Cycles

The diesel cycle

1. A single-cylinder diesel engine with a bore of 152,4 m and a stroke of
228,6 mm has a volume-compression ratio of 15:1. Compression and
expansion index n= 1,32. Fuel cut-off occurs at 10% of the swept
volume after TDC.
The temperature of the air in the cylinder at the start of compression is
100℃, and air pressure at the beginning of compression is 103,4 kPa.
The gas constant R= 0, 288 kJ/kg.K and Cp= 0,997 kJ/kg.K.

Calculate:

1.1 The temperature, pressure and volume at each change point.

[2,979×10-4m3; 4,468×10-3 m3; 7,1491×10-4 m3; 3689,44 kPa;

328,41 kPa; 887,275 K; 2129,28 K; 1184,56 K]

1.2 The work done in kJ/cycle

[4,71 kJ]

1.3 The heat received during combustion

[5,325 kJ]

2. An engine working on the diesel cycle has a cylinder (single) with a

diameter of 222 mm and a stroke of 317,5 mm.
The volume-compression ratio is 15;1 and the volume-expansion ratio
is 6.25:1. P4= 276,8 kPa, T4= 1125 K. The index for compression and
expansion curves is 1,38.

Calculate:

2.1 The volume in m3, the pressure in kPa and the absolute
temperature in kelvin at each main point in the cycle.

[82,694 kPa; 3471,21 kPa; 335,65 K; 939,29 K; 2257,29 K;

13,168×10-3 m3; 8,78×10-4 m3; 2,11×10-3 m3]

2.2 The work done in kJ per 0,0113 kg of air per cycle.

[8,82 kJ]

3. Information on an engine working on the diesel cycle of operations:

stroke volume= 0,0043 m3 and volume-compression ratio= 16:1
R= 0,288 kJ/kg.K; T1= 373 K; P1=103,4 kPa; P4= 310,2 kPa; Cv= 0,712
kJ/kg.K; Compression and expansion index= 1,32.

Calculate:

1
 3.1 The highest pressure in kPa
[4017,53 kPa; 906,78 K; 2082,12 K; 1119,004 K]

3.2 The volumes and temperatures at all the main points in the cycle

[4,587×10-3 m3; 2,87×10-4 m3; 6,59×10-4 m3]

3.3 The heat flow through the cylinder wall during one expansion
stroke. Assume the mass of air per cycle= 0,008 kg.

[1,449 kJ]

4. The clearance volume of a diesel cycle engine is 50 cm 3. The cylinder

diameter= 100mm and stroke=108 mm. Compression and expansion
follows the law PV1,32=Constant. The fuel is cut off is at 10% of the
stroke volume, after top dead centre. P1=103 kPa; T1=350 K;
R=287J/kg.K.

Calculate:

4.1 The pressures in kPa, the volumes in cm3 and the temperatures
in kelvin at all the main points in the cycle.

4.2 The mass of air used in kg per cycle.

4.3 Work done in kJ by the gas in expanding from V3 to V4.

5. An oil engine, operating on the diesel cycle, has a volume compression

of 17:1. Fuel cut-off takes place for 10% of the backstroke inlet
pressure of 100 kN/m2 and the inlet temperature is 18℃. The engine
consumes 0,090 m3 air per cycle.

Calculate:

5.1 The temperatures, pressures and volumes at all the main points
of the cycle.

[5279,934 kPa; 381,0331 kPa; 903,8 K; 2349,88 K; 1108,806 K;

0,014625 m3/sec; 0,005625 m3/sec; 0,095625 m3/sec]

5.2 The ASE of the engine if gamma is given as 1,4 for air.

[59%]

5.3 The indicated power of the engine

[99,12979 kW]

2
6. The initial pressure of the air, in a slow speed diesel engine, is 105 kPa
and has a temperature of 65℃. The air is now compressed
adiabatically until a volume compression ratio of 15:1 is obtained. Heat
is added at a constant pressure until the temperature rises to 1650℃.
The air then expands adiabatically to its original volume where heat is
rejected at constant volume.

6.1 All the pressures and temperatures at the main points in the
cycle.

[4652,829 kPa; 262,8245 kPa; 998,5118 K; 846,0445 K]

6.2 The net work amount of work done per kg air.

[1038,044 kJ/kg]

7. One kilogram of air at 15℃ and 101,3 kPa is supplied to an engine,

operating according to the ideal diesel cycle. The volumetric pressure
ratio is 15:1 and the heat added during the cycle is 1850 kJ.

Calculate:

7.1 The temperature of the air after heat is added.

[2691,599 K]

7.2 The heat rejected

[829,0427 kJ/kg]

7.3 The work done

[1020,957 kJ/kg]

7.4 The ASE

[55,1334%]

8. An internal combustion engine, operating on the Diesel cycle principle,

has a free volume of 0,00041 m3; piston diameter = 176 mm; stroke
length = 254 mm; fuel is cut off at 26 mm after TDC, during the return
stroke, P4 = 400 kPa; T4 = 1150 K; R = 287J/kg.K; compression
exponent = 1,35 and expansion exponent = 1,28. Giving all answers
correct to six decimal places.

8.1 The fuel cut-off (in percentage) of the stroke volume after TDC.

[10,244%]

3
 8.2 The volume and pressure after the addition of heat at constant
pressure, and the pressure at the beginning of compression.
[1,043×10-3 m3]

8.3 The work done in kilojoules per cycle.

[5,955 kJ]

8.4 The indicated power of the engine if the engine operates on the
two-stroke principle at 310 RPM and it has four cylinders

[123,07 kW]

9. One kilogram of air at 15 C and 101,3 kPa is supplied to an engine,

operating on the principle of the ideal Diesel cycle. The volume
pressure ratio is 15 and the heat supplied during the cycle is 1859
kJ/kg. Assume gamma as 1,4.

Determine:

9.1 The temperature after compression, temperature after the

addition of heat at constant pressure and the specific heat
capacity at constant pressure.

[850,8 K; 1,008 kJ/kg.K; 2695,05 K]

9.2 The temperature after expansion

[1446,92 K]

9.3 The air standard efficiency

[55,1%]

9.4 The heat rejected per kg.

[834,42 kJ/kg]