General Knowledge

Instructor: Aijaz Ahmed

 CALENDER?
• a chart or series of pages showing the days, weeks, and months of a
particular year, or giving particular seasonal information.
• A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving
names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years.
• showing the arrangement of the days, weeks, and months of the year
CALENDER?
• There are two major types of calendar: 1. Solar, 2. Lunar
• These are principal calendars in current use; Gregorian, Hebrew,
Islamic, Indian, and Chinese.
• 1. Gregorian
• 2. Islamic
1. Gregorian
• The Gregorian calendar/Calendars in history is the calendar used
throughout the Christian world. It is also adopted as the calendar for
commercial and administrative purposes in many other parts of the
world where it runs alongside other calendars used for religious
purposes. It is a solar calendar.
• In the Gregorian calendar, years are counted from the birth of Christ
which was determined to be in 1 AD (Anno Domini; in the year of our
Lord) by the 6th-century scholar Dionysius Exiguus
Islamic Calendar
• The first day of Year One of the Islamic calendar was set as the first
day of the Hijrah, the Prophet's migration from Makkah to Madinah
on July 26, 622 C.E.
• The western convention in designating Islamic dates is thus by the
abbreviation AH, which stands for the Latin Anno Hegirae, or 'Year of
the Hijrah'.
Islamic Months
1: Muharram
2: Safar
3: Rabiul-Awwal
4: Rabi-uthani
5: Jumadi-ul-Awwal
6: Jumadi-uthani
7: Rajab
8: Sha’ban
9: Ramadan
10:Shawwal
11:Zhul-Q’ada
12:Zhul-Hijja
CALENDER?
• The Gregorian calendar is the global standard for the measurement of
dates. Despite originating in the Western Christian tradition, its use
has spread throughout the world and now transcends religious,
cultural and linguistic boundaries.
• As most people are aware, the Gregorian calendar is based on the
supposed birth date of Jesus Christ. Subsequent years count up from
this event and are accompanied by either AD or CE, while preceding
years count down from it and are accompanied by either BC or BCE.
BC and AD, BCE and CE: What’s the Difference?
• BC and AD
The idea to count years from the birth of Jesus Christ was first proposed in
the year 525 by Dionysius Exiguus, a Christian monk. Standardized under the
Julian and Gregorian calendars, the system spread throughout Europe and the
Christian world during the centuries that followed. AD stands for Anno
Domini, Latin for “in the year of the Lord”, while BC stands for “before Christ”.
• BCE and CE
CE stands for “common (or current) era”, while BCE stands for “before the
common (or current) era”. These abbreviations have a shorter history than BC
and AD, although they still date from at least the early 1700s. They have been
in frequent use by Jewish academics for more than 100 years, but became
more widespread in the later part of the 20th century, replacing BC/AD in a
number of fields, notably science and academia.
 Hunter-Gatherer Culture
Hunter-gatherer culture was the way of life for early humans until
around 11,000 to 12,000 years ago. The lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was
based on hunting animals and foraging for food.
The Hadza people of Tanzania rely on hunting wild game for meat, a task that requires
great skill in tracking, teamwork, and accuracy with a bow and arrow.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_Q5LnNlwZs
 Before the emergence
of hunter-gatherer cultures?
• Before the emergence of hunter-gatherer cultures, earlier groups
relied on the practice of scavenging animal remains
that predators left behind.
Theory of Evolution
The 19th-century English Scientist Charles
Darwin argued that organisms come about by
evolution.
 Civilization
• the stage of human social and cultural development and organization
that is considered most advanced.
• the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of
social and cultural development and organization.
• the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area.
The Oldest Civilizations of the World
• Mesopotamia civilization
• Egyptian Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization
• Chinese Civilization
One of the Oldest Civilizations in the
World – Indus Valley Civilization
• 3300 BCE- 1300 BCE
• Harappa Civilization was also known as Indus Valley Civilization
• The two most prominent sites were Harappa and Mohenjodaro, both
of which are currently located in present-day Pakistan.
MOEN-J0-DAR0
• Meaning; mound of dead men
• On the right bank of the Indus River in district Larkana
• First discovered in 1922 by Sir John Hubert Marshal
• UNESCO world heritage site; 1980
• Population; 4000
• Agriculture, Cattles, Trade
• Granary, Houses, Streets, Stone sculpture, toys, writing, pottery
• Famous; young dancing girl, sculpture of bull & buffaloes, jewelries,
Gold, Balance scales, priest king, Weapons.
Harappa
• Discovered 1921
• Near Sahiwal, Punjab
• Ravi River
• Similar to Moen-jo-Daro
• Houses, Bangles, Necklaces, Granary buildings, Toys, Pottery,
Weapons, Agriculture, Cattles, Trade
• UNESCO World Heritage Centre; 2004