Key points of

Hidden figures
Melvin Butler, personnel officer at Langley Memorial Aeronautical
Laboratory in 1943, faces the urgent task of hiring various personnel for the
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), including
physicists, mathematicians, assistants, apprentices, and stenographers.
NACA is a civilian agency focused on advancing aeronautical science and
sharing its findings with the military and private industry, operating within
the Langley airfield amidst military planes, emphasizing the practical
implications of their work.
The rapid expansion of America's aircraft industry necessitates close
collaboration between aircraft manufacturers and scientists at Langley,
where every plane prototype undergoes rigorous examination.
The demand for engineers and support staff, particularly mathematicians,
prompts Melvin Butler to recruit math graduates, predominantly women,
from colleges and universities in the South.
Philip Randolph's advocacy for opening wartime job contracts to black
applicants leads to President Roosevelt's decision to allow black women to
apply for jobs at Langley, marking an opportunity for black women from
Southern colleges.
Despite segregation in Hampton, VA, the black women hired at Langley
work in a segregated workspace known as West Area, away from their white
counterparts.
Melvin Butler handles the hiring of black women discreetly, without public
announcement, allowing them to integrate into Langley Laboratory without
fanfare.
The segregated nature of the workplace is highlighted by the presence of a
metal sign reading "COLORED" on a bathroom, indicating the
discriminatory practices of the time.
The inclusion of black women at Langley represents a significant step
towards diversity and inclusion in the workforce, albeit within the
constraints of segregationist policies.
The hiring of black women at Langley underscores the crucial role they
played in the advancement of aeronautical science during World War II,
contributing to America's war efforts and shaping the trajectory of aviation
technology.
Dorothy Vaughn, a 32-year-old recent college graduate, works at Camp
Pickett's laundry in central Virginia during the summer of 1943, folding
clothes for soldiers while her husband's family is part of the black elite.
Despite the societal perception of teaching as a prestigious profession in the
black community, Dorothy opts to work at the laundry due to the higher pay
compared to her job as a math teacher, aiming to support her four children's
education.
Dorothy's early academic excellence, supported by her stepmother Susie
Johnson's teaching, allowed her to skip grades and earn a full-tuition
scholarship to Wilberforce University, where she excelled academically.
Despite recommendations for a master's degree in mathematics from
Howard University, Dorothy decides to forgo graduate school during the
Great Depression to support her family financially, opting for a degree in
education and a career in teaching.
Dorothy faces job losses during the Depression, resorting to work as a
waitress before securing a teaching position in Farmville, where she meets
her husband Howard Vaughan.
Dorothy's encounter with Melvin Butler's job bulletin at the post office and
an article in the Norfolk Journal and Guide about opportunities for women
engineers sparks her interest in applying for a position at the NACA.
The article features a photo of eleven well-dressed African American
women, graduates of Hampton's engineering school, inspiring Dorothy to
pursue a new career path.
Dorothy's decision to apply for a job at the NACA represents a significant
shift in her career trajectory and aspirations, driven by the desire to explore
new opportunities and secure a better future for her family.
Despite facing societal barriers and discrimination, Dorothy's determination
to provide for her children's education and seek professional advancement
demonstrates resilience and ambition.
Dorothy's journey reflects the broader challenges and aspirations of African
American women during World War II, as they navigated opportunities for
employment and advancement in a racially segregated society.
Dorothy Vaughn is an active member of her community, involved in the
local parent-teacher association and a founding board member of her town's
NAACP chapter, demonstrating her commitment to social and educational
advancement.
Despite teaching in an underfunded school lacking basic facilities, Dorothy
maintains high standards, corrects errors in textbooks, and leads the school
choir while preparing students for statewide music competitions.
Dorothy teaches a class called "Wartime Mathematics," integrating math
into household budgeting, wartime rations, and fighter plane trajectories,
showcasing her innovative approach to education during wartime.
After applying to the NACA, Dorothy secures a position as a
Mathematician, Grade P-1, earning more than twice her teaching salary, but
must leave her family and hometown behind to take the job at Langley.
Boarding a Greyhound bus to Newport News, Dorothy reflects on the
uncertainties of working with white colleagues, being homesick, and
adjusting to life far from her children.
Dorothy's move parallels her support for her husband's career, as they
previously relocated for his work at upscale hotels, where they faced racial
segregation despite their proximity to affluent establishments.
Dorothy learns about Katherine Coleman, a bright math teacher from rural
Virginia who also pursued education despite limited opportunities, and who
ultimately finds herself at Langley, paralleling Dorothy's own trajectory.
The NAACP's legal efforts, including Supreme Court cases like Murray vs.
Pearson, aimed to dismantle segregation in education, leading to the
integration of graduate school programs in some states, although Virginia
continued to resist until 1950.
Despite opportunities to pursue master's degrees, both Dorothy and
Katherine chose not to, following similar paths influenced by societal and
personal circumstances.
The convergence of Dorothy and Katherine's journeys at Langley
underscores the significance of their contributions to the space agency and
highlights the interconnectedness of their experiences, suggesting a sense of
destiny in their paths crossing.
Newport News, bustling with military manufacturing activity during World
War II, serves as a vital hub for the transportation of rations, ammunition,
and troops, with a diverse population reflecting the soldiers' various
hometowns.
The city's economy thrives due to the war effort, evidenced by the influx of
workers, the booming shipyard, and the abundance of entertainment options
such as movies at the Norva Theater, featuring films like "Casablanca" and
newsreels keeping Americans informed of battlefield exploits.
Federal housing projects like Newsome Park aim to address the sudden
housing shortage caused by the population explosion, providing
accommodation for workers like Dorothy Vaughn.
Despite economic prosperity, Newport News reflects the pervasive
segregation of the Jim Crow era, complicating public transportation for both
black and white residents, with instances of discrimination and violence
against black passengers.
Black soldiers, serving their country during World War II, grapple with the
paradox of fighting against racism abroad while facing discrimination and
prejudice at home, questioning the incongruity between America's ideals and
its practices.
The contradiction between the fight against racism abroad and the
persistence of segregation and discrimination domestically leads to
confusion and frustration among black soldiers, who encounter segregation
even in military settings, such as segregated showers on the front lines.
Black servicemen face violence and discrimination from white civilians who
oppose their participation in the military, highlighting the entrenched racism
within American society during this period.
The experiences of black soldiers reflect the broader tensions and
contradictions of wartime America, where the fight against fascism abroad
intersects with the struggle for civil rights at home.
Despite their sacrifices and contributions to the war effort, black soldiers
continue to confront systemic racism and segregation, underscoring the need
for social and political change in post-war America.
The portrayal of Newport News during World War II illustrates the complex
dynamics of race, power, and patriotism during a transformative period in
American history, revealing the enduring legacy of segregation and the
ongoing struggle for equality and justice.
Dorothy Vaughn officially joins the Langley Laboratory as a computer,
taking the shuttle bus to the West Area where black computers work,
segregated from their white counterparts in the East Computing Area.
Langley Laboratory, established in 1917, played a crucial role in saving
Hampton from economic collapse during Prohibition by conducting
aeronautical research and testing planes.
The construction of the West Area began in 1939 and was camouflaged in
dark green in 1942 to protect against potential attacks by Axis forces during
World War II.
Dorothy's work environment in the West Area features advanced technology
like the Sixteen-Foot High-Speed Tunnel, where black women use
calculating machines to conduct detailed aeronautical engineering research.
The West Area computers, all black women, come from institutions like
Virginia State College for Negroes and Hampton Institute, with the first five
women being Miriam Mann, Pearl Basette, Yvette Brown, Thelma Stiles,
and Minnie McGraw, whose photo Dorothy saw in the newspaper.
Margrey Hannah and Blanche Sponsler, both white, oversee the West Area
computing office under the supervision of Virginia Tucker, also white, who
manages the entire computing division.
The NACA plans to expand the West Area in response to the rapid growth
of the American aircraft industry, which has become the world's largest by
1943.
Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox emphasizes the importance of scientific
research in the war effort during a speech at Langley, attended mostly by
white employees, including a group of black male workers and the black
computers.
Despite Executive Order 8802 mandating equality in the workplace,
segregation persists at Langley, with black computers forced to sit together
at lunch under a "COLORED COMPUTERS" sign.
Miriam Mann's act of defiance in stealing the sign symbolizes a larger
struggle for civil rights, exemplified by Irene Morgan's refusal to sit in the
Colored section of a Greyhound Bus, a case being prepared by the NAACP
Legal Defense Fund for the Supreme Court.
The exploits of the Tuskegee Airmen, led by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr.,
make headlines as they fly fighter planes, including the Bell P-39
Airacobras, Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, and North American P-51
Mustangs, during World War II.
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) focuses on
developing aircraft to gain an advantage over the Germans, with Langley
serving as a crucial research facility, attracting attention from famous
personalities like Amelia Earhart, Howard Hughes, and Clark Gable.
Langley's reputation for cutting-edge research draws aspiring engineers from
around the country, offering better training and hands-on experience than
even the top engineering graduate school programs.
Dorothy Vaughn and other new computers at Langley attend engineering
physics classes and hands-on training sessions to learn about aerodynamics
and wind tunnel testing, transitioning from teachers to students in their
pursuit of knowledge.
The wind tunnel becomes a vital tool for studying flight dynamics, allowing
engineers to test planes and observe their interaction with airflow without
risking human lives.
Various wind tunnels, including the Variable-Density Tunnel, the Free-
Flight Tunnel, and the Sixteen-Foot High-Speed Tunnel, provide engineers
with valuable data to evaluate plane performance against a comprehensive
checklist of features.
Dorothy and other computers process vast amounts of data generated from
wind tunnel tests, performing calculations and equations to aid engineers in
designing and improving fighter planes for different battlefield scenarios.
Despite often working behind the scenes, computers like Dorothy play a
crucial role in the war effort, contributing to the development of aircraft
capable of carrying heavy bomb loads, such as the B-29s used in bombing
raids over Japan.
The work of computers at Langley, though sometimes uncredited,
significantly impacts military operations and technological advancements
during World War II, highlighting the importance of their contributions to
aerospace research.
Dorothy's journey from teacher to mathematician reflects the broader
societal shifts and opportunities for women, particularly African American
women, in the wartime workforce, as they play instrumental roles in shaping
history and scientific progress.
Despite uncertainty about her employment status at Langley, Dorothy
decides to sign a lease for an apartment in Newport News, planning to move
her children there from Farmville, signaling a significant change in their
living situation.
Newsome Park, Dorothy's new neighborhood, attracts black families from
various places, offering temporary housing built for war workers, with
amenities like a community center, shopping center, and diverse businesses.
Eric Epps, the director of the Newsome Park Community Center, is an
activist who fought for equal pay and was fired from his teaching job,
highlighting the ongoing struggle for civil rights and racial equality.
The end of World War II in 1945 brings uncertainty as many women,
including Dorothy, face layoffs from their wartime jobs, while some
employers revert to discriminatory hiring practices.
Racist lawmakers like Virginia Senator Harry Byrd oppose workplace
integration, associating it with Communism and advocating for segregation
to maintain social division.
Despite challenges, Dorothy commits to her new community in Newsome
Park, supporting local initiatives and attending cultural events like Marian
Anderson's performance with her friend Miriam Mann.
V-J Day, marking the end of the war, prompts celebrations across Virginia,
but also raises questions about the future and post-war economic stability.
Dorothy's decision to move to Newsome Park reflects the broader changes
and challenges faced by African American communities in post-war
America, as they navigate racial discrimination and social upheaval.
The attempt by white neighbors to dismantle the black community's property
underscores the persistent racism and segregation in Virginia, despite the
end of the war.
Dorothy's resilience and commitment to her family and community
exemplify the strength and determination of African American women in the
face of adversity, contributing to the ongoing struggle for equality and
justice.
In 1944, Katherine's husband falls ill, prompting his school principal to offer
Katherine his yearlong teaching contract, providing her with a much-needed
opportunity for employment.
Katherine's educational journey began at West Virginia State Institute in
1937, followed by a teaching job at the Marion school in Virginia, where she
experienced unequal pay for black teachers compared to their white
counterparts.
Despite the inequality, Katherine's love for West Virginia is evident, as she
identifies strongly with the state's history and values, finding it slightly more
accommodating for black citizens compared to Virginia.
Katherine's father, Joshua, played a significant role in her academic success,
despite his limited formal education, showcasing the importance of family
support and encouragement.
During the Depression, Katherine worked various jobs at the Greenbrier
resort, where she demonstrated her linguistic skills and intellect, earning
recognition and opportunities beyond her initial role as a maid.
Katherine's academic journey continued at West Virginia State College,
where she worked closely with math professor William Waldron Schieffelin
Claytor, who mentored and encouraged her to pursue a career as a research
mathematician.
Katherine's integration into the all-white West Virginia University math
department in 1940 marked a significant milestone, although she ultimately
left graduate school to focus on raising her child with her husband, Jimmy.
While Katherine chooses a career as a schoolteacher, she occasionally
reflects on the path not taken as a research mathematician, highlighting the
complex choices and opportunities faced by women during this period.
Dorothy Vaughan's pioneering work at Langley in Hampton, Virginia,
serves as an inspiration and precursor for women like Katherine, who would
go on to contribute to advancements in aeronautics research and other fields.
The stories of Dorothy Vaughan and Katherine underscore the broader
societal shifts and challenges faced by African American women during
World War II and beyond, as they navigate educational, professional, and
personal opportunities in the pursuit of equality and fulfillment.
Dorothy Vaughan's husband, Howard, continues working at the Greenbrier
Hotel alongside Katherine Coleman's father, Joshua Coleman, while
Dorothy returns to work at Langley to support her family financially.
The West Computing area women, including Dorothy, form close bonds and
support networks, organizing social gatherings like picnics and river retreats,
fostering a sense of community and solidarity among themselves.
Despite concerns about job security after the war, Dorothy's employment at
Langley remains stable as the defense industry boom keeps military
installations growing in southeastern Virginia, transforming the region into a
warfare state.
Dorothy's exemplary work performance at Langley earns her a permanent
Civil Service position in 1946, marking a significant milestone in her career.
Women in the computing pool, including Dorothy, face challenges
advancing in a male-dominated environment, with opportunities for career
progression often limited compared to their male counterparts.
Some women, like those working on high-profile projects such as solving
the problem of faster-than-sound flight, have the opportunity to transition
into roles as junior engineers due to the growing demand in certain fields.
Head Computer Virginia Tucker continues to recruit women for the lab, but
as the war effort ends, women are drawn into engineering roles, leading to a
decline in the number of new hires for computing positions.
Despite challenges, three black women's success in joining Cascade
Aerodynamics and Dorothy Hoover's opportunity to become an engineer
signify progress, albeit amid initial resistance and controversy.
Margery Hannah and Blanche Sponsler pursue engineering opportunities,
with Margery publishing a paper on sound waves and Blanche facing
challenges with mental illness, leading to Dorothy Vaughan's appointment as
the acting head of West Computing.
Dorothy Vaughan's rise to supervisor and eventually head of the West Area
unit in 1951 represents a significant achievement for black women at
Langley, although barriers to advancement persist for many in the
predominantly white, male-dominated environment.
Mary Winston Jackson's journey to becoming a mathematician at Langley,
joining the West Computing area in April 1951, reflects the shifting
dynamics of race, technology, and politics during the Cold War era.
Mary's upbringing in downtown Hampton, on land once occupied by
liberated slaves during the Civil War, underscores the historical significance
of her presence as a black female mathematician working on former
plantation land, challenging the segregationist policies of figures like
President Woodrow Wilson.
Prior to her career at Langley, Mary worked as a teacher, secretary, and
bookkeeper at the local USO, displaying a commitment to community
service and the "Double V" victory for blacks and the nation. Her
involvement with the NAACP and outspoken advocacy for black
empowerment may have made her a target during the Red Scare, leading to
her dismissal.
The Cold War climate at Langley is characterized by fear of Communist
infiltration and espionage, with accusations of espionage leveled against
employees and heightened scrutiny from the FBI. The intersection of racial
prejudice and anti-Communist sentiment creates a challenging environment
for black employees like Mary.
Despite internal challenges, external pressures from the global stage,
including criticisms of racial discrimination in the U.S., contribute to shifts
in policy, such as Truman's desegregation of the military and Executive
Order 9980 to combat workplace discrimination. These changes reflect
broader movements for civil rights and equality.
Mary's entry into Langley's West Computing area coincides with a growing
wave of black women joining the workforce, contributing to the changing
landscape of racial dynamics and technological advancements during the
Cold War era.
Mary's story exemplifies the interconnectedness of race, politics, and
technology at Langley during a pivotal period in American history.
Mary Jackson's experience at Langley reflects the ongoing challenges faced
by black employees in the workplace, as well as the resilience and
determination needed to overcome systemic barriers:
Discrimination and Segregation: Mary's encounter with the white women
who mock her inquiry about the bathroom highlights the pervasive racism
and segregation within the workplace. Despite her qualifications and
contributions, she is subjected to degrading treatment based on her race.
Supportive Allies: Kazimierz Czarnecki's offer for Mary to work with him
demonstrates the importance of supportive allies in challenging
discriminatory practices. His recognition of Mary's potential and willingness
to offer her a position outside of the computing pool provides her with an
opportunity for advancement.
Professional Achievements: Dorothy Hoover's publication record and
pursuit of advanced education exemplify the dedication and talent of black
employees at Langley. Despite facing obstacles, individuals like Dorothy
continue to excel in their fields and pave the way for future generations.
Struggles of Black Engineers: James Williams' experience highlights the
additional hurdles faced by black engineers in gaining acceptance and
recognition within predominantly white environments. Despite initial
resistance, his perseverance ultimately earns him a position in the Stability
Research Division.
Recognition and Leadership: Mary's confrontation with John Becker
showcases her assertiveness, competence, and integrity in the face of
adversity. Her willingness to challenge authority and assert her expertise
earns her respect and establishes her as a capable leader among her peers.
Overall, Mary Jackson's journey at Langley underscores the complex
intersection of race, gender, and professional advancement in the workplace,
as well as the importance of resilience, allyship, and leadership in
overcoming systemic barriers.

Katherine Johnson's journey to Langley Field showcases her determination,

adaptability, and resilience in the face of racial prejudice:
Seizing Opportunities: Katherine's decision to pursue a job at Langley Field
reflects her ambition and desire to return to her passion for mathematics.
Despite working as a teacher and raising a family, she recognizes the
opportunity for professional growth and takes the bold step to apply for a
position at the NACA.
Community Engagement: Prior to joining Langley, Katherine remains active
in her local community, participating in organizations like her sorority and
church. Her involvement demonstrates her commitment to service and
connection with those around her.
Professional Entry: Upon joining Langley, Katherine starts in an entry-level
position under the supervision of Dorothy Vaughan. Despite facing initial
discrimination, she remains focused on her work and maintains
professionalism, eventually earning the respect of her colleagues.
Overcoming Prejudice: Katherine's experience with the engineer who
initially walked away from her desk illustrates her strategy for navigating
racial prejudice. Through her charm, professionalism, and shared
background, she is able to break down barriers and foster positive
relationships with her colleagues.
Resilience and Persistence: Despite the challenges of segregation and
discrimination, Katherine remains resilient and perseveres in her pursuit of
excellence. Her determination to succeed and contribute to the Flight
Research Division showcases her resilience in the face of adversity.
Overall, Katherine Johnson's story at Langley Field exemplifies the
importance of seizing opportunities, community engagement,
professionalism, and resilience in overcoming racial barriers and achieving
success in the workplace.
Dorothy Vaughan's advocacy for Katherine Johnson's permanent position
marks a significant milestone in Katherine's career at Langley Field:
Professional Recognition: Dorothy's efforts to secure Katherine's permanent
position in the Flight Research Division not only provide Katherine with job
security but also recognize her valuable contributions to the team. This
achievement reflects Dorothy's leadership and commitment to supporting her
colleagues.
Skill Utilization: Katherine's expertise in higher-level mathematics proves
instrumental in her role within the Flight Research Division. Her ability to
analyze data and ask insightful questions contributes to the team's success in
identifying the cause of the plane accident and influencing air traffic
regulations.
Integration and Resilience: Katherine's approach to workplace integration
demonstrates her resilience and determination to overcome racial barriers.
Despite facing segregation and discrimination, she refuses to be limited by
"COLORED" signs or segregated facilities, instead focusing on her work
and building relationships with her colleagues.
Personal Loss: The loss of her husband, Jimmy, highlights Katherine's
strength and resilience in the face of personal tragedy. Despite experiencing
grief and raising her daughters alone, she remains dedicated to her career
and her family's future.
Professional Fulfillment: Katherine's return to work after Jimmy's death
underscores her commitment to her professional aspirations and her
determination to pursue her passion for mathematics. Despite the challenges
she faces, she remains focused on her career and continues to excel in her
field.
Overall, Dorothy Vaughan's advocacy, coupled with Katherine Johnson's
resilience and dedication, paves the way for Katherine's continued success at
Langley Field, where she thrives as a pioneering mathematician and a
respected member of the Flight Research Division.
The transition of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)
into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958
marks a significant milestone in the history of American space exploration.
Here's how this change impacts the lives of Katherine Johnson, Mary
Jackson, and Dorothy Vaughan:
Professional Engagement: With the establishment of NASA, the American
space program enters a new era of scientific and technological advancement.
Katherine, Mary, and Dorothy find themselves at the forefront of this
exciting development, as their expertise in mathematics and engineering
positions them to contribute significantly to NASA's projects.
Project Mercury: The initiation of Project Mercury, aimed at sending the
first humans into space, presents a monumental challenge for NASA.
Katherine's analytical skills prove invaluable as she collaborates with her
colleagues to calculate rocket trajectories and ensure the safety of the
astronauts during orbital flights. Her involvement in Project Mercury
solidifies her reputation as a pioneering mathematician and underscores her
pivotal role in the space program.
Educational Advocacy: Despite facing racial segregation and discrimination
in their personal and professional lives, Katherine, Mary, and Dorothy
remain steadfast in their commitment to education and academic excellence.
They encourage their children to excel in school and aspire to higher
education, instilling in them the values of perseverance and determination.
Social Recognition: As prominent figures in their community, Katherine,
Mary, and Dorothy serve as role models for upward mobility and
professional achievement among black families. Their appearances in
newspapers and participation in social functions reflect their status as
trailblazers in a predominantly white male-dominated field.
Personal Milestones: Against the backdrop of their professional
accomplishments, Katherine's decision to marry Jim Johnson and take on the
name Katherine Goble Johnson symbolizes a new chapter in her personal
life. Despite the challenges they face as African Americans in a racially
divided society, Katherine and her colleagues continue to pursue their
dreams and make significant contributions to NASA's historic space
missions.
Overall, the transition to NASA and the launch of Project Mercury mark a
pivotal moment in the careers of Katherine Johnson, Mary Jackson, and
Dorothy Vaughan, as they continue to break barriers and redefine the role of
women, particularly black women, in the field of aerospace engineering and
mathematics.
Transition from propellers to jet engines and advancements in supersonic
and hypersonic technologies.
Dorothy Vaughan enrolls in computation classes at Hampton Institute to
advance her skills.
Mary Jackson faces challenges to pursue engineering classes at an all-white
school.
Activists stage walkouts against segregated and unequal school systems in
Virginia.
Brown v. Board of Education decision bans segregation in all US public
schools.
Virginia Senator Harry Byrd resists desegregation longer than any other
state.
Black engineers face racism and discrimination despite contributing to
technological progress.
Thomas Byrdsong discusses daily indignities faced by black engineers with
Mary Jackson.
Black men and women fight for civil rights at home while defending
freedoms abroad.
Struggle for equality and justice amidst rapid technological advancement
and social change.
Christine Mann follows the story of the Little Rock Nine, black teenagers
attempting to integrate Central High School in Arkansas.
The Little Rock Nine story captures global attention, with images of black
children facing off against white police officers circulating worldwide.
The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, marking the
official start of the Space Age.
Sputnik's launch triggers fear and tension in the US, with many viewing it as
a technological threat comparable to the atomic bomb.
Fallout shelter signs appear, defense drills are conducted, and Sputnik is
seen as a potential technological Pearl Harbor.
Black newspapers and readers criticize America's segregated school
systems, linking it to the nation's lag in space technology compared to
Russia.
Christine witnesses the desegregation of schools following the Supreme
Court's ruling on Brown v. Board of Education, but faces doubts about
competing with white students.
Eisenhower initiates the National Defense Education Act to cultivate STEM
talent in response to the perceived lack of talented scientists and engineers.
Russian engineering schools have a significant number of female graduates,
while the US lags in supporting women in the sciences.
Despite strides in desegregation, racial disparities persist in education and
opportunities for black students like Christine.
Sputnik's launch causes frustration and fear among Americans, but
Katherine sees it as an opportunity for the NACA to enter the space
exploration field.
The Flight Research Division is poised to tackle space travel, a new frontier
for the NACA, with the support of Congress and increased creativity among
engineers.
Dorothy Vaughan moves to a downsized office in Building 1251 after the
disbandment of the West Area computing group, reflecting changes in
computing management at NACA.
The West Area computers played a significant role in integrating NACA,
establishing a sense of community for black mathematicians and engineers.
Despite resistance in Virginia, NACA integrates naturally, influenced by
national legal changes and the efforts of civil rights activists like A. Philip
Randolph and Rosa Parks.
The government begins to address racial disparities, with the NACA's legal
counsel advocating an end to racial double standards.
In 1958, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other agencies merge to form
NASA, succeeding the NACA and marking a new era of public space
exploration.
The NACA expands significantly in size, with multiple research centers and
a growing number of employees, indicating its increasing importance in the
aerospace field.
The West Area Computers Unit is dissolved, requiring Dorothy Vaughan
and others to find new roles within the organization.
NASA operates transparently, with its activities made public to both
Americans and the world, signaling a shift towards openness and
collaboration in space exploration.
The US government emphasizes the importance of space exploration for
national defense, global prestige, and expanding human knowledge,
prompting Katherine and her colleagues at Langley to delve into the subject.
Katherine seizes the opportunity to advance in her career by preparing
charts, equations, and a textbook for space travel, demonstrating her
expertise in the field.
Despite her qualifications, Katherine faces discrimination as a woman, being
denied entry to lectures and editorial meetings on space research due to her
gender.
The research process at Langley is rigorous, with authors facing scrutiny
from multiple experts, followed by intense review for accuracy, consistency,
and clarity before publication.
Katherine persists in questioning why she is excluded from editorial
meetings, challenging the gender norms of the time and advocating for her
right to participate.
Women in 1958 must navigate a delicate balance between being coy and
assertive, facing barriers to being seen as peers in male-dominated fields like
aerospace engineering.
Ambitious women like Katherine strategize to overcome gender barriers and
advance in their careers, leveraging their confidence and determination to
challenge the status quo.
Katherine's persistence pays off as she eventually gains entry to the editorial
meetings of the Guidance and Control Branch, breaking gender barriers and
paving the way for greater inclusion of women in aerospace research.
The Guidance and Control Branch of Langley’s Flight Research Division is
poised to become the Aerospace Mechanics Division of NASA, highlighting
the transition towards a new era of space exploration.
Katherine's journey reflects the evolving opportunities and progress for
women in STEM fields, illustrating the ongoing struggle for gender equality
and recognition in the aerospace industry.
Mary Jackson helps her son, Levi, build a car for the 1960 soap box derby,
fostering a close relationship and sharing her engineering skills with him.
encourages Levi to excel in math and science, hoping he will follow her into
the engineering profession, and supports him in winning prizes at his school
science fair.
Many black families, including Mary's, face barriers to participating in
events like the soap box derby due to limited access to information and the
pervasive effects of segregation.
Mary actively fights against racial and gender inequality, both at work and in
her community, striving to create opportunities for marginalized groups.
Mary volunteers with organizations like the National Technical Association
and leads a large girl scout troop, advocating for integration and providing
mentorship to young girls.
Mary cultivates friendships with white colleagues and collaborates with
them to promote diversity and inclusion in the workplace, demonstrating the
importance of working together.
Levi's victory in the soap box derby symbolizes progress and serves as
inspiration for the black community, showing that barriers can be overcome
and paving the way for future generations.
Mary recognizes the contributions of pioneering black women like Dorothy
Vaughan, Katherine Johnson, and Dorothy Hoover, who paved the way for
her own success, motivating her to give back to her community.
Levi's achievement as the first black winner of the soap box derby marks a
significant milestone in the ongoing struggle for equality and representation.
Mary's commitment to community service and advocacy underscores her
dedication to creating a more inclusive and equitable society, ensuring that
the legacy of progress continues.
Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's principles, student sit-ins begin at segregated
lunch counters, spreading across the South and leading to protests and
arrests, including at Hampton Institute.
Rosa Parks, known to some Hampton students, contributes to the activism at
the university after being blacklisted for her role in the Montgomery Bus
Boycott.
The spirit of the space race motivates activists in their mission for civil
rights, though rumors of astronauts' involvement remain unconfirmed.
Virginia's governor reopens some schools, moving closer to integration,
while others, like those in Prince Edward County, remain closed, depriving
black children of education and earning Virginia the dubious distinction of
being last in education despite being first in science.
Langley rapidly desegregates, with Dorothy Vaughan and other women
joining different engineering groups and transitioning from human to
electronic computers.
NASA purchases more computers and establishes a global network of
communication stations to support Project Mercury's goal of spaceflight.
President Eisenhower's farewell speech warns against the military-industrial
complex, President Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925 for affirmative
action, and Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space.
After some setbacks, including failed launches with chimpanzees, Alan
Shepard completes the first suborbital flight, prompting President Kennedy
to set the goal of landing a man on the moon.
NASA relocates from Langley to Houston, requiring more resources for its
ambitious goals, while Katherine Johnson remains in Virginia.
Despite advancements in space exploration, the struggle for civil rights and
equal opportunity continues, intertwined with the nation's scientific and
technological achievements.
In 1957, John Glenn is selected for MA-6, the orbital flight crucial for
NASA's future. He undergoes rigorous physical training and simulations at
Langley to ensure readiness.
Gherman Titov's successful orbital flight for Russia intensifies American
frustration and doubt about NASA's capabilities, leading to debates about
potential defunding.
By 1962, the spacecraft is finally prepared for launch, marking a pivotal
moment in the space program's history.
Astronauts like Glenn resist relying solely on computers and trust experts
like Katherine Johnson to verify critical calculations for space missions.
The number of black employees, including engineers, increases at Langley,
with many playing significant roles in space exploration and advancing to
higher positions.
The dissolution of West Computing doesn't impede the contributions of
black employees like Dorothy Vaughan, who adapts to working with new
IBM computers.
Katherine Johnson's expertise in mathematics plays a crucial role in ensuring
the success of human spaceflight, earning her recognition and celebration.
John Glenn's safe return to Earth marks a triumph for NASA and its team,
with Glenn receiving accolades as a hero upon his return.
The success of Glenn's mission highlights the collaborative efforts of diverse
individuals at Langley, contributing to each mission's success.
Glenn's successful mission is celebrated as a milestone in space exploration,
highlighting the collective achievements of the team at Langley and NA
In 1963, the Civil Rights movement persists, with notable events like the
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King, Jr.
delivers his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech.
Project Mercury concludes with a significant twenty-two-orbit flight,
marking a milestone in American space exploration.
Figures like A. Phillip Randolph and Martin Luther King, Jr. collaborate to
advance the Civil Rights agenda, organizing impactful events and speeches.
Dorothy Vaughan completes twenty years of dedicated service to the Federal
Government, reflecting her commitment and contribution to the workforce.
Langley Institute aims to increase the representation of talented African-
Americans, with Mary Jackson and others playing a role in ensuring a
welcoming environment for new black employees.
In 1967, Christine Mann secures a job at Langley, where she meets
Katherine Johnson, joining the workforce during a period of significant
technological advancement.
Katherine Johnson remains actively engaged in community service
alongside her work on spaceflight projects, demonstrating her commitment
to both professional excellence and social responsibility.
The tragic Apollo 1 fire in 1967, resulting in the deaths of three astronauts,
deeply impacts Katherine and her colleagues at Langley, underscoring the
risks associated with space exploration.
Despite setbacks, Katherine and her fellow engineers at Langley continue to
dream of lunar exploration, working tirelessly to make this aspiration a
reality.
Katherine's unwavering dedication to her work and her determination to
contribute to significant advancements in space exploration highlight her
resilience and commitment to her profession.
In 1969, Katherine Johnson attends a sorority conference in the Poconos
while witnessing the historic Apollo 11 mission, which she contributed to as
a NASA worker. This highlights her personal connection to both her
professional achievements and broader cultural events.
The Apollo 11 mission marks a monumental moment in US history as
astronauts make their way to the moon, showcasing the pinnacle of human
achievement in space exploration.
Despite the triumph of the Apollo mission, black activists challenge the
allocation of resources, questioning why significant investments are made in
space exploration while many black families struggle with poverty and lack
of access to basic needs.
Concerns arise about the lack of representation of black astronauts or
personnel in mission control, raising questions about diversity and inclusion
within the Space Program.
The portrayal of black characters like Lieutenant Uhura in the TV show Star
Trek helps foster a sense of connection between black Americans and the
Space Program, highlighting the significance of cultural representation.
Martin Luther King Jr. himself acknowledges the importance of
representation by urging the actress who plays Lieutenant Uhura not to leave
the show, emphasizing the interconnectedness of different social
movements.
Katherine Johnson reflects on her journey, expressing gratitude to Dorothy
Vaughan and others who supported her along the way. She envisions future
challenges and aspirations, including plotting a course to Mars and exploring
the outer planets, highlighting her ambitious spirit and limitless vision for
the future of space exploration.
Katherine's belief that "anything was possible" once the first step was taken
underscores her optimism and determination to continue pushing boundaries
and exploring new frontiers in space.
Katherine's story serves as an inspiration for future generations, showcasing
the power of perseverance, determination, and ingenuity in overcoming
challenges and achieving remarkable feats in science and exploration.
Katherine's vision for future missions to Mars and beyond reflects the
enduring human spirit of exploration and discovery, inspiring others to
dream big and push the boundaries of what is possible in space exploration.