Look!

Your body is made up of cells

❖ What is Tissue :-
➢ A group of cells that are similar
in structure and/or work
together to achieve a particular
function forms a tissue
➢ The word tissue originates
French which means “to weave”
❖ Plants are stationary or fixed.
➢They have a large quantity of
supportive tissue.
➢Supportive tissue generally has
dead cells

❖ Animals on the other hand

move around & consume more
energy. Therefore, most of the
tissues they contain are living
PLANT TISSUES
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE:-
1. Apical
2. Lateral
3. Intercalary
1. Apical meristem is present at the growing
tips of stems & roots and increases the
length of the stem and the root
2. The girth of the stem or root increases due
to Lateral meristem (cambium).
3. Intercalary meristem seen in some plants is
located near the node

❖ Cells of meristematic tissue are very active

and have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose
walls and prominent nuclei. They lack
vacuoles
 PERMANENT TISSUE

▪ Cells formed by Meristematic

tissue take up a specific role
and lose the ability to divide.

▪ There are two types of

permanent tissue
1. Simple Permanent Tissue
2. Complex Permanent Tissue
 Simple Permanent Tissue
❖ Parenchyma:-
➢ Mechanical support and food storage
➢ living cells.
➢ Loosely packed
➢ Large intercellular spaces

❖ There are two types of parenchyma

(Aerenchyma & Chlorenchyma)

❖ In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to

help them float. Such a parenchyma type is called Aerenchyma

❖ When it contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, it is

called Chlorenchyma
❖ Collenchyma :-
➢ Mechanical support and flexibility
➢ Live cells
➢ Cells thickened at the corners
➢ Little intercellular space

❖ Sclerenchyma:-
➢ Provides hardness
➢ Dead cells
➢ Long narrow cells
➢ Walls thickened due to lignin
coconut husk
➢ No intercellular spaces
 The Ground Tissue System
➢ All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue.

➢ It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and

sclerenchyma .

❖ In leaves , the ground tissue consists of thin – walled chloroplast containing

cells and is called mesophyll.

▪ Mesophyll , which possesses chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis , is

made up of parenchyma.

❖ The tissue between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the mesophyll.
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

➢ Complex tissues are made of

more than one type of cells.
All these cells coordinate to
perform a common function
➢ Xylem and Phloem are
examples of such complex
tissues.
➢ Xylem consists of tracheids,
vessels, xylem parenchyma
and xylem fibres.
 The Vascular Tissue System
➢ The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the xylem.

➢ The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles

➢ In dicotyledonous stems, cambium is present between phloem and xylem.(

open vascular bundles )
➢ In the monocotyledons, the vascular bundles have no cambium present in
them. ( closed )

➢ The size of the vascular bundles are dependent on the size of the veins.

❖ In conjoint types of vascular bundles , the xylem and phloem are jointly
situated along the same radius of vascular bundles.
❖ when xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an
alternate manner along the different radii, the arrangement is called
radial such as in roots.

various types of vascular bundles

 XYLEM:-
➢ Made of dead cells having thick cell
lining
➢ Tracheids and vessels – they have broad
tubular structure for transportation in
plants vertically
➢ Xylem parenchyma – stores food and
helps in transport of water in plants
horizontally
➢ Xylem fibres – supportive in function
➢ Note :- Parenchyma are the only living
cell
❖ Phloem is made up of living cells
❖ Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts
of the plant
❖ For movement of food bidirectionally
❖ Phloem is made up of five types of cells:
➢ Sieve cells
➢ Sieve tubes :- Transport of food and nutrients
➢ Companion cells :- facilitate functions of sieve
tubes
➢ Phloem fibers :- provide flexibility to the phloem
➢ Phloem parenchyma :- stores starch and proteins
➢ Note :- Except phloem fibers, other phloem cells
are living cells
 Epidermal Tissue System
❖ The epidermal tissue system forms the
outer-most covering of the whole plant
body.
➢ It is made up of elongated , compactly
arranged cell, which form a continuous
layer.

➢ Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with

a small amount of cytoplasm lining the
cell wall and a large vacuole.
❖ The cells of epidermis bear a number of
hairs.

❑ On the stem the epidermal hairs are called

trichomes.
▪ The trichomes in the shoot system are
usually multicellular.
▪ they may be branched or unbranched and soft or stiff.

▪ The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.

❖The outside of the epidermis is often
covered with a waxy thick layer called
the cuticle

➢ Which prevents the loss of water.

➢ Cuticle is absent in roots.

❖ Stomata are structures present in the epidermis of leaves.

➢ Stomata regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous

exchange.
❖ Each stoma is composed of two bean- shaped
cells known as guard cells.

➢ In grasses , the guard cells are dumb-bell

shaped.

➢ The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate

the opening and closing of stomata.

❖ sometimes , a few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard cells

becomes specialized in their shape and size and are known as
subsidiary cells.
ANIMAL TISSUES
 ANIMAL TISSUES
❖ Animal tissues are made up of
animal cells that have been
gathered together.
❖ The structure, function, and origin
of these tissues are all different.
❖ The four types of tissues found in
animals are
1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Nervous tissue
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
➢ covering or protective tissues
➢ covers most organs and cavities
➢ It also forms a barrier to keep different
body systems separate
➢ tightly packed and form a continuous
sheet.
➢ skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining
of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney
tubules
➢ They perform different functions
including absorption, secretion,
sensation, protection and secretion
1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM:-
➢ Mainly in blood vessels ( thin & flat )
➢ lung alveoli (exchange of gases )
2. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM :-
➢ Found in oesophagus & lining of the mouth
3. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM :-
➢ arranged in a pattern of layers
➢ Found in Skin
4. TALL EPITHELIAL :-
➢ Found in the inner lining of the intestine
5. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM (with cube-
shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules
and ducts of salivary glands
▪ Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column shaped. These are
present in respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the central canal
of the spinal cord.
▪ At times, epithelial tissue folds inward, and a multicellular gland is formed.
That is called glandular epithelium.
❑ If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia
on their free surface they are called ciliated
epithelium.

▪ Their function is to move particles or

mucus in a specific direction over the
epithelium

▪ Present in the inner surface of hollow

organs like bronchioles and fallopian
tudes
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE-

❖ The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced

& embedded in an intercellular matrix. The
matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid
❖ Blood is a type of connective tissue
➢ Blood flows and transports gases, digested food,
hormones and waste materials
❖ Bone is a strong and nonflexible connective
tissue.
➢ composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds.
 Dense connective tissues
❖ Ligament :- bone + bone
▪ This tissue is very elastic & has
considerable strength.
❖ Tendons - muscles + bones
▪ great strength but limited flexibility.
Specialised connective tissues
❖ Cartilage is another connective tissue
that has widely spaced cells. The solid
matrix is composed of proteins and ▪ Bones
sugars. It smoothens bone surfaces at ▪ Blood
joints and is present in nose, ear, ▪ Cartilage
trachea and larynx
 ➢ Loose connective tissue
❖ Fat-storing Adipose tissue is found below
the skin and between internal organs
▪ act as an insulator

❖ Areolar :- found between the skin and

muscles (bone narrow as well )
▪ Provide supports to internal organs and
helps in repair of tissues
 MUSCULAR TISSUE-
➢ Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibers. This
tissue is responsible for movement in our body
➢ It contain special proteins called contractile proteins,
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
▪ skeletal muscles as well striated muscles. ▪ Smooth muscles (unstriated muscles.)
▪ We can control them ▪ We can’t control them
▪ Cells are - long, cylindrical, unbranched ▪ found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and
and multinucleate in the bronchi of the lungs
▪ having many nuclei ▪ The cells are long with pointed ends &
uninucleate.
▪ cardiac muscles cylindrical, branched and
uninucleate
❖ Each organ in our body is
made of one or more types of
tissues.

❖ For Example :

▪ Our heart consists of all the

four types of tissues , i.e. ,
epithelial , connective ,
muscular and neural.
 NERVOUS TISSUE-

➢ The brain, spinal cord and

nerves are all composed of
the nervous tissue
➢ Transfer messages “ kind of
communication throughout
the body
➢ Synapse ( gap between two
neuron )
➢ Neuroglia make up more
than one – half the volume
of neural tissue in our body.
Apical meristem is present at which among the following
A. near the node
B. tips of stems and roots
C. only at tip of root
D. only at tip of stem

Which is not true for Cells of meristematic tissue ?

A. very active
B. have dense cytoplasm
C. Thick cellulose walls
D. Prominent nuclei

which among the following is not correct about parenchyma tissue

A. Parenchyma is the most common simple permanent tissue
B. This tissue generally stores food
C. parenchyma type which contains large air cavities is called chlorenchyma
D. Parenchyma are usually loosely arranged,
Which tissue is present in stems around Vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard
covering of seeds and nuts.
A. sclerenchyma
B. collenchyma.
C. aerenchyma
D. Parenchyma

Which of the following is not true about epidermis?

A. Most epidermal cells are relatively flat.
B. The epidermis is usually made up of single layer of cells
C. Epidermis protects all parts of the plant.
D. Most epidermal cells have their outer and side walls thinner than the inner wall

which among the following is not correct regarding complex permanent tissue
A. Xylem and phloem are examples of such complex tissues.
B. Xylem consists of sieve cells, sieve tubes.
C. Phloem is made up of companion cells, phloem fibers etc
D. Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells
Which of the following is living?
A. Phloem fibers
B. Sieve tubes
C. Tracheids
D. Vessels

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched

1. squamous epithelium-lining of the mouth and oesophagus
2. columnar epithelial - lining of kidney tubules
3. Cuboidal epithelium -inner lining of the intestine

A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
which of the following statements is/are correct
1. Tendons connect muscles to bones
2. Ligaments connect bones with bones.

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. both 1 and 2
D. none of the above

which among the following is not a type of connective tissues

A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue
C. Nervous tissue
D. Bone

Where can you find Cartilage?

A. Nose B. Trachea C. Larynx D. All of these
The cells of Striated muscles are
A. long,cylindrical,unbranched and
multinucleate
B. long,cylindrical,branched and
multinucleate
C. long,cylindrical,unbranched and
uninucleate
D.long,cylindrical,branched and
uninucleate