India’s hegemonic designs in south asian region

The geopolitical dynamics of Asia, particularly in South Asia, are significantly

influenced by the presence of two major states, China and India. Both nations, due to
their vast geographical sizes and substantial populations, exert considerable influence
over their neighboring countries. This essay examines the impact of India's foreign
policy and its interactions with its smaller neighbors, alongside a comparative analysis
with China's regional diplomacy.

India's Regional Dominance

Post-Independence Aspirations and Realities

India, under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, emerged from
colonial rule with a strong anti-colonial ideology, aspiring to end colonialism
worldwide. Nehru's vision was based on ideals of universalism, advocating for a
unified multi-ethnic and multi-religious state. However, as India consolidated its
power post-independence, its actions towards neighboring states began to reflect a
neo-colonial mindset, mirroring the hegemonic tendencies of its former colonial
rulers.

Interactions with Smaller Neighbors

India's relationships with its smaller neighbors—Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,

Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka—have been marked by a mixture of cooperation and
coercion. These countries, part of the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC), have often found India's approach to be overbearing. India's
imposition of unequal treaties on Nepal and Bhutan, and its annexation of Sikkim,
despite a prior treaty recognizing its sovereignty, exemplify its hegemonic tendencies.

The Kashmir Conflict

The Kashmir conflict is a central issue in India-Pakistan relations. The first war over
Kashmir in 1947-48 set the tone for future conflicts. The dispute is rooted in the
complex history of Hindu-Muslim relations in the subcontinent and the contentious
partition process. The transfer of assets during partition and the demarcation of
borders, particularly in Punjab, further exacerbated tensions. Avtar Bhasin, an expert
on India-Pakistan relations, argues that the core issue between the two countries
revolves around Kashmir, with India's handling of the region contributing
significantly to the prolonged conflict.

Recent Developments and Initiatives

Despite the historical antagonism, recent developments suggest potential for

rapprochement. The re-commitment to the 2003 ceasefire agreement by the Directors
General of Military Operations (DGMOs) of both countries in 2021, the opening of
the Kartarpur Corridor in 2019, and humanitarian cooperation for Afghanistan
indicate steps towards improving relations. However, India's constitutional changes in
Jammu and Kashmir in 2019, which revoked the region's special status, have further
complicated the situation, necessitating a reassessment of policies to align with
regional aspirations for peace and stability.

Comparative Analysis with China

China's Regional Diplomacy

China's approach to regional diplomacy starkly contrasts with India's. Chinese

leadership has emphasized non-interference and mutual respect in its dealings with
smaller neighbors. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) exemplifies its strategy of
economic engagement through infrastructure development and investment, fostering
positive relations without overt political interference.

Nepal's Experience

Nepal's geopolitical position between India and China illustrates the contrasting
approaches of its two neighbors. The 1950 Nepal-India Treaty, perceived by many
Nepalese as imposed by India, has led to economic dependency and periodic tensions,
especially during India's economic blockades. Conversely, Nepal's border
demarcation with China was amicably settled in 1960, with China ceding territory to
Nepal, highlighting a more cooperative bilateral relationship.

Sri Lanka's Strategic Significance

Sri Lanka's location in the Indian Ocean has historically attracted the interest of major
powers, including India and China. While India has often been accused of interference
in Sri Lanka's internal affairs, particularly during the Tamil insurgency, China's
approach has been characterized by economic incentives and infrastructure
investments. China's significant role as a lender and investor in Sri Lanka underscores
its strategy of fostering strong bilateral economic ties.

India's Foreign Policy Challenges

Hegemonic Tendencies

India's foreign policy in South Asia has often been interventionist, conflicting with its
professed commitment to peaceful co-existence and sovereignty as outlined in the UN
Charter and the Bandung Conference. This hegemonic behavior has fostered distrust
among its neighbors, perpetuating a cycle of insecurity and hindering regional
stability and cooperation.

Impact of Hindu Nationalism

The rise of Hindu nationalism under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government has
intensified concerns about India's regional ambitions. Policies perceived as
disenfranchising the Muslim minority and aggressive posturing towards Pakistan have
exacerbated regional tensions. Critics argue that India's domestic policies under Modi
have undermined its moral authority and contributed to its adversarial relationships
with neighboring states.
Conclusion

The geopolitical landscape of South Asia is profoundly influenced by the actions and
policies of India and China. India's interactions with its smaller neighbors have been
marked by a combination of cooperation and coercion, often reflecting a neo-colonial
mindset. In contrast, China's regional diplomacy has emphasized economic
engagement and mutual respect. For India to promote regional stability and
cooperation, it must re-evaluate its foreign policy approach, prioritize mutual respect,
and refrain from actions that undermine the sovereignty of its neighbors. Embracing a
spirit of co-existence and addressing the legitimate aspirations of its smaller neighbors
could pave the way for more harmonious and productive regional relationships.