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Salkind, Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics, 6e
SAGE Publishing, 2017
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
3. The _______ is defined as an “educated guess” that describes the relationship between
variables.
a. research question
b. hypothesis
c. theorem
d. postulate
Ans: b
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The _______ is a more testable version of a research question.
a. hypothesis
b. theorem
c. postulate
d. theory
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Which of the following refers to the group you wish to generalize your results to?
a. population
b. sample
c. sampling error
d. general group
Ans: a
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Hypothesis testing relates to _______.
a. the sample
b. the population
c. multiple populations
d. samples and populations
Ans: a
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of a null and research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that ______.
a. both the null and alternative hypotheses are true
b. the alternative hypothesis is true
c. neither the null nor alternative hypotheses are true
d. the null hypothesis is true
Ans: d
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis?
a. the null hypothesis
b. the alternative hypothesis
c. the research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. What will you have if there is no difference between sample and population values?
a. a high sampling error
b. a low but positive sampling error
c. no sampling error
d. It cannot be determined.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. A _______ is a statement of equality between sets of variables.
a. null hypothesis
b. research hypothesis
c. nondirectional research hypothesis
d. directional research hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups but does not specify
the direction of the difference.
a. null hypothesis
b. directional research hypothesis
c. nondirectional research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups and also specifies the
direction of the difference.
a. null hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. directional research hypothesis
d. none of these
Ans: c
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _______.
a. population
b. sample
c. sampling error
d. general group
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which of the following provides you with a measure of how well your sample approximates
the population?
a. generalizability
b. population
c. sampling error
d. hypothesis
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your
sample?
a. It is small.
b. It is large.
c. It is representative.
d. It is nonrepresentative.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that
you will have _______ sampling error.
a. higher
b. lower
c. no
d. infinite
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?
a. one-tailed test
b. two-tailed test
c. nonparametric test
d. frequency test
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?
a. one-tailed test
b. two-tailed test
c. nonparametric test
d. frequency test
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. Null hypotheses refer to _______.
a. the sample
b. both samples and populations
c. multiple samples
d. the population
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: d
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is
specified?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not
specified?
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. research hypothesis
d. null hypothesis
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. Which of the following symbols represents the first research hypothesis?
a. H1
b.
c. X1
d. H0
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which of the following symbols represents the theoretical average of the population for one
group?
a. H1
b.
c. X1
d. H0
Ans: b
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. A hypothesis is best defined as ______.
a. a difficult-to-define question
b. an educated guess
c. cause-and-effect analysis
d. a scientific inquiry
Ans: b
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
43. When the sample accurately represents the population, the results of the study are said to
have a high degree of _______.
a. quality
b. validity
c. error
d. generalizability
Ans: d
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The differences between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics
of a population?
a. sampling accuracy
b. sampling error
c. sampling generalizability
d. sampling consistency
Ans: b
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The differences between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
45. Wolf cubs born in northern woods will grow thicker fur than wolf cubs born in southern
woods. This research hypothesis is an example of a _______.
a. directional hypothesis
b. nondirectional hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. mutual hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. “There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber
diets.” This is an example of a(n) _______.
a. null hypothesis
b. alternative hypothesis
c. directional hypothesis
d. nondirectional hypothesis
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and
Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.
a. a directional research hypothesis
b. a nondirectional research hypothesis
c. a null hypothesis
d. either a null or research hypothesis
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
49. If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores
from Classroom B, you would have a _______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
53. When writing a research hypothesis, what type of letters are used?
a. Arabic
b. Greek
c. Roman
d. Latin (English)
Ans: c
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
54. The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the
_______.
a. sample; population
b. direction; sample
c. population; direction
d. population; sample
Ans: d
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
57. If you were to hypothesize that there is a positive relationship between reaction time and
problem-solving ability, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. If you were to hypothesize that there is a relationship between reaction time and problem-
solving ability, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
59. If you were to hypothesize that communication students and history students will differ on
their oral communication measures, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
60. If you were to hypothesize that communication students will have a higher average score on
the oral communication measures, you would have a ______.
a. directional research hypothesis
b. nondirectional research hypothesis
c. null hypothesis
d. hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Ans: a
Answer Location: The Directional Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
2. Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Samples and Populations
Learning Objective: The difference between a sample and a population (again)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. If you are unsure whether the null or research hypothesis is true, you can assume that the
research hypothesis is true.
Ans: F
Answer Location: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Hypotheses should reflect the theory or literature on which they are based.
Ans: T
Answer Location: What Makes a Good Hypothesis?
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
1. What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
Ans: The most important role of the hypothesis is to reflect the general problem statement or
question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the first place.
Answer Location: So You Want to Be a Scientist . . .
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. What is the difference between the nondirectional research hypothesis and the directional
research hypothesis?
Ans: A nondirectional research hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, but the direction
of the difference is not specified. For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice
are different from the test scores of individuals who did not receive practice. A directional
hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, and the direction of the difference is specified.
For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice are greater than the test scores of
individuals who did not receive practice.
Answer Location: The Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. What are four differences between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?
Ans: The null hypothesis and the research hypothesis differ in four ways. (1) The null hypothesis
states there is no relationship between variables, while the research hypothesis states that there is
a relationship between two variables. (2) The null hypothesis always refers to the population,
while the research hypothesis always refers to the sample. (3) The null hypothesis must be
indirectly tested (since it is impossible to test an entire population), whereas the research
hypothesis can be directly tested. (4) The null hypothesis is always written using Greek letters,
while the research hypothesis is always written in Roman letters.
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Write the following statement in the form of an equation: There is no difference between IQ
scores of freshmen at State University and freshmen at University State.
Ans: H0: su = us
Answer Location: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis
Learning Objective: The importance of the null and research hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Deze Zoon van God is mensch geworden naar de leer der H.
Schrift door ontvangenis van den H. Geest en door geboorte uit de
maagd Maria. De bovennatuurlijke ontvangenis werd oudtijds reeds
ontkend door de Joden, Eisenmenger, Entd. Judenthum I 105 f.,
door de Ebionieten, door Cerinthus, Carpocrates, Celsus, cf. Moor III
722, deisten en rationalisten in de vorige eeuw, zooals Morgan,
Chubb, cf. Bretschneider, Entw. 567, door de nieuwere critici zooals
Strauss, Bruno Bauer, Renan enz., en in den jongsten tijd door
Harnack, Das apost. Glaubensbekenntniss, Berlin 1892; zijn oordeel,
dat de woorden: ontvangen van den H. Geest en geboren uit de
maagd Maria geen bestanddeel uitmaakten van de oorspronkelijke
verkondiging van het evangelie gaf tot een ernstigen strijd
aanleiding, waarbij velen zich aan zijne zijde schaarden, zooals
Achelis, Zur Symbolfrage Berlin 1892, Herrmann, Worum handelt es
sich in dem Streit um das Apostolikum? Leipzig 1893. Hering, Die
dogm. Bedeutung und der relig. Werth der übernat. Geburt Christi,
Zeits. f. Th. u. Kirche von Gottschick, 1895, S. 58-91. Lobstein, Die
Lehre v. der übernat. Geburt Christi, 2e Aufl. 1896, maar anderen
ook beslist zich tegenover hem stelden, vooral Wohlenberg,
Empfangen vom h. Geist, geboren von der Jungfrau Maria 1893.
Cremer, Zum Kampf um das Apostolikum, Berlin 1892, Th. Zahn,
Das apost. Symbolum, Erl. u. Leipzig 1893. Deze strijd kreeg nog
meer belang door de vondst van eene syrische vertaling der
evangeliën door Mrs. Lewis en hare zuster Mrs. Gibson in een
palimpsest van het Katharinaklooster op den Sinai in den zomer van
1892, The four gospels in Syriac, transscribed from the Sinaitic
palimpsest. By the late Robert L. Bensley and by J. Rendel Harris
and by F. Crawford Burkitt. With an introd. by Agnes Smith Lewis,
Cambridge 1894. Mt. 1:16 luidt toch in deze syrische vertaling aldus:
Jozef, aan wien de maagd Maria verloofd was, gewon Jezus, die
Christus genoemd wordt, cf. Theol. Tijdschr. Mei 1895 bl. 258v. Gids,
Juli 1895 bl. 88-104. Maar al zou deze Syr. vertaler de