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Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6th Edition Trager Test Bank instant download all chapter
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Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Multiple Choice
1. The way courts accept and apply the four privacy torts ______.
a. is consistent among all states
b. varies from state to state
c. shows that the four privacy torts are recognized in all states
d. varies from state to state and shows that the four privacy torts are recognized
in all states
e. none of these
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. A radio commercial uses the voice of a singer sounding remarkably like Lilly
Jones singing part of her hit record, “Fainting.” The singer is not Jones. To avoid
an appropriation lawsuit for a “sound-alike” problem in the advertisement ______.
a. the ad cannot use Jones’s name
b. the singer’s voice must be disguised
c. the ad must include a disclaimer saying, for example, the singer is not Jones
d. there is no problem; sound-alikes can be used in radio ads under all
circumstances
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Appropriation
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. A reporter meets a fire truck at a huge blaze engulfing a large house. The
reporter asks the firefighters if she can follow them into the garage attached to
the house, which is the one part of the building not yet covered in flames. The
firefighters say “yes,” and the reporter follows the fire fighters into the garage.
The homeowner likely will be ______.
a. able to successfully sue the reporter for intrusion, but only if the reporter
refused to leave when the homeowner told her to leave
b. able to successfully sue the reporter for intrusion if the homeowner did not give
the reporter permission to be in the house
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
c. not able to successfully sue the reporter for intrusion if the firefighters truly
believed they had the right to give the reporter permission to follow them into the
house
d. not able to successfully sue the reporter for invasion of privacy if the
firefighters had a good reason to tell the reporter she could enter the house
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Intrusion
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. A reporter falsely tells a homeowner she is from the county assessor’s office,
a government agency. The homeowner admits the reporter into the house. Later
discovering the reporter’s true identity, the homeowner sues for intrusion. The
homeowner likely will ______.
a. win the intrusion suit; nothing further will happen to the reporter
b. win the intrusion suit; the reporter may face criminal charges
c. lose the intrusion suit; the reporter may face criminal charges
d. lose the intrusion suit; nothing further will happen to the reporter
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Intrusion
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Sally, a reporter for the Daily Sun, is at a detective’s desk in the police
station. There is an official folder open on the desk. Without touching the folder,
Sally is able to see a document containing the name of a minor who had been
arrested for burning down his parents’ garage. Sally writes a story about the
arrest, including the minor’s name. The minor’s parents sue Sally and the Daily
Sun for private facts. Sally and the Daily Sun will ______.
a. win because minors cannot bring lawsuits
b. win because Sally lawfully obtained, and the Daily Sun published, truthful
information from a public record
c. lose because Sally did not have the police detective’s permission to look at the
document in the folder
d. lose because it is against the law to reveal the names of minors arrested for
committing a felony
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Jane Johnson was a famous rock star but retired 20 years ago and withdrew
from the public eye. While she was a musician, she stole a very valuable
diamond ring from another musician. She quickly returned the diamond, was not
arrested for theft, and only her brother knew about the incident. Last week, Spy
Magazine published an article revealing the theft. Johnson sued Spy Magazine
for private facts.
a. Johnson will lose because she did not keep the theft private.
b. Johnson will lose because passage of time does not change the story’s
newsworthiness.
c. Johnson will win because she is not newsworthy 20 years after she retired as
a musician.
d. Johnson will win because a story about a musician stealing a diamond is not
newsworthy.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. A professor is crossing the university lawn on his way to the library. She is
walking with a man who is not her husband. A newspaper photographer,
standing on the sidewalk in front of the library, takes a picture of the couple and
the picture appears in the next day’s paper. The cutline says, “Professor Janine
Jones and Sam Smith enjoy the spring air.” The professor would have a good
case for ______.
a. appropriation
b. intrusion
c. private facts
d. false light
e. none of these
Ans: E
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Which federal government agency protects consumer privacy and enforces
federal privacy laws?
a. Congress
b. Federal Communication Commission
c. Federal Trade Commission
d. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Which recent Supreme Court case held that a police officer cannot search a
suspect’s smartphone without a warrant?
a. City of Ontario v. Quon
b. Riley v. California
c. Florida v. Jardines
d. United States v. Jones
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Electronic Privacy and the Supreme Court
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Most of the recent Supreme Court cases involving privacy are directly tied to
which Constitutional amendment?
a. Fourth
b. Third
c. First
d. all of these
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following is a true statement about the reasonable expectation
of privacy test from the Katz decision?
a. It applies when a person exhibits an actual expectation of privacy.
b. It applies when society is prepared to recognize a person’s actual expectation
of privacy as reasonable.
c. It applies when the Fourth Amendment is invoked.
d. all of these
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Answer Location: Electronic Privacy and the Supreme Court
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. The first time a law journal published an article that explained the legal theory
about why U.S. courts should recognize a right to privacy was in ______.
a. 1920
b. 1890
c. 1970
d. 2000
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
39. Which Supreme Court case holds that the plaintiff did not have standing to
sue for damages because he could not show that he suffered “concrete” harm as
a result of misuse of his personal data?
a. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
b. City of Ontario v. Quon
c. Florida v. Jardines
d. Riley v. California
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy and Data Protection
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. Privacy first was brought to the attention of judges and lawyers through an
1890 law review article by Warren and Brandeis.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled in only two false light cases. In both those
rulings the Court held that all false light plaintiffs must prove actual malice to win
their cases.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: False Light
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Courts in all states allow plaintiffs to bring false light lawsuits against the mass
media.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: False Light
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. In private facts lawsuits, judges use a “bright-line” rule to determine if the story
is newsworthy.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. A person with a television camera sneaks across the mayor’s lawn, peeks
through barely open curtains, and takes a picture of the mayor in a darkened
living room. The photographer decides he has done a terrible thing and exposes
the film, so the picture never is printed. The mayor likely will lose an intrusion suit
because the photographer remedied the situation by exposing the film.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Intrusion
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. To win a private facts lawsuit, the standard a plaintiff must show is the
publication injured the plaintiff’s reputation.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. To win a private facts lawsuit, the standard a plaintiff must show is the
plaintiff revealed the information to no more than a few close friends and/or
family members.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. In United States v. Jones, the U.S. Supreme Court held that physically
mounting a GPS transmitter on a car amounts to a search and violates the
Fourth Amendment.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Intrusion
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Despite a federal law protecting the privacy of health care information
possessed by health care providers and health plans, the law does not cover
health information in school records, employment, files, or financial records.
Courts allow an employer to inspect employees’ e-mail, including personal
messages, and to listen to their telephone conversations.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. In the only two false light cases the U.S. Supreme Court has decided, it said
all plaintiffs must prove actual malice. Some lower courts also require all false
light plaintiffs to prove actual malice. Others require only public officials and
public figures to prove actual malice.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: False Light
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Generally speaking, courts are applying the transformative use test to affirm
First Amendment rights in lawsuits that involve movies, video games, and
television.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Privacy Law’s Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
3. Joe Brown was rock climbing last month. He slipped and fell but caught his
rope and managed to hold on for 10 minutes, swinging free, until other climbers
were able to pull him to safety. A weekly paper, The Moon, ran an article
including quotations and thoughts attributed to Brown about the incident. Twenty
of the article’s 30 paragraphs included quotations and thoughts attributed to
Brown, indicating Brown was scared but brave. However, The Moon had not
interviewed Brown. The reporter included material attributed to Brown to make
the story more dramatic. Brown sued The Moon for (a) appropriation and (b)
false light. Is Brown likely to win? Why or why not?
Ans: Brown will not win his suit for appropriation. Appropriation is the use of a
person’s name, picture, likeness, or (maybe) voice for commercial or trade
purposes without permission. However, when any of these are used in the
nonadvertising part of a mass medium, courts generally will not find
appropriation. Here, even though the story may not have been entirely accurate,
it ran in the “news” columns, and therefore likely will not be found to be
appropriation. Brown may win a false light suit. In addition to publication (in the
newspaper) and identification (Brown’s name was used), a false light plaintiff
must show that the material is highly offensive to a reasonable person. (Argue
whether it would or would not be.) Also, most courts require false light plaintiffs to
prove actual malice (knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard of truth or falsity).
Here, like the Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co. case in the Supreme Court,
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
fabricated quotations and thoughts attributed to a person not interviewed by the
paper would be proof that the paper lied—it knew that the quotes and thoughts
were made up. Therefore, Brown could prove actual malice. No defense would
be applicable in this case.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Private Facts
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Explain the artistic relevance test and how it is applied when First Amendment
protection competes against a right of publicity.
Ans: This test asks whether using a celebrity’s name or picture is relevant to a
work’s artistic purpose. If it is, the First Amendment, which applies to artistic as
well as journalistic works, may allow using the celebrity’s name without
permission. However, consent is needed if the name or a celebrity’s likeness is
used primarily to give the work commercial appeal.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Appropriation
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Explain the transformative use test and how it is applied when First
Amendment protection competes against a right of publicity.
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Ans: Some courts have used a transformative use test to decide whether a
challenged work has First Amendment protection against a right of publicity suit.
These courts ask whether the new work only copies the original – an artist makes
an exact drawing of a celebrity and sells copies of that picture—or instead
transforms the original by adding new creative elements. If an artist drawing a
caricature exaggerates a person’s facial or body features, perhaps for comic
effect, the caricature transforms the original—that is, changes the person’s actual
physical features. The First Amendment protects caricatures that have enough
originality. The Court proposed the transformative use test to distinguish
protected artistic expression about celebrities from expression that encroaches
on a personality’s right of publicity. The First Amendment protects a work that
adds enough new elements to the original to transform it. Changing the original
by giving it a new meaning or a different message justifies First Amendment
protection. Transformative works may be satires, news reports, or works of fiction
or social criticism, the Court said.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Appropriation
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Courts have used the transformative use test, the artistic relevance test, and
the predominant use test to resolve right of publicity cases in which the First
Amendment comes into play. Define the predominant use test.
Ans: The predominant use test determines whether the defendant used the
plaintiff’s name or picture more for commercial purposes or for protected
expression.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Appropriation
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. What is the Video Protection Act and how might the decision in the Spokeo
case apply to the Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA)?
Ans: Congress enacted the VPPA after Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork’s
video rental records were disclosed to the media during his confirmation hearing
in 1987. The law prevents video service providers from knowingly disclosing a
consumer’s personally identifiable information to a third party (with a few
exceptions). While at the time of its enactment the VPPA was meant to only
apply to physical video rentals, a federal court in California applied the law to
streaming websites and mobile applications because they were sharing
personally identifiable information to third-party advertisers and data brokers. The
distinction between a subscriber and a consumer of free content, whether from
an online video streaming website or other content from a free mobile
application, is at the core of whether courts believe the data privacy protections
from the VPPA should be extended. If privacy protections are extended, then
Spokeo holds that a plaintiff must demonstrate concrete harm if he or she wants
to recover damages under the VPPA, assuming his or her privacy was violated
under the provisions of the VPPA.
Instructor Resource
Trager, The Law of Journalism and Mass Communication 6e
CQ Press, 2018
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Privacy and Data Protection
Difficulty Level: Hard
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*****
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*****
4 asunto-osaketta
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