e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100399

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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical

Engineering, Electronics and Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/prime

Experimental study on refrigeration system performance of pure electric

refrigerator car based on medium pressure air supply
Kun-Zheng ZHAO a, b, *, Zhi-Yong SU c
a
Henan Open University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
b
ZhengZhou Vocational University of Information and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
c
Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In view of the low refrigeration efficiency of the refrigeration system of the pure electric logistics car under the
Electric logistics car high temperature environment, an experimental platform of the refrigeration system based on medium pressure
Refrigeration system air supply of the pure electric refrigerator car was built with R404A as the refrigerant, the experiment results
Medium pressure air supply
show that the system refrigerating capacity, COP and EER decrease with the increase of external environment
temperature under the same internal environment temperature, the compressor power and exhaust temperature
increase with the increase of the external environment temperature. When the external environment temperature
is 43 ◦ C, the medium pressure air supply technology is obviously better than the non-air supply technology, the
refrigerating capacity increased by 4.1–12.73 %, the compressor power and EER changed little, the COP
increased by 1.3–6.38 %, and the exhaust temperature reduced by 3.4 ◦ C-7.11 ◦ C, especially at -3 ◦ C, the system
refrigerating capacity decreases by 30.1 %, the compressor power increases by 35.6 %, the COP and EER dis­
tribution decreases by 51.24 % and 42.68 %.

Introduction high-performance pure electric logistics car refrigeration system.

Cold chain logistics is a special supply chain for perishable products
that need to be refrigerated in a low temperature environment, such as
the production, storage, transportation and sales of agricultural prod­
ucts, fresh food and special drugs. The main purpose is to ensure the
quality of fresh food in the transportation process, reduce the losses
caused by food corrosion and deterioration, reduce distribution costs
and increase economic benefits [1–2]. In 2022, 79,895 refrigerated cars
were sold in China, up 18.9 percent year on year. By 2022, China had
340,000 refrigerated cars, up 23.64 percent year on year. China’s cold
chain circulation rate is 35–69 %, much lower than the European and
American level of more than 95 %, China’s refrigerated car market has a
broad prospect [3]. The pure electric logistics car has the advantages of
energy saving and environmental protection, and has been vigorously
developed by the state. At present, there is a wide range of refrigerated
transportation, and the refrigeration efficiency of ordinary pure electric
logistics car refrigeration system is low when operating in a high tem­
perature environment, it is not conducive to the energy-saving of pure
electric refrigerated car, which seriously hindering the development of
the industry. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a set of
In order to solve the problem of low efficiency of refrigeration sys­
tem, many experts and scholars have carried out research. Liu et al.
proposed a new type of refrigeration system using phase change mate­
rials to keep the refrigerated car in an ideal thermal state. The system
uses less energy and produces lower local greenhouse gas emissions [4].
Chourasia et al. used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to
study the reactor width ratio with product temperature and cooling
time. The results showed that as the reactor width ratio increased, the
average product temperature and cooling time decreased [5]. TANG
Hai-yang et al. used numerical simulation to change the arrangement of
fruits and vegetables and found that vertical gap arrangement was the
best way to reduce the refrigeration temperature and water loss of fruits
and vegetables [6]. Zhou et al. proposed a new thermoelectric assisted
indirect evaporative cooling system, and found that the system can
maintain a high coefficient of performance with the assistance of ther­
moelectric cooling, and there is an optimal mass flow ratio to generate
the maximum COP [7]. Liberati et al. established a component
phenomenological model based on the cross-flow heat exchanger, and
tested the improved performance of the indirect cooling refrigeration
system. The results show that energy can be saved significantly under all

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: waymyyy@126.com (K.-Z. ZHAO).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100399
Received 15 August 2023; Received in revised form 25 October 2023; Accepted 11 December 2023
Available online 12 December 2023
2772-6711/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
K.-Z. ZHAO and Z.-Y. SU
the conditions studied, and the refrigeration efficiency is similar to that
of direct refrigeration system [8]. Xia et al. designed a new type of
refrigerated truck box. A certain amount of composite phase change
material was added into the box of the refrigerated truck, and the
solid-liquid phase change property of the phase change material was
used to increase the cold storage characteristics of the box [9]. Liu
Huijuan studied the influence of the type and thickness of insulation
material on the thermal environment in the refrigerated carriage by
numerical simulation calculation and analysis method. The results
showed that the thicker the insulation material selected for the refrig­
erated carriage body, the lower the average temperature inside the
carriage body, and the better the insulation effect[10]. Xie et al. con­
ducted a simulation study on the temperature field in the refrigerated
compartment under three conditions: partial overhead and partial side,
overhead and side, and found that the temperature in the compartment
was low and the uniformity was the best when the cold plate was placed
on the side [11]. Cui Siqi et al. simulated the medium pressure air
supplement technology, found that at high compressor speed, the
exhaust temperature of the system based on medium pressure air supply
was lower than that of the non-air supply, and the operation perfor­
mance of the system based on medium pressure air supply was more
stable[12]. Tang Jingchun et al. studied the technology of medium
pressure air supply, found that the applied temperature difference range
of the system based on medium pressure air supply was wider and the
applicability was better [13]. Li Haijun et al. studied the refrigeration
performance of pure electric buses based on medium pressure air supply,
found that the refrigeration efficiency of the system based on medium
pressure air supply was much better than that of the non-air supply
system [14].
The above literatures have carried out simulation experiments on the
refrigeration performance of the refrigerating system and the advantage
of the medium pressure air supplement technology. However, there are
few literatures on the research of pure electric refrigerator car refrig­
erating system based on medium pressure supply. Based on the struc­
tural characteristics of pure electric logistics cars, this paper sets up the
experimental platform of cold storage system based on medium pressure
air supply of pure electric logistics cars. R404A was selected as the
refrigerant, scroll compressor with intermediate air supplement was
used, tube fin heat exchanger was used in the interior evaporator and
micro-channel parallel flow heat exchanger was used in the exterior
condenser. The effects of different ambient temperature outside the car
on the refrigeration performance of the system were studied
experimentally.
Fig 1. Principle of refrigeration system cycle.
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100399
Principle of cold storage system
The principle of the refrigeration system is shown in Fig. 1. The
refrigerant is compressed into high temperature and high pressure
saturated gaseous refrigerant by the compressor. The saturated gaseous
refrigerant releases heat to the surrounding environment through the
condenser outside the car and condenses into high pressure supercooled
liquid refrigerant, which passes through the liquid reservoir and filter
dryer and then enters the economizer. At this time, the refrigerant is
divided into the main road and the supplement road, the main road
refrigerant is throttled by the evaporator electronic expansion valve to
become a low temperature and low pressure gas-liquid mixed refrig­
erant. The mixed refrigerant absorbs heat in the evaporator and evap­
orates into saturated gaseous refrigerant, and then enters the
compressor. The supplement road refrigerant passes through the elec­
tronic expansion valve, and becomes low temperature and low pressure
refrigerant. Then the supplement road refrigerant reversely flows into
the economizer and exchanges heat with the main road refrigerant, so
that the refrigerant flowing into the economizer of the main road can be
cooled again. After the supplement road refrigerant enters the middle
chamber of the compressor and mixes with the main road refrigerant, it
is compressed again to complete a refrigeration cycle.
Experimental process
Experimental apparatus
This experiment was conducted in the standard enthalpy difference
laboratory, which is composed of three parts: control and adjustment
room, independent adjustable outdoor side and independent adjustable
indoor side. The indoor and outdoor side can simulate the indoor and
outdoor temperature and humidity according to the requirements of the
test scheme developed in the experiment, ensure the accuracy of the
experimental data. The outdoor side refrigeration system has ten
refrigeration units, and the designed refrigerating capacity of the
refrigeration units is two 5HP, two 10PH and six 20HP respectively. The
heating system is two adjustable electric heaters and two fixed heaters
with 231 kW. The humidifier system consists of two fixed humidifiers
and one adjustable humidifier. There are 8 refrigeration units in the
indoor side, and the designed refrigerating capacity is two 5HP, two
10PH, four 20HP. The heating system is two adjustable electric heaters
and two fixed heaters with 231 kW. The humidifier system consists of
two fixed humidifiers and one adjustable humidifier. The humidity
adjustment range is 0–100%. The indoor air volume box that can be
measured ranges from 500 m3/h to 15000 m3/h.
The compressors used in this experiment are variable frequency
K.-Z. ZHAO and Z.-Y. SU e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100399

scroll compressors with intermediate air supplement, single-row and

two-flow micro-channel parallel flow heat exchangers are used for
external condensers, tube-fin heat exchangers are used for internal
evaporators, variable frequency axial flow fans are used for external
condensing fans, and variable frequency centrifugal fans are used for
internal evaporating fans. The main component specifications and pa­
rameters are shown in Table 1. The physical picture of the experimental
system platform is shown in Fig. 2.

Experimental methods and test conditions Fig 2. experimental system.

The experimental conditions were established according to GBT- refrigeration system and the refrigeration system of medium pressure air
24616–2019 "Refrigerated, frozen food logistics packaging, marking, supply under the ambient temperature outside the car at 43℃ were
transportation and storage", GB/50072–2010 "cold storage design code", studied and compared. Table 2 shows the performance data of the non-
GB/T30134–2013 "cold storage management code" GB/T25129–2010 air supply system, Table 3 shows the performance data of the medium
"Air cooler for refrigeration", JB/T11967–2014 "Micro Channel Heat pressure air supply system.
Exchanger for Condenser of Refrigerating Air Conditioning Equipment", The study found that when the temperature inside the car is set at − 3
SB/T 10797–2012 "Indoor Prefabricated Cold Storage". In the experi­
◦
C, 3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, 12 ◦ C, the refrigerating capacity of the medium pressure
ment, R404A refrigerant is adopted. Through the charging experiment, air supply system is increased by 12.73 %, 11.45 %, 7.55 % and 4.1 %
the optimal charging amount of the system is determined to be 2.9 kg. respectively compared with that of the non-air supply system, show that
Compressor speed is set at 4200 r/min. The ambient temperature the medium pressure air supply system is obviously superior to the non-
outside the car is 21 ◦ C, 27 ◦ C, 32 ◦ C, 43 ◦ C, the ambient temperature air supply system when the refrigeration demand is high. The
inside the car is 12 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, 3 ◦ C, − 3 ◦ C, and the relative humidity inside compressor power of the medium pressure air supply system is slightly
the car is 45 %. The calculation formulas of refrigerating capacity and higher than that of the non-air supply system, because the medium
COP are shown in Eqs. (1) and (2). pressure air supply system increases the mass flow of refrigerant in the
( ) compressor. Compared with that of the non-air supply system, the COP
QC = mc hevap,out − hevap,in (1) of the medium pressure air supply system increased by 1.3 %, 6.36 %,
6.38 % and 2.44 % respectively. Compared with that of the non-air
QC supply system, the exhaust temperature of the medium pressure air
copc = (2)
W supply system reduced by 1.3 %, 6.36 %, 6.38 % and 2.44 % respec­
Where, mc is the mass flow rate of refrigerant entering the evaporator, tively, this is because the gaseous refrigerant from the supplement road
kg/s; hevap,out is the enthalpy value of refrigerant at the evaporator outlet, is mixed with the refrigerant from the evaporator to reduce the super­
heat of the refrigerant. Compared with that of the non-air supply system,
kJ/kg; hevap,in is the enthalpy value of the refrigerant imported into the
the EER of the medium pressure air supply system increased by 0.28 %,
evaporator, kJ/kg; W is the compressor power consumption, kW.
4.87 %, 0.69 % and 0.43 % respectively.
Advantages of cold storage system based on medium pressure air
supply
When the refrigerated system of pure electric logistics car is running, Analysis of experimental results
it has the characteristics of large span of environmental conditions,
which is easy to affect the stability of system. When the outside envi­ The influence of the ambient temperature inside and outside the car
ronment of the air is the standard working condition, the ordinary on the refrigerating capacity is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen from the
refrigeration system can meet the refrigeration demand efficiently, the figure, under the same temperature inside the car, the refrigerating ca­
performance of the refrigerating system based on the medium pressure pacity of the system decreases with the increase of the ambient tem­
air supply is slightly better than that of the non-air supply system, and perature outside the car. Under the same ambient temperature outside
the advantage of the refrigerating system based on the medium pressure the car, the refrigerating capacity of the system decreases with the
air supply is not obvious. However, when the refrigerator car is running, decrease of the temperature inside the car. If the temperature inside the
it mostly in the environment of large temperature difference, while the car is kept unchanged at − 3 ◦ C, and ambient temperature outside the car
ordinary refrigeration system shows obvious problems such as poor increases from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the refrigerating capacity is reduced from
refrigeration effect, unstable system operation and unable to meet the 5.11 kW to 3.55 kW, which is reduced by 30.1 %. If the temperature
refrigeration demand. In view of the existing problems, the general inside the car is kept unchanged at 3 ◦ C, and ambient temperature
outside the car increases from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the refrigerating capacity
Table 1 is reduced from 6.83 kW to 5.01 kW, which is reduced by 26.6 %. If the
Component specification parameters. temperature inside the car is kept unchanged at 7 ◦ C, and ambient
temperature outside the car increases from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the refrig­
Device name Equipment parameters
erating capacity is reduced from 8.15 kW to 6.07 kW, which is reduced
Scroll compressor Displacement 35.6 ml/rev, 900~7200 r/min
External condenser 940 × 469 × 20 mm, Single row and two flows
In-car evaporator 1230 × 546 × 195 mm, 54 tubes and 3 processes Table 2
Outside fan Air volume 3500~4000 m3/h, 2 sets Performance data of the non-air supply system.
Interior fan Air volume 2500~3000 m3/h, 3 sets
Ambient Refrigerating Compressor COP Exhaust EER
Main road electronic Rated refrigerating capacity 11.6 kW, The Opening
temperature capacity(kW) power(kW) temperature
expansion valve adjustment range of 10 %~100 %
inside the car (℃)
Supplement road electronic Rated refrigerating capacity 6.2 kW, The Opening
(℃)
expansion valve adjustment range of 10 %~100 %
Economizer Design capacity 10 kW; Design temperature − 160 − 3 3.149 1.95 1.615 55.39 1.07
~+200 ◦ C 3 4.498 2.29 1.964 61.75 1.315
Reversing valve Applicable capacity 18–45 kw 7 5.64 2.4 2.35 69.54 1.59
Gas-liquid separator Volume 4 L, maximum working pressure 4.5 MPa 12 7.531 2.48 3.037 80.12 1.864

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K.-Z. ZHAO and Z.-Y. SU e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100399

Tab 3
Performance data of the medium pressure air supply system.
Ambient Refrigerating Compressor COP Exhaust EER
temperature capacity(kW) power(kW) temperature
inside the car (℃)
(℃)

− 3 3.55 2.17 1.636 51.99 1.073

3 5.013 2.4 2.089 57.59 1.379
7 6.066 2.43 2.5 62.43 1.601
12 7.839 2.52 3.111 74.85 1.872

Fig 4. The influence of the temperature change outside the car on the power of
the system compressor.

exhaust temperature is shown in Fig. 5. As can be seen from the figure,

the exhaust temperature increases with the increase of the ambient
temperature outside the car, and the relationship is approximately
linear. When the temperature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C, 3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, 12 ◦ C,
and the ambient temperature outside the car rises from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C,
The exhaust temperature increased from 51.99 ◦ C, 51.96 ◦ C, 49.77 ◦ C,
50.69 ◦ C to 74.85 ◦ C, 73.12 ◦ C, 72.43 ◦ C, 70.23 ◦ C respectively,
increasing by 43.97 %, 40.72 %, 45.53 %, 38.54 %. This is because the
ambient temperature outside the car increases, the specific volume of
refrigerant decreases, and the suction mass flow rate of the compressor
Fig 3. The influence of the temperature change outside the car on the refrig­
eration capacity of the system. increases, so the compressor exhaust temperature also increases.
The influence of ambient temperature outside the car change on COP
is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen from the figure, the ambient tem­
by 25.6 %. If the temperature inside the car is kept unchanged at 12 ◦ C,
perature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C, 3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, 12 ◦ C, the COP decreases with
and ambient temperature outside the car increases from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C,
the increase of ambient temperature outside the car. This is because the
the refrigerating capacity is reduced from 10.59 kW to 7.84 kW, which is
refrigerating capacity of the system decreases but the compressor power
reduced by 26.0 %. This is because as the ambient temperature outside
increases. When the ambient temperature outside the car increases from
the car increases, the heat transfer temperature difference of the
10 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the refrigerating capacity decreases gradually, and the
condenser decreases, the heat transfer capacity of the condenser side
compressor power increases gradually, so the COP must also decrease
decreases, the evaporation temperature and condensation temperature
increase, and the refrigerating capacity decreases.
The influence of ambient temperature outside the car change on
compressor power is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen from the figure,
when the ambient temperature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C, 3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C and
12 ◦ C, the compressor power increases with the ambient temperature
outside the car. When the ambient temperature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C,
3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, and 12 ◦ C : when the ambient temperature outside the car is
21℃, the corresponding compressor power is 1.6 kW, 1.65 kW, 1.8 kW,
and 1.85 kW respectively. When the ambient temperature outside the
car increases from 21 ◦ C to 27 ◦ C, the compressor power increases by 6.3
%, 9.1 %, 5.6 % and 8.1 % respectively. When the ambient temperature
outside the car is 27 ◦ C, the compressor power is 1.7 kW, 1.8 kW, 1.9 kW
and 2 kW respectively. When the ambient temperature outside the car
increases from 27 ◦ C to 32 ◦ C, the compressor power increases by 5.9 %,
11.1 %, 10.5 % and 10 % respectively. When the ambient temperature
outside the car is 32 ◦ C, the compressor power is 1.8 kW, 2 kW, 2.1 kW
and 2.2 kW respectively. When the ambient temperature outside the car
increases from 32 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the compressor power increases by 20.56
%, 20 %, 15.7 % and 14.5 % respectively. This is because with the
ambient temperature of the car rises, the specific volume of refrigerant
will decrease, the suction and exhaust mass flow rate will increase,
leading to the rise of compressor power.
Fig 5. Effect of temperature change outside car on exhaust temperature
The influence of ambient temperature outside the car change on
of system.

4
K.-Z. ZHAO and Z.-Y. SU
Fig 6. Effect of temperature change outside car on COP.
gradually. When the ambient temperature outside the car increases from
21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, COP based on the ambient temperature inside the car is
− 3 ◦ C decreases from 3.19 to 1.64, which is reduced by 48.76 %. COP
based on the ambient temperature inside the car is 3 ◦ C decreases from
4.27 to 2.08, which is reduced by 51.24 %. COP based on the ambient
temperature inside the car is 7 ◦ C decreases from 4.53 to 2.44, which is
reduced by 46.19 % . COP based on the ambient temperature inside the
car is 12 ◦ C decreases from 5.72 to 3.11, which is reduced by 45.65 %.
The impact of ambient temperature outside the car on EER of the
system is shown in Fig. 7. As can be seen from the figure, EER decreases
with the increase of ambient temperature outside the car, and the
decreasing amplitude of EER is smaller than that of COP. Although the
compressor power decreased with the ambient temperature outside the
car increased, but the air volume inside and outside the car did not
change, which reduced the total power of the system, as a result, the
ambient temperature outside the car decreased less than the COP
decreased. When the ambient temperature inside the car was − 3 ◦ C,
3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C and 12 ◦ C, and the ambient temperature outside the car
increased from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the EER decreased from 1.87, 2.51, 2.77,
3.60 to 1.07, 1.41, 1.67, 2.15. which is decreased by 42.68 %, 43.63 %,
39.82 %, 40.43 % respectively. The decreasing trend of EER was grad­
ually increased with the increase of ambient temperature outside the
car.
Conclusions
(1) At the same ambient temperature inside the car, the refrigerating
capacity of system based on medium pressure air supply de­
creases with the increase of the ambient temperature outside the
car, and the compressor power increases with the increase of the
ambient temperature outside the car, especially when the
ambient temperature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C, the system refrig­
erating capacity decreases 30.1 %, and the compressor power
increases 35.6 %.
(2) At the same ambient temperature inside the car, the exhaust
temperature of compressor increases with the increase of the
ambient temperature outside the car. When the ambient tem­
perature inside the car is − 3 ◦ C, 3 ◦ C, 7 ◦ C, 12 ◦ C, and the ambient
temperature outside the car increased from 21 ◦ C to 43 ◦ C, the
exhaust temperature increases 43.97 %, 40.72 %, 45.53 % and
38.54 % respectively.
(3) At the same ambient temperature inside the car, the COP de­
creases with the increase of ambient temperature outside the car,
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e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy 7 (2024) 100399
Fig 7. The effect of external temperature on EER.
the EER decreases with the increase of ambient temperature
outside the car, and the decreasing amplitude of EER is smaller
than that of COP. Especially at the ambient temperature inside
the car is − 3 ◦ C, the COP is decreased by 51.24 %, and the EER is
decreased by 42.68 %.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the Science and Technology
Research Project of Henan Province, China (Project No.
232102320230).
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