PROVINCE OF KWAZULU-NATAL

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES

SOLUTIONS
REVISION DOCUMENT
Teachers Guide
September 2021

&

CONTENT & METHODOLOGY

WORKSHOP
Teachers Resource
September 2021
 2021 LIFE SCIENCES REVISON PROGRAMME
Preamble
The Revision document must be used in the implementation of a Revision Programme which
takes the following into account:

 Consultation of the School Calendar and Examination Timetables in order to

determine the time allocation for revision of topics.
 Focus on core concepts and content per topic as well as the relevant Life
Sciences skills.
 Activity based Revision sessions and constant feedback on
assessments/activities given.
 Scaffolding of concepts according to cognitive/difficulty levels and a
differentiated approach to cater for learners with different abilities.
 Addressing the Common errors & misconceptions in each topic using the
Composite diagnostic reports that have been developed.
 Use of the 2021 Examination Guidelines and Section 4 CAPS amendments
in ensuring that the relevant policy changes are taken into account.
 Integration of the Just in Time concept into the KZN 12-point plan.
 Providing multiple opportunities for learners to master concepts through
multiple exposure using different source stimuli.
 A focus on scientific investigations and biological terminology for each
topic.
 Consolidating and supplementing topics through the use of previous
examination question papers.

1
 CONTENTS

No Topic Page

1. Reproduction 3

2. Human Response to the Environment 31

3. Plant Response to the Environment 47

4. Endocrine System & Homeostasis 54

5. DNA: Code of Life 62

6. Meiosis 70

7. Genetics 78

8. Evolution 86

2
 TOPIC: REPRODUCTION (8+41 marks)

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS: REPRODUCTION

DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 The fusion of the sperm and egg outside the External fertilization
body
1.2 The development of the embryo inside an Internal fertilization
incubated egg that is laid.
1.3 The development of the embryo in the uterus Vivipary
and the young are born alive.
1.4 The complete development of the embryo inside Ovovivipary
an egg in the female body.
1.5 The development of the embryo in which very Altricial
little energy is used and parental care is
required.
1.6 The development of the embryo in which a lot of Precorcial
energy is used and the young are able to move
directly after hatching.
1.7 Structure that provides nutrition to the embryo in Yolk Sac
the amniotic egg
1.8 Structure that stores waste for the embryo in the Allantois
amniotic egg
1.9 Fluid filled bag around embryo Amnion
1.10 Structure in the sperm cell that contains Acrosome
enzymes used to penetrate the ovum
1.11 The liquid that surrounds the human embryo Amniotic fluid
1.12 A hollow ball of cells into which the fertilised Blastula/blastocyst
ovum develops
1.13 Specialised cells found between the Interstitial cells
seminiferous tubules that produce the hormone
testosterone
1.14 A hollow ball of cells into which the fertilised Chorion
ovum develops
1.15 The lining of the uterus which is richly supplied Endometrium
with blood vessels
1.16 Coiled tubular structure outside the testis that Epididymis
stores sperms
1.17 The part of the female reproductive system in Fallopian tube/Oviduct
which fertilisation takes place
1.18 The name given to the embryo after it reaches Foetus
12 weeks
1.19 The hormone produced by the pituitary which Follicle Stimulating
controls growth of the Graafian follicle Hormone
1.20 The name given to the embryo after it reaches Gametogenesis
12 weeks
1.21 Layer within the ovary that is responsible for Parental care
formation of ova through meiosis
1.22 Another name for the period of pregnancy Gestation

3
1.23 The process by which the embryo becomes Implantation
attached to the uterine wall
1.24 The hormone which converts the ruptured follicle Luteinizing Hormone
into a corpus luteum
1.25 Type of cell division by which sperms are Meiosis
produced
1.26 The 28-day reproductive cycle in females Menstrual cycle
involving changes in the ovary and uterus
1.27 Tearing away of the endometrium lining of the Menstruation
uterine wall, accompanied by the loss of blood
1.28 The cell division by which the zygote becomes Mitosis
multicellular
1.29 Production of ova by meiosis Oogenesis
1.30 The hormone which starts the preparation of the Oestrogen
lining of the uterus for attachment of the fertilised
ovum
1.31 Process by which an ovum is released from the Ovulation
ovary in humans
1.32 Gland in the brain that produces FSH and LH Pituitary/hypophysis
1.33 Combination of foetal and maternal tissue Placenta
responsible for gas exchange, nutrition and
excretion
1.34 Hormone that maintains pregnancy Progesterone
1.35 The stage when sexual maturity is reached in Puberty
males and females
1.36 Production of spermatozoa by meiosis Spermatogenesis
1.37 Hormone responsible for secondary sexual Testosterone
characteristics in males
1.38 A hollow, rope-like tube which attaches the Umbilical cord
embryo to the placenta
1.39 The blood vessel that carries nitrogenous waste Umbilical artery
from the foetus to the placenta
1.40 The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood Umbilical vein
from the placenta to the foetus
1.41 The structure where testosterone is produced Testes
1.42 Sac-like structure that contains testes Scrotum
1.43 A gland that lubricates end of penis Cowper’s gland
1.44 Common tube for sperm and urine Urethra
1.45 A gland that produces alkaline medium of semen Prostate gland
1.46 A gland that provides nutrients for the sperms Seminal vesicle
1.47 A tube that transfers sperms to the urethra Vas deference

2. MATCHING
2.1 A only 
2.2 B only 
2.3 A only
2.4 B only 
2.5 A only 
2.6 B only 

4
2.7 A only 
2.8 A only 
2.9 B only 
2.10 B only 
2.11 Both A and B 
2.12 None 
2.13 None 
2.14 Both A and B 
2.15 B only 
2.16 None 

Question 3
3.1

3.2

3.3

Question 4
4.1

4.2

4.3

Question 5
5.1

5.2

Question 6

5
6.1

6.2
6.3

Question 7
7.1

Question 8
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

Question 9
9.1 Internal fertilisation (1)

9.2 Sperm are deposited inside the female body

thereby increasing the chances of fertilisation

Gametes/zygotes are inside the body

therefore protected from the predators/ environmental dangers

(Mark first TWO only) (2 x 2) (4)

9.3 The eggs hatch inside the female’s body

and the young are born live (2)
(7)

6
Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

Question 11
11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

7
Question 12
12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

Question 13

Question 14
14.1

14.2

14.3

8
Question 15
15.1

15.2
15.3

15.4
15.5

Question 16
16.1

16.2

16.3

16.4

16.5

16.6

9
Question 17
17.1

17.2

17.3

17.4

17.5

Question 18
18.1

18.2

18.3

10
18.4

18.5

18.6

Question 19
19.1

19.2

19.3

Question 20

11
Question 21

12
Question 22

Question 23

Question 24

13
Question 25
25.1

25.2

25.3

Question 26
26.1

26.2

26. 3

14
26.4

26.5

26.6

Question 27
27.1

27.2

27.3

15
Question 28
28.1

28.2

28.3

28.4

28.5

16
Question 29
29.1

29.2

29.3

29.4

Question 30
30.1

30.2

30.3

17
Question 31
31.1

31.2

31.3

31.4

31.6

31.7

31.8

Question 32
32.1 - Progesterone maintains/thickens the endometrium
- and therefore, maintains the pregnancy

32.2 (a) Progesterone treatment

(b) Development of gestational diabetes

32.3 - Glucose levels were taken daily

- When the glucose level of a pregnant woman remains high continuouslyit
indicates the development of gestational diabetes

32.4 - (Same) dosage/250 mg of progesterone

- (Same) period of time for injection/injections given between weeks 16 and 20
- (Same) frequency of injections/ weekly injections Any
(Mark first TWO only)

32.5 - Group B did not receive progesterone

- If gestational diabetes develops in group A it would be due to the progesterone
- treatment

18
Question 33
33.1

33.2

33.3

33.4

33.5

19
Question 34

34.1

34.2

34.3

34.4

34.5

34.6

34.7

34.8

Question 35

35.1

35.2

35.3

35.4

20
Question 36

36.1

36.2

36.3

36.4

36.5

21
Question 37
37.1

37.2

37.3

37.4

37.5

37.6

22
Question 38
38.1

38.2

38.3

38.4

Question 39
39.1

39.2

39.3

39.4

39.5

39.6

23
Question 40
40.1

40.2

40.3

40.4

24
Question 41
41.1

(6)

25
41.2

41.3

Question 42

Gaseous exchange and nourishment of the foetus in humans (F)

- In the placenta
- the mothers blood comes into close contact with the foetal blood
- Oxygen
- and nutrients
- diffuse from the mothers blood into the foetal blood
- in the umbilical veins
- This nutrient rich blood is carried to the foetus through the umbilical cord
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the foetal blood
- in the umbilical artery
- into the maternal blood(6)

Question 43
Protection of the foetus in humans (P)
- The foetus develops inside the uterus
- and is protected by the mothers body
- Antibodies from the mothers blood
- pass into the foetus' blood and provide immunity
- The placenta acts as a micro filter
- preventing toxins from the mother entering the foetal blood
- The foetus is enclosed in the amnion
- which contains amniotic fluid
- The amniotic fluid provides protection against dehydration
- and acts as a shock absorber
- It provides a suitable temperaturefor the developing embryo (5)

26
Question 44

- The zygote divides by mitosis

- to form a ball of cells
- called the morula
- More mitotic divisions of the morula occurs to form a hollow ball of cells
- called a blastocyst
- The blastocyst attaches to the endometrial lining
- The outer wall of the blastocyst, called the chorion,
- develops projections called villiwhich
- embeds/implants into the uterine wall
- The cells of the embryo continues to divide
- and differentiate
- to form the different organs and limbs
- and is now called a foetus

Question 45
- The foetus is enclosed in a sac called the amnion
- filled with amniotic fluid
- which protects the foetus against temperature fluctuations
- protects the foetus against dehydration
- and protects the foetus against mechanical injury/acts as a shock absorber
- The chorionic villi and the endometrium form the placenta
- where the blood of both the foetus and the mother
- run close to each other
- allowing for nutrients to diffuse into the blood of the foetus
- The umbilical vein
- carries the absorbed nutrients from the mother to the foetus

Question 46

27
Question 47

Question 48

Question 49

28
Question 50

Question 51

Question 52
Spermatogenesis 
- Takes place under the influence of testosterone 
- in the seminiferous tubules/testis
- Diploid cells /germinal epithelium - undergo meiosis 
- to form haploid sperm cells 

Question 53
Formation and transport of semen 
- Sperm mature /are temporarily stored
- in the epididymis 
- During ejaculation 
- sperm move into the vas deferens 
- As it passes the seminal vesicles , 
- prostate gland  and
- Cowper’s glands 
- fluids are added that provide nutrition, 
- promote the movement of the sperm
- and neutralise the acids produced in the vagina
- The semen passes through the urethra 
- of the penis  - into the vagina 
- during copulation 
- and swims up the Fallopian tube where it meets the ovum

29
Question 54
- Under the influence of FSH 
- diploid cells / germinal epithelial cells
- in the ovary
- undergo mitosis 
- to form numerous follicles 
- One cell inside a follicle enlarges and undergoes meiosis 
- Of the four cells that are produced, only one survives to form a mature,
haploid ovum  Any 6

Question 55

Question 56

30
TOPIC:HUMAN RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT (54 marks)
1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 The part of the nervous system made up of cranial and Peripheral Nervous
spinal nerves. system

1.2 The part of the brain that receives impulses from the Cerebellum
maculae

1.3 The structure that connects the left and right Corpus callosum
hemispheres of the brain

1.4 The part of the brain that controls body temperature Hypothalamus

1.5 The part of the brain that regulates breathing Medulla oblongata
1.6 The branch of the autonomic nervous system that Parasympathetic
restores an increased heart rate back to normal nervous system

1.7 The part of the nervous system that is made up of spinal Peripheral
and cranial nerves
1.8 The dark pigmented layer of the eye Choroid
1.9 A small device that is inserted in the ear to drain fluids Grommets
caused by a middle-ear infection.
1.10 A structure in the eye that absorbs light to prevent Choroid
internal reflection.
1.11 The structure in the ear that equalizes the pressure on Eustachian
either side of the eardrum.
1.12 The watery fluid that supports the cornea and the front Aqueous
chamber of the eye
1.13 The receptors in the ear that detect changes in the Cristae
direction and speed of any movement of the body.
1.14 The series of changes that take place in the shape of the Accommodation
lens and the eyeball in response to the distance of an
object from the eye.
1.15 Part of the human ear that directs sound waves into the Pinna
auditory canal.
2. MATCHING
2.1 None
2.2 A only
2.3 A only

31
Question 3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Question 4
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

32
Question 5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

33
Question 6

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

Question 7
7.1

7.2

7.3

34
Question 8

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

35
Question 9

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

36
Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

37
Question 11
11.1

11.2
11.3

11.4

11.5

Question 12
12.1

12.2

12.3

38
Question 13
13.1

13.2

13.3

Question 14
14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5

14.6

14.7

39
Question 15
15.1

15.2

Question 16
16.1

16.2
16.3

Question 17
17.1

17.2

17.3

40
Question 18
18.1

18.2

18.3

41
Question 19
19.1

19.2

19.3

19.4

19.5

19.6

19.7

19.8

42
Question 20

20.1

20.2

20.3

20.4 `
20.5

43
Question 21
21.1
21.2

21.3

21.4

44
Question 22
22.1

22.2

Question 23
23.1

23.2

23.3

23.4

23.5

45
Question 24
24.1

24.2

24.3

24.4

24.5

24.6

46
TOPIC: PLANT RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT (13 marks)

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 A plant hormone that causes leaves to fall off trees in Abscissic acid
autumn
1.2 A plant growth hormone that stimulates seed Gibberellin
germination
1.3 Growth movement of a plant in response to an Tropism
external stimulus
1.4 A substance containing plant hormones used to kill Herbicide
unwanted plants
1.5 A plant growth hormone that stimulates apical Auxin
dominance
1.6 The response of a part of a plant to a light stimulus Phototropism
1.7 The response of a part of a plant to a gravity stimulus Geotropism
1.8 Inhibition of lateral branches caused by auxins Apical dominance
2. MATCHING
Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I apply to A ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH
A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A and B, or
none next to the question number (1.2 to 1.3) in the ANSWER BOOK.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
2.1 Plant hormone that helps plant seeds to survive A ONLY
unfavourable conditions, e.g. droughts
2.2 Plant defence mechanisms BOTH
2.3 Plant hormone that stimulates the germination of NONE
seeds
2.4 Promotes apical dominance A ONLY

47
Question 3
3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Question 4
4.1
4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4

48
4.2

Question 5
5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

49
Question 6

Question 7
7.1

50
7.2

QUESTION 8
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

51
Question 9

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

52
Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

53
Question 11
11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

11.5

11.6

54
 TOPIC: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HOMEOSTASIS (34 marks)

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 A gland whose secretion are transported through blood Endocrine gland
streams.
1.2 A system that is responsible for chemical coordination Endocrine system
in the body.
1.3 A hormone that stimulates ovulation in humans LH
1.4 The process of maintaining a constant internal Homeostasis
environment in the human body
1.5 A gland whose secretions are transported through Exocrine Gland
ducts.
1.6 A hormone that stimulates mammary gland to produce Prolactin
milk.
1.7 A hormone that is responsible for osmoregulation in ADH
the body.
1.8 Specialized cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin Islets of Langerhans
and glucagon
1.9 A hormone responsible for secondary sexual Testosterone
characteristics in males
1.10 A hormone that is responsible for maintaining salt Aldosterone
balance in the blood.
1.11 A gland that secretes FSH and LH in females. Pituitary
1.12 Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. Hormone
1.13 A gland located in the neck that secretes thyroxin Thyroid gland
hormone.
1.14 A hormone that controls the metabolic rate in the body. Thyroxin
1.15 A hormone that increases the blood glucose level in Glucagon
the body.
1.16 A hormone that lowers the blood glucose level in the Insulin
body.
1.17 Promotes the secretions of hormones produced by TSH
thyroid glands.
1.18 A mechanism that detects imbalances and restores Negative feedback
balance in the internal environment
1.19 A hormone responsible for growth and development in Growth Hormone
the body.
2. MATCHING
2.1 Both A and B
2.2 B Only
2.3 B Only
2.4 None
2.5 B Only

55
Question 3

3.1

3.2

3.3

Question 4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

56
Question 5

5.1

5.2

5.3

57
Question 6

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

Question 7

7.1

58
7.2

Question 8
8.1 (1)

8.2

8.3

59
Question 9

Question 10
Role of the endocrine system in providing energy (E)
- More adrenalinis secreted
- by the adrenal glands
- increases blood glucose/increase heart rate/ increase breathing rate/dilate blood vessels to
essential organs

- More glucagonis secreted

- by the pancreas/islets of Langerhans
- increases blood glucose

- More TSHis secreted
- by the pituitary gland
- to increase thyroxin production

- More thyroxinis secreted
- by the thyroid gland
- to increase the body’s metabolic rate/rate of respiration
Any (9)

60
Question 11

11.1

11.2

11.3

61
 PAPER 2

TOPIC: DNA: CODE OF LIFE (27 marks)

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 The bonds that hold the two strands of a DNA molecule hydrogen bond
together.
1.2 The nitrogenous base found in messenger RNA but not uracil
in DNA
1.3 The cell organelle to which mRNA attaches during ribosome
protein synthesis
1.4 The sugar that forms part of a nucleotide in RNA ribose
1.5 The analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals that DNA profiling
may be related
1.6 The process whereby DNA makes an exact copy of DNA replication
itself
1.7 The type of RNA containing anticodons tRNA
1.8 The organelle in a cell where translation occurs ribosome
1.9 The sugar found in DNA deoxyribose
1.10 The natural shape of a DNA molecule double helix
1.11 The monomers of nucleic acids nucleotides
1.12 Sections of DNA that carry hereditary information genes
1.13 The process whereby mRNA is formed from DNA transcription
1.14 The process of arranging amino acids according to translation
the sequence of bases on mRNA
1.15 The triplet of bases found on a tRNA molecule anticodon
1.16 Base triplets found on mRNA codons
1.17 Bonds that join amino acids together peptide bonds
2. MATCHING
2.1 B only
2.2 Both A and B
2.3 Both A and B
2.4 B only
2.5 A only

62
Question 3
3.1
3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Question 4

4.1

4.2

4.3

63
Question 5
5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

Question 6
6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

64
Question 7
7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

Question 8
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

Question 9
9.1 Transcription  (1)
9.2 mRNA  (1)
9.3 -makes up the genes which carry hereditary information
-contains coded information for protein synthesis (2)
9.4 
A (DNA) B (RNA)
Double strand / Single strand
Paired bases Unpaired
bases
Thymine  Uracil
(5)

65
9.5

(5)
9.6 - This will result in different tRNA molecules 
- bringing different amino acids 
- leading to the formation of a different protein.  (3)

Question 10
10.1

10.2

66
Question 11
11.1

11.2

11.3

Question 12
12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

67
Question 13

13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

Question 14

The DNA (double helix) unwindsand

- unzips/hydrogen bonds break
- to form two separate strands 
- Both DNA strands serve as templates
- to build a complementary DNA/(A to T and C to G)
- using free (DNA) nucleotidesfrom the nucleoplasm
- This results in two identical (DNA) molecules
- Each molecule consists of one original strand and one new strandAny (6)

Question 15
The DNA is located in the nucleus
- and mitochondriaand
- chloroplasts

-DNA is a double-strandedmolecule that

- forms a helix
- It is made up of nucleotides
- Each nucleotide has a deoxyribose sugarmolecule
- a phosphate groupand
- a nitrogenous base
- The bases are A, T, C and G 
- which join to form complementary pairs/ (A to T and C to G)
- held by hydrogen bondsAny (8)

68
Question 16
-RNA is single stranded
-and is made up of nucleotideswhich comprise:
-ribose sugar
-phosphategroup
-nitrogenous bases which are
-adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine/ (A, U, G and C)
-The phosphate group is attached to the ribose sugar
- and the nitrogenous base is attached to the ribose sugar
-Bases on RNA are arranged in triplets
-as codons on mRNA 
-and anticodons on tRNA
-tRNA has a clover-leaf/hairpin structure
-tRNA has a place of attachment for an amino acidAny (8)

Question 17

- mRNAforms
- during transcription/by copying the coded message from DNA
- and moves out of the nucleus
- and attaches to the ribosome
- During translation
- the anticodon matches the codon
- tRNA
- brings the required amino acidto the ribosome
- Amino acids become attached by peptide bonds
- to form the required proteinAny (8)

Question 18
18.1

18.2

18.3

18.4

69
 TOPIC: MEIOSIS (21 marks)
BIOLOGICAL TERMS:

DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 The point of crossing over between two adjacent Chiasma
chromosomes
1.2 The splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division Cytokinesis
1.3 The failure of chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis Non-disjunction
1.4 The structures in the cell that forms the spindle fibres. Centrioles
1.5 The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes are Metaphase I
aligned at the equator of the cell.
1.6 The division of the nucleus Karyokinesis

1.7 Exchange of genetic material between chromatids of Crossing over

homologous chromosomes
1.8 The point at which the two chromatids of a chromosome are Centromere
joined together
1.9 Site of meiosis in females Ovary
1.10 A genetic disorder caused by having an extra copy of Down syndrome
chromosome number 21
1.11 The Structure formed by the centrioles during cell division Spindle fibres
1.12 The non-sex chromosomes in humans Autosomes
1.13 The condition in a cell where there is only one set of Haploid
Chromosomes
1.14 The structure that is responsible for the formation of spindle Centrosomes
fibres during cell division in animal cells and is made up of
two centrioles
MATCHING
1.2. 1.2.1. None
1.2.2. B only
1.2.3. Both
1.2.4. B only
1.2.5 Both

70
2.1. 2.1.1.

2.1.2.

2.1.3

2.1.4.

Question 3
3.1. 3.1.1.

3.1.2.

3.1.3.

3.1.4

3.1.5.

71
3.2.

Question 4
4.1. 4.1.1.

4.1.2.

4.1.3

4.2.

4.3. 4.3.1.

4.3.2.

4.3.3.

4.3.4.

72
Question 5
5.1. 5.1.1.

5.1.2.

5.13.

[10]
5.2.

OR

73
Question 6
6.1. 6.1.1

6.1.2

6.1.3

6.1.4

6.1.5

6.1.6

74
Question 7
7.1. 7.1.1

7.1.2

7.1.3

7.1.4

7.1.5

Question 8
8.1. 8.1.1

8.1.2

8.1.3

8.1.4

8.1.5

8.1.6

8.1.7

75
Question 9
9.1 9.1.1

9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4

Question 10
10.1 10.1.1

10.1.2

10.1.3

10.1.4

76
 TOPIC: GENETICS AND INHERITANCE (48 marks)

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

1.8

1.9
1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15
1.16

1.17
/

1.18

1.19

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
2. MATCHING COLUMNS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

77
Question 3
3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Question 4
4.1

4.2

78
Question 5
5.1

5.2

79
Question 6

Question 7
7.1

7.2

Question 8
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

80
Question 9
9.1

9.2

9.3

81
Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

Question 11
11.1

11.2

11.3

Question 12
12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

82
Question 13

13.1

13.2

Question 14

Question 15
15.1

15.2

15.3

15.4

83
Question 16
16.1

16.2

16.3

16.4

1.6.5

1.6.6

1.6.7

84
1.6.8

TOPIC: EVOLUTION (54 marks)

GENERAL EVOLUTION

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 A type of variation where there is a range of phenotype Continuous
for the same characteristics
1.2 Present day distribution of living organisms Biogeography
1.3 The selection of desirable characteristics by humans Artificial

1.4 The process whereby new species are formed Speciation

1.5 The type of variation in a population with no intermediate Discontinuous

phenotype
1.6 An explanation describing evolution as consisting of long Punctuated equilibrium
phases of little change alternating with short phases of rapid
change
1.7 The permanent disappearance of species from earth Extinction
1.8 An explanation for something that has been observed in Theory
nature and which can be supported by facts, laws and
tested hypothesis
1.9 Organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile Species
offspring
1.10 Formation of new species when the physical barrier has Speciation
divided a population
1.11 Structured in different organism that have similar basic plan Homologous structures
which suggest that they share common ancestor
1.12 The process that enable organisms with desirable Natural selection
characteristics to survive and reproduce in that particular
environment
1.13 A group of organisms occupying similar habitat at the same Population
time
1.14 Remains of life forms preserved in rocks, ice and dried sap Fossil
trees
1.15 Change of living organisms over successive generation Biological evolution
through genetic variation and natural selection

85
 2. MATCHING
2.1 A ONLY
2.2 NONE
2.3 B ONLY
2.4 B ONLY
2.5 NONE
2.6 BOTH A AND B
2.7 BOTH A AND B
2.8 B ONLY
2.9 A ONLY
2.10 A ONLY

Question 3
3

4.

5.

86
6.

Question 7
7.1

7.2

87
Question 8

8.1

8.2

8.3

88
8.4

8.5

QUESTION 9

89
9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

90
 Question 10
10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

Question 11

91
11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

11.5

11.6

92
 Question 12
12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

93
Question 13
13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

94
Question 14
14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5

95
Question 15

15.1

(3)

15.2
(1)

15.3
(3)

15.4

(4)
(11)

96
Question 16

16.1
(1)
(1)
16.2

(3)

16.3

(2)

16.4

(2)

(9)

Question 17

97
Question 18

18.1

18.2

Question 19

19.1

19.2

19.3

98
 Question 20
20.1

20.2

20.3

20.4

20.5

99
100
Question 21

21.1

21.2

21.3

21.4

21.5

21.6

101
 Question 22

22.1

22.2

Question 23
23.1

23.2

23.3

102
23.4

23.5

103
Question 24
24.1 (a)

(b)

104
Question 25

25.1

25.2

TOPIC: HUMAN EVOLUTION

1. BIOLOGICAL TERMS:
DESCRIPTION TERM
1.1 The opening in the base of the skull through which Foramen magnum
the spinal cord passes
1.2 An upright posture and walking only on two legs Bipedalism/bipedal
1.3 Family to which humans belong Hominidae
1.4 The type of evidence for human evolution that Culturalevidence
includes tool-making
1.5 Genus to which Little Foot and Mrs Ples belongs Australopithecus
1.6 A diagram representing possible evolutionary Phylogenetictree/cladogram
relationships between species
1.7 Large, pointed teeth in African apes that are used for Canines
tearing food
1.8 The part of the skull that houses the brain Cranium
1.9 Having a protruding jaw Prognathous 
1.10 The type of vision shared by apes and humans that Binocular/stereoscopic
allows for depth perception
1.11 The hypothesis which supports migration of human Out of Africahypothesis
ancestors from the point of origin
1.12 The mineralised remains of organisms that have lived Fossils
in the past

1.13 Evidence contained in the female line to support the Mitochondrial DNA

105
 Out of Africa hypothesis
1.14 The first hominin that used stone tools for cutting Homo habilis
meat
1.15 The genus to which modern humans belong Homo 
1.16 A thumb that can be placed opposite the fingers of Opposable
the same hand
1.17 The order to which humans, lemurs and apes belong Primates
1.18 Arrangement of teeth on a jaw Dentition
1.19 The act of walking on all four limbs Quadrupedal
1.20 Fossil site where Little Foot was discovered Sterkfontein
2. MATCHING
2.1 Feature of chimpanzee skulls A only

2.2 Similarity between humans and African apes A only

2.3 Discovered the fossil called 'Little Foot' B only 

2.4 Jaw of African apes B only
2.5 Long and narrow pelvis A only
2.6 Found in African apes and humans B only
2.7 Fossils found in South Africa A only
2.8 Fossil evidence found in Ethiopia A only
2.9 Study of fossils B only
2.10 Discovered the fossil called “Little Foot” B only
2.11 Pelvic bone in humans Both A and B
2.12 Example of a fossil of A. africanus A only
2.13 A characteristic that is shared by African apes and humans A only
1.14 Fossil that was discovered in Sterkfontein B only
2.15 Cultural evidence of the “Out of Africa” hypothesis B only

106
Question 3

3.1

3.2

3.3

107
Question 4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

Question 5

5.1

5.2

108
5.3

Question 6

6.1

6.2

6.3

109
Question 7

7.1

7.2

Question 8
8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

110
Question 9

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

Question 10

10.1

10.2
10.3

10.4

10.5

111
Question 11
11.1

11.2

11.3

11.4

11.5

Question 12

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

Question 13
13.1

13.2

13.3

13.4

112
13.5

13.6

13.7

113
Question 14

114
Question 15

15.1

15.2

15.3

115