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Chapter 08 E Commerce

TRUEFALSE

1. E-business is part of e-commerce.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

2. E-business includes transactions that generate demand for goods and services.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

3. Outbound logistics, a primary activity in Michael Porter's value chain, includes tasks associated
with receiving, storing, and converting raw materials to finished goods.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

4. Companies that provide click-and-brick e-commerce struggle to incorporate online interaction.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

5. E-commerce provides product acknowledgements through phone calls and faxes.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

6. Government and nonbusiness organizations are refrained from using e-commerce applications.

(A) True
(B) False

Answer : (B)

7. Universities are an example of nonbusiness organizations that use e-commerce applications.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

8. The fulfillment function of the business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce cycle is responsible for
delivering products or services to customers.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

9. Service and support are more important in traditional commerce than in e-commerce.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

10. The third-party exchange market-place model is controlled by sellers and buyers.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

11. The buyer-side marketplace offers suppliers a direct channel of communication to buyers
through online storefronts.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

12. Short-range wireless communication technologies and 3G and 4G networks support mobile
commerce (m-commerce) applications.
(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

13. One method of conducting voice-based e-commerce is using e-wallets.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (A)

14. An e-wallet is about the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip for
storing important financial and personal information.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

15. The use of e-wallets is restricted to non-portable devices.

(A) True

(B) False

Answer : (B)

MULTICHOICE

16. _____ includes transactions that support revenue generation by generating demand for goods
and services, offering sales support and customer service, facilitating communication between
business partners, and similar activities.

(A) E-commerce

(B) E-business

(C) E-procurement

(D) E-collaboration

Answer : (B)

17. Which of the following is a supporting activity in a value chain?

(A) Operations

(B) Logistics

(C) Technological development

(D) Marketing and sales

Answer : (C)

18. Which of the following primary activities in a value chain involves moving and storing products,
from the end of the production line to end users or distribution centers?

(A) Marketing and sales

(B) Outbound logistics

(C) Operations

(D) Service

Answer : (B)

19. In a value chain, service involves _____.

(A) tasks associated with receiving, storing, and disseminating incoming goods

(B) processing raw materials into finished goods

(C) identifying customer needs and generating sales

(D) activities to support customers after the sale of products

Answer : (D)

20. Which of the following primary activities in a value chain involves processing raw materials into
finished goods and services?

(A) Operations

(B) Service

(C) Procurement

(D) Logistics

Answer : (A)

21. E-commerce fulfills the product information activity using _____.

(A) Web sites

(B) phone calls

(C) flyers

(D) faxes

Answer : (A)

22. The _____ represents the value added by supporting primary activities of a value chain.

(A) invoice

(B) brokerage

(C) margin

(D) profit

Answer : (C)

23. Identify a similarity between e-commerce and traditional commerce.

(A) The mode of service to consumers is the same.

(B) The presence of a physical store is necessary in both the cases.

(C) The manner in which products are sold is the same.

(D) The goal of selling products to generate profit is the same.

Answer : (D)

24. Which of the following is an advantage of e-commerce?

(A) Improving customer service

(B) Universal acceptance of technology

(C) Guaranteed privacy and security

(D) High accessibility

Answer : (A)

25. _____, in e-commerce, means all market participants can trade at the same price.

(A) Price discrimination

(B) Price transparency

(C) Price bundling

(D) Price skimming

Answer : (B)

26. The _____ transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of the
Internet.

(A) merchant model

(B) brokerage model

(C) advertising model

(D) infomediary model

Answer : (A)

27. In the _____, an organization uses e-commerce sites to sell digital products and services.

(A) brokerage model

(B) infomediary model

(C) mixed model

(D) subscription model

Answer : (D)

28. Identify the e-commerce business model that brings sellers and buyers together on the Web and
collects commissions on transactions between these parties.

(A) Merchant model

(B) Brokerage model

(C) Advertising model

(D) Infomediary model

Answer : (B)

29. ​E-commerce sites that use the _____ collect data on consumers and businesses and then sell this
data to other companies for marketing purposes.

(A) ​brokerage model

(B) ​merchant model

(C) ​infomediary model

(D) ​subscription model

Answer : (C)

30. Companies exclusively using business-to-consumer (B2C) applications _____.

(A) sell directly to consumers

(B) rely on physical storefronts for customer interactions

(C) approach customers through third-party agents

(D) involve selling products and services to private employees

Answer : (A)

31. BuyStore Inc., an online retail store, sells all its products exclusively through its Web site,
buystore.com, and is also available as an application on mobiles. BuyStore is an example of a _____.

(A) brick-and-mortar advertisement

(B) pure-play company

(C) third-party broker

(D) physical storefront

Answer : (B)

32. Companies using _____ e-commerce applications for purchase orders, invoices, and other
operations report millions of dollars in savings by increasing transaction speed, reducing errors, and
eliminating manual tasks.

(A) consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

(B) consumer-to-business (C2B)

(C) business-to-business (B2B)

(D) business-to-consumer (B2C)

Answer : (C)

33. Online auction sites that involve business transactions between users of products and services
are categorized as _____ e-commerce.

(A) consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

(B) consumer-to-business (C2B)

(C) business-to-business (B2B)

(D) business-to-consumer (B2C)

Answer : (A)

34. Crisis response is categorized as a _____ application.

(A) government-to-citizen (G2C)

(B) government-to-business (G2B)

(C) government-to-government (G2G)

(D) government-to-employee (G2E)

Answer : (C)

35. E-training for government officials is categorized as a _____ application.

(A) government-to-citizen (G2C)

(B) government-to-business (G2B)

(C) government-to-government (G2G)

(D) government-to-employee (G2E)

Answer : (D)

36. E-commerce activities that take place within an organization's network are part of the _____ e-
commerce model.

(A) antibusiness

(B) agribusiness

(C) nonbusiness

(D) intrabusiness

Answer : (D)

37. _____ is the first activity to be involved in a typical business-to-consumer (B2C) cycle.

(A) Fulfillment

(B) Information sharing

(C) Ordering
(D) Payment

Answer : (B)

38. Service and support are even more important in e-commerce than in traditional commerce
because e-commerce companies _____.

(A) do not have a physical location to help maintain current customers

(B) focus only on attracting new customers

(C) discontinue business with unhappy customers

(D) rarely cut out the middleman in the link between suppliers and consumers

Answer : (A)

39. Identify an application of the seller-side marketplace model that has the main objective of
preventing purchases from suppliers that are not on the approved list of sellers.

(A) Page title

(B) E-procurement

(C) Third-party exchange

(D) Trading partner agreement

Answer : (B)

40. Identify a marketplace model that generates revenue from the fees charged for matching buyers
and sellers.

(A) Seller-side marketplace

(B) Buyer-side marketplace

(C) Third-party exchange marketplace

(D) Trader-side marketplace

Answer : (C)

41. A(n) _____ market concentrates on a specific function or business process and automates this
function or process for different industries.

(A) vertical

(B) horizontal
(C) symmetrical

(D) asymmetrical

Answer : (B)

42. A(n) _____ enables a customer to bid on specific products or make a request for quotation (RFQ)
at a common place for selling products initiated by a group of consumers.

(A) invoice generation marketplace

(B) buyer-side marketplace

(C) third-party exchange marketplace

(D) business communication marketplace

Answer : (B)

43. By participating in _____, sellers can automate the fulfillment function of business-to-business
(B2B) e-commerce.

(A) third-party marketplaces

(B) seller-side marketplaces

(C) buyer-side marketplaces

(D) trading partner marketplaces

Answer : (C)

44. Large corporations (such as General Electric or Boeing) as well as consortiums of large
companies use the _____ model.

(A) e-procurement

(B) buyer-side marketplace

(C) third-party exchange

(D) infomediary

Answer : (B)

45. In the context of trading partner agreements, identify an advantage of electronic business
Extensible Markup Language (ebXML) over Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

(A) ebXML supports intrinsic data type.

(B) ebXML enables customers to submit hard copies of agreements to avoid fraudulence.

(C) ebXML allows you to select only the data requested in a search.

(D) ebXML contracts can be communicated manually.

Answer : (C)

46. In a third-party exchange marketplace, the sale of medical products is an example of a(n) _____.

(A) horizontal market

(B) vertical market

(C) symmetrical market

(D) asymmetrical market

Answer : (B)

47. A rising healthcare center approaches a media buyer to promote the center. This process is
called media buying. Identify the type of market the center belongs to from the following.

(A) Vertical market

(B) Horizontal market

(C) Symmetric market

(D) Asymmetric market

Answer : (B)

48. Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is based on the _____.

(A) Token Ring Protocol

(B) Ethernet Protocol

(C) Wireless Application Protocol

(D) Wi-Fi Protected Protocol

Answer : (C)

49. Which of the following is true of mobile commerce (m-commerce) applications?

(A) They are supported by short-range wireless communication technologies.

(B) They predominantly rely on voice recognition and text-to-speech technologies.

(C) They are incompatible with 3G and 4G networks.

(D) They are based on wired protocols.

Answer : (A)

50. A(n) _____ refers to exchange of money or scrip electronically.

(A) electronic payment

(B) virtual payment

(C) invoice exchange

(D) demand draft exchange

Answer : (A)

51. _____ offers a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping that stores personal and
financial information, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs.

(A) E-cash

(B) E-wallet

(C) E-check

(D) E-paper

Answer : (B)

52. _____ is a popular online payment system used on many online auction sites.

(A) Bitcoin

(B) E-wallet

(C) PayPal

(D) Smart card

Answer : (C)

53. _____ is a method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click.

(A) Smart payment

(B) Micropayment

(C) E-payment
(D) Virtual payment

Answer : (B)

54. A _____ is about the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip storing
important financial and personal information.

(A) smart card

(B) memory card

(C) zone card

(D) penalty card

Answer : (A)

55. Jack is a gamer, and every time he plays at a gaming center, he pays using a card that he
recharges electronically every half a year. This type of electronic payment is done using which of the
following?

(A) e-cash

(B) e-wallet

(C) e-check

(D) e-paper

Answer : (A)

56. In the context of e-commerce supporting technologies, which of the following terms describes
one user viewing one ad?

(A) Ad blocker

(B) Ad exchange

(C) Ad impression

(D) Ad connect

Answer : (C)

57. Which of the following terms is computed by dividing the number of clicks an ad gets by the
total impressions bought?

(A) Cost per click (CPC)

(B) Cost per thousand (CPM)

(C) Click-through rate (CTR)

(D) Cost per impression rate (CPI)

Answer : (C)

58. In the context of Web marketing, _____ are display ads that appear on top of a browser window,
blocking the user's view.

(A) pop-under ads

(B) pop-up ads

(C) dialog box ads

(D) banner box ads

Answer : (B)

59. A(n) _____ is an artificial intelligence application that can be used for Web marketing.​

(A) ​intelligent agent

(B) ​intelligent updater

(C) ​intelligent antenna

(D) ​intelligent dealer

Answer : (A)

60. In Web marketing, identify the technology in which information is sent to users based on their
previous inquiries, interests, or specifications.

(A) Pull technology

(B) Push technology

(C) Stack technology

(D) Queue technology

Answer : (B)

61. Any element of a Web page that is clicked counts as a _____ to a server.

(A) pop

(B) splash

(C) hit
(D) loop

Answer : (C)

62. Identify a true statement about cookies.

(A) A cookie is a Web information that users save on the hard drive for later use.

(B) A cookie is the information a Web site stores on a user's hard drive so it can be used for a later
visit.

(C) A cookie is a list of sites visited by a user in a day or last few days.

(D) A cookie is a list of sites that users bookmark on a browser for reference.

Answer : (B)

63. A Web page displayed when a user first visits a site is called a(n) _____.

(A) ad impression

(B) cookie

(C) splash screen

(D) page view

Answer : (C)

64. Identify a true statement about in-game mobile marketing.

(A) This strategy forces a gamer to share his/her location and display business ads relative to the
location.

(B) This strategy forces a gamer to click on search engine ads in order to go to the next level of the
game.

(C) This strategy uses mobile games where the characters in the game promote products for
companies.

(D) This strategy uses mobile ads that appear within popular mobile games and can take several
forms that appear between loading screens.

Answer : (D)

65. _____ is a method for improving the volume or quality of traffic to a Web site.

(A) Value chain analysis

(B) Search engine optimization

(C) E-procurement

(D) Social engineering

Answer : (B)

SHORTANSWER

66. _________ encompasses all the activities a company performs in selling and buying products and
services, using computers and communication technologies. A. Trading partner agreement
B. Marketing and sales
C. E-business
D. Web marketing
​
Answer : E-business

67. E-commerce is buying and selling goods and services over the _________. A. Internet
B. intranet
C. subnet
D. telnet
​
Answer : Internet

68. The _________ concept introduced by Michael Porter consists of a series of activities designed to
meet business needs by adding value (or cost) in each phase of the e-commerce process. A. social
engineering
B. search engine optimization
C. packet switching
D. value chain
​
Answer : value chain

69. _________ e-commerce is a mix of traditional commerce and e-commerce. A. Brick-and-mortar

B. Click-and-brick
C. Business-to-business
D. Consumer-to-consumer
​
Answer : Click-and-brick

70. The _________ of e-commerce is an extension of traditional marketing media, such as radio and
television. A. merchant model
B. brokerage model
C. advertising model
D. infomediary model
​
Answer : advertising model

71. The _________ is a widely used business model in e-commerce that refers to generating revenue
from more than one source. A. merchant model
B. brokerage model
C. mixed model
D. infomediary model
​
​
Answer : mixed model

72. Electronic data interchange (EDI) and electronic funds transfer (EFT) are forms of _________ e-
commerce that have been around for many years. A. consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
B. consumer-to-business (C2B)
C. business-to-business (B2B)
D. business-to-consumer (B2C)
​
Answer : business-to-business (B2B)

73. Tax filing and payments; completing, submitting, and downloading forms; requests for records;
and online voter registration are all categorized as _________ e-government applications. A.
government-to-citizen (G2C)
B. government-to-business (G2B)
C. government-to-government (G2G)
D. government-to-employee (G2E)
​
Answer : government-to-citizen (G2C)

74. A(n) _________ is the electronic version of a paper check that offers security, speed, and
convenience for online transactions. A. e-cash
B. e-wallet
C. e-check
D. e-paper
​
​
Answer : e-check

75. A popular application of the _________, which is a major business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce
model, is e-procurement. A. seller-side marketplace model
B. buyer-side marketplace model
C. third-party exchange market-place model
D. trader-side marketplace model
​
Answer : seller-side marketplace model

76. In a third-party exchange marketplace model, a(n) _________ concentrates on a specific industry
or market. A. vertical market
B. horizontal market
C. symmetrical market
D. asymmetrical market
​
Answer : vertical market

77. _________ relies on text-to-speech technologies. A. Video-based e-commerce

B. Voice-based e-commerce
C. Online-based e-commerce
D. Mobile-based e-commerce
​
​
Answer : Voice-based e-commerce

78. _________ support m-commerce applications. A. Personal area networks (PANs)

B. Wireless wide area networks (WWANs)
C. Home area networks (HANs)
D. Virtual private networks (VANs)
​
Answer : Wireless wide area networks (WWANs)

79. The _________ is an HTML tag that provides information on the keywords that represent the
contents of a Web page. A. head tag
B. body tag
C. meta tag
D. object tag
​
Answer : meta tag

80. When a person enters a URL in the address bar of a browser, it displays a page that asks the
user to install a plug-in in order to view the Web site. This type of a display when a user enters a
Web site is termed _________. A. pop-up ad
B. meta tag
C. splash screen
D. ad impression
​
Answer : splash screen

ESSAY

81. How does e-commerce relate to the value chain concept?

Graders Info :

The Internet can increase the speed and accuracy of communication between suppliers, distributors,
and customers. Moreover, the Internet's low cost means companies of any size can take advantage
of value chain integration, which is the process of multiple companies in a shared market working
together to plan and manage the flow of goods, services, and information from manufacturers to
consumers. This process optimizes the value chain's efficiency, thus creating a competitive
advantage for all companies involved.

82. Provide examples of how e-commerce can enhance a value chain.

Graders Info :
E-commerce can enhance a value chain by offering new ways to reduce costs or improve operations,
including the following:
a. Using e-mail rather than regular mail to notify customers of upcoming sales can reduce costs.
b. Selling to customers via the company Web site can generate new sources of revenue, particularly
from customers who live far away from the company's headquarters or physical store.
c. Offering online customer service can make products or services more appealing to customers.

83. Explain the concept of click-and-brick e-commerce with an example.

Graders Info :

Many companies now operate as a mix of traditional commerce and e-commerce and have some kind
of e-commerce presence. These companies, referred to as click-and-brick e-commerce, capitalize on
the advantages of online interaction with their customers yet retain the benefits of having a physical
store location. For example, customers can buy items from the company's Web site but take them to
the physical store if they need to return items.

84. List four disadvantages of e-commerce.

Graders Info :

E-commerce has the following disadvantages, although many of these should be eliminated or
reduced in the near future:
a. Bandwidth capacity problems (in certain parts of the world)
b. Security and privacy issues
c. Accessibility (not everybody is connected to the Web yet)
d. Acceptance (not everybody accepts this technology)

85. Describe the merchant model of e-commerce.

Graders Info :

The merchant model transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of
the Internet. In the most common type of merchant model, an e-commerce company uses Internet
technologies and Web services to sell goods and services over the Web. Companies following this
model offer good customer service and lower prices to establish a presence on the Web. Amazon
uses this model, but traditional businesses, such as Dell, Cisco, and Hewlett-Packard, have adopted
this model to eliminate the middleman and reach new customers.

86. How do companies use business-to-business (B2B) applications?

Graders Info :

Companies use business-to-business (B2B) applications for purchase orders, invoices, inventory
status, shipping logistics, business contracts, and other operations. These companies report millions
of dollars in savings by increasing transaction speed, reducing errors, and eliminating manual tasks.

87. Provide examples of organizational e-commerce activities that take place inside an organization.

Graders Info :

Organizational e-commerce activities can include exchange of goods, services, or information among
employees. Other examples include conducting training programs and offering human resource
services. Some of these activities, although not specifically selling and buying, are considered
supporting activities in Porter's value chain. For example, a human resources department supports
the personnel involved in producing and distributing a company's products.

88. How does business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce lower production costs and improve accuracy?

Graders Info :

Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce lowers production costs and improves accuracy by

eliminating many labor-intensive tasks, such as creating invoices and tracking payments manually.

89. What are the main objectives of trading partner agreements?

Graders Info :

The main objectives of trading partner agreements are to automate negotiating processes and
enforce contracts between participating businesses. Using this model, business partners can send
and receive bids, contracts, and other information needed when offering and purchasing products
and services.

90. Describe micropayments.

Graders Info :

Micropayments are transactions on the Web involving very small amounts of money. They began as a
method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click, which is typically one-tenth of a
cent. Such fractional amounts are difficult to handle with traditional currency methods, and
electronic micropayments reduce the cost of handling them for financial institutions. Payment
amounts are accumulated for customers until they are large enough to offset the transaction fee,
and then the account deduction or charge is submitted to the bank.

91. What is cost per thousand (CPM) in terms of Web marketing?

Graders Info :
Most Web and e-mail advertising is priced based on the cost per thousand ad impressions (CPM,
where M stands for mille, which means thousand). For example, a $125 CPM means it costs $125 for
1000 ad impressions.

92. In the context of Web marketing, describe spot leasing.

Graders Info :

Search engines and directories offer space that companies can purchase for advertising purposes.
Spots have an advantage over banner ads because their placement is permanent; banner ad
placement can change from visit to visit. However, spots can be more expensive than banner ads,
especially on high-traffic sites, such as Yahoo!.

93. Describe the term hit in the context of Web marketing.

Graders Info :

Any element of a Web page (including text, graphics, and interactive items) that is clicked counts as
a hit to a server. Hits are not the preferred unit of measurement for site traffic because the number
of hits per page can vary widely, depending on the number of graphics, type of browser used, and
page size.

94. Why must organizations look at search engine optimization (SEO) as a method to be included in
their Web marketing campaigns?

Graders Info :

A comprehensive Web marketing campaign should use a variety of methods, and SEO is a method
that can help improve business. Some companies offer SEO services. Unlike Web marketing methods
that involve paying for listings on search engines, SEO aims at increasing a Web site's performance
on search engines in a natural (and free) fashion.

95. Discuss five common ways to optimize a Web site's traffic.

Graders Info :

The following are five common ways to optimize a Web site's traffic:
a. Keywords: Decide on a few keywords that best describe the Web site and use them consistently
throughout the site's contents.
b. Page title: Make sure the page title reflects the site and its contents accurately.
c. Inbound links: Get people to comment on the Web site, using one of the top keywords.
d. Content: Update the Web content regularly.
e. Links to others: Develop relationships with other Web sites.

96. Describe business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. Provide examples of companies that are
involved in this type of e-commerce and explain the difference between pure-play companies and
brick-and-mortar companies with an online sales presence.

Graders Info :

Business-to-consumer (B2C) companies-such as Amazon, Barnesandnoble.com, and Onsale.com-sell

directly to consumers. Amazon and its business partners sell a wide array of products and services,
including books, DVDs, prescription drugs, clothing, and household products. Amazon is an example
of a pure-play company, which means that it relies exclusively on the Web to distribute its products.
In recent years, companies that used to have only physical stores-called brick-and-mortar
companies-have entered the virtual marketplace by establishing comprehensive Web sites and
virtual storefronts. Walmart, the Gap, and Staples are examples of this. These companies
supplement traditional commerce with e-commerce. Some experts believe that these companies
could be more successful than pure-play companies because of the advantages a physical space can
offer, such as customers being able to visit a store to see merchandise and make returns.

97. Describe the information sharing and ordering activities involved in conducting business-t-
-consumer (B2C) e-commerce.

Graders Info :

A business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce company can use a variety of methods to share

information with its customers. Web sites, online catalogs, e-mail, online advertisements, video
conferencing, message boards, and newsgroups are some of the methods that can be used.
Customers can use electronic forms or e-mail to order products from a B2C site.

98. What are the advantages of business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce?

Graders Info :

Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce lowers production costs and improves accuracy by

eliminating many labor-intensive tasks, such as creating invoices and tracking payments manually.
In addition, the information flow with business partners is improved by creating a direct online
connection in the supply chain network, which reduces delivery time. In other words, raw materials
are received faster, and information related to customers' demands is transferred faster. Improved
electronic communication between business partners improves overall communication, which results
in better inventory management and control.

99. What can sellers do by participating in buyer-side marketplaces?

Graders Info :

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b. Automate the order management process.
c. Conduct post-sales analysis.
d. Automate the fulfillment function.
e. Improve understanding of buying behaviors.
f. Provide an alternative sales channel.
g. Reduce order placement and delivery time.

100. Describe the m-commerce applications that are currently available.

Graders Info :

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phones. For example, Google offers mobile Internet users features, such as search, news, map, and
Gmail (www.google.com/mobile/). MSN Mobile (http:// mobile.msn.com) provides a special browser
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sharing games and pictures, are also popular.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 [147] Alexander Ivánovich Meshchérski was the president of
the St. Petersburg magistracy, and later served in the Chief
Customs Chancery. Both he and his friend Perfílev, mentioned at
the end of the monody, led a life of luxury.
[148] See Catherine II.’s Prince Khlor, p. 280.
[149] Catherine had some villages in the Government of
Orenbúrg, near the settlements of the Kirgíz-Kaysák horde,—
hence the name given her by Derzhávin.
[150] Tartar chiefs, but courtiers are meant here.
[151] Through the promulgation of her laws.
[152] Derzhávin was much addicted to gambling in his early life,
and had even tried to mend his fortune by cheating.
[153] Catherine was not successful as a versifier.
[154] She loved neither Masons nor Martinists, who were a kind
of precursors of the modern spiritualists.
[155] Name of a Masonic lodge.
[156] The reference is to Potémkin, his dreams of conquering
India and Persia, his foppery, his sumptuous feasts.
[157] Characterisation of A. G. Orlóv.
[158] P. I. Pánin.
[159] Allusion to S. K. Narýshkin, who had introduced wind
instruments, where each player played but one note.
[160] A game which consists of throwing a large nail into a ring.
[161] Famous popular novels much in vogue in all Europe; the
latter is the English Bevys of Hamptoun; the allusion is here to the
rude manners of Prince Vyázemski.
[162] Lentyág and Bryúzga of Catherine’s Prince Khlor, by
whom she meant Potémkin and Vyázemski.
[163] In 1767 the Senate and deputies, who had been invited to
present a project for a new code of laws, proposed a title for the
Empress “Great, Most Wise, and Mother of the Country,” but she
declined it.
[164] This and the following lines refer to the reign of Empress
Anna, when the least inattention to the minutest details of Imperial
prerogatives brought about the severest persecution: it was
sufficient not to empty a beaker which was drunk to her health, or
to scratch out or correct her name in a document, or to drop a
coin with her picture upon it, in order to be immediately
denounced to the secret police. Then follows the reference to the
ice palace in which the marriage of the Court fool, Prince
Golítsyn, was celebrated; the other Court fools of the day were
the Princes Volkónski and Apráksin.
Yúri Aleksándrovich Neledínski-Melétski. (1752-
1829.)
After finishing his education in the University of Strassburg,
Neledínski occupied various posts in the army and with
legations. In 1800 he was made a Senator. He distinguished
himself in literature by his simple, deep-felt songs, two of
which, given below, have become enormously popular. His
other poems and translations from French authors are now
forgotten.
Sir John Bowring has translated his “Under the oak-tree,
near the rill,” “To the streamlet I’ll repair,” and “He whom
misery, dark and dreary”; the latter is the same as Lewis’s “He
whose soul from sorrow dreary.”

SONG

To the streamlet I’ll repair,

Look upon its flight and say:
“Bear, O fleeting streamlet, bear
All my griefs with thine away!”

Ah, I breathe the wish in vain!

In this silent solitude
Counted is each throb of pain:—
Rest is melancholy’s food.

Waves with waves unceasing blend,

Hurrying to their destiny:
E’en so thoughts with thoughts, and tend
All alike to misery.
And what grief so dark, so deep
As the grief interred within,
By the friend, for whom I weep,
All unnoticed, all unseen?

Yet, could I subdue my pain,

Soothe affection’s rankling smart,
Ne’er would I resume again
The lost empire of my heart.

Thou, my love, art sovereign there!

There thou hast a living shrine:
Let my portion be despair,
If the light of bliss be thine.

Loved by thee, oh, might I live,

’Neath the darkest, stormiest sky:
’Twere a blest alternative!
Grief is joy, if thou be nigh.

Every wish and every pray’r

Is a tribute paid to thee:
Every heart-beat—there, oh there,
Thou hast mightiest sovereignty.

To thee, nameless one! to thee

Still my thoughts, my passions turn;
’Tis through thee alone I see,
Think, and feel, and breathe, and burn.

If the woe in which I live

Ever reach thy generous ear,
Pity not, but oh, forgive
Thy devoted worshipper!
 In some hour of careless bliss
Deign my bosom’s fire to prove;
Prove it with an icy kiss,—
Thou shalt know how much I love!

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part I.

STANZAS

He whose soul from sorrow dreary,

Weak and wretched, naught can save,
Who in sadness, sick and weary,
Hopes no refuge but the grave;
On his visage Pleasure beaming
Ne’er shall shed her placid ray,
Till kind fate, from woe redeeming,
Leads him to his latest day.

Thou this life preservest ever,

My distress and my delight!
And, though soul and body sever,
Still I’ll live a spirit bright;
In my breast the heart that’s kindled
Death’s dread strength can ne’er destroy,
Sure the soul with thine that’s mingled
Must immortal life enjoy.

That inspired by breath from heaven

Need not shrink a mortal doom,
To thee shall my vows be given
In this world and that to come.
My fond shade shall constant trace thee,
And attend in friendly guise,
Still surround thee, still embrace thee,
Catch thy thoughts, thy looks, thy sighs.
 To divine its secret pondering,
Close to clasp thy soul ’t will brave,
And if chance shall find thee wandering
Heedless near my silent grave,
E’en my ashes then shall tremble,
Thy approach relume their fire,
And that stone in dust shall crumble,
Covering what can ne’er expire!

—From W. D. Lewis’s The Bakchesarian Fountain.

FOOTNOTES:

[165] The last verses Derzhávin wrote.

 Mikhaíl Nikítich Muravév. (1757-1807.)
Muravév was an alumnus of the Moscow University, and
early distinguished himself for his intimate knowledge of the
ancient and many modern languages. In 1785 he became the
instructor of Alexander and Constantine, and when the first
ascended the throne, Muravév was made Senator, and later
Curator of the Moscow University. He not only did much for
the cause of education in Russia, but himself educated a new
generation of writers, among them Bátyushkov; through his
efforts Karamzín was made historiographer, and the Archives
were opened to him. In his prose and poetry, Muravév was
himself a follower of the pseudo-classic school, with an
addition of sentimentalism, through Karamzín’s influence. In
his classicism, however, he differs from all his contemporaries
in that he drew directly from the ancient sources, with which
he was intimately acquainted.
Sir John Bowring translated Muravév’s To the Goddess of
the Neva, Boleslav, and “She bent her head, and her tears
that fell.”

TO THE GODDESS OF THE NEVÁ

Glide, majestic Neva! Glide thee,

Decked with bright and peaceful smiles;
Palaces are raised beside thee,
’Midst the shadows of the isles.

Stormy Russian seas thou bindest

With the ocean—by the grave
Of our glorious Tsar thou windest,
Which thy graceful waters lave.
And the middle-ocean’s surges
All thy smiling naiads court;
While thy stream to Paros urges,
And to Lemnos’ classic port.

Hellas’ streams, their glory shaded,

See the brightest memories fade;
Glassy mirrors—how degraded!
Dimmed by Kislar Aga’s shade.

While thy happier face is bearing

Ever-smiling images,
On thy busy banks appearing
Crowds in gaiety and peace.

Thames’ and Tagus’ gathering prizes,

Spread their riches o’er thy breast,
While thy well-known banner rises,
Rises proudly o’er the rest.

In thy baths what beauties bathe them,

Goddesses of love and light;
There Erota loves to swathe them
In the brightest robes of night.

Cool thy smiling banks at even,

Cool thy grottoes and thy cells,
Where, by gentle breezes driven,
Oft the dancing billow swells.

Then thou gatherest vapours round thee,

Veil’st thee in thy twilight dress;
Love and mirth have now unbound thee—
Yield thee to thy waywardness.
 Thou dost bear the dying over,
Weary of this earthly dream;
And with awful mists dost cover
All the bosom of the stream.

With thy car thou troublest never

The calm silence of the deep;
Sirens dance around thee ever,
Laughing o’er thy quiet sleep.

Peaceful goddess! Oft the singer

Sees thee in his ecstasy,
On the rock he loves to linger,
Sleepless,—then he meets with thee.

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part II.
 Vasíli Vasílevich Kapníst. (1757-1824.)
Kapníst, the son of a brigadier, entered the army as a
corporal in 1771, and was made a commissioned officer in
1775, but he soon retired to his native village of Obúkhovka in
the Government of Kíev, which he later described in the
manner of Horace. He was elected a Representative of the
Nobility of his district, later (upon his return to St. Petersburg),
became a member of the Academy, and rose to many other
honours. He early distinguished himself by translations and
imitations of Horace, in which he devoted a closer attention to
perfect form than any of his contemporaries, so that, but for a
somewhat antiquated language, he is read with pleasure even
at the present time. His chief reputation with his
contemporaries was earned by the comedy The Pettifoggery,
which had a phenomenal success, and was only superseded
by Griboyédov’s Intelligence Comes to Grief and Gógol’s The
Revizór. Like all the great comedies of Russia, The
Pettifoggery deals with the negative sides of social life, and
lays bare the corruption of officialdom. The plot of the play is
as follows: Pettifog devises a plan by which he is to get hold
of the property of Squareman. The latter is named in his
certificate of birth Theodotos; his father left his estate to this
Theodotos, but he naming himself Deodatus (Bogdán),
Pettifog argues before the judges that Deodatus is another
unlawful holder of that estate, and that it ought to revert to
himself, as a distant relative of the deceased man. To make
his case sure he bribes the judges, Gurgle, Snare, Gladly and
Wordy, and the Procurator Grab and Secretary Talon, and
sues for the hand of Sophia, the daughter of the Presiding
Judge Casetwister. All, however, ends well, for Pettifog is
denounced to the Senate and put in gaol, and the judges are
turned over to the criminal court, while Squareman marries
Sophia, his old sweetheart. The verses at the end of Act III.,
Scene 6, “Take, you’ll learn the art with ease,” went like wild-
 fire through all Russia, and became the byword for the large
host of bribers.
Sir John Bowring has translated his On Julia’s Death, also
reprinted in F. R. Grahame’s The Progress of Science, Art
and Literature in Russia.

FROM “THE PETTIFOGGERY”

ACT III., SCENE 6. FÉKLA, SOPHIA, ANNA, CASETWISTER, PETTIFOG,

GURGLE, SNARE, GLADLY, WORDY, GRAB, TALON AND SLY (tipsy, playing
cards)

Talon. They have picked me clean.

Gurgle. Well! We are not picking your own feathers.
Pettifog. My dear friend, always grab the jack-pot!
Talon. A well-born man grabs all in splendid style.
Wordy (to Pettifog). Your intimate has been flaying us.
Pettifog. That’s proper. (To Sly.) You had better rise. (To
Casetwister.) Will you not let him mix a punch for us? He is a great
hand at it.
Casetwister. Very well.
Gurgle. That’s right, for the young beauty has been watering us as
from a trough....
Sly (walking up to Anna). There is some brandy in the basket.
Fékla. His goose is cooked.
Pettifog. That’s so.
Casetwister. Whose?
Pettifog. Mine.
Gurgle. That accursed Theodotos has done it all.
 Gladly (to Grab, who has been looking into his cards). Leave my
ca-ca-ca——
Grab (putting his hand on his mouth). Stop your cawing.
Wordy. Say, Sly, stop courting her.
Casetwister. Anna, why have you run away from us? You had
better serve us the new punch; we will be obliged to you.
Fékla (to Anna). Hurry up.
(Anna serves to the guests punch and wine, while Fékla gives her
privately some signs: the guests are getting drunk.)
Snare. Oh, oh, we are getting there!
Pettifog. Eh?
Wordy (pointing to Sly). Ask him.
Sly. Sir, the trouble is, it’s all gone.
Pettifog. Keep it up; here is the wherewithal (throws a purse to
him).
Gurgle. The trouble is all with Theodotos.
Pettifog. It is easy for you to have your fun with Theodotos; but it’s
I who am having the trouble with him.
Casetwister. What of it? If it is true that through conspiracy
Deodatus has gotten away with Theodotos’s property, there is a law
for such a case.
Talon. I have already given the order to find the laws that cover the
case.
Casetwister. I suppose there are some statutes?
Talon. Lots of them, sir.
Wordy. And also some decrees?
Talon. There are.
Gurgle. And, of course, there must be a special ukase.
 Talon. There are several.
Grab. But clearest of all it is in the Institutes; you will find it in the
chapter where ... about it——
Snare. Rather dark.
Wordy. It’s an ace and a jack.
Casetwister. And then we may apply the law of false pretences?
Talon. Of course, we may, sir! It fits the case.
Gurgle. And we bring the Reglement in accord with the
Institutes....
Talon. Then all will agree with the above-mentioned ukase.
Gurgle. That’s it. You see, you can easily pass sentence.
Casetwister. Theodotos is out of the question. Deodatus is
certainly a villain; so we will take Theodotos’s property and give it
where it belongs. That’s my opinion.
Gurgle. Mine too.
Snare. And mine.
Wordy. And mine.
Gladly. A-a-and mine.
Grab. I agree with that unanimous opinion.
Pettifog. Thank you all.
Casetwister. ’Tis not hard to pick the laws.
Anna (aside, as she picks up the cards on the ground). And I will
pick the cards.
Casetwister. Where is the punch?
Fékla. Anna! Be quick about it, and serve them often all around,
and ask their favour.
Gurgle. Oh, we will soon ask hers.
Casetwister. Let’s have a song.
 Wordy. Let’s throw away the cards: the queen has forsaken me.
Snare. You deal with a heavy hand.
Casetwister (to Grab). Dear Procurator! You have a good voice:
give us a song!
Grab. Most gladly, but I have no voice.
Casetwister. The best way you can.
Gurgle. We will sing the refrain.
Grab (sings).

Take, you’ll learn the art with ease!

Take whatever you can seize!
God for this your hands did make,
That you may take!

(All repeat: Take, take, take!)

(Sophia shuts her ears and goes away.)

ACT IV., SCENE 6. CASETWISTER, FÉKLA AND TALON

Casetwister (to Talon). But hear, my dear. The rumour must be

false that some meddler has denounced us to the Senate for taking
bribes and for deciding wrongly cases at law.
Talon. I declare! What bad luck is that?
Casetwister. I could not find out all. But you, my friend, tell me in
truth what case it was we decided so wrongly that we did not cover
our tracks? I can’t think of any.
Talon (scratching his spine). Even if I were to go to confession, I
could not think of any.
Fékla. But that’s impossible.
 Casetwister. I beg you, wife, leave us alone! We know affairs
better than you.
Fékla. Indeed, I know as well as you. Is it not my business to
receive things and look after them? But may the wrath of the Lord
strike me on the spot, if my right hand knows what my left hand
takes.
Casetwister (to Talon). Say: it just occurs to me that there was
quite a disturbance about the note whose endorsement I ordered to
have scratched.
Talon. O sir, there is no cause for your worry there. I myself did the
scratching. The defendant suspected the plaintiff of changing the
endorsement. You decided the case properly according to the laws,
and ordered the note to be destroyed.
Fékla (to Casetwister). Well, you have done no more wrong there
than I.
Talon. Besides, you did not scratch the note, but only clean paper.
Fékla. Then where is your guilt? What sin is there in scratching
mere paper? None at all.
Casetwister. So much the better.
Talon. There is something else that occurs to me. Do you
remember the lawsuit for Simple’s estate? Pettifog, who had really
nothing to do with the case and had forgotten the name of Simple in
the lawsuit, contrived cunningly to sue Trickster, who had also not
the slightest right to the estate. We did not bother about finding out
whose the village in question was, and without further investigation,
in the absence of Simple, disposed of the lawsuit by adjudging
another’s property to the contending parties, which they proceeded
at once to divide among themselves. I can’t imagine what Simple is
going to say about it.
Casetwister. Let him say whatever he pleases, since he has paid
so little attention to it. Why should we worry about him now? We are
the judges. ’Tis our duty to know only that which is presented for our
consideration on paper. What right have we to know that the estate
under contention does not belong to the contending parties, but to
someone else? We should have to have some written proof of that;
in absence of the same, we simply must decide a lawsuit between
two parties strictly according to the laws. We cannot help it if both
were contending for something that did not belong to them.

OBÚKHOVKA

At peace with my neighbours and relatives, at peace with my

conscience, in love with my beloved family, I here with my joys alone
measure the stream of quiet days.
My cosey house with straw-thatched roof is all I want, neither too
low, nor too high; there is a nook in it for friendship, and indolence
has forgot to put a lock on the door, to notabilities unknown.
By a mount from the north protected, it stands upon a grassy hill,
and looks into groves and distant meadows, while Psel, winding like
a serpent, babbles as it tends towards the mills.
Nearby, the favourite child of nature, a vast shadowy forest,
surrounds it on all sides with its thick tree-tops, without
encroachment on the free expanse.
Before it, and on a small eminence, art, to please our eyes, having
given a gentle slope to abrupt mounds, has on a modest elevation
raised a modest temple to moderation.
Moderation, O heavenly friend, be ever my companion! You lead
men to happiness; but your altar, not known to all, is hidden from the
boastful rich.
You have taught me from earliest youth not to seek honour nor
gold, without pinions not to fly upwards, and in the glowworm not to
show the light to the wonderment of the world.
With you, the dearest one to me in the world, I treasure my fate;
whithersoever I glance with you, in every object I discover a new
charm.
 As I walk down the hill, the arbour covered by the dense shade of
trees calls the tired one, through the forest that bends into a vault, to
rest, and mirrors itself in the crystal stream below.
Coolness reigns here for ever and refreshes the feelings and the
mind, while the gentle, incessant murmur of the impetuous waterfall
induces sleep amidst sweet thoughts.
There suddenly twenty wheels begin to turn, and circle hastens
after circle; diamonds, opals, hyacinths, rain down from gleaming
bows, while pearls beat underneath in clouds.
Thus the vision of happiness moves the passions, and with them
the whole world is in motion. Fortunate he who gets away from them,
for they crush all, tear all in pieces that passes under their millstone.
Let us go, before it grows dark, to rest upon the nearby island; a
covered way leads to it, where the rays of the sun dare not glide
through the dark foliage.
There I shall sit down under a mossy elm, leaning against a mighty
trunk. Alas, not long, upon a hot day, will its leafy top carpet for me a
hospitable shade!
Already it has inclined its brow upon the water that has
undermined the steep bank; already it looks into the gloomy depth,—
and soon, in stormy weather, it will fall with upturned roots into the
water.
Thus in the world all is carried away by the stream of time amidst
an eternal strife; thus ancient altars have fallen; thus kingdoms and
kings have fallen, with the pillars of their thrones.
But to disperse painful thoughts, let us walk the path to the forest-
covered hill where Phœbus with brilliant beam reflects from the
zenith a mighty shade.
I see a modest plain with a hedge of crimson bushes: there Flora,
the tender mother of the gardens, has scattered her basket full of
fragrant flowers.
Farther off, in the realm of Pomona, fruit burdens the trees;
beyond is the vineyard of Bacchus, where, filled with nectar juice,
gleam amber clusters.
Is it possible to picture all the beauties of nature, and all its charm?
To weld there the distance with the horizon, to adorn here the vales
with flocks, and nap it with the golden harvest?
No, no! Abandon the vain endeavour! Already the sun has
disappeared behind the mountain; already above the ethereal azure,
’twixt clouds, twinkle bright stars and glisten on the waves of the
river.
I ascend the hill. The golden moon has swum out on a gentle
cloud, and, glinting through the bluish cirrus, leaves behind it a
gleaming path above the liquid glass.
Oh, how dear that place is to me when the satellite of the night
comes, in all her beauty, to weld with the dream of a pining soul the
remembrance of bright days!

ON JULIA’S DEATH

The evening darkness shrouds

The slumbering world in peace,
And from her throne of clouds
Shines Luna through the trees.
My thoughts in silence blend,
But gathered all to thee:
Thou moon! the mourner’s friend,
Oh, come and mourn with me!

Upon her grave I bow,

The green grave where she lies:
Oh, hear my sorrows now,
And consecrate my sighs!
This is her ashes’ bed,—
Here her cold relics sleep,—
Where I my tears shall shed,
While this torn heart can weep.
 O Julia! Never rose
Had half the charms of thee!
My comfort, my repose,—
Oh, thou wert all to me!
But thou art gone, and I
Must bear life’s load of clay,—
And pray, and long to die,
Though dying day by day.

But I must cease to sing,

My lyre all mute appears.
Alas! Its plaintive string
Is wetted with my tears.
Oh! Misery’s song must end,—
My thoughts all fly to thee:—
Thou moon! The mourner’s friend,
Oh, come and mourn with me!

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part II.
 Adrián Moyséevich Gribóvski. (1766-1833.)
Gribóvski was a Little-Russian by birth. In 1784 he was
secretary to Derzhávin, the poet, who was then Governor of
Olónetsk. Then he served under Potémkin, and after his
death in 1791 he entered the service of Count Zúbov,
Catherine’s favourite. In 1795 he was Catherine’s Secretary of
State. Like so many Russian Memoirs of the eighteenth
century, Gribóvski’s Memoirs not only throw light on
contemporary events, but are of great importance for a
correct appreciation of the literature of the time. What
Gribóvski reports of the simplicity of Catherine’s private life
forms the subject of Derzhávin’s Felítsa (see p. 385 et seq.).

FROM HIS “MEMOIRS”

The Empress’s [Catherine II.] manner of life was of late years the
same: In the winter she resided in the large Winter Palace, in the
middle story, above the right, smaller entrance. Her own rooms were
few. Upon ascending a small staircase, one entered into a room
where, for the immediate dispatch of the Empress’s orders, there
stood behind a screen a writing table with writing material for the
secretaries of state and other officers. This room faced a small court,
and from it you passed into the boudoir, with its windows on the
Palace Square. Here stood a toilet table. Of the two doors in this
room, the one to the right led into the diamond room, the other, to the
left, into the sleeping-room, where the Empress generally received
her reports. From the sleeping-room one passed straight into the
interior boudoir, and to the left—into the study and mirror room, from
which one way led into the lower apartments, and the other, over a
gallery, into the so-called Neighbouring House. In these apartments
the Empress lived until spring, but sometimes she removed earlier to
the Tauric Palace, which had been built by Prince Potémkin on the
bank of the Nevá.