekostet, und es wurden die Häuflein kritisch
betrachtet, daß ja nicht eins mehr hatte als das andre.
Das Christgeschenk erhielt seinen Platz auf dem Längertüchel,
das nur Sonntags und Festtags den Leineweberstuhl zierte, oder auf
der Sitzebank.
Ins Bette wollte niemand gehen. Die Glocken tönten, die Mette
wurde eingeläutet. Der Höhepunkt war da. Alle Lichtel und
Wachsstöckel wurden mitgenommen und in langen Reihen
aufgestellt. Tausende von Lichtern erglänzten, und ein köstlicher
Duft durchströmte die Kirche. Die alte, in Fleisch und Blut
übergegangene Bergsche Motette, das Mettelied, verfehlte nicht ihre
Wirkung und erfüllte alle Herzen mit heiligem Zauber. Umfangen von
reinster und seligster Weihnachtsstimmung gings nach Hause.
Aus vielen Häusern leuchtete Kerzenglanz.
Im eisernen Ofen in der Mitte der Stube wurde Feuer gemacht und
sich drumgesetzt. Die Schmauserei ging los mit beneidenswertem
Appetite so lange, bis alles weg war.
Vom ersten Feiertag bis zum Hohen Neujahr zog alle Welt durch
die Stadt, um die Schattenspiele, Hirtenhäuser, Pyramiden, Sterne
und Christbäume – letztere waren damals noch nicht so Mode wie
heute – in Augenschein zu nehmen. Die Fensterläden waren
natürlich alle offen. Bei Bauer Stohbachs war ein Krippel mit
Springbrunnen aufgestellt, ein Wunderwerk der ganzen Umgegend.
Scharenweise standen die Leute vor dem Fenster.
Wir zu Hause hatten das unbeschreibliche Glück, auch ein Krippel
zu besitzen, beweglich mit Handbetrieb. Alle Kinder der Neusorge
kamen und wollten die Leier leiern. Außer Joseph und Maria, die das
Christkindlein bischte, sah man die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande,
Hirten und Schafe. Auf zwei beweglichen Bahnen liefen durch die
Häuserreihen Figuren, deren jede einen Sebnitzer Namen
bekommen hatte. – Achtung! Jetzt kommt die Hampel Hanne, die
Bockmale, die Kahlguste, die Krausenguste, der Franz vom Hofe,
der Postelbatz, der dicke Vollmann, der Bergmann Emil, der
Lautevetter, der Hundehenke, der Trampelhenke, der Bäumelhenke,
der Nasenhenke, der blecherne Hantzsch, der eiserne Hantzsch, der
Kullrübentürke, der Gückelpeschke, der alte Schleifer Hartmann, der
Kätzrichter, Budäus genannt, Kacheltopp, der alte Knöfel, der alte
Mäuerschneiders Kitzwauwau, Türmelwirt und Finkenritter usw.
So feierte man Weihnachten vor fünfzig Jahren.

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