Maths 1b Solutions 2024 (3)

MATHS - B P2023 - 2024 M S JUNIOR COL-
LEGE CH - 1 : LOCUS (4M)

1. If the distance from P to the points (2, 3) and (2, -3) are in the ratio 2 : 3, then find
the equation of locus of P.
Sol: Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus.
Given two points are A(2, 3), B(2, -3).
PA 2
=
PB 3
3PA = 2PB
3 (x1 - 2)2 + (y1 - 3)2 = 2 (x1 - 2)2 + (y1 + 3)2 .
Squaring on both sides
9[x12 - 4x1 + 4 + y12 - 6y1 + 9] = 4[x12 - 4x1 + 4 + y12 + 6y1 + 9]
5x12 + 5y12 - 20x1 - 78y1 + 65 = 0
Hence, the required equation of the locus is 5x2 + 5y2 - 20x - 78y + 65 = 0.
2. Find the equation of the locus of P, if the ratio of the distances from P to A(5, -4) and B(7, 6) is
2 : 3.
PA 2

PB 3
3PA = 2PB
9PA2 = 4PB2
9[(x1 - 5)2 + (y1 + 4)2] = 4 [(x1 - 7)2 + (y1 - 6)2]
9[x12 + 25 - 10x1 + y12 + 16 + 8y1] = 4(x12 + 49 - 14x1 + y12 + 36 - 12y1]
9x12 + 225 - 90x1 + 9y12 + 144 + 72y1 = 4x12 + 196 - 56x1 + 4y2 + 144 - 48y1.
5x12 + 5y12 + 34x1 + 120y1 + 29 = 0
Hence the required equation of locus is 5x2 + 5y2 - 34x + 120y + 29 = 0.
3. A(5,3) and B(3, -2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of locus of P, so that the
area of triangle PAB is 9.
Given area of triangle PAB = 9
1
x1(3  2)  5( 2  y1 )  3(y1  3)  9
2
1
|5x1 - 10 - 5y1 + 3y1 - 9 | = 9.
2
|5x1 - 2y1 - 19| = 18
Squaring on both sides,
(5x1 - 2y1 - 19)2 = (18)2
25x12 - 20x1y1 + 4y12 + 361 - 190x1 + 76y1 = 324.
Hence, the required equation of the locus is 25x2 - 20xy + 4y2 - 190x + 76y + 37 = 0.
4. A(2, 3) and B(-3, 4) are two given points. Find the equation of locus of P so that the
area of the triangle PAB is 8.5.
Sol: Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the locus.
Given two points A(2, 3), B(-3, 4)
Given that area of triangle PAB = 8.5.
1
x1(3  4)  2(4  y1)  3(y1  3)  8.5
2
1
| - x1 + 8 - 2y1 - 3y1 + 9| = 8.5
2
| - x1 - 5y1 + 17| = 17
x1 - 5y1 + 17 = 17 or -x1 - 5y1 + 17 = -17.
x1 + 5y1 = 0 or x1 + 5y1 = 34
Hence the required equation of locus is (x + 5y) (x + 5y - 34) = 0
5.L EFind
G E the equation of locus of P, if the line segment joining (2,3), (-1,5) subtends a right
angle at P.
Given two points are A(2, 3), B(-1, 5).
Given Condition PA2 + PB2 = AB2
(x1 - 2)2 + (y1 - 3)2 + (x1 + 1)2 + (y1 - 5)2 = (2 + 1)2 + (3 - 5)2
x12 - 4x1 + 4 + y12 + 9 - 6y1 + x12 + 2x1 + 1 + y12 + 25 - 10y1 = 9 + 4
2x12 + 2y12 - 2x1 - 16y1 + 26 = 0
x12 + y12 - x1 - 8y1 + 13 = 0.
Hence, the required equation of the locus is x2 + y2 - x - 8y + 13 = 0.
6. The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle are (0, 6) and (6, 0). Find the
equation of locus of its third vertex.
Sol: Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the Locus.
Given ends of the hypotenuse are A(0, 6), B(6, 0).
Given Condition PA2 + PB2 = AB2
(x1 - 0)2 + (y1 - 6)2 + (x1 - 6)2 + (y1 - 0)2 = (0 - 6)2 + (6 - 0)2
x12 + y12 + 36 - 12y1 + x12 - 12x1 + 36 + y12 = 36 + 36
2x12 + 2y12 - 12x1 - 12y1
x12 + y12 - 6x1 - 6y1 = 0.
Hence, the required equation of the locus is x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y = 0.
7. A(1, 2), B(2, -3) and C(-2, 3) are three points. A point P moves such that PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2. Show that
the equation to the locus of P is 7x - 7y + 4 = 0.
Sol:Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus.
Given three points are A(1, 2), B(2, -3), C(-2, 3).
Given condition PA2 + PB2 = 2PC2.
(x1 - 1)2 + (y1 - 2)2 + (x1- 2)2 + (y1 + 3)2 = 2[(x1 + 2)2 + (y1 - 3)2].
x 12 - 2x1 +1+ y 12 - 4y1 + 4 + x 12 - 4x1 + 4 + y 12 + 6y1 + 9 = 2 [x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 - 6 y + 9 ]
1 1 1 1
- 6x1 + 2y1 + 18 = 8x1 - 12y1 + 26

14x1 - 14y1 + 8 = 0 (div by 2)
7x1 - 7y1 + 4 = 0
Hence the required equation of the locus is 7x - 7y + 4 = 0.
8. Find the equation of the locus of point ‘P’ such that the distance of P from the origin is
twice the distance of P from A (1, 2).
Given points are O(0, 0), A(1, 2).
Given condition : OP = 2PA
(x1 - 0)2 + (y 1 - 0)2 = 2 (x1 - 1)2 + (y1 - 2)2

x12 + y12 = 4[(x1 - 1)2 + (y1 - 2)2]
x12 + y12 = 4[x12 - 2x1 + 1 + y12 - 4y1 + 4]
3x12 + 3y12 - 8x1 - 16y1 + 20 = 0.
Hence the required equation of the locus is 3x2 + 3y2 - 8x - 16y + 20 = 0.
9.L EFind
G E the equation of the locus of point ‘P’ which is equidistant from the points A(-3, 2)
and B (0, 4).
Given points are A(-3, 2), B(0, 4).
Given condition : PA = PB
(x1 + 3)2 + (y1 - 2)2 = (x1- 0)2 + (y1 - 4)2
x12 + 9 + 6x1 + y12 + 4 - 4y1= x12 + y12 + 16 - 8y1
6x1 + 4y1 - 3 = 0
Hence the required equation of the locus is 6x + 4y - 3 = 0.
10. Find the equation of the locus of a point which is at distance of 5 from A (-2, 3).
Sol: Given that A ( - 2, 3)
Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the locus then PA = 5
squaring on both sides
PA = 25
2
( x1  2) 2  ( y1  3) 2 = 25
x12  4 x1  4  y12  6 y1  9 = 25
 The equation of locus is x1  y1  4 x1  6 y1  12  0 .
2 2
11. Find the equation of locus of the point, the sum of whose distances from (0, 2) and (0, -2)
is 6 units.
Given Condition : PA + PB = 6.
PA = 6 - PB
x 12 + (y 1 - 2 ) 2 = 6 - x 12 + (y 1 + 2 ) 2
x 1 2 + y 12 - 4 y 1 + 4 = 3 6 + x 12 + y 1 2 + 4 y 1 + 4 - 12 x12 + y12 + 4y1 + 4
- 8y1 - 36 = - 12 x12 + y12 + 4y1 + 4 (div by -4)
2y1 + 9 = 3 x12 + y12 + 4y1 + 4

Again squaring on bothsides,
4y12 + 36y1 + 81 = 9x12 + 9y12 + 36y1 + 36
9x12 + 5y12 = 45 (div by 45)
x2 y2
Hence, the required equation of the locus is + = 1.
5 9
12. Find the equation of locus of P, if A (2, 3) B (2, - 3) and PA + PB = 8
Sol: Let P (x1, y1) be any point on the locus.
Given points A(2, 3) B (2, - 3)
Given PA + PB = 8
PA = 8 - PB
 x1  2   y1  3   x1  2    y1  3 
2 2 2 2
 8
Squaring on both sides.
(x1- 2)2 + (y1- 3)2 = 64 + (x1 - 2)2 + (y1+ 3)2 - 16  x122  y132
y12 - 6y1 + 9 = 64 + y12 + 6y1 + 9 - 16  x1  22   y1  32

LEGE
- 12y1 - 64 = -16  x1  22   y1  3 2  (- 4)
3y1 + 16 = 4  x1  22   y1  32

(3y1 + 16)2 = 16 [(x1- 2)2 + (y1 + 3)2
9y12 + 96y1 + 256 = 16 [ x2 - 4x1 + 4 + y12 + 6y1 + 9]
9y12 + 96y1 + 256 = 16 x12 - 64x1 - 64 x1 + 64 + 16y12 + 96y1 + 144
16x12 + 7y12 - 64x1 - 48 = 0.
The required equation of locus of P is 16x2 + 7y2 - 64x - 48 = 0.
13. Find the equation of locus of a point, the difference of whose distances from (-5, 0)
and (5, 0) is 8 units.
Sol: Given condition : |PA - PB| = 8.
PA - PB = + 8
PA = PB + 8
(x1 + 5)2 + y12 = (x1 - 5)2 + y12  8
Squaring on bothsides,
x12 + 10x1 + 25 + y12 = 64 + x12 - 10x1 + 25 + y12  16 x 12 - 10x 1 + 25 + y12
20x1 - 64 = + 16 x12 + y12 - 10x1 + 25 (div by 4)
5x1 - 16 = + 4 x12 + y12 - 10x1 + 25

Again squaring on both sides,
25x12 - 160x1 + 256 = 16x12 + 16y12 - 160x1 + 400
9x12 - 16y12 = 144 (div by 144)
x 2 y2
Hence, the required equation of the locus is - = 1.
16 9
14. Find the equation of locus of P, if A(4, 0) and B(-4, 0) and |PA - PB| = 4.
Given two points are A(4, 0), B(-4, 0).
Given Condition : |PA - PB| = 4.
PA - PB = + 4.
PA = PB + 4.
(x1 - 4)2 + y12 = (x1 + 4)2 + y12  4 .
x12 - 8x1 + 16 + y12 = x12 + 8x1 + 16 + y12 + 16 + 8 x12 + 8x1 + 16 + y12
- 16x1 - 16 = + 8 x12 + y12 + 8x1 + 16 (div by -8)
2x1 + 2 =  x12 + y12 + 8x1 + 16
Again squaring on both sides,
4x1 + 8x1 + 4 = x12 + y12 + 8x1 + 16
2
3x12 - y12 = 12 (div by 12)

x 2 y2
Hence the required equation of the locus is - = 1.
4 12
MATHS - B 2023 - 2024 M S JUNIOR COLLEGE
CH - 2 : TRANSFORMATION OF AXES (4M)
1. F i n d t h e t r a n s f o r m e d e q u a t i o n o f 2 x 2 + 4 x y + 5 y 2 = 0 , w h e n t h e o r i g i n
i s s h i f te d t o ( 3 , 4 ) b y t h e tr a n s la t i o n o f a xes .
Sol: Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of (x, y) when axes are translated to point (h, k) = (3, 4).
Transformation equations are, x = X + h, y=Y+k
x = X + 3, y=Y+4
Given curve equation is 2x + 4xy + 5y = 0.
2 2
Transformed equation is 2(X + 3)2 + 4(X + 3) (Y + 4) + 5(Y + 4)2 = 0.

2(X2 + 6X + 9) + 4(XY + 4X + 3Y + 12) + 5(Y2 + 8Y + 16) = 0.
2X2 + 4XY + 5Y2 + 28X + 52Y + 146 = 0.
2. I f t h e tra n s f o r m e d e q u a t i o n o f a c u r ve i s X 2 + 3 X Y - 2 Y 2 + 1 7 X - 7 Y - 1 1 = 0 ,
whe n t he o r i g i n i s s h i f te d t o ( 2 , 3) . F i n d t he or i g i n a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e c ur ve .
Sol: Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y) when the axes are translated to the point (h, k).
Here (h, k) = (2, 3).
Transformation equations are, x = X + h, y=Y+k
x = X + 2, y=Y+3
x = x - 2, Y=y-3
Given transformed equation of the curve is X + 3XY - 2Y2 + 17X - 7Y - 11 = 0.
2
The original equation of the curve is (x - 2)2 + 3(x - 2) (y - 3) - 2(y - 3)2 + 17(x - 2) -7(y - 3) - 11 = 0
x2 - 4x + 4 + 3(xy - 3x - 2y + 6) - 2(y2 - 6y + 9) + 17x - 34 -7y + 21 - 11 = 0.
x2 + 3xy - 2y2 + 4x - y - 20 = 0.
3. F i n d t h e tr a n s f o r m e d e q u a t i o n o f 3 x 2 + 1 0 x y + 3 y 2 = 9 w h e n t h e a xe s a r e
π
r o ta te d t h r o u g h a n a n g le .
4
π
Sol: Let (X, Y) be new coordinates of the point (x, y) when the axes are rotated through an angle .
4
Transformation equations are, x = X cos θ - Y sin θ , y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
1 1 1 1
x=X -Y , y=X +Y
2 2 2 2
X-Y X+Y
x= , y=
2 2
Given equation is 3x + 10xy + 3y = 9
2 2
2 2
X-Y  X- Y X+Y X+Y
3  + 10   +3  =9
 2   2  2   2 
3(X2 - 2XY + Y2) + 10(X2 - Y2) + 3(X2 + 2XY + Y2) = 2(9)
16X2 - 4Y2 = 18 (Div by 2)
8X2 - 2Y2 = 9
Hence the required transformed equation is 8X2 - 2Y2 = 9.
4. Find the transformed equation of x + 2 3 xy - y = 2a when the axes are rotated throughh
2 2 2
π
an angle .
6
π
Sol: Let (X, Y) be new coordinates of point (x, y) when the axes are rotated through an angle .
6
Transformation equations are, x = X cos  - Y sin  , y = X sin  + Y cos 
3 1 1 3
x=X - Y.. , y=X. +Y.
2 2 2 2
3X - Y X + 3Y
x= , y=
2 2
2 2
 3X - Y   3X - Y   X + 3Y   X + 3Y  2
The required transformed equation is   + 2 3     -   = 2a
 2   2  2   2 
3X2 - 2 3 XY + Y2 + 2 3 ( 3 X2 + 2XY - 3 Y2) - (X2 + 2 3 XY + 3Y2) = 4(2a2)

8X2 - 8Y2 = 8a2 (Div by 8)
X2 - Y2 = a2
5. F i n d t h e tra n s f o r m e d e q u a t i o n o f x c o s α + y s i n α = p , wh e n t h e a x e s a r e
r otated t h ro u gh a n a n gle α .
Sol: Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y) when the axes are rotated through an angle a.
Transformation equations are, x = X cos  - Y sin  , y = X sin  + Y cos 
x = X cos α - Y sin α , y = X sin α + Y cos α
Given equation is x cos α + y sin α = p
Required transformed equation is (X cos α - Y sin α ) cos α + (X sin α + Y cos α ) sin α = p.
Xcos2 α - Y sina cos α + Xsin2 α + Y cos α sin α = p.
X(cos2 α + sin2 α ) = p ( cos2 α + sin2 α = 1)
X=p
6. When the axes are rotated t hrough an angle 45 0 , the transformed equation of a
curve is 17X 2 - 16XY + 17Y 2 = 225. Find the original equation of the curve.
Sol: Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y) when the axes are rotated through an angle  .
Transformation equations are, X = x cos  + y sin  , Y = -x sin  + y cos 
1 1 1 1
X=x. + y.. , Y=-x. + y..
2 2 2 2
x+y -x + y
X= , Y=
2 2
Given transformed equation is 17X - 16XY + 17Y = 225.
2 2
2 2
x+y  x + y  -x + y   -x + y 
The required original equation is 17   - 16    + 17   = 225
 2   2  2   2 
17(x2+2xy+y2) - 16(y2-x2) + 17(x2-2xy+y2) = 2(225)
25x2 + 9y2 = 225.
1  2h 
7. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle Tan -1  a - b  so as to removee xy
2  
π
term from the equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 if a  b and through an angle if a = b.
4
Sol: Let (X, Y) is new coordinates of the point (x, y)
Transformation equations are, x = X cos  - Y sin  , y = X sin  + Y cos q
Given equation of the curve is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.
The transformed equation is :
a(X cos  - Y sin  )2+2h(X cos  - Y sin  )(X sin  + Y cos  )+b(X sin  + Y cos  )2= 0.
a(X2 cos2  - 2XY cos  sin  +Y2 sin2  ) + 2h(X2 cos  sin  + XY cos2  - XY sin2  - Y2 sin  cos  ) +
b(X2 sin2  + 2XY sin  cos  + Y2 cos2  ) = 0.
since xy term is to be eliminated then coefficient of XY = 0.
- 2a cos sin + 2h cos2 - 2h sin2 + 2b sin  cos = 0.
2h(cos2  - sin2  ) = (a - b) 2 sin  cos 
2h cos 2  = (a - b) sin 2 
If a  b If a = b
2h sin 2θ
= 2h cos 2  = 0
a - b cos 2θ
2h
tan 2  = cos 2  = 0
a-b
 2h  π
2  = tan-1  a - b  2 =
  2
1  2h  π
= 2
an-1  a - b 
tan
   =4
8. F ind the point to which the or igin is to be shifed by tran slat ion of axes so as to
remove the first degree terms from the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
where h2  ab.
Sol: Let (X, Y) be the new coordinates of the point (x, y) when the axes are translated to the point (  ,  ).
So the transformation equations are x = X +  , y = Y +  .
Given curve equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Tranformed equation of the curve is
a(X +  )2 + 2h(X +  ) (Y +  ) + b(Y +  )2 + 2g(X +  ) + 2f(Y +  ) + c = 0.
aX2 + 2hXY + bY2 + 2X(a  + h  + g) + 2Y(h + b  + f)
+ (a 2 + 2h  + b  2 + 2g + 2f  + c) = 0.
Since the first degree terms are to be eliminated, equating coefficients of X and Y to zero.
a + h  + g = 0
h + b  + f = 0
 hf - bg gh - af  h g a h
By the cross multiplication rule, we get (  ,  ) =  2
, 2 
b f h b
 ab - h ab - h 
 hf - bg gh - af 
Hence the required point of translation is  2
, 2 .
 ab - h ab - h 
CH - 3 : STRAIGHT LINES (7M + 4M + 2M X 2 = 15M)
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P(x 1, y1) on the line ax + by + c = 0, then
h - x1 k - y1 -(ax 1 + by 1 + c)
Prove that = = . Find the foot of the perpendicular from (4, 1)
a b a 2 + b2
upon the straight line 3x - 4y + 12 = 0
Sol: Given that Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P(x1, y1) on the line ax + by + c = 0.
k - y1
Slope of PQ = h - x = m1
1
-a
Slope of line ax + by + c = 0 is = m2.
b
Since PQ is perpendicular to line ax +by +c = 0 then m1m2 = -1
 k - y1   -a  k - y 1 h - x1
    = -1 then =
 h - x 1  b  b a
h - x1 k - y1
= = t - - - - - - (1)
a b
h - x1 k - y1
=t =t
a b
h - x1 = at k - y1 = bt
h = at + x1 k = t + by1
 Q(h, k) lies on the ax + by + c = 0 then ah + bk + c = 0
a(at + x1) + b(t + by1) + c = 0
a2t + ax1 + b2t + by1 + c = 0
t(a2 + b2 ) = - ax1 - by1 - c
- ax1 - by 1 - c
t
a2 + b2
Sub value of ‘t’ in (1)
h - x1 k - y1 -(ax1 + by1 + c)
= =
a b a2 + b2
Let (h, k) be the required foot of the perpendicular from (4, 1) upon the straight line 3x - 4y + 12 = 0.
h - 4 k - 1 -(12 - 4 + 12)
= =
3 -4 9 + 16
h - 4 k - 1 4
= =
3 -4 5
h - 4 -4 k - 1 -4
= =
3 5 -4 5
-12 16
h-4= k -1 =
5 5
12 8 16 21
h=4- = k=1+ =
5 5 5 5
 8 21 
Hence foot of the perpendicular is  5 , 5  .
 
2. I f Q(h, k) is t he i ma g e o f P (x 1 , y 1 ) w. r. t t h e s tra igh t lin e a x+by +c = 0 t he n P ro ve
h - x1 k - y1 -2 (ax +by +c)
1 1
that = = 2 2 Find image of (1, 2) w.r.t the straight line 3x + 4y - 1 = 0.
a b a +b
Sol: Given that Q(h, k) is the image of P(x1, y1) w.r.t. the line ax + by + c = 0
Product of the slopes = m1m2 = -1.
 k - y1   -a 
    = -1
 h - x1   b 
k - y 1 h - x1
=
b a
h - x1 k - y1
= = t - - - - - - (1)
a b
h - x1 k - y1
=t =t
a b
h - x1 = at k - y1 = bt
h = at + x1 k = t + by1
Since PQ is perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0
 h + x1 k + y1 
Midpoint of PQ =  2 , 2 
 
since Mid Point lies on the line ax + by + c = 0
 h + x1   k + y1 
a +b  +c =0
 2   2 
a(at + x1) + b(t + by1) + ax1 + bk + 2c = 0
a2t + 2ax1 + b2t + 2by1 + c = 0
t(a2 + b2 ) = - 2ax1 - 2by1 - 2c
- 2ax 1 - 2by 1 - 2c
t
a2 + b2
Sub Value of ‘t’ in (1)
h - x1 k - y1 -2(ax 1 + by 1 + c)
= =
a b a2 + b2
Let (h, k) be the image of (1, 2) w.r.t. 3x + 4y - 1 = 0.
h - 1 k - 2 -2(3 + 8 - 1) -20 -4
= = = =
3 4 9 + 16 25 5
h -1 k - 2 -4
= =
3 4 5
h - 1 -4 k - 2 -4
= =
3 5 4 5
-12 -16
h-1= k-2=
5 5
 -12  -7 16 -6
h = 1+  5  = 5 k=2- =
  5 5
 -7 -6 
Hence the required image is  5 , 5  .
 
3. I f p and q are t he len gt h s o f p erp endicu lars f rom the or igin t o th e strai ght l ines
x sec  + y cosec  = a an d x co s  - y si n  = a cos 2, prov e that 4p 2 + q 2 = a 2 .
Sol: Given that p and q are the lengths of perpendiculars f rom the or igin to t he st raight lines
x sec  + y cosec  = a - - - - - - - - - (1)
x cos - y sin= a cos 2- - - - - - - - - (2)
x y
From (1) ; + =a
cos α sin α
 x sin + y cos = a cos sin 
P = Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line x sin + y cos - a cos sin = 0 is
| -a cos α sin α |
P=
sin2 α + cos2 α
2p = |a . 2 sin  cos |
2p = |a sin 2| ----------- (1)
Similarly Q is the length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line x cos - y sin - a cos 2= 0
| -a cos 2α |
Q=
(cos α)2 + (-sin α)2
q = |a cos 2| -------------- (2)
squaring and adding (1) & (2), we get
(2p)2 + q2 = a2 (sin2 2 + cos2 2)
4p2 + q2 = a2
4. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are given below:
(i)(-2, 3), (2, -1) (4, 0)
Sol: Let A (-2, 3), B(2, -1) C(4, 0) are the vertices of  ABC
Let S ( x, y) be the Circumentre then SA = SB = SC
SA = SB
SA2 = SB2
(x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = (x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2
x2 + 4 + 4x + y2 + 9 - 6y = x2 + 4 - 4x + y2 + 1 + 2y
8x - 8y + 8 = 0 8
x - y +1 = 0 - - - - (1)
Now, SB = SC
SB2 = SC2
(x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = (x - 4)2 + (y - 0)2
x2 + 4 - 4x + y2 + 1 + 2y = x2 + 16 - 8y + y2
4x + 2y - 11 = 0 - - - - (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get

x y 1
-1 1 1 -1
2 -11 4 2
x y 1
 
11  2 4  11 2  4
x y 1
 
9 15 6
9 3
x  
6 2
15 5
y  
6 2
 
3 5
Circumcentre S =  2 , 2 
 
(ii) A(1, 3), B(-3, 5), C(5, -1).
Sol: Given vertices are A(1, 3), B(-3, 5), C(5, -1).
Let S(, y) be the circumcentre of ABC then SA = SB = SC.
SA = SB
on squaring, we get
(x - 1)2 + (y - 3)2 = (x + 3)2 + (y - 5)2
x2 - 2x + 1 + y2 - 6y + 9 = x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 - 10y + 25
8x- 4y= -24  4
2x- y= - 6 - - - - - - (1)
SA = SC
on squaring, we get
(x - 1)2 + (y - 3)2 = (x - 5)2 + (y + 1)2
x2 - 2x + 1 + y2 - 6y + 9 = x2 - 10x + 25 + y2 + 2y + 1
8x- 8y= 16  8
x- y= 2 - - - - - - (2)
solving (1), (2) 2x - y = -6
x - y= 2
 x = -8
Sub in (2) then, - 8 - y= 2
y= -10.
Hence the coordinates of circumcentre of ABC are (-8, -10).
5. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices are (i)(-5, -7), (13,2) and (-5, 6).
Sol: Given vertices of  ABC are A(-5, -7), B(13, 2), C(-5, 6).
Let AD and BE be the altitudes through A, B
2 1y -y 6-2 4 -2
Slope of BC = x - x = -5 - 13 = -18 = 9
2 1
1 9
since AD  BC then Slope of AD =
Slope of BC = 2
Equation of AD is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
9
y+7= (x + 5)
2
2y + 14 = 9x + 45
9x - 2y + 31 = 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)
2 1y -y
6+7 13
Slope of AC = x - x = =
2 1 -5 + 5 0
1
since BE  AC then Slope of BE =
Slope of AC = 0
Equation of BE is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
y - 2 = 0(x - 13)
y = 2 - - - - - - - - (2)
Now (1) becomes 9x - 2(2) + 31 = 0
-27
x= = -3.
9
Hence the required orthocentre is (-3, 2).
(ii) (-2, -1),(6, -1) & (2, 5)
Sol: A (-2, 1) , B(6, -1), C (2, 5) be vertices of  ABC.
2y -y
1 5 1 6 3
Slope of BC = x - x = 2  6   4  2
2 1
1 2
since AD  BC then Slope of AD = = 3=m
Slope of BC
Equation of AD is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
2
y+1= (x + 2)
3
3 y + 3 = 2x + 4
2x - 3y +1 = 0 - - - - - - - - - (1)
2y -y
1 5 1 6 3
Slope of AC = x - x = 2  2  4  2
2 1
1 2
since BE  AC then Slope of BE = = = m ( BE  AC)
C)
Slope of AC 3
Equation of BE is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
3y + 3 = - 2x + 12
x + 3y - 9 = 0 - - - - - - - (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
x y 1
-3 1 2 -3
3 -9 2 3
x y 1
 
27  3 2  18 6  6
x y 1
 
24 20 12
24 20 5
x   2 y  
12 12 3
 5
Orthocentre =  2, 3 
 
6. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are x + y + 2 = 0, 5x - y - 2 = 0
and x - 2y + 5 = 0.
Sol: Let ABC be the triangle with x + y + 2 = 0, 5x - y - 2 = 0 and x - 2y + 5 = 0 as sides of triangle.
Solving (1) and (3) solving (1) and (2)
x+y+2 =0 x+y+2=0
x - 2y + 5 = 0 5x - y - 2 = 0
3y - 3 = 0  y = 1 6x = 0  x = 0
sub y in (1) sub x in (1)
x + 1 + 2 = 0,  x = -3 0 + y + 2 = 0  y = -2
A = (-3, 1) B = (0, -2)
Solving (2) and (3) and multiply equation (2) by 3

10x - 2y - 4 = 0
x - 2y + 5 = 0
9x - 9 = 0  x = 1
sub x in (3)
1 - 2y + 5 = 0  y = 3
C = (1, 3)
The vertices of  ABC are A(-3, 1), B(0, -2), C(1, 3)
Let S(x, y) be the circumcentre of  ABC.
SA = SB = SC
SA = SB
on squaring on both sides
(x + 3)2 + (y - 1)2 = (x + 0)2 + (y + 2)2
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 - 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 + 4y + 4
6x - 6y = - 6 div by 6
x - y = - 1 - - - - - - (4)
SA = SC
on squaring on both sides
(x + 3)2 + (y - 1)2 = (x - 1)2 + (y - 3)2
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 - 2y + 1 = x2 - 2x + 1 + y2 - 6y + 9
8x + 4y = 0 div by 4
2x + y = 0 ------ (5)
solving (4) and (5)
2x + y = 0 ------ (5)
x - y = -1 ------ (4)
-1
3x = - 1  x =
3
-1 2
sub x in (4),
3
-y=-1  y= 3 .
 -1 2 
Hence the circumcentre of  ABC are  3 , 3  .
 
7. Find the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines x + 2y = 0, 4x + 3y - 5 = 0 and

3x + y = 0
Sol: Given that equations are sides of triangle
x + 2y = 0 - - - - - (1)
4x + 3y - 5 = 0 - - - - (2)
3x + y = 0 - - - - (3)
Solving (1) and (3) as constant is zero in both equations then A(0, 0)
Solving (1) and (2) Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1 x y 1
2 0 1 2 3 -5 4 3
3 -5 4 3 1 0 3 1
x x 1 x y 1
     
 10  0 0  5 3  8 0 5  15  0 4  9
x y 1 x y 1
     
 10 5 5 5  15 5
 10 5
x 2  x  1
5 5
 10  15
y  1  y 3
5 5
B = (2, -1) C = ( -1, 3)
y 2 - y1 3
Slope of AC = = = -3
x 2 - x1 1
1 1
since BE  AC then Slope of BE = = =m
Slope of AC 3
1
Equation of BE is y + 1 = (x - 2)
3
3y + 3 = x - 2
x - 3y - 5 = 0 - - - - - - (4)
y 2 - y1 1
Slope of AB = =
x 2 - x1 2
1
since CF  AB then Slope of CF = = 2
Slope of AB
Equation of CF is y - 3 = 2 (x + 1)
2x - y + 5 = 0 - - - - (5)
Solving (4), (5) we get
x y 1
-3 -5 1 -3
-1 5 2 -1
x x 1
  
15  5 10  5 1 6
x x 1
  
 20 15 5
 20  15
x 4 y 3
5 5
Orthocentre O = (- 4, -3).
8. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (1, 2) and making an
angle of 60 0 with the line 3 x +y - 2 =0 .
Sol: Given that the equation of the given line is 3 x + y - 2 = 0  (1)
Angle  = 600
Equation of the line passing through (1, 2) is y - 2 = m (x -1) - - - - (2)
m1  m2
If  is the angle between (1) and (2) then tan  = 1  m m
1 2
m1 = slope of (1) = 3 and m2 = m
 3 m
 3
1 3m
 3 m
3
1 3m
3  3m    3 m 
3 + 9m2 - 6 3 m = 3 + m2 + 2 3 m.
8m2 - 8 3 m = 0 (div by 8)
m2 - 3 m = 0
m (m - 3 ) = 0
m = 0, m = 3
Case (i) : If m = 3 then the equation of the line is
y - 2 = 3 (x - 1)
3 x - y + (2 - 3 ) = 0
Case (ii) : If m = 0, the equation of the line is
y -2 = 0 (x - 1)
y - 2 = 0.
9. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point of intersection of
the lines 3x + 2y + 4 = 0, 2x + 5y = 1 and whose distance from (2, -1) is 2.
Sol: Point of intersection of 3x + 2y + 4 = 0, 2x + 5y - 1 = 0 is (-2, 1)
Let the m be slope of the required line.
Equation of the line passing through (-2, 1) is y - 1 = m(x + 2)
mx - y + 2m + 1 = 0 - - - - - - - (1)
Given perpendicular distance from (2, -1) to (1) = 2
| m.2 +1+ 2m + 1|
=2
m2 + 12
Squaring on both sides and cross multiply
(4m + 2)2 = 4(m2 + 1)
16m2 + 16m + 4 = 4m2 + 4
12m2 + 16m = 0
4m(3m + 4) = 0
-4
m = 0 or m =
3
Sub m in (1) then,
-4
Equations of the required lines are y - 1 = 0 and y - 1 = (x + 2)
3
3y - 3 = - 4x - 8
4x + 3y + 5 = 0.
10. T h e b a s e o f a n e q u i la t e r a l tr i a n g le i s x + y - 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex
is (2, -1). Find the equations of the remaining sides.
Sol:Let  ABC be the equilateral triangle with base equation as x + y - 2 = 0
-coe.of x -1
Slope of line = coe.of y = = -1.
1
Given vertex A = (2, -1)
Let m be the Second slope of required equations
m1 - m2
tan  = 1 + m m
1 2
m - (-1)
tan 600 = 1 + m(-1)
m +1
3=
1- m
cross multiply
| 3 - 3 m| = |m + 1|
3 - 3 m=m+1 3 - 3 m=-m-1
3 - 1 = ( 3 + 1)m 3 + 1 = ( 3 - 1)m
3 -1 3 -1 3 +1 3 +1
m= x m= x
3 +1 3 -1 3 -1 3 +1
m = 2- 3 m = 2+ 3
Hence, equations of the remaining sides are y + 1 = (2 - 3 ) (x - 2) and
y + 1 = (2 + 3 ) (x - 2).
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1. Find the points on line 3x - 4y -1 = 0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3, 2).
-coe. of x -3 3
Sol: Slope of the line 3x - 4y - 1 = 0 is m = coe. of y = (-4) = 4
4 3
Here  lies Q1 then cos  = , sin  =
5 5
Given point (x1, y1) = (3, 2) and r = + 5
Required points on the given line which are at a distance of 5 units from (3, 2) are
 4  3 
(x1 + r cos  , y1 + r sin  ) =  3 + ( 5)  5  , 2 + ( 5)  5  
    
= (3 + 4, 2 + 3)
= (3 + 4, 2 + 3), (3- 4, 2- 3)
= (7, 5), (-1, -1).

2. A straight line through Q 3,2 makes an angle of with x-axis in positive direction.
(
)
6
If the straight line intersects 3 x - 4y + 8 = 0 at P, find the distance of PQ..

Sol: Given Q 3,2 = (x1, y1) and  =
(
6
Let PQ = r
The coordinates of any point on the line are
    r 3 r
P = (x1 + r cos  , y1 + r sin  ) =  3 + r cos 6 ,2  r sin 6  =  3 + 2 ,2 + 2 
   
P lies on the line 3 x - 4y + 8 = 0
 r 3  r
3 3+  2+ 2 + 8 = 0

 2  - 4  
3r 4r
3+ -8- +8=0
2 2
r
3- =0
2
r
=3
2
r=6
PQ = 6.
3. A straight line with slope 1 passes through Q(-3, 5) meets the straight line x + y - 6 = 0 at P.
Find the distamce PQ.
Sol: Slope m = 1
Tan  = 1 then  = 450
Q(-3, 5) = (x1, y1)
Let PQ = r
 r r 
Coordinates of P = (x1 + r cos  , y1 + r sin  ) = (-3 + r cos 450, 5 + r sin 450) =  3  ,5  
 2 2
Since P lies on the line x + y - 6 = 0
r r
3  5 -6 = 0
2 2
2r
=4
2
r= 2 2.
PQ = 2 2 .
3π
4. A straight line through Q(2, 3) makes an angle with negative direction of the x-axis.
4
If the straight line intersects the line x + y - 7 = 0 at P, find the distance PQ.
3π
Sol: Since the line through Q makes an angle with the negative direction of X-axis,
4
3π π
=  - 4 = 4 .
 π  π  r r 
Coordinates of P = (x1 + r cos  , y1 + r sin  ) =  2 + r cos 4 , 3 + r sin 4  =  2 + ,3+ 
   2 2
since P lies on the line x + y - 7 = 0,
r r
2+ +3+ - 7 = 0.
2 2
2r
=2
2
r= 2
PQ = 2 units.
5. Find the value of k if the lines 2x - 3y + k = 0, 3x - 4y - 13 = 0 and 8x - 11y - 33 = 0 are

concurrent.
Sol: Given lines are 2x - 3y + k = 0 ---------- (1)
3x - 4y - 13 = 0 --------- (2)
8x - 11y - 33 = 0 --------(3)
Solving (2), (3) by cross multiplication rule,
-4 -13 3 -4
-11 -33 8 -11
x y 1
= =
132 - 143 -104 + 99 -33 + 32
x y 1
= =
-11 -5 -1
(x, y) = (11, 5).
Since the given lines are concurrent, (11, 5) should lie on 2x - 3y + k = 0.
2(11) - 3(5) + k = 0
22 - 15 + k = 0
k = -7.
6. If the straight lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent,

then prove that a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Sol: Given lines are ax + by + c = 0 ---------- (1)
bx + cy + a = 0 ---------- (2)
cx + ay + b = 0 ---------- (3)
solving (1) & (2) by the cross multiplication rule,
x y 1 b c a b
2
= 2
=
ab - c bc - a ac - b2 c a b c
 ab - c 2
bc - a 
2
(x, y) =  ac - b2 , ac - b2 
 
Since the given three lines are concurrent, so
 ab - c 2   bc - a2 
c 2  + a  2 
+b = 0
 ac - b   ac - b 
c(ab - c2) + a(bc - a2) + b(ac - b2) = 0.
abc - c3 + abc - a3 + abc - b3 = 0.
3abc - a3 - b3 - c3 = 0
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
7. If 3a + 2b + 4c = 0, then show that the equation ax + by + c = 0 represents a family of
concurrent straight lines and find the point of concurrency.
Sol: 3a + 2b + 4c = 0
4c = -3a -2b
ax + by + c = 0 x4
4ax + 4by + 4c = 0
4ax + 4by - 3a - 2b = 0
a(4x - 3) + b(4y - 2) = 0.
Point of concurrency is the point of intersection of the lines 4x - 3 = 0, 4y - 2 = 0.
3 2 1
x= ,y= = .
4 4 2
 3 1
Coordinates of point of concurrence =  4 ; 2  .
 
8. If x - 3y - 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points A, B.

If A = (-1, -3), find co-ordinates of B.
Sol: Let B(h, k) is the image of A in the line x - 3y - 5 = 0
Let (h,k) is the image of A(x1, y1) show the line ax + by + c = 0, then
h  x1 k  y1 2(ax1  by1  c)
 
a b a2 + b2
h  1 k  3 2(1  9  5) h1 k3 6
1

3

10
 1  3  10
h  1 k  3 3 h1 3 k3 3
1

3

5
 1  5  3  5
5h + 5 = -3. 5k + 15 = 9
5h = -8 5k = -6
8 6
h= k=
5 5
 8 6 
The coordinates of B =  5 , 5  .
 
9. F in d t he values of k, if t he a ngle between t he strai ght lines kx + y + 9 = 0 a n d

π
3x - y + 4 = 0 is .
4
π
Sol: Given that is the angle between the lines kx + y + 9 = 0 and 3x - y + 4 = 0.
4
| a1a2 + b1b2 |
cos  = a12 + b12 a 22 + b 2 2
π | k(3) + 1(-1) |
cos =
4 k2 + 1 9 + 1
1 | 3k - 1|
=
2 k 2 + 1 10
Squaring and cross multiplying
5(k2 + 1) = (3k - 1)2
5k2 + 5 = 9k2 - 6k + 1
4k2 - 6k - 4 = 0
2k2 - 3k - 2 = 0
2k - 4k + k - 2 = 0
2
2k(k -2) + 1(k - 2) = 0

(k - 2) (2k + 1) = 0
-1
k = 2, .
2
10. Find the equation of the straight line making equal intercepts on the coordinate axesand
passing through the point of intersection of the lines 2x - 5y + 1 = 0 and x - 3y - 4 = 0.
Sol: Equations of given two lines are 2x - 5y + 1 = 0 - - - - - (1)
x - 3y - 4 = 0 - - - - - - (2)
Solving (1), (2), we get 2x - 5y + 1 = 0 - - - - - - - (1)
2x - 6y - 8 = 0 - - - - - - - (2) x 2
y+9=0
then y = - 9
From (1), 2x + 45 + 1 = 0
2x = - 46 then x = -23
The point of intersection of two lines is (-23, -9).
x y
Equation of the line which makes equal intercepts on the axes is + = 1 then x + y = a
a a
Since it passes through (-23, -9)
-23 - 9 = a, then a = -32
Hence the required equation of the line is x + y + 32 = 0.
11. Find the equation straight line parallel to the line 3x + 4y = 7 and the point of intersection
of x - 2y - 3 = 0 and x + 3y - 6 = 0.
sol: Given lines x - 2y - 3 = 0 and x + 3y - 6 = 0
Equation of any lines passing through point of intersection of lines is L1 + KL2 = 0
then x - 2y - 3 + k( x + 3y - 6 ) = 0--------- (1)
( 1 + k )x + ( -2 + 3k )y + ( -3 - 6k ) = 0 --------- (2)
then equation (2) is parallel to 3x + 4y - 7 = 0.
a1 b1 3 4
then   
a2 b2 1  k 2  3k
3 ( -2 + 3k ) = 4 (1 + k )
- 6 + 9k = 4 + 4k
5k = 10
k=2
Now, sub k in (1) then equation of required line is 3x + 4y -15 = 0.
12. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y + 6 = 0 and making an
intercept - 4 on the x-axis.
Sol: Equation of the line perpendicular to 3x + 4y + 6 = 0 is of the form
4x - 3y + k = 0 - - - - - - - - - - (1)
4x - 3y = -k
x y
+ =1
-k / 4 k / 3
-k
Given that x-intercept = = -4
4
k = 16.
Required equation of the line is 4x - 3y + 16 = 0.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Find the value of x, if the slope of the line joining (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.
Sol: Slope of the line joining (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.
y 2 - y1
x 2 - x1 = 2
3-5
=2
x-2
- 2 = 2(x - 2)
-1=x-2
x = 1.
2. A(10, 4) B(-4, 9) and C(-2, -1) are the vertices of a triangle ABC, find the equation of the
altitudes through B.
Sol: Given vertices are A(10, 4) B(-4, 9) and C(-2, -1)
y 2  y1 1  4 5 5
Slope of AC= x  x = 2  10 = 12 = 12
2 1
12
Slope of BE(m)=  5  AC  BE  , B(-4, 9)
Equation of BE  y  y1   m(x  x1 )
12
 y  9   (x  4)
5
5(y - 9) = - 12(x + 4)
 12x + 5y + 3 = 0.
3. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-2, 4) and making equal intercepts
on the axes whose sum is zero.
x y
Sol: Equation of the straight line is + =1
a b
Given a + b = 0
b = -a
x y
+ =1
a -a
x-y=a
Since it passes through the point (-2, 4), we get - 2 - 4 = a THEN a = - 6.
Required equation of the straight line is x - y +6 = 0.
4. Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (2, 3) and making intercepts
on the axes of coordinates whose sum is zero.
x y
Sol: Equation of the staight line is a  b  1
Given a + b = 0
b=-a
x y
+ =1
a -a
x-y=a
since it is passing through (2, 3) THEN 2 - 3 = a then a = -1
 required equaion of the straight line is x - y + 1 = 0.
5. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5) and cutting off equal
intercepts on the coordinate axes.
x y
Sol: Equation of the straight line cutting off equal intercepts on the axes is + = 1.
a a
x + y = a.
since it passes through (-4, 5) THEN - 4 + 5 = a then a = 1.
Required equation of the line x + y = 1.
6. Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k) and (0, b) Where ab ¹ 0 to be collinear.
Sol: A(a, 0), B(h, k), C(0, b) are collinear.
Slope of AB = Slope of AC
k-0 b-0
=
h-a 0-a
on cross multiplication,
- ak = hb - ab
ab = hb + ak (Div by ab)
h k
1= +
a b
h k
Required condition is + = 1.
a b
7. Find equation of the straight line passing through the points (at 12, 2at 1) and (at 22, 2at 2).
A: Equation of the straight line passing through the points A(at12, 2at1) and B(at22, 2at2) is
y 2 - y1
y - y1 = x - x (x - x1)
2 1
2a (t 2 - t1 )
y - 2at1 = a(t 2 - t 2 ) (x - at12)
2 1
2
y - 2at1 = t + t (x - at12)
1 2
y(t1 + t2) - 2at12 - 2at1t2 = 2x - 2at12
2x - (t1 + t2) y + 2at1t2 = 0.
8. If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line x tan  + y sec  = 1 (0 < a < p/2)
on the coordinate axes is equal to sin  , find  .
Sol: Given equation of the line is x tan a + y sec a = 1.
x y
+ =1
cot α cos α
Here (cot  ) (cos  ) = sin 
cos2  = sin2 
1 = tan2 
tan  = 1
 =  /4.
9. Find the points on the line 4x - 3y - 10 = 0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the
point (1, -2).
Sol: Slope of the line 4x - 3y - 10 = 0 is m = tan  = 4/3
4 3
sin  = , cos  =
5 5
Required points on the given line which are at a distance of 5 units from (1, -2)

  3 4 
 
(x1 + r cos  , y1 + r sin  ) =  1  5  5  , - 2  5  5  
    
= (4, 2), (-2, -6).
10. Reduce the equation 4x - 3y + 12=0 into slope- intercept form intercepts form.
Sol: Given straight line 4x-3y+12=0
(i) slope intercept form (ii) Intercepts form
- 3y = - 12 - 4x - 4x + 3y = 12 (  by 12)
4x 12 4x 3y
y    1
3 3 12 12
 4 x y
 y   x  4    1.
 3  3   4 
4
where m =  3 and y- intercept = - 4. x - int = - 3 and y - int = 4
11. Transform the equation x+y +1=0 into normal form.
Sol: Given equation of the straight line x + y + 1 = 0
 x  y  1
Dividing both sides by a2  b2  1  1  2
x y 1
  
2 2 2
 5   5  1
x cos    y sin   
 4   4  2
12. Tranasform the equation x + y - 2 = 0 into normal form.
Sol: Given equation of the straight line x + y - 2 = 0
 x  y  2 (  by a 2  b2 ) = 2
x y 2
  
2 2 2
  
x cos    y sin    2 .
4 4
13. Find the value of p if 4x - 3y - 7 = 0, 2x+ py +2= 0 and 6x+ 5y-1=0 are concurrent.
Sol: Given lines 4x - 3y - 7 = 0......(1)
2x + py + 2 = 0 ....(2)
6x + 5y - 1 = 0 ......(3)
Solving (1) & (2)
-3 -7 4 -3
5 -1 6 5
x y 1
 
3  35 42  4 20  18
x y 1 38 38
  x  1, y   1
38 38 38 38 38
Since the given lines are concurrent (1, -1) lies on (3)
 2p 2  0
p4
14. Find the value of p if lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 3y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.
Sol: Given lines are x + p = 0  x = - p
y + 2 = 0  y = -2
Since the given lines are concurrent (-p, -2) lies on (3)
 3(p)  2( 2)  5  0
 3p  4  5  0
1
 -3p = -1  p= 3
15. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the origin and making equal
angles with the coordinate axes.
Sol: Equation of the line passing through origin and making an angle 450 with +ve X-axis is y = mx
where m = tan 450 = 1
y = x or x - y = 0.
Equation of the line passing through origin and making an angle 1350 with +ve X-axis is
y = (tan 1350)x
y = -x then x + y = 0.
Hence, the required lines are x - y = 0 and x + y = 0.
16. Find the ratio in which the strayght line 2x + 3y = 5 divides the line joining the points (0, 0) and
(-2, 1).
Sol: Given straight line x + 3y = 5 points (0, 0) and (-2, 1).
 L11 (0  0  5) 5
Required ratio = L = (4  3  5) = - 6 or 5 : 6 externally.
y.
22
x y x y
17. If  is the angle between the lines + = 1, + = 1, find the value of sin  (a > b).
a b b a
Sol: Given that q is angle between the lines bx + ay - ab = 0, ax + by - ab = 0.
b(a) + a(b)
cos  =
b + a 2 a2 + b 2
2
2ab
cos  =
a 2 + b2
a2 - b 2
sin  = 2 2
a +b
18. F i n d t h e value o f k , i f t he s tra i gh t li n e s 6x - 10y + 3 = 0 and kx - 5y + 8 = 0
are parallel.
Sol: The lines 6x - 10y + 3 = 0 and kx - 5y + 8 = 0 are parallel.
a1 b1
=  their slopes are equal
a2 b2
6 -10
 = then k = 3.
k -5
19. F i n d t h e v a lu e o f k , i f t h e s tr a i g h t l i n e s y - 3kx + 4 = 0 and

(2k - 1) x - (8k - 1) y - 6 = 0 a r e p e rp e n d i c u la r.
Sol: Given that -3kx + y + 4 = 0 and (2k - 1)x - (8k - 1)y - 6 = 0 are perpendicular.
a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
(-3k) (2k - 1) + 1 (-8k + 1) = 0
 6k2 + 5k - 1 = 0
6k + 6k - k - 1 = 0
2
(k + 1) (6k - 1) = 0
k = -1 or 1/6.
20. Find the straight line passing through the point (5, 4) and parallel to the line
2x+3y+ 7 = 0.
Sol: Equation of the straight line parallel to 2x + 3y + 7= 0 is 2x + 3y + k = 0...(1)
Given that (1) passes through (5, 4).
2(5) + 3(4) - k = 0  k = -22
 Requried line is 2x + 3y -22 = 0.
21. Find the straight line passing through the point (4, -3) and perpendicular to the line
5x - 3y + 1= 0.
Sol: Equation of the straight line perpendicular to 5x - 3y +1= 0 is 3x + 5y + k = 0...(1)
Given that (1) passes through (4, -3).
12 - 15 + k = 0
k=3
 Requried line is 3x + 5y + 3 = 0.
22. Find the distance between the straight lines 3x + 4y -3 = 0,and 6x + 7y - 1= 0.

Sol: Given straight lines 3x + 4y -3 = 0  2
6x + 8y - 6 = 0....(1)
6x + 7y - 1 = 0....(2)
c 2  c1 1  6 5 5 5 1
Distance between parallel lines = = = =  
a b
2 2
6 82 2
36  64 100 10 2
23. Find the distance between the parallel lines 5x - 3y - 4 = 0, 10x - 6y - 9 = 0.
9
Sol: Distance between the parallel lines 5x - 3y - 4 = 0, 5x - 3y - = 0 is
2
| c1 - c 2 | -4 + 9 1
2
d= 2 2 = = units.
s.
a +b 52 + (-3)2 2 34
24. Find the foot of perpendicular from (-1, 3) on the straight line 5x -y -18= 0.
Sol: Give straight lines 5x - y - 18= 0 ...(1) and P(-1, 3)
Let Q(h, k) is the foot of perpendicular from (-1, 3) to the line (1)
h  x1 k  y1 (ax1  by1  c)
 
a b a2  b2
h  1 k  3 ( 5  3  18)
 
5 1 25  1
h  1 k  3 26
 
5 1 26
h 1 k 3
 1 ; 1
5 1
h  1  5 ; k  3  1
h = 5 - 1 = 4; k = - 1 + 3 = 2
(h, k) = (4, 2).
CH - 4 : PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES (7M X 2 = 14M)
1. I f θ i s t h e a n g le b e tw e e n t h e p a i r o f l i n e s a x 2 + 2 h x y + b y 2 = 0 ,
a +b
th e n p r o v e t h a t c o s θ = (a - b)2 + 4h2
Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines
l1x + m1y = 0 ------ (1)
l2x + m2y = 0 ------ (2)
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = (l1x + m1y) (l2x + m2y) = l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2
comparing both sides, we get
l1l2 = a, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h, m1m2 = b
1 2 + m1m2
Now cos θ = 12 + m12  22 + m2 2
1 2 + m1m2
= 12  22 + m12m22 + 12m22 +  2 2m12
12 + mm
1 2
= 1222 +m12m22 -212mm
1 2 + 1 m2 + 2 m1 +21 m22 m1
2 2 2 2
 1 2 + m1m 2
= (  1 2 - m1m2 )2 + (  1m 2 +  2m1 )2
a+b
=
(a - b)2 + (2h)2
2. Prove that the product of perpendiculars from a point ( α,β ) to the pair of straight
aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ 2
lines ax + 2hxy + by = 0 is
2 2
(a - b)2 + 4h 2
Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

l1x + m1y = 0 ------ (1)
l2x + m2y = 0 ------ (2)
ax2+ 2hxy + by2= l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2

l1l2 = a, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h, m1m2 = b
Given line is lx + my + n = 0 ------ (3)

| ax1 + by1 + c |
length of the perpendicular form (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is .
a2 + b2
product of the perpendiculars from the point ( α,β ) to the lines (1), (2) is
| (1α + m1β) | | ( 2 α + m2β) | | (1α + m1β) (  2 α + m2β) |
x
12 + m12  22 + m22
= ( 2 + m 2 )( 2 + m 2 )
1 1 2 2
| 12α2 +(1m2 + 2m1)αβ +mm 2

1 2β |
=  2 2 +m 2m 2 -2  mm + 2m 2 + 2m 2 +2 m  m
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
| 1 2α2 + (1m2 +  2m1)αβ + m1m2β2 |

=
(1 2 - m1m2 )2 + (1m2 +  2m1)2
| aα2 + 2hαβ + bβ2 |

=
(a - b)2 + (2h)2
3. If the equation ax +2hxy+by =0 represents a pair of lines, prove that the combined
2 2
equation of the pair of bisectors bisecting the angle between these lines is
h(x 2-y 2) = (a-b)xy.
Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines l1x + m1y = 0 ------------- (1)
l2x + m2y = 0 ------------- (2)
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2
l1l2 = a, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h, m1m2 = b
 1x + m1y  2 x + m2 y
=
Equations of bisectors of angles between (1) & (2) are  12 + m12  22 + m 2 2
squaring and cross multiplying, we get
(l22 + m22) [l12x2 + 2l1m1xy + m12y2] = (l12 + m12) [l22x2 + 2l2m2xy + m22y2]
[l12l22 + l12m22 - l12l22 - l22m12] x2 - [l12m22 + m12m22 - l22m12 - m12m22]y2
= 2xy[l2m2(l12+m12) - l1m1(l22 + m22)]
(l12m22 - l22m12) (x2 - y2) = 2xy [l1l2 (l1m2 - l2m1) - m1m2(l1m2 - l2m1)] (div by l1m2 - l2m1)
(l1m2 + l2m1) (x2 - y2) = 2xy(l1l2 - m1m2)
2h(x2 - y2) = 2xy(a - b)
h(x2 - y2) - (a - b) xy = 0.
4. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2+2hxy+by 2=0 and lx+my+n=0
n2 h2 - ab
is square units..
| am2 - 2h m + b  2 |
Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represent the lines l1x + m1y = 0 ------ (1)
l2x + m2y = 0 ------ (2)
ax + 2hxy + by = (l1x + m1y) (l2x + m2y) = l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2
2 2

l1l2 = a, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h, m1m2 = b
Given line is lx + my + n = 0 ------ (3)
solving (1), (2) we get O(0, 0)
solving (1), (3) by cross multiplication rule, similarly by solving (2), (3), we get
x1 y1 1 m1 0 1 m1 2 m n 2 - n 
= = B(x2, y2) =   m - m  ,  m - m  
m1n -1n 1m - m1 m n  m  2 2 2 2 
1
 mn 1 - n 
A(x1, y1) =   m - m  ,  m - m  
 1 1 1 1 
1 1 m1n  - 2n   m2n  -1n 

Area of  OAB= |x1y2 - x2y1| = 2   m - m  
  -  
 
2  1 1   2m - m2    2m - m2  1m - m1 
1 n2 (1m2 -  2m1 )
= 2 ( m - m )( m - m  )
1 1 2 2
1 n (1m2 +  2m1 ) - 41 2m1m2

2 2
= 2   m2 - ( m +  m )m + m m 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 n2 (2h)2 - 4ab
=
2 | am2 - 2hm + b 2 |
1 2n2 h2 - ab
=
2 | am2 - 2hm + b2 |
n 2 h 2 - ab
= square units.
| am 2 - 2h  m + b  2 |
5. If ax +2hxy+by +2gx+2fy+c=0 represents a pair of straight lines, then prove that
2 2
(i) abc + 2fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch 2 = 0

(ii) h 2 > ab, g 2 > ac and f 2 > bc.
Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represent the lines
l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 ------ (1)
l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 ------ (2)
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = (l1x + m1y + n1) (l2x + m2y + n2)
= l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2 + (l1n2 + l2n1)x + (m1n2 + m2n1) y + n1n2
l1l2 = a, l1m2 + l2m1 = 2h,
m1m2 = b l1n2 + l2n1 = 2g,
n1n2 = c m1n2 + m2n1 = 2f,
l1 l2 0 l1 m1 n1
m1 m2 0 l2 m2 n2  0
Now we take
n1 n2 0 0 0 0
From 2nd Determinant R1  R2 then
l1 l2 0 l2 m2 n2
m1 m2 0 l1 m1 n1  0
n1 n2 0 0 0 0
l1l2  l1l2  0 l1m2  m1l2  0 l1n2  n1l2  0

m1l2  l1m2  0 m1m2  m1m2  0 m1n2  n1m2  0  0
n1l2  l1n2  0 n1m2  m1n2  0 n1n2  n1n2  0
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f 0
2g 2f 2c
a h g
h b f 0
g f c
By Expanding the determinant we get,

a[ bc - f2 ] - h[ hc - gf ] + g[ hf - bg ] = 0
abc - af2 - ch2 + hgf + ghf - bg2 = 0
abc + 2ghf - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0
2
 m + m 
Now h - ab =  1 2 2 1  - l1l2m1m2
2
 2 
12m22 +  22m12 + 21m2  2m1 - 41 2m1m2

=
4
2
 m - m 
=  1 2 2 1 >0
 2 
h2 - ab > 0  h2 > ab.
Similarly, we can show that g2 > ac and f2 > bc.
6. S h o w t h a t t h e l i n e s r e p r e s e n t e d b y (lx + my) - 3 (mx - ly) 2 = 0 and
2
n2
lx + my + n = 0 form an equilateral triangle with area 3(2 +m2 )
.
Sol: Given equations are lx + my + n = 0 -------- (1)
(lx + my)2 - 3(mx - ly)2 = 0
(lx + my)2 - [ 3 (mx - ly)]2 = 0
[ lx + my + 3 (mx - ly)] [lx + my - 3 (mx - ly)] = 0
( l + 3 m) x + (m - 3 l)y = 0 ----------- (2)
( l - 3 m) x + (m + 3 l)y = 0 ----------- (3)
Let α,β,γ be the angles between the lines (1), (2);(1), (3) and (2), (3) respectively
y
| a1a2 + b1b2 |
Now cos α = a12 + b12 a22 + b22
| ( + 3m) +m(m - 3)

=
2 + m2 ( + 3m)2 + (m - 3)2
| 2 + 3m+m2 - 3m |
=
2 + m2 2 + 2 3m+ 3m2 +m2 - 2 3m + 32
| 2 + m2 |
=
 2 + m2 4( 2 + m2 )
|  2 + m2 | 1
= =
2( 2 + m2 ) 2
α = 600
| (  - 3m) + m(m + 3 )
cos β =
 + m2
2
(  - 3m)2 + (m + 3 )2
| 2 - 3m + m2 + 3m |
=
2 + m2 2 - 2 3m + 3m2 + m2 + 2 3m + 32
| 2 + m2 | 1
= =
 +m
2 2
4(  + m )
2 2
2
β = 60 0
Now γ = 1800 - ( α+β )

= 1800 - (600 + 600)
= 600
The triangle formed by the given lines is equilateral.
|n|
Length of the altitude from the vertex (0, 0) to the opposite side lx + my + n = 0 is h = .
 + m2
2
2
1  |n| 
h2 n2
Area of the equilateral triangle formed = =   = sq.units.
s.
3 3  2 +m2  3 (  2 + m2 )
7. S h o w t h a t t h e l i n e s j o i n i n g t h e o r i g i n t o t h e p o i n ts o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f
t h e c u r v e x 2 - xy + y 2 + 3x + 3y -2 = 0 and the straight line x - y - 2 = 0 aree
mutually perpendicular.
Sol: Let O the origin and P, Q be the P.O.I of the curve x2 - xy + y2 + 3x + 3y - 2 = 0 and line x - y - 2 = 0.
x-y
Now from line x - y = 2  2
=1
2
x-y x-y x-y
Combined equation of OP, OQ : x2 - xy + y2 + 3x   + 3y   - 2  =0
 2   2   2 
2x2 - 2xy + 2y2 + 3 2 x2 - 3 2 xy + 3 2 xy - 3 2 y2 - 2x2 + 4xy - 2y2 = 0.
3 2 x2 + 2xy - 3 2 y2 = 0
|a+b| |3 2 -3 2|
Let θ be the angle between POQ then cos θ = = = 0.
(a - b)2 + (2h)2 (3 2 + 3 2)2 + 22
θ = 900
Thus given line and equation are perpendicular to each other.
8. Find the values of k, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve 2x 2 -2xy+3y 2 +2x-y-1=0 and the line x+2y=k are mutually perpendicular.
Sol: Let O be the origin and P, Q be the points of intersection of the curve
x + 2y
2x2 - 2xy + 3y2 + 2x - y - 1 = 0 and the line x + 2y = k  =1
k
2
 x + 2y   x +2y   x +2y 
Now the combined equation of OP and OQ : 2x2-2xy + 3y2 + 2x   - y -   =0
 k   k   k 
2k2x2 - 2k2xy + 3k2y2 + 2kx2 + 4kxy - kxy - 2ky2 - x2 - 4xy - 4y2 = 0.
Coeff. of x2 + coeff. of y2 = 0
2k2 + 2k - 1 + 3k2 - 2k - 4 = 0
5k2 - 5 = 0
k2 = 1
k = +1.
9. Find the lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of the curve
7x 2 - 4xy + 8y 2 + 2x - 4y - 8 = 0 with the straight line 3x - y = 2 and also the angle
between them.
 3x  y 
Sol: Given line 3x - y = 2 _______
(1)   2  =1
 
Given eq’n 7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + 2x - 4y - 8 = 0 _______ (2)
Homogenising equation (2) w.r.to (1)
7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + 2x(1)- 4y(1) - 8(1)2 = 0
 3xy   3x  y   3x  y 
2
7x - 4xy+8y +2x 
2 2
 - 4y  2  - 8  2  = 0
 2 
 3x  y 
2
7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + x (3x - y) - 2y (3x - y) - 8 =0

4
7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + 3x2 - xy - 6xy + 2y2 - 2 (9x2 - 6xy + y2) = 0

10x2 - 11xy + 10y2 - 18x2 + 12xy - 2y2 = 0
- 8x2 + xy + 8y2 = 0
8x2 - xy - 8y2 = 0
Here, a = 8, 2h = -1, b = -8
|a+b| |8-8|
cos θ = 2 2 = =0
(a - b) + (2h) (8 + 8)2 + (-1)2
θ = 900.
10. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the
curve x 2 + 2x y + y 2 + 2x + 2y - 5 = 0 a n d t h e l i n e 3 x - y + 1 = 0 .
Sol: Let O be the origin and P, Q be the points of intersection of the curve
x2 + 2xy + y2 + 2x + 2y - 5 = 0 and line 3x - y + 1 = 0
then y - 3x = 1
Now combined equation of OP and OQ is x2 + 2xy + y2 + 2x(y - 3x) + 2y (y - 3x) - 5(y - 3x)2 = 0
x2 + 2xy + y2+ 2xy - 6x2+2y2 - 6xy - 5y2 + 30xy - 45x2 = 0.
- 50x + 28xy - 2y = 0
2 2
(DIV BY - 2)
25x2 - 14xy + y2 = 0
Here, a = 25, 2h = - 14, and b = 1
|a+b|
cos θ =
(a - b)2 + (2h)2
26 26 26 13
= = = =
 24  + 14 
2 2
772 2 193 193
 13 
θ =  193  .
11. Write down the equation of pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of intersection
of the line 6x-y+8=0 with the pair of straight lines 3x 2+4xy-4y 2-11x+2y+6=0. S. T
the lines so obtained are equally inclined to each of the co-ordinate axes.
Sol: Let O be the origin and P, Q be the points of intersection of given pair of lines and 6x - y + 8 = 0.
6x - y y - 6x
6x - y = -8  = 1 =1
-8 8
2
 y - 6x   y - 6x   y - 6x 
Combined equation of OP and OQ: 3x2 + 4xy - 4y2 - 11x   +2y  +6  =0
 8   8   8 
96x2 + 128xy - 128y2 - 44xy + 264x2 + 8y2 - 48xy + 3y2 - 36xy + 108x2 = 0.
468x2 - 117y2 = 0 (Div by 117)
4x2 - y2 = 0
The pair of bisectors of angles between 4x2 - y2 = 0 is h(x2 - y2) - (a - b) xy = 0
0(x2 - y2) - (4 + 1) xy = 0
- 5xy = 0
x = 0, y = 0
Hence the lines OP, OQ make equal angles with the coordinate axes.
12. Find the condition for the chord lx + my = 1 of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (whose centre
is the origin) to subtend a right angle at the origin.
Sol: Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = a2 _______ (1)
Equation of AB is lx + my = 1 __________ (2)
Homogenising (1) with the help of (2)
The Combined equation of OA, OB is x2 + y2 = a2 (1)2
x2 + y2 = a2 (lx + my)2
x2 + y2 = a2 (l2x2 + m2y2 + 2lmxy)
x2 + y2 = a2l2x2 + a2m2y2 2a2lmxy
(a l - 1) x + 2a lmxy + (a m - 1) y2 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
Coefficient of x2 + co-efficient of y2 = 0
a2l2 - 1 + a2m2 - 1 = 0
a2 (l2 + m2) = 2
13. Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of interesection of the
circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 and the line lx + my = 1 to coincide.
Sol: Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = a2 _______ (1)
Equation of AB is lx + my = 1 _______ (2)
Homogenising (1) with the help of (2)
The Combined equation of OA, OB : x2 + y2 = a2 (1)2
x2 + y2 = a2 (lx + my)2
x2 + y2 = a2(l2x2 + m2y2 + 2lmxy)
x2 + y2 = a2l2x2 + a2m2y2 + 2a2lmxy
(a2l2 - 1) x2 + 2a2 lmxy + (a2m2 - 1) y2 = 0
Given OA, OB coincide i.e, h2 = ab
(a2 lm)2 = (a2l2 - 1) (a2 m2 - 1)
a4l2m2 = a4l2m2 - a2l2 - a2m2 + 1
a2l2 + a2 m2 = 1
a2(l2 + m2) = 1.
M S JR COLLEGE
CH - 5 : 3D - CO ORDINATES (2M )
1. Show that the points (1, 2, 3) (2, 3, 1) and (3, 1, 2) form and equilateral triangle.
Sol: Given points A(1, 2, 3) B(2, 3, 1) C(3, 1, 2)
AB = (1 2)2  (2 3)2  (3 1)2  11 4  6 unitss
BC = (2  3)2  (3  1)2  (1  2)2  1  4  1  6 unitss
CA = (3  1)2  (1 2)2  (2  3)2  4  1 1  6 unitss
AB = BC = CA
 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
2. Show that the points (2, 3, 5)(-1, 5, -1) and(4, -3, 2) form a right angled isosceles triangle.
Sol: Given points A(2, 3, 5) B(-1, 5, -1) C(4, -3, 2)
AB= (21)2 (35)2 (51)2  9436  49=7 unitss
BC= (1 4)2 (53)2 (1 2)2  25649  98 unitss
CA = (42)2 (33)2 (25)2  4369  49 unitss

AB = CA and AB2 + CA2 = BC2
 ABC is a right angled isoscles triangle.
3. Show that the points A (3, 2, -4), B (5, 4, -6) and C (9, 8, -10) are collinear and find the
ratio in which B divides AC .
Sol: A = (3, 2, - 4), B=(5, 4, - 6) and C (9, 8, -10)
 2   2    2   12
2 2 2
AB 
BC = 42  42  ( 4)2  48  2 12
CA  (  6)2  (  6)2  62  108  3 12

Here AB + BC = CA
 A, B, C are collinear .
AB : BC = x1 - x : x - x2
=3-5 : 5-9
=-2:-4
= 1 : 2.
4. Find the coordinates of the vertex C of ABC if its centroid is the origin and the vertices
A, B are (1, 1, 1) and (-2, 4, 1) respectively.
Sol: Let G be the centroid of ABC.
A = (1, 1, 1), B = (-2, 4, 1), G = (0, 0, 0),
Let the third vertex be C(  ,  ,  )
 1 - 2 + α 1+ 4 + β 1+ 1+  
 , ,
3 
3 3
= (0, 0, 0).

-1 + α 5+β 2+
=0 =0 =0
3 3 3
 -1=0  +5=0 2+  =0
 =1  = -5  = -2
Coordinates of the third vertex = (1, -5, -2).
5. If (3, 2, -1), (4, 1, 1) and (6, 2, 5) are three vertices and (4, 2, 2) is the centroid of a
tetrahedron, find the fourth vertex.
Sol: Let G be the centroid of the tetrahedron ABCD
A = (3, 2, -1), B = (4, 1, 1), C = (6, 2, 5), G = (4, 2, 2)
Let the fourth vertex be ( α,β,γ )
 3 + 4 + 6 + α 2 + 1+ 2 + β -1+ 1+ 5 +  
 , ,  = (4, 2, 2)
 4 4 4 
MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

M S JR COLLEGE
13 + α 5+β 5+
=4 =2 =2
4 4 4
13 + a = 16 5 + b = 8 5 + g = 8
a=3 b=3 g=3
Coordinates of the fourth vertex = (3, 3, 3).
6. Find the ratio in which YZ-Plane divides the line segment joining the points A(2, 4, 5)
and B(3, 5, -4). Also find the point of intersection.
Sol: Ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line segment joining A(2, 4, 5), B(3, 5, -4) is
- x1 ; x2 = -2 : 3
Coordinates of the required point of intersection
 2(3)  3(2) 4(3)  5( 2) 5(3)  ( 4)( 2) 
= , , 
 2  3 2  3 2  3 
 6 - 6 10 - 12 -8 - 15 
=  2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3  = (0, 2, 23).
 
7. A(5,4,6) B(1,-1,3) C(4,3,2) are three points find the cordinates of the points in which the
bisector angle BAC meets the side BC.
Sol: we know that bisector of angle BAC divides BC in the ratio AB : BC
 5  1   4  1   6  3
2 2 2
AB = 5 2
 5  4    4  3   6  2 
2 2 2
BC = 3 2
AB : BC = 5 : 3
If D is mid point where the bisector of BAC meets BC and D divides BC in th ratio 5 : 3
 5  4  3  1 5  3  3  (1) 5  2  3  3   23 12 19 
D=  , , =  , , .
 53 53 53   8 8 8
8. S ho w t hat t he po i nts ( 1, 2, 3 ) , ( 7, 0, 1) an d (-2 , 3, 4) a re c ol lin e ar.
Sol: AB = (x2 - x1 )2 + (y2 - y1 )2 + (z2 - z1 )2
= (7 - 1)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (1- 3)2 = 36 + 4 + 4 = 44 = 2 11
BC = (-2 - 7)2 + (3 - 0)2 + (4 - 1)2 = 81 + 9 + 9 = 99 = 3 11

CA = (1 + 2)2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 4)2 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
 AB + CA = BC, so A, B, C are collinear points.
9. Find the ratio in which YZ-Plane divides the line segment joining the points A(2, 4, 5)
and B(3, 5, -4). Also find the point of intersection.
Sol: Ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line segment joining A(2, 4, 5), B(3, 5, -4)
= - x1 ; x2 = -2 : 3
Coordinates of the required point of intersection
 2(3)  3(2) 4(3)  5( 2) 5(3)  ( 4)( 2) 
= , , 
 2  3 2  3 2  3 
 6 - 6 10 - 12 -8 - 15 
=  2 - 3 , 2 - 3 , 2 - 3  = (0, 2, 23).
 
10. Find the coordinates of the vertex C of DABC if its centroid is the origin and the vertices
A, B are (1, 1, 1) and (-2, 4, 1) respectively.
Sol: Let G be the centroid of DABC.
A = (1, 1, 1), B = (-2, 4, 1), G = (0, 0, 0),
Let the third vertex be C(a, b, g)
 1 - 2 + α 1+ 4 + β 1+ 1+  
 , ,
3 
3 3
= (0, 0, 0).

-1 + α 5+β 2+
=0 =0 =0
3 3 3
a-1=0 b+5=0 2+g =0
a=1 b = -5 g = -2
Coordinates of the third vertex = (1, -5, -2).
M S JR COLLEGE
11. Find the centriod of the tetrahedron. Whose vertices are (2, 3, -4) (-3, 3, -2) (-1, 4, 2)
(3, 5, 1).
Sol: Given point A(2, 3, -4) B(-3, 3, -2) C = (-1, 4, 2) D(3, 5, 1)
 x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 y1  y 2  y3  y 4 z1  z2  z3  z4 
Centriod of tetrahedron =  , , 
 4 4 4 
 2  3  1  3 3  3  4  5 4  2  2  1 
= , , 
 4 4 4 
 1 15 3 
=  4, 4 , 4  .
 
12. Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consective vertices are (2, 4, -1), (3, 6, -1)
and (4, 5, 1).
Sol: Given points are A(2, 4, -1) B(3, 6, -1) C(4, 5, 1)
Let D ( α,β,γ ) be fourth vertex of a parallelogram ABCD..
In a parallelogram midpoint of AC = midpoint of BD
 2  4 4  5 1  1   3   6   1   
 2 , 2 , 2  2 , 2 , 2 
   
6 3 9 6 0 1  
  
2 2 2 2 2 2
6=6+ α 9=6+ β 0 = -1 + γ
α = 6-3 = 3 β =9-6=3 γ =1
D = (3, 3, 1).
13. Find the ratio in which the XZ plane divides the line joining A(-2, 3, 4) B(1, 2, 3).
Sol: Given point A(-2, 3, 4) B(1, 2, 3)
x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2
XZ plane divides AB in the ratio = - y1 : y2
= -3 : 2.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 6 : DIRECTION COSINE AND RATIOS (7M)
QUESTION NO 25
1 . I f a r a y m a k e s a n g le s α , β , γ a n d δ w i t h f o u r d i a g o n a ls o f a c u b e , t h e n
find cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ .
Sol: Let OABCDEFG be the given cube as shown in the figure with edge ‘a’.
Its vertices are O(0, 0, 0), A(a, 0, 0), B(0, a, 0),
C(0, 0, a), D(a, a, 0), E(0, a, a), F(a, 0, a), G(a, a, a)
Here the diagonals of the cube are OG, AE, BF, CD .
Direction ratios of OG = (x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1)
= (a - 0, a - 0, a - 0) = (a, a, a) = (1, 1, 1)
 1 1 1 
DC’s of OG =  , , 
 3 3 3
DR’s of AE = (-a, a, a) = (-1, 1, 1)
 -1 1 1 
DC’s of AE =  , , 
 3 3 3
DRs of BF = (a, -a, a) = (1, -1, 1)
 1 -1 1 
DCs of BF =  , , 
 3 3 3
DRs of CD = (a, a, -a) = (1, 1, -1)
 1 1 -1 
DCs of CD =  , , 
 3 3 3
Let (l, m, n) be the DCs of the ray which make angles α, β , γ , δ with the diagonals OG, AE, BF, CD
respectively.
 1   1   1  +m+n
Now, cos α = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2| =    + m  + n  =
 3  3  3 3
| - + m + n | |  -m+n| |  +m -n|
similarly, we get cos β = , cos γ = , cos δ =
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
+m+n - + m + n  -m+n +m-n
Now cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = + + +
3 3 3 3
l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln

= 
3 3
l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln
+ 
3 3
4l 2  4m 2  4n 2
=
3
4 2
=
3
 l  m2  n2 
4
=
3

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
2. Find the angle between the diagonals of a cube.
Sol: Let O ABCDEFG be the given cube as shown in the figure with edge ‘a’.
Its vertices are O(0, 0,0), A(a, 0,0), B(0, a,0),C(0,0,a), D(a,a,0), E(0,a,a), F(a, 0,a), G(a,a,a).
Let OG and AE are two diagonals of a cube.
d.r’s of OG = (a - 0, a-0, a-0) = (a,a,a)
d.r’s of AE = (0 - a, a - 0, a - 0) = (-a, a, a)
If θ is the angle between the diagonals OG and AE then
| a(  a)  a(a)  a(a) | |  a 2  a 2  a2 | a2 1
cos     2

a 2  a2  a2 a 2  a2  a2 3a2 3a2 3a 3
 1
  Cos 1  
3
3. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations
l+ m + n = 0, l 2 + m2 - n 2 = 0
Sol: Let (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) be the dr’s of the given two intersecting lines.
l+m+n=0
n = -(l + m)
Now, l2 + m2 - n2 = 0
l2 + m2 - {-(l + m)}2 = 0
l2 + m2 -l2 - m2 - 2lm = 0
- 2lm = 0
lm = 0
l=0 m=0
n=-m n=-l
l : m : n = 0 : m : -m l : m : n = l : 0 : -m
= 0 : 1 : -1 = 1 : 0 : -1
(a1, b1, c1) = (0, 1, 1) (a2, b2, c2) = (1, 0, -1)
If θ is the angle between the given two lines
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2
cos θ = a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22
2
+ c 22
0(1) + 1(0) + (-1) (-1) 1

= =
0 + 1+ 1 0 + 1+ 1 2
π
θ = 600 or 3 .
4. F i n d t he a n gle b e twee n t h e li n es who s e direct i on c o si ne s are g iven by t he
equations 3l+m + 5n = 0 and 6mn - 2nl+ 5lm = 0.
Sol: Let (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) be the dr’s of the given two intersecting lines.
3l + m + 5n = 0 & 6mn - 2nl + 5lm = 0
from (1) m = -(3l + 5n)
Now the other relation becomes
- 6n(3l + 5n) - 2nl - 5l(3l + 5n) = 0 (Div by - 1)
18ln + 30n2 + 2ln + 15l2 + 25ln = 0
15l2 + 45ln + 30n2 = 0 ¸ 15
l2 + 3ln + 2n2 = 0
l + ln + 2ln + 2n2 = 0
2
l(l + n) + 2n (l + n) = 0
(l + n) (l + 2n) = 0
l+n=0 l + 2n = 0
l = -n l = -2n
m = -(-3n + 5n) = -2n m=n
l:m:n = -n : -2n : n l :m:n = -2n : n : n
= -1 : -2 : 1 = -2 : 1: 1
(a1, b1, c1) = (-1, -2, 1) (a2, b2, c2) = (-2, 1, 1)
Let θ be the angle between these two lines

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2
Now cos θ = a1 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22
2
+ c 22
-1(-2) + (-2)1 + 1(1) 2 -2 +1 1

= = =
1+ 4 + 1 4 + 1+ 1 6 6 6
 1
Angle between the lines θ = cos-1  6  .
 
5. Show that the lines whose dc’s are given by l + m + n = 0, 2mn + 3nl - 5lm = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Sol: Let (l1, m1, n1), (l2, m2, n2) be the dc’s of given two intersecting lines. They satisfy the relations.
l + m + n = 0 and 2mn + 3nl - 5lm = 0
from (1) n = -(l + m)
Now second relation becomes
- 2m (l + m) - 3l(l + m) - 5lm = 0 (div by - 1)
2lm + 2m2 + 3l2 + 3lm + 5lm = 0
3l2 + 10lm + 2m2 = 0 ( div by m2 )

2

3   + 10  m  + 2 = 0
m  
1  2
Let the roots be m , m
1 2
1  2 2
Product of the roots m . m =
1 2 3
1 2 m1m2
= -------- (1)
2 3
Again from (1) l + m + n = 0 Þ l = -(m + n)
Now 2mn + 3nl - 5lm = 0 becomes
2mn - 3n(m + n) + 5(m + n) m = 0
2mn - 3mn - 3n2 + 5m2 + 5mn = 0
5m2 + 4mn - 3n2 = 0 (Div by n2 )
2
m m
5  + 4 n  - 3 = 0
n  
m1 m2
Let the roots be n , n
1 2
m1 m2 -3
Product of the roots n . n =
1 2 5
m1m2 n1n2
= ----------- (2)
3 -5
Combining (1) and (2)
 1 2 m1m2 n1n2
= = = k(say)
2 3 -5
If θ is the angle between these two lines, then
cos θ = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
= 2k + 3k - 5k = 0
Hence the angle between the given two lines is 900.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
6. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations
l + m + n = 0, mn - 2nl - 2l m = 0.
Sol: Given l + m + n = 0 ______________(1)
mn - 2nl - 2lm = 0 ______________(2)
from (1), n = - l - m
Substitute in (2)
m( - l - m) - 2l (- l - m) - 2lm = 0.
- lm - m2 + 2l2 + 2lm - 2lm = 0.
2l2 - lm - m2 = 0
2l - 2lm + lm - m2 = 0
2
2l(l - m) + m (l - m) = 0
(l - m) (2l + m) = 0
l-m=0 2l + m = 0
l=m m = - 2l
Sub. in (1) sub in (1)
n=-m-m n = - l + 2l
= - 2m = l.
l: m: n = m: m: - 2m l : m: n = l: -2l: + l
= 1: 1: - 2 = 1: - 2: 1
d.r’s of a line = (1, 1, -2) d.r’s of a line = (1, -2, 1)
a12  b12  c12  1 1 4 = 6 a22  b 22  c 22  1 4  1 = 6
 1 1 2   1 2 1 
d.c’s of the line =  6 , 6
, 
6 
d.c’s of the line =  6 , 6
, 
6 
 
7 . If A ( 6, 10, 10), B (1, 0, -5), C(6, -10, 0) are vertices of a triangle, find the direction
ratios of its sides. Also show that triangle ABC is a right angled triangle.
Sol: Given vertices of the triangle are A(6, 10, 10), B(1, 0, -5), C(6, -10, 0)
DR’s of AB = (x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1) = (-5, -10, -15) = (1, 2, 3)
DR’s of BC = (5, -10, 5) = (1, -2, 1)
DRs of CA = (0, 20, 10) = (0, 2, 1)
For the sides AB, BC
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1 c2 = 1(1) + 2(-2) + 3(1)
=1-4+3
=0
AB is Perpendicular to BC
Hence  ABC is a right angled triangle.
8. Find the direct cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations
l - 5m + 3n = 0 and 7l 2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0.
Sol: Given l - 5m + 3n = 0 ______________(1)
7l2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0 ______________(2)
from (1), l = 5m - 3n.
Substitute in (2)
7(5m - 3n)2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
7(25m2 - 30mn + 9n2) + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
175m2 - 210mn + 63n2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0.
180m2 - 210mn + 60n2 = 0  30 .
6m - 7mn + 2n = 0
2 2
6m2 - 4mn - 3mn + 2n2 = 0

2m (3m - 2n) - n(3m - 2n) = 0
(3m - 2n) (2m - n) = 0
3m - 2n = 0 2m - n = 0
3m = 2n n = 2m
2
m= 3n Sub in (1)
Sub in (1) l = 5m - 3(2m)

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
 2 
l = 5  3 n  - 3n l = 5m - 6m
 
10 n  9 n n
=  =-m
3 3
n 2n
l: m: n = 3 : 3 : n l: m: n = -m : m: 2m
= 1: 2: 3 = -1: 1: 2
d.r’s of a line = (1, 2, 3) = (a1, b1, c1) d.r’s of a line = (-1, 1, 2) = (a2, b2, c2)
a 12  b 12  c 12  1 4  9 = 14 a22  b22  c 22  1 1  4 = 6
 1 2 3   1 1 2 
d.c’s of a line = 

, ,  d.c’s of a line  , , 
 14 14 14   6 6 6
9. Show that the points (4, 7, 8), (2, 3, 4), (-1, -2, 1), (1, 2, 5) are vertices of a parallelogram.
Sol: Give A(4, 7, 8) B(2, 3, 4) C(-1, -2, 1) D(1, 2, 5)
 4  2  7  3   8  4
2 2 2
AB   4  16  16  36  6
 2  1   3  2   4  1
2 2 2
BC   9  25  9  43
 1 1    2  2   1 5 
2 2 2
CD   4  16  16  36  6
1 4    2  7   5  8 
2 2 2
DA   9  25  9  43
 4  1   7  2    8  1
2 2 2
AC   25  81  49  155
BD  1  1  1  3
A B  CD , BC  D A and A C  BD
Adjacent sides are not equal and diaganals are also not equal then given points form a parallelogram.
10. The vertices of a traingle A(1, 4, 2 ) B(-2, 1,2), C(2, 3, -4). Find A, B, C .
Sol: A(1,4,2), B(-2,1,2),C(2,3,-4) are the vertices of DABC.
d.r.’s of AB = (-2-1,1-4,2-2)
= (-3, -3, 0) = (1, 1, 0)
d.r’s of BC = (2 +2, 3 - 1, -4, -2)
= (4, 2, -6) = (2, 1, -3)
d.r’s of AC = (2-1, 3-4, -4-2) = (1, -1,-6)
| 1 2 +1 1 + 0 -3 | | 2 + 1+ 0 | 3
(
)
(
)
(
)
cos ABC = = =
1+1+ 0 4 +1+ 9 2 14 28
 3 
B = cos-1  
2 7
|2 1 +1 -1 + -3 -6 | | 2 - 1+18 | 19 19
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
cos BCA = = = =
4 +1+ 9 1+1+ 364 14 38 19 28 28
 19 
C = cos-1  28 
 
cos CAB = |1 1 + -1 1 + -6 0 | = | 1-1+ 0 | = 0

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1+1+ 36 1+1+0 38 2

A=
2
  3   19 
A= , B = cos-1   , C = cos-1  28  .
2 2 7  

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 7 : THE PLANE (2M)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
QUESTION NO 4
1. Write the equation of the plane 4x-4y+2z+5=0 in the intercept form.
Sol: Equation of the plane is 4x - 4y - 2z + 5 = 0
-4x + 4y + 2z = 5 (Div by 5)
4x 4y 2z
-   =1
5 5 5
x y z
  1
 5 5 5

 4  4  2
     
2. Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on X, Y, Z axes are 1, 2, 4 respectively.
Sol: X, Y, Z intercepts of the plane are a = 1, b = 2, c = 4 Required equation of the plane is
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
x y z
+ + =1
1 2 4
4x + 2y + z
=1
4
4x + 2y + z = 4.
3. Reduce the equation x + 2y - 3z - 6 = 0 of the plane to the normal form.
IL.COM
Sol: Given equation of the plane is x + 2y - 3z - 6 = 0.
A
Dividing by a2 + b2 + c 2 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 1 4
 1 
L@GM
 2   -3  6

TORIA
x+ 
 14 
y+ 
 14 
z=
 14  14
KTU
This equation is in the form of x cos  + y cos  + z cos  = P
AH where cos =
1
14
, cos  =
2
14
, cos  =
3
14
, P=
6
14
.
4. Find the d.c’s of n ormal to the plane x + 2y + 2z - 4 = 0.
Sol: Given equation x + 2y + 2z - 4 = 0
Dividing with a2 + b2 + c 2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3.
 1 2 2 4
3x  3y  3z  3,
     
x cos  + y cos  + z cos  = P
1 2 2 4
where cos = , cos  = , cos  = ,P=
3 3 3 3
1 2 2
Direction cosines of normal to the plane are =  3 , 3 , 3  .
 
5. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (-2, 1, 3) and having (3, -5, 4) as
d.r’s of its normal.
Sol: Given the plane passes through (-2, 1,3) = (x1, y1, z1)
d.r’s of the normal are (3, -5, 4) = (a, b, c)
Equation of the plane is a(x - x1) + b(y -y1) + c(z - z1) = 0
3(x + 2) - 5(y - 1) + 4(z - 3) = 0
3x + 6 - 5y + 5 + 4z - 12 = 0
3x - 5y + 4z - 1 = 0
6. Find the equation of the plane if the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the
plane is (2, 3, -5).
Sol: Given points O(0, 0, 0) P(2, 3, -5)
d.r’s of OP = (2-0, 3-0, -5-0) = (2, 3, -5) = (a, b, c)
The plane passes through P(2, 3, -5) = (x1, y1, z1)

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
Equation of plane is a(x-x1)+b(y - y1)+c(z - z1)=0
2(x - 2) +3(y - 3) -5(z + 5) = 0
2x - 4 + 3y - 9 - 5z - 25 = 0
2x + 3y - 5z - 38 = 0.
7. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1) and parallel to
the plane x + 2y + 3z - 7 = 0.
Sol: Equation of the plane parallel to the plane x + 2y + 3z - 7 = 0 is in the form x + 2y + 3z + k = 0
 It passes through (1, 1, 1), 1 + 2(1) + 3(1) + k = 0
k = -6
Requiredequation ofthe plane is x+ 2y+ 3z - 6 = 0.
8. Find the equation of the plane bisecting the line segment joining (2, 0, 6) and (-6, 2, 4)
and perpendicular to it.
Sol: Given points are A(2, 0, 6), B(-6, 2, 4)
2-6 0+2 6+4
Midpoint on AB =  2 , 2 , 2  = (-2, 1, 5) = (x1, y1, z1)
 
Direction ratios of AB = (-6 - 2, 2 - 0, 4 - 6) = (-8, 2, -2) = (4, -1, 1) = (a, b, c)
Equation of the perpendicularly bisecting plane of AB is
a(x - x1) + b(y - y1) + c(z - z1) = 0
4(x + 2) - 1(y - 1) + 1(z - 5) = 0
4x + 8 - y + 1 + z -5 = 0
IL.COM
4x - y + z + 4 = 0.
A
9. Find the angle between the planes 2x - y + z = 6, x + y + 2z = 7.
GM
Sol: Let θ be the angle between the planes
L@
IA
2x - y + z = 6 and x + y + 2z = 7
TUTOR a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c 2
AHK cos θ = a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22
2(1) + (-1) (1) + 1(2) 2 - 1+ 2 3

= = =
4 + 1+ 1 1 + 1+ 4 6 6 6
1 π
cos θ = =
2 3
10. Find the constant ‘K’ so that tHe planes x - 2y + Kz = 0 and 2x + 5y - z = 0 are at right angles.
Sol: Given equation of planes are x - 2y + Kz = 0, 2x + 5y - z = 0 are perpendicular
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
1(2) + (-2) (5) + K(-1) = 0
2 - 10 - K = 0
 K = -8.
11. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (0, -1, -1), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4).
Sol: Given three points are A(0, -1, -1), B(4, 5, 1), C(3, 9, 4).
Equation of the plane passing through A, B, C is
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1 = 0.
x3 - x1 y3 - y1 z3 - z1
x - 0 y + 1 z +1
4 - 0 5 +1 1+1
=0
3 - 0 9 +1 4 +1
x y +1 z +1
4 6 2
=0
3 10 5
x(30 - 20) - (y + 1) (20 - 6) + (z + 1) (40 - 18) = 0.
10x - 14y + 22z + 8 = 0.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 8 : LIMITS (4M + 2M = 6M)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
QUESTION NO 17
x 2 - sinx
Lt
1. Compute x→∞ .
x2 - 2
Sol: -1 < sin < 1, for x  0
-1 < - sin x < 1
x2 - 1< x2 - sin x < x2 + 1
x 2 -1 x 2 - sinx x 2 + x
  2
x2 - 2 x2 - 2 x -2
x2 - 1 x 2 - sinx x2 + x
Lt 2
 Lt 2
 Lt 2
x→∞ x - 2 x→∞ x - 2 x→∞ x - 2
1 1
1- 2 1- 2
2
x  Lt x - sinx
Lt  Lt x
x→∞ 2 x→∞ x 2 - 2 x→∞ 2
1- 2 1- 2
x x
1- 0 x 2 - sinx 1+ 0
 Lt 
1- 0 x→∞ x 2 - 2 1- 0
x 2  sinx
Lt
1 < x→∞ <1
x2 - 2
x 2  sinx
Lt = 1.
x→∞ x2 - 2
cos ax - cos bx
2. Evaluate x Lt
0 .
x2
Lt cos ax - cos bx
Sol: x  0 x2
C+D C-D
cos C - cos D = -2 sin  2  sin  2 
   
Lt
=x
 2 2 
-2 sin ax + bx sin ax - bx 
0
x2
Lt
= -2 x 
 2 .

sin a + b x sin a - b x
2  
0
x x
Lt

sin a + b x
2  Lt

sin a - b x
2 
a+b a-b
= -2  a +2 b  x  0
 a+b x .
2   a -2 b  x  0  
a - b x  2   2 
2
 a 2 - b2  
As x  0, a + b x  0,
2 
= -2 (1) (1)  4 
 
a-b x0
2  
b2 - a2  Lt sin θ = 1.
= θ0 θ
2
x sin a - a sin x
3. Compute x Lt
a .
x-a
x sin a - a sin x x sin a - a sin a + a sin a - a sin x
Lt
Sol: x  Lt
= x
a x-a a x-a
(x - a) sin a - a (sin x - sin a)
Lt
= x a x-a

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
Lt
= x
(x - a) sin a
Lt
- a x 2    
2cos x +a sin x - a
2
a x-a a
x-a
 x +a Lt

sin x - a
2 
Lt cos 
= sin a - 2a x  a .
 2  (x - a)  0  
x - a (2)
2
 1
= sina - 2a cos a  2 
 
= sin a - a cos a.
2x 2 - 7x - 4
Lt
4. Compute: x→2 .
2x - 1 x -2
(
)
(
)
2x 2 - 7x - 4 2 22 -7 2 -4 (8  14  4) 2 2
( (
) )
( (
)
Lt
Sol: x→2 = = x
2x -1 x -2 2 2 -1 2 -2 3( 1)(2  2) (2  2)
(
)
(
)
(
)
10(2  2) 10(2  2) 5(2  2)
=  =
3(4  2) 6 3
 a + 2x - 3x 
Lt 
5. Evaluate x→a  3a + x - 2 x  .
 
 a + 2x - 3x  ( a + 2x - 3x )( a + 2x + 3x )( 3a + x - 2 x )
Lt  Lt
Sol: x→a  3a + x - 2 x  = x→a ( 3a + x - 2 x )( a + 2x + 3x )( a + x + 2 x )
 
(a  2x  3x)( 3a + x + 2 x )
Lt
= x→a
(3a  x  4x)( a + 2x + 3 x )
(a  x)( 3a  x  2 x )
= xLt
a
3(a  x)( a  2x  3 x )
1 ( 3a + a + 2 a ) 2 a +2 a 4 a 2
= 3 =  
( a + 2a + 3 a ) 3( 3a + 3a ) 6 3 a 3 3
x  e x - 1
6. Compute xL→t0 .
1 - cosx
 ex  1  e x  1 2
x x Lt 
x  x 1
x  e - 1
x
Lt  x 0
 x 
Sol: Lt = x 0 x = x
= (1) 1 = 2
x→0 1- cosx 2sin2   2 sin2   2 2
2 2 x
Lt 2
x
0 x 4
2
 2 2
 
3
1+ x - 3 1- x
Lt
7. Find x→0 .
x
1 1
1+ x - 3 1- x
3
= Lt (1  x)  1  (1  x)  1
3 3
Lt
Sol: x→0
x x→0 x
1 1 1 1
 x n  an 
= Lt (1  x)  1 - (1  x)  1 = Lt (1  x)  1  Lt (1  x)  1  xLt
3 3
3 3
 n.an1 
a x  a
x x 1+ x→1 1+ x - 1 1-x→1 1- x - 1  
(
x→0
1 31 1 1 31 1 1 1 2
= .1  .1 =   .
3 3 3 3 3

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
QUESTION NO 5 & 6
2|x| 
Lt+ 
1. Show that x→0 + x + 1 = 3
 x 
2|x| 
Lt+ 
Sol: x→0 + x +1 (  |x| = x is x > 0)
 x 
 2x 
Lt  + x +1 = 2 + 0 + 1 = 3.
x→0+ x 
Lt |x-2|
(ii). Compute x  2- x - 2 .
Lt |x-2| Lt -(x - 2)
Sol: x  2- x - 2 = x  2 x - 2  x < 2, x - 2 < 0
Lt (-1) = (-1).
= x 2
Lt {[x] + x} and Lt
2. Compute x  2+ x  2- {[x] + x}. Write your comment..
Lt {[x] + x} = Lt (2 + x) = 2 + 2 = 4.
Sol: Right hand limit x  2 x2
Lt {[x] + x} = Lt (1 + x) = 1 + 2 = 3.
Left hand limit x  2- x2
Lt {[x] + x}  Lt
Here x  Lt
2 x  2- {[x] + x}, thus x  2 {[x] + x} does not exist.
sin ax
3. Evaluate x Lt
 0 x cosx .
Lt sin ax Lt sin ax 1
Sol: x  .
0 x cosx = x  0 x cos x
 
 sinax  1 As x  0, sin θ
= axLt   a
   Lt
 0  ax   Lt cos x  ax  0 θ0 θ = 1
x0 
1
= (1) (a)
= a.
1
sin (x - 1)
(ii). Evaluate x Lt
1 .
x2 - 1
sin (x - 1) sin(x - 1) 1  Lt sin θ = 1.
Sol: x Lt
1 2 = x Lt
 1
.
θ0 θ
x -1 x - 1 Lt x +1
x 1
 1 1
= 1 1+1 = .
  2
Lt cos x
4. Compute x  π x - π .
2 2
Lt
Sol: x  π
cos x
Lt
π = θ0
cos π - θ
2 
Lt sin θ  π
2 x -
(-θ)
=- θ 0 θ Let
2
-x= θ
2
= - 1.
sin (x - a) tan2 (x - a)
5. Evaluate x Lt
a .
(x 2 - a2 )2
sin (x - a) tan2 (x - a)
Lt
Sol: x  a (x + a)2 (x - a)2
1 Lt sin (x - a) Lt tan2 (x - a)
Lt
x  a (x + a)2 . (x - a)  0 x-a
(x - a) . (x - a)  0
(x - a)2

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
1
= (a + a)2 (1) (0) (12)
0
= = 0.
4a2
sin (a + bx) - sin(a - bx)
6. Find x Lt
0 .
x
Lt sin(a + bx) - sin(a - bx)

Lt 2 cos a sin bx
Sol: x  0 = x 0
x x
sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sin B
As x  0,
= 2 cos a bxLt
0
sin bx (b) bx  0
= 2 cos a (1) (b) = 2b cos a.
bx
1 - cos 2mx 2m 2
7. Show that x Lt
0 2 = .
sin nx n2
2
Lt 1 - cos 2mx = Lt 2sin (mx) ( 1 - cos 2 = 2sin2 .)
Sol: x  0 sin2 nx x  0 sin2 (nx)  θ θ
sin2 (m x)
(m x)2
(m x)2
=2x Lt
0 sin (nx) (nx)2
2
(nx)2

  m  
2
sin mx 2
 mxLt 0 mx
=2  
  n  
2
sin nx

2
Lt
 nx  0 nx
 12   m2 
=2x  2 x  n2 
1   
2m 2
= .
n2
ax - 1
8. Find x Lt
 0 bx - 1 .
x
Lt a - 1 = Lt
 a x- 1 log a
x
e
Sol: x  0 bx - 1 x0  b x- 1 = log b = log
x og a.
e
b
e7x - 1
Lt
9. Compute x→0 .
x
7x
e7x -1  Lt e -1
Lt
Sol: x→0 =  7x→0 7x  7 = 1 x 7 = 7
x  
e 3+x - e 3
(ii). Evaluate Lt .
x→0 x
e3+x - e3 e3 .e x - e3 e3 ex -1  e x -1 
(
3  Lt
Sol: Lt Lt
= x→0 Lt
= x→0 = e x→0 x  = e3 . 1 = e3.
x→0 x x x  
e x - sinx - 1
Lt
(iii). Find x→0
x
  e x -1 - sinx   e x - 1 sin x   ex - 1 sinx

e x - sinx - 1 Lt    Lt   Lt  Lt
Lt
Sol: x→0 = x→0  x     
x  
x→0
 x x  x→0
 x  x→0 x
= 1 -1 = 0.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
ex - 1
10. Compute xlim
0 .
1+ x - 1
ex - 1 ex - 1 ( 1 + x + 1)
Sol: x lim
 0 1+ x - 1 = lim
x  0 1 + x - 1 x ( 1 + x + 1)
(ex - 1) ( 1 + x + 1)
= x lim
0 1+ x - 1
ex - 1
= x lim lim
 0 x . x  0 ( 1 + x + 1)
= loge e ( 1 + 0 + 1) = 2.
3x - 1
(ii) Evaluate x Lt
0 .
1+ x - 1
Lt 3x - 1 Lt 3x - 1 1+ x + 1
Sol: x  0 = x 0 x
1+ x - 1 1+ x - 1 1+ x + 1
Lt (3x - 1) ( 1 + x + 1)
= x 0 1+ x - 1
 3x - 1 x
Lt  Lt a - 1 = log
= x 0  x  ( 1 + x + 1)  x0
x
oge a
= loge 3 ( 1 + 0 + 1) = 2loge 3 = loge 9.
1+ x - 1
11. Evaluate x Lt
0 .
x
Lt
Sol: x 
1+ x - 1 Lt ( 1 + x - 1) x 1 + x + 1
=x 
0 x 0 x 1+ x + 1
1+ x - 1
= xLt
0 x( 1 + x + 1)
x 1 1 1
Lt
= x Lt
0 x( 1 + x + 1) = x  0 1+ x + 1
=
1+ 0 + 1
=
2
.
x 2  8 x  15
12. Evaluate lim
x 3 x2  9
x 2  8 x  15 x 2  5 x  3 x  15 x ( x  5)  3( x  5)
Sol: lim  lim  lim
x 3 x 9
2 x 3 x 9
2 x  3 x2  9
( x  3)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  5) x  5 3  5 2 1
 lim   lim   
x 3 x 9
2
( x  3)( x  3) x 3 x  3 3  3 6 3
 1 4 
(ii). Find x Lt -
 2  x - 2 x2 - 4  .
Lt  1 4  Lt  x+2-4 Lt  1 1 1
-
Sol: x  2  x - 2 x 2 - 4  = x  2  (x - 2) (x + 2)  = x  2 x + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 .
11x 3 - 3x + 4
Lt
13. Find x   13x3 - 5x 2 - 7 .
3
11x - 3x + 4
11x x- 3x + 4  Lt 11- x3 + x4
3
3 2 3 11 - 0 + 0 11
 13x - 5x - 7 = x   13x - 5x - 7  = x1  0 13 - 5 - 7
 x
Lt
Sol: x  Lt 3 2 = = .
3 2 13 - 0 - 0 13
x x 3 3

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
x 2 + 5x + 2
(ii). Compute Lt .
x→∞ 2x 2 - 5x +1
 5 2 5 2
x2 1+ + 2  x 1+ + 2
x2 +5x +2 Lt  x x  x x 1
Lt
Lt
Sol: x→∞ = 1 →0 2  5 2  as 1  0 = 1 →0 5 2 = .
2
2x - 5x +1 x x 2- + 2  x 2- + 2 2
 x x  x x x
6x 3 - x + 7
Lt
14. Evaluate x→∞ .
x +3
 1 7 1 7
x 3 6 - 2  3  1  6- 2  3
3
6x - x + 7 Lt  x x  x x 6 
1 Lt
Lt
Sol: x→∞ = x→∞ 1 3 0 = 1 1 3 0 .
x+3 x3  2  3  X X
→0
2
 3
x x  x x
3x 2 + 4x + 5
Lt
15. Compute: x→∞ .
2x 3 + 3x - 7
3 4 5  3 4 5 
x3  +   x
x x x  x+xx 
Lt
3x 2 + 4x + 5 Lt
3 7 
1 Lt  3 7  = 0 = 0.
Sol: x→∞ = x→∞   0 = 1→0 2  2  3 
2x 3 + 3x - 7 x 2  2  3 
3
x x 2
 x x   x x 
16. Compute xLim

  ( x + x - x ).
2
( x 2 + x - x) ( x 2 + x + x)
Sol: xLim Lim
 ( x +x -x ) = x
2
( x 2 + x + x)
1 As x  ,
x2 + x - x2 x Lim
= xLim
 = xLim
 = 10 x2 + x + x 1 0
( x 2 + x + x) ( x 2 + x + x) x x2 x2 x x
Lim 1 1 1
= 10 1+ 1 = = .
x x +1 1+ 0 + 1 2
17. Evaluate xLim

 ( x +1- x) .
( x +1+ x) x + 1- x 1
Sol: xLim Lim Lim
  ( x +1- x) ( x +1+ x) = x   ( x +1+ x) = x   x +1+ x
1
Lt x 0 0
= 10 1 = = = 0.
x 1+ x + 1 1+ 0 + 1 2
8 | x | + 3x
Lt
18. Compute x   3 | x | - 2x .
8 | x | + 3x 8x + 3x 11x
Lt
Sol: x  Lt Lt Lt
 3 | x | - 2x = x   3x - 2x = x   x = x   11 = 11.
log e x
Lt
19. Evaluate x→1 .
x -1
 1

loge x 1 1
 Lt (1  x  1) x 1
 = log
Lt
Sol: x→1 Lt
= x→1 loge x = Lt loge x x 1 = log
oge  x→1 oge e = 1
x -1 x -1 x→1 
loge 1+ 5x
(
Lt
20. Evaluate x→0 .
x
loge 1+ 5x 1
(
Lt
Sol: x→0 Lt
= x→0 log Lt log (1 + 5x)1/x
oge (1 + 5x) = x→0
x x e
5
 1

= loge  Lt (1  5x) 5x
  loge e  5loge e  5
5
x→0
 

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 9 : DIFFRENTIATION (15M)
dy
1. If y = x tan x + (sin x) cos x , find .
dx
Sol: Let xtan x = u and (sin x)cos x = v, then
y=u+v
differentiating w.r.t. x
dy du dv
= + -------------------- (1)
dx dx dx
u = xtan x v = (sin x)cos x
Apply logarithms on both sides, Apply logarithms on both sides,
log u = tan x log x. log v = cos x log sin x,
differentiating w.r.t. x differentiating w.r.t. x
1 du 1 1 dv 1
= sec2x . log x + tan x . . = -sin x log(sin x) + cos x cos x
u dx x v dx sin x
du 1 dv 1
= u (sec2x . log x + tan x . ) = v(-sin x log(sin x) + cos x cos x)
dx x dx sin x
du  2 tan x  dv
= xtan x sec x log x + x  = (sin x)cos x [-sin x log sin x + cos x . cot x]
dx   dx
Now (1) becomes
dy  2 tan x 
= xtan x sec x log x + x  + (sin x)cos x [-sin x log sin x + cos x . cot x]
dx  
dy sin2 (a + y)
2. If sin y = x. sin (a + y) prove that = .
dx sin a
Sol: Given that sin y = x sin(a + y)
sin y d v.u - u.v 
x = sin(a + y) (u/v) =
dx v2
differentiating with respect to ‘y’
dx sin(a + y) cos y - sin y cos (a + y)
=  sin A cos B - cos A sin B = sin(A - B)
dy sin2 (a + y)
sin(a + y - y)
= sin2 (a + y)
sin a
= sin2 (a + y)
dy 1 sin2 (a + y)
 = = .
dx  dx  sin a
 dy 
 
dy log x
3. If x y = e x - y, prove that =
dx (1 + log x)2 .
Sol: Given: xy = ex - y
Taking logarithms on both sides,
y log x = (x - y) log e  log e = 1
y log x = x - y
y log x + y = x
y (log x + 1) = x
x
y = log x + 1
d v.u - u.v 
Differentiating w.r.t. using quotient rule, (u/v) =
dx v2

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
=
1
dy (log x + 1) .1 - x . x  
log x + 1 - 1
= (log x + 1)2
2
dx (log x + 1)
dy log x
 =
dx (log x + 1)2 .
dy y(x log y - y)
4. If x y = yx, then = x(y log x - x) .
dx
Sol: Given that xy = yx
taking logarithms on bothsides,
y . log x = x log y
differentiating w.r..t x,
dy 1 1 dy
. log x + y . = 1. log y + x . y
dx x dx
dy  x y
log x -  = log y -
dx  y x
dy  ylogx - x  x log y - y
 y =
dx   x
dy y(x log y - y)
= x(y log x - x) .
dx
dy y  1 - log x log y 
5. If xlog y = log x, then prove that = x  (log x)2  .
dx  
Sol: Given that xlog y = log x
taking logarithms on both sides,
log y . log x = log log x
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy 1 1 1
log x + log y . = .
y dx x log x x
1 dy 1 log y 1 - log x log y

log x . = - =
y dx x log x x x log x
dy y  1 - log x log y 
 =  
dx x  (log x)2  .
2 3
(1 - 2x) 3 (1 + 3x) 4 dy
6. If y = 5 -6 , find .
(1 - 6x) 6 (1 + 7x) 7 dx
2 3
(1 - 2x) 3 (1 + 3x) 4
Sol: Now y = 5 -6
(1 - 6x) 6 (1 + 7x) 7
Apply logarithms on both sides,
log y = log(1 - 2x)2/3 + log (1 + 3x)3/4 - log(1 - 6x)5/6 - log(1 + 7x)-6/7
2 3 5 6
log y = log (1 - 2x) + log (1 + 3x) - log(1 - 6x) + log (1 + 7x)
3 4 6 7
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 dy 2 1 3 1 5 1 6 1
y dx = 3 1 - 2x (-2) + 4 1 + 3x (3) - 6 1 - 6x (-6) + 7 1 + 7x (7)
dy  -4 9 5 6 
= y  3 - 6x + 4 +12x + 1- 6x + 1+ 7x 
dx  

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
2 3
dy (1- 2x)3 (1+ 3x)4  -4 9 5 6 
= 5 -6  + + + 
dx (1- 6x)6 (1+ 7x) 7 3 - 6x 4+12x 1- 6x 1+7x 
dy 1 - y2
7. If 2 2
1 - x + 1- y = a(x - y) then prove that = .
dx 1 - x2
Sol: Given that 1 - x 2 + 1- y 2 = a(x - y)

Put x = sin A, y = sin B then A = sin-1x, B = sin-1y
Now the given relation becomes
1 - sin2 A + 1- sin2B = a(sin A - sin B)
cos A + cos B = a(sin A - sin B)
 A +B   A - B  A+B  A - B
2 cos  2  cos  2 = a . 2cos  2  sin  2 
       
 A -B
cot  2  = a
 
A -B
= cot-1 a
2
A - B = 2 cot-1 a
sin x - sin-1y = 2 cot-1a
-1
differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

1 1 dy
- =0
1- x 2
1- y 2 dx
1 dy 1
=
1- y 2 dx 1 - x2
dy 1 - y2
 =
dx 1 - x2
 1+ x 2 + 1- x 2  dy
8. If y = Tan -1   then find .
 1+ x 2 - 1- x 2  dx
 
1
Sol: Put x2 = cos 2 θ THEN θ = cos-1x2.
2
 1+x2 + 1- x2 
Now y = tan-1  2

2  becomes
 1+x - 1- x 
 1+ cos 2θ + 1- cos 2θ 
= tan-1  
 1+ cos 2θ - 1- cos 2θ 
 2 cos2 θ + 2 sin2 θ 
= tan  -1 
 2 cos2 θ - 2 sin2 θ 
 2(cos θ + sin θ) 
y = tan-1  
 2(cos θ - sin θ) 
 (cos θ + sin θ) 
= tan-1  (cos θ - sin θ) 
 
1 + tan θ 
= tan-1  1 - tan θ 
 
π 
= tan-1 tan  4 + θ 
 

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
π
y= +θ
4
π 1
y = + cos-1 x2.
4 2
differentiating with respect to x
dy 1 (-1) d
=0+ 2 2 (x2)
dx 2 1 - (x ) dx
-1 -x
= 4 (2x) = .
2 1- x 1- x4
dy
9. If y = x a2 + x2 + a log(x +
2
x 2 + a2 ) then show that dx = 2 a2 + x2 .
Sol: Given y = x a2 + x 2 + a2 log (x + x 2 + a2 )

d
(uv) = u.v  + v.u
dx
dy 1 1  1 
=x. (2x) +  1+ (2x) 
x + a . 1 + a x + x 2 + a2
2 22
dx 2 x + a2
2 2 2 
 2 x +a 
x2  x 2 + a2 + x  a2
= 2 2 + x 2 + a2 +  
x +a x + x 2 + a2  x 2 + a2 
x2 a2
= + x 2 + a2 +
x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2
2 2
x a
= x 2 + a2 + = x 2 + a2 + x 2 + a2 = 2 x 2 + a2 .
x2 + a2
 b + a cos x 
10. Find the derivative of f(x) = (a 2 - b 2) -1/2cos -1  a + b cos x  w.r.t. x (a > b > 0).
 
 b + a cos x 
Sol: Let y = f(x) = (a2 - b2)-1/2 cos-1  a + b cos x 
 
dy -1 d  b + a cos x  -1
= f(x) = (a2 - b2 )-1/2 d
. dx  a + b cos x  
dx
  cos-1x =
2
1- b + a cosx dx 1 - x2
a + b cosx
-(a + b cosx) [(a + b cosx) (-a sin x) - (b + a cos x) (-b sin x)]
= (a2 - b2)-1/2 .
2
(a + b cos x) - (b + a cos x) 2
(a + b cos x)2
-[-a2sin x-ab sin x cos x + b2sin x + ab cos x sin x]

= (a - b )
2 2 -1/2
a2 + 2ab cosx + b2cos2x - b2 - 2ab cos x - a2cos2x (a +b cos x)
(a2 - b2 )sin x
= (a - b )
2 2 -1/2
(a 2 - b 2 ) - (a2 - b 2 ) cos2 x (a + b cos x)
(a2 - b2 )sin x
= (a - b )
2 2 -1/2
(a2 - b2 ) sin x (a + b cos x)
1 (a2 - b2 )
= 2 2
(a - b ) a + b cos x
.
1
=
a+b cos x
= (a + b cosx)-1

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy 3at 3 a t2
11. Find for the following function x = 1 + t 3 y = 1 + t 2
dx
d d
(1  t 3 )  3 a t   3 a t (1  t 3 ) (1  t3 )  3a   3a t (3 t 2 ) 3 a  3 a t 3  9 a t 2
dx dt dt
Sol:  =
(1  t 3 )2
= (1  t 3 )2
dt (1  t 3 )2
3 a(1  2 t 3 )
= (1  t 3 )2 __________
(1)
d d
dy
(1  t 3 )
dt
 
3a t2  3a t 2 (1  t3 )
dt
(1  t3 )  6at   3at2 (3t2 ) 6at  6at 4  9at 4 6at  3at 4
 = = 
dt (1  t3 )2 (1  t3 )2 (1  t 3 )2 (1  t 3 )2
3at( 2  t3 )
= _____________
(2)
(1  t3 )2
 dy 
 
dy dt  3 a t (2  t3 ) t (2  t3 )
   
dx  dx  3 a (1  2 t 3 ) (1  2 t 3 )
 
 dt 
dy
12. = ? ; x = a (cos t + t sin t), y = a(sin t - t cos t).
dx
Sol: Given that x = a(cos t + t sin t), y = a(sin t - t cos t)
since x and y are functions of t, by parametric differentiation,
 dy 
 dt 
dy  
dx
= dx
dt  
d [a (s in t - tco st)]
dt
= d [a (co st + ts in t)]
dt
a[cost - {t . (-sint) + cost . (1)}]
= a[-sint + {t . cost + sint . 1}]
cost + t sint - cost

=
-sint + t cost + sint
t sint
= = tan t..
t cost
dy
13. If x = 3 cos t - 2 cos 3t, y = 3 sin t - 2sin 3t, then find .
dx
Sol: Given that x = 3 cost - 2cos3t, y = 3sint - 2sin3t
By parametric differentiation,
 dy  d (3sin t - 2sin3 t)
 dt 
dy   dt
dx
dt  
= dx = d (3sin t - 2cos3 t)
dt
3cost - 2(3sin3 t) d (sint)

dt 3cost - 6sin2 t (cost)
= 3(-sin t) - 2(3cos2 t) d (cost) =
-3sint - 6cos2 t (-sint)
dt
3cost - 6sin2 t cost 

3cost(1 - 2sin2 t)
= =
6sint cos2 t - 3sint 
3sint (2cos2 t - 1)
cot t cos 2t
= = cot t..
cot 2t

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
  t  dy
14. If x = a cost + log  tan 2   , y = a sint, find .
   dx
  t 
Sol: Given : x = a cost + log  tan 2   , y = a sin t
  
Since x and y are functions of t, by parametric diffeentiation,
 dy  d (a sint)
 dt 
dy   dt
dx
dt  
dt  
= dx = d a cost + log tan t 
2 
a cost
 
= a -sint + 1 .sec 2 t . 1 
 tan t 2 2
 2 
cost
cos t
= 2. 1 - sint
sin t 2 cos2 t
2 2
cost
1
= 2 sin t cos t - sint
2 2
cost
= 1 - sint
sin t
cost
cost sint

= 1 - sin2t =
sin t  cos2 t
= tan t..

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
1 . Find the derivatives of the following functions from the first principles
i) sin 2x ii) tan 2x iii) sec 3x iv) cos ax
Sol: (i) f(x) = sin 2x
From the first principle,
f (x) = Lt f(x + h) - f(x)

h0 h
C+D C-D
= Lt sin 2(x + h) - sin 2x  sin C - sin D = 2cos  2  sin  2 
h0 h    
= Lt
  
2cos 2x + 2h + 2x sin 2x + 2h - 2x
2 2 
h0 h
sin h
= Lt 2 cos (2x + h)
h0 h
sin θ
= 2 cos (2x + 0) (1)  Lt = 1.
θ0 θ
= 2 cos 2x
(ii) f(x) = tan 2x
f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = Lt
h0 h
tan 2(x + h) - tan 2x
= Lt
h0 h
1  sin (2x + 2h) sin 2x 
= Lt  - 
h  0 h  cos (2x + 2h) cos 2x 
1  sin (2x + 2h)cos 2x - cos(2x + 2h) sin 2x 

= Lt  
h 0 h  cos (2x + 2h) cos 2x 
sin (2x + 2h - 2x)
= Lt
h  0 h. cos (2x + 2h) cos 2x
sin 2h 1
= Lt . cos(2x + 2h) cos 2x
h0 h
1
= Lt 2 sin 2h Lt Lt sin x = 1.
 x
h0 2h h  0 cos(2x + 2h) cos 2x 0 x
1
= 2(1) . cos(2x + 0) cos 2x
= 2 sec2 (2x).
(iii) f(x) = sec 3x
f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = Lt
h0 h
sec 3(x + h) - sec 3x
= Lt
h0 h
1 1 1 
= Lt  - 
h  0 h  cos (3x + 3h) cos 3x 
1 cos 3x - cos (3x + 3h) C +D C-D

= Lt  cos C - cos D = -2 sin  2  sin  2 
h0 h cos (3x + 3h) cos 3x    
= Lt 1 -2 sin 2  2  
3x + 3x + 3h sin 3x - 3x - 3h

h0 h cos (3x + 3h) cos 3x

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
= Lt

-2 sin 3x + 3h
2 . 2
sin -3h  
h  0 cos (3x + 3h) cos 3x h
-2 sin 3x + 3h
2  Lt
 
sin -3h
2  -3 
= Lt
h  0 cos (3x + 3h) cos 3x
3h  0
2  
-3 h
2
2
 
3 sin 3x 1
= .
cos 3x cos 3x
= 3 tan 3x . sec 3x.
(iv) f(x) = cos ax
f(x + h) = cos a(x + h)
Lt f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = h  0 h
Lt cos a(x + h) - cos ax

= h 0 h
Lt
= h
 2  
-2 sin ax + ah + ax sin ax + ah - ax
2 
0 h
Lt
= h

-2 sin 2ax + ah sin ah
2 2 2  
0
h
Lt sin ah  
Lt ah
= h  0 -2 sin ax + 2
2

ah
0
2
 a
ah .  2 
2    
= - sin ax (1) (1)
= - a sin ax.
2. Find the derivatives of the following functions using the definition
(i) cos 2 x (ii) x +1 (iii) log x (iv) x sin x (v) x 3
Sol: (i) f(x) = cos 2 x
By the definition
f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = Lt
h0 h
2 2
f (x) = Lt cos (x + h) - cos x  cos2 B - cos2A = sin (A + B) sin (A - B)
h0 h
sin[x + (x + h)] sin [x - (x + h)]
= Lt
h0 h
sin (2x + h) sin (-h)
= Lt
h0 h
sin h
= - Lt sin(2x + h) Lt = -sin(2x + 0) (1) = - sin 2x.
h0 h0 h
(ii) f(x) = x + 1
By the definition
f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = Lt
h0 h
Lt x + h +1 - x +1
=
h0 h
x + h +1- x +1 x + h +1+ x +1
= Lt .
h0 h x + h +1+ x +1

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
x + h + 1 - (x + 1)
= Lt
h  0 h  x + h + 1 + x + 1
h
= Lt
h  0 h  x + h + 1 + x + 1

1
= Lt
h0 x +h +1+ x +1
1
=
x + 0 +1+ x +1
1
=
2 x +1
(iii) f(x) = log e x
By the definition
f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = Lt
h0 h
loge (x + h) - loge x a
= Lt  log
ogea - logeb = loge  b 
h0 h  
 x +h
= Lt 1 log
oge  x 
h0 h  
 h
= Lt 1 1 log
oge  1 + x 
h0 x h  
x
1
oge  1 +   x 
1  h h
= Lt log
h0 x  x
x
1  h h
= Lt oge  1 + 
log
h0 x  x
x
1 Lt  h h
= oge  1 +   Lt (1 + x)1/x = e
h  0 log
xx  x x0
1 1 1
= loge e = (1) =
x x x
(iv) f(x) = x sin x.
f(x + h) = (x + h) sin (x + h)
Lt f(x + h) - f(x)
f (x) = h  0 h
Lt (x + h) sin (x + h) - x sin x
= h 0 h
Lt x(sin (x + h) - sin x) + h sin (x + h)
= h0
h
Lt
= h
 2   2 
x. 2 cos x + h + x sin x + h - x + h sin (x + h)
0 h
 sin h
Lt
Lt x . 2 cos  2x +h h 0  2. 1 + Lt h sin(x + h)
= h 0  2 2  h  2 h 0 h
 2 
= x cos x + sin x.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
(v) f(x) = x 3
From the first principle

f(x  h)  f(x)
f (x)  Lt
h 0 h
(x  h)3  x 3
= hLt
0 h
x 3  h3  3x 2h  3xh2  x 3
= hLt
0 h
h(h2  3x 2  3hx)
= hLt
0 h
h 2  3x 2  3hx
= hLt
0 h
= 0 + 3x2 + 0 = 3x2
f (x)  3x 2 .

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
1. Find the derivative of y = 2x - 3 + 7 - 3x .
Sol: y = 2x - 3 + 7 - 3x
dy 1 d 1 d
 (2x - 3) + (7-3x)
dx 2 2x  3 dx 2 7  3x dx
2 ( 3) 1 3
=  =  .
2 2x  3 2 7  3x 2x  3 2 7  3x
2
2. If f(x) = ax . e x , then find f  x .
(
)
2
Sol: f(x) = ax e x
f  x = ax
d
 
2
ex  ex
2 d
 
2 2
a x = ax e x (2x) + e x (ax) log a = ax e x (2x + log
2
og a)
(
)
dx dx
dy
3. If y = e 2x log (3x + 4) then find .
dx
Sol: y = e2x log (3x + 4)
dy d d
= e2x (log(3x+4)) + log(3x+4) (e2x)
dx dx dx
 1 
= e2x  3x  4  . 3 + log (3x + 4) . e2x . 2
 
 3 
= e2x  3x  4  2.log(3x  4)
 
dy
4. If y = x 2 e x sinx then find .
dx
 uvw   uvw  uwv   vwu
Sol: y = x2 ex sin x    
dy d d d
= x2 ex (sin x) + x2 sinx (ex) + sinx. ex (x2) = x2 ex cosx + x sin x ex + sin x. ex 2x.
dx dx dx dx
ax + b dy
5. If y = find .
cx + d dx
ax + b   vu  uv 
Sol: y =  u / v   v2 
cx + d  
d d
cx + d (ax  b)  (ax  b) (cx  d) cx + d a - (ax  b)c
(
dy dx dx
 = cx + d 2
(
dx cx + d 2
(
acx + ad - acx  bc ad - bc
= = cx + d 2 .
cx + d 2
(
)
(
3 + 3x
6. If f(x) = 7x (x> 0) find f (x) .
3
Sol: f(x) = 7 x + 3x
differentiating with respect to x, we get
3 + 3x d d
f (x) = 7 x log 7 . (x3 + 3x)  (ax) = ax . log
og a
dx dx
3 + 3x
= 7x (log 7) (3x2 + 3)

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
7. If y = cos[log cot x], then find .
dx
Sol: y = cos[log cot x]
differentiating with respect to x using chain rule, we get
dy d
= - sin(log cot x) (log cot x)
dx dx
 1  d -sin(log cot x)
= -sin(log cot x)  cot x  (cot x) = (-cosec2x)
  dx cot x
sin(log cot x)
= (cosec2x).
cotx
dy
8. If y = log(cosh 2x) find .
dx
Sol: y = log(cosh 2x)
dy 1 d 1 d
 (cosh 2x) = sinh 2x (2x) = 2(tanh 2x).
dx cosh2x dx cosh2x dx
dy
9. If y = log (tan 5x) find .
dx
Sol: y = log (tan 5x)
dy 1 d 1 d cos5x 1
 (tan 5x) = sec25x. (5x) = x .5
dx tan5x dx tan5x dx sin5x co s2 5x
10 10
= = = 10 cosec 10x
2.sin5x cosh x sin10x
10. Find the derivative of log[sin(log x)].
Sol: y = log (sin(log x)]
Differentiating w.r.t.x
dy 1 d 1 d cot(log x)
 (sin (log x)) = . cos(log x). (log x) =
dx sin(log x) dx sin(log x) dx x
dy
11. If y = sec ( tan x ), find .
dx
Sol: y = sec tan x
differentiating with respect to x, using chain rule,
dy d
dx
= sec  tan x  tan  tan x  dx tan x
1 d
= sec  tan x  tan  tan x  (tan x)
2 tan x dx
sec tan x tan tan x (sec 2 x)

=
2 tan x
12. If f(x) = 1 + x + x 2 + ......... + x 100, then find f (1) .
Sol: f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .......... + x100
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
f (x) = 0 + 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ........ + 100x99
put x = 1 in the above relation, we get
f (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + 100
100 x 101 n(n + 1)
=  1+2+3+....+n = = 5050.
2 2

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
13. If y = x x, find .
dx
Sol: y = xx
taking logarithms on both sides,
log y = x log x
differentiating with respect to x,
1 dy  1
y dx = x  x  + log x (1)
1 dy
y dx = 1 + log x
dy
= y(1 + log x) = xx (1 + log x).
dx
dy
14. If x 4 + y 4 - a 2x y = 0 then find .
dx
Sol: x4 + y4 - a2xy = 0
dy 2 dy
4x3 + 4y3 - a (x + y. 1) = 0
dx dx
dy dy
4x3 + 4y3 - a2x - a2y = 0
dx dx
dy
(4y3 - a2x) = a2y - 4x3
dx
dy a 2 y  4x 3
= 3 2 .
dx 4y  a x
1 - cos x
15. Find the derivative of y = tan -1 .
1 + cos x
2 sin2 x
1 - cos x 2
Sol: y = tan -1
= tan-1 2 cos 2 x
1 + cos x 2
x
= tan-1 tan
2
x
=
2
differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy 1
= .
dx 2
16. Differentiate f(x) = e x with respect to g(x) = x.
Sol: Let y = f(x) = ex and z = g(x) = x
Derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x)
d (ex ) (e x )
dy dx
= d ( x ) =  1  = 2 x ex .
dz  
dx 2 x 
dy
17. If x = a cos 3t, y = a sin 3t, find .
dx
Sol: x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t
 dy  d (a sin3 t)
 dt 
dy   dt a.3 sin2 t . cost
dx
dt 
= dx = d (a cos3 t) =
dt
a. 3cos2 t (-sint)
= -tant.
ant.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
18. If y = ae nx + be -nx thne prove that y  = n2 y .
Sol: y = aenx + be-nx
dy
= naenx - nbe-nx
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x
d2 y
= n2 aenx + n2 be-nx
dx 2
= n2 (aenx + be-nx)
y = n2 y .

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 10 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
I - ERRORS AND APPROXIMATION (2M X 1 = 2M)
QUESTION NO 9:
1. Find dy and  y = f(x) = x 2 + x at x = 10 when  Dx = 0.1
Sol: Given y = x2 + x at x = 10 and Dx = 0.1
 y = f(x +  x) - f(x)
= (x +  x)2 + (x +  x) - (x2 + x)
= x2 + 2x  x + (  x)2 + x +  x + - x2 - x
= 2x  x + (  x)2 +  x
= 2(10)(0.1) + (0.1)2 + 0.1
= 2.11
dy = f (x)  x,
dy = (2x + 1)  x
 dy 
dy = {(2) (10) + 1} 0.1 = 2.1  Since  2x  1
 d x 
2. Find  y and dy , y = x 2 + 3x + 6, x = 10,  x = 0.01
Sol:  y = f(x +  x) - f(x)
IL.COM
= (x +  x)2 + 3(x +  x) + 6 - (x2 + 3x + 6)
@GMA
= x2 + (  x)2 + 2x  x + 3x + 3  x + 6 - x2 - 3x - 6
L
=  x(  x + 2x + 3)
ORIA
= 0.01(0.01 + 20 + 3)
T
AHKTU
= 0.01 (23.01)
= 0.2301
dy = f (x)  x
= (2x + 3)  x
= (20 + 3) (0.01)
= 23(0.01)
= 0.23.
3. Find  y and dy y = ex + x, x = 5 and  x = 0.02.
Sol:  y = f(x +  x) - f(x)
= (ex+  x + x +  x) - (ex + x)
= ex+  x + x +  x - ex - x
= ex [e  x - 1] +  x
= e5 [e0.02 - 1] + 0.02
dy = f (x)  x
= [ex + 1]  x
= (e5 + 1)  x
= (e5 + 1) (0.02)
4. Find the approximations value of 82 .
Sol: Let f(x) = x , x+  x = 82

1
f (x)  , x = 81, Dx = 1
2 x
Approxmiate value of
f(x +  x) ~ f(x) + f’(x).  x
1
x  x ~ x  x
2 x
1
~ 81  (1)
82 2 81

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
1
82 ~9+ 8
82 ~ 9 + (0.0555)
82 ~ 9.056
5. Find the approximations value of 3
65 .
Sol: Let f(x) = 3 x = x1/3
1 2/3
f (x)  x ,
x +  x = 65,
3
x = 64,  x = 1
Approximate value of
f(x +  x) ~ f(x) + f (x) .  x
1 1 32
3
x  x ~ x3  x x
3
1 1 1
(64) 3  x . (1)
3
65 ~ 2
3 (64) 3
1
3
65 ~ 4 + 48
65 ~ 4 + 0.0208
M
3
AIL.CO
65 ~ 4 + 0.0208
3
@GM
65 ~ 4.0208
L
RIA
6. If the increase in the side of a square is 4 %. Then find the approximate percentage
TO
U
of increase in the area of the square.
AHKT
Sol: Let ‘x’ be the side and ‘A’ be the area of square
A = x2
log A = 2log x
By differentiating
1 1
.  A  2. .  x
A x
A x
A
x 100  2. x
x 100  2(4)  8
7. The diameter of a sphere is measured to be 40 cm. If an error of 0.02 cm is made
in it, then find the approximate errors in volume and surface area of the sphere.
Sol:Let ‘x’ be the diameter
x
x = 40 cm ,  x = 0.02 cm and r =
2
4
Let Volume of sphere = r 3 Let ‘S’ be the surface area = S = 4 π r2
3
3 2
4 x x
V=  S = 4π  
3  2  2

V= 6
. x3 S = π x2
dV
 V  dx .x  S  dS/dX .  x

V  6
.3x2.  x  S  π .2x.  x
 0.01
3 (40)2 ( 0.02 )
V  6  S  π .2(40) (0.02)
2
 π (1600) (0.01) = 16 π cu.cm.  S  1.6 π sq.cm

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
TANGENTS AND NORMALS (11M)
1. I f t h e ta n g e n t a t a n y p o i n t o n t h e c u r v e x 2 / 3 + y 2 / 3 = a 2 / 3 i n te r s e c ts t h e
c o o r di n a te a xe s i n A , B . S h o w t h a t t h e le n g t h A B i s c o n s ta n t.
Sol: Given equation of the curve is x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3
Parametric equations of this curve are
x = a cos3 θ , y = a sin3 θ .
Let P(a cos3 θ , a sin3 θ ) be any point on it..
By parametric differentiation,
 dy 
 dθ 
dy   a . 3sin 2 θ (cos θ) -sin θ
dx  
= dx =
dθ
2
a . 3cos θ(-sin θ)
=
cos θ
-sin θ
Equation of tangent at P is y - a sin3 θ = (x - a cos3 θ )
cos θ
y -x
- a sin2 θ = + a cos2 θ
sin θ cos θ
x y
+ = a(cos2 θ + sin2 θ )
M
cos θ sin θ
x y
AIL.CO
M
+ =1
IAL G
a cos θ a sin θ
@
R
Let tangent meets the coordinate axes at A, B then A = (a cos θ , 0), B = (0, a sin θ )
KTUTO
Now AB = (-a cos θ)2 + (a sin θ)2 = a2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)
AH AB = a which is a constant.
2. I f t he ta n g e n t a t a ny p oi n t P on t h e cur ve x m y n = a m
coordinate axes in A, B. Show that AP : PB is constant.
+ n
( m n  0) m ee ts t h e
Sol: We use the formula AP : PB = a - x1 : x1 - 0

Given equation of the curve is xm yn = am + n
Apply logarithms on both sides,
m log x + n log y = (m + n) log a
1 1 dy
m. +n. y = 0.
x dx
dy -my
=
dx nx
 dy  -my
1
Slope of tangent at P =  dx (x , y ) = nx
1 1 1
-my1
Equation of tangent at P is y - y1 = nx (x - x1)
1
n -m
(y - y1) y = x (x - x1)
1 1
ny -mx
y1 - n = x1 + m
mx ny
x1 + y1 = m + n
x y
(m + n) x1 (m + n) y1
+ =1
m n

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
 (m + n)x1   (m + n)y1 
Let the tangent meets x and y axes at A, B. then A=  , 0  ,B=  0, 
 m   n 
(m + n)x1
Now AP : PB = - x1 : x1 - 0
m
mx1 + nx1 - mx1
= : x1
m
n
= :1
m
= n : m which is a constant.
3. Find the length of subtangent, subnormal at a point ‘t’ on the curve x = a(cost + t sint),
y = a(sint - t cost).
Sol: Given curve is x = a (cost + t sint)
y = a(sint - t cost)
Let P (a(cost + t sint), a(sint - t cost)) be a point on it.
By Diffrentiation w.r.t “t”
 dy 
 dt 
dy   a[cost - (1. cost + t sint)] t . sint
dx  
= dx = a[-sint + 1.sint + t.cost] =
dt
t. cost
= tan
an t
y1 a(sint - t cost)
Length of subtangent at P = m = = |a(sint - t cost)cot t|.
M
tant
AIL.CO
Length of subnormal at P = |y1 . m| = |a(sint - t cost) tan t|.
M
4. At any point ‘t’ on the curve x = a(t + sint), y = a(1 - cost), find the length of tangent,
L@G
normal, subtangent and subnormal.
IA
R
Sol: Given curve is x = a(t + sint), y = a(1 - cos t)
UTO
Let P(a(t + sin t), a(1 - cost)) be any point on it.
KT
AH
By differentiation w.r.t “t”
 dy 
 dt  2 sin t cos t
dy   a(0 + sint) 2 2 t
dx  
= dx = a(1 + cost) = 2 cos2 t
dt 2
= tan
an
2
t
Slope of the tangent at P = tan
2
y1 1+ m2 a(1 - cost) 1+ tan2 t

2
Length of the tangent at P = m = tan t
2
a . 2 sin2 t cos t
2x 2 t
= t t = 2a sin units.
s.
cos sin 2
2 2
2 t
Length of the normal at P = |y1 1 + m2 | = a(1 - cost) 1+ tan 2
2 t t
= a . 2sin 2 . sec 2 units.
y1 a(1 - cost)
Length of the subtangent at P = m = tan t
2
a . 2sin2 t
2 cos t
= sin t 2 = |a sint| units.
2
t
Length of subnormal at P = |y1 . m| = a(1 - cost) .tan 2

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
2 t t
= a.2sin 2 . tan 2 units.
5. Show that the square of the length of sub tangent at any point on the curve by2 = (x + a)3, b  0,
varies with the length of the subnormal at that point.
Sol: Given curve is by2 = (x + a)3 ---------- (1)
Let P(x1, y1) be any point on it,
by12 = (x1 + a)3 ----------- (2)
differentiating by2 = (x + a)3 w.r.t. x
dy
b . 2y = 3(x + a)2
dx
dy 3(x + a)2
= 2by
dx
3(x1 + a)2
Slope of the tangent at P = 2by1
y1
y1 3(x1 + a)2 2by12
Length of subtangent at P = m = 2by1 = 3(x + a)2
1
OM
Length of the subnormal at P = |y1 . m|
MAIL.C 3(x1 + a)2 3(x1 + a)2
IAL@G = y1 . 2by1 = 2b
TUTOR  2by12 
2
K
 3(x + a)2 
AH (L.S.T)2  1  8b3 y14 8b3 y14

Consider =  3 (x1 + a)2  = 27(x + a)6 = 27(by 2 )2
L.S.N   1 1
 2b 
8b
= which is a constant, say k
27
(L.S.T.)2 = k.(L.S.N)
(L.S.T)2 varies as L.S.N.
6. Show that the curves y 2 = 4(x + 1) and y 2 = 36(9 - x) intersect orthogonally.
Sol: G.T y2 = 4(x + 1), y2 = 36(9 - x)
4(x + 1) = 36(9 - x)
x + 1 = 9(9 - x)
x + 1 = 81 - 9x
x + 9x = 80
80
x= =8
10
Put x = 8 in y2 = 4(x + 1)
y2 = 4(8 + 1) = 4(9) = 36
y = +6
The points of intersection are P(8, 6), Q(8, -6)
At the point P(8, 6):
y2 = 4(x + 1)
dy
2y =4
dx
dy 4 2
= 2y = y
dx
Slope of the tangent at P to the first curve is
2 1
m1 = =
6 3
y2 = 36(9 - x)
MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
2y = - 36
dx
dy -18
= y
dx
Slope of the tangent at P to the second curve is
-18
m2 = = -3
6
1
Here m1m2 = (-3) = -1
3
Angle between the tangents at P is 900.
7. Find the angle between the curves y 2 = 8x, 4x 2 + y 2 = 32
Sol: y2 = 8x _________ (1), 4x2 + y2 = 32 ________ (2)
Substituting y2 = 8x in Equation (2)
4x2 + 8x = 32
4x2 + 8x - 32 = 0 4
x2 + 2x - 8 = 0
x2 + 4x - 2x - 8 = 0
x(x+4) -2 (x + 4) = 0
(x - 2) (x + 4) = 0
x = 2 (or) x = - 4
x = 2 THEN y2 = 16 Þ y = + 4
M
x = - 4 THEN y2 = - 32, y is not real
.CO
The point of intersection of the two curves is P(2, 4) and Q (2, -4)
AIL
M
Equation of the first curve is y2 = 8x
IAL@G
Differentiating w.r.t x
TUTOR dy
2y d x = 8
AHK dy 8 4

d x = 2y y
Equation of the second curve is 4x2 + y2 = 32
dy
8x + 2y d x = 0
dy  8x 4x
= = 
dx 2y y
Case (i) : At P(2, 4)
4 8
m1 = = 1 and m2 = =-2
4 4
m m 1 2
If θ is the angle between the two curves then, tan   1  m m  1  2 = 3
2 2
1 2
θ = Tan -1 (3)
Case (ii) : At Q(2, - 4)
4 8
m1    1 and m2  2
4 4
1  2
tan   3
1 2
θ = Tan-1 (3).

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
8. Find the angle between the curves 2y - 9x = 0, 3x +4y = 0 (in the 4 th quadrant).
2 2
Sol: Given curves are 2y2 - 9x = 0, 3x2 + 4y = 0.

4y = -3x2 ----(1) 2y2 - 9x = 0 ----- (2)
-3 2  9 4
y= x ---- (3) 2  16 x  - 9x = 0
4  
4
x
-x=0
8
x4 - 8x = 0
x(x3 - 8) = 0
x = 0, x = 2
Now Sub ‘x’ values in (3)
x=0 x=2
-3 2
y=0 y= (2 ) = -3.
4
Points of intersection are P(0, 0), Q(2, -3)
Since Q(2, -3) lies in 4th quadrant.
Differentiating 2y 2 - 9x = 0 with respect to x
dy
2(2y) -9=0
dx
dy 9
M
= 4y
O
dx
MAIL.C 9
Slope of the tangent to the curve 2y2 - 9x = 0 at Q is m1 = 4(-3) =
-3
IAL@G
Differentiating 3x 2 + 4y = 0 with respect to x
4
TUTOR
3(2x) + 4
dy
=0
K
dx
AH
dy -6x -3x
= =
dx 4 2
-3
Slope of the tangent to the curve 3x2 + 4y = 0 at Q is m2 = (2) = -3
2
Let θ be the angle between the tangent to the given two curves at Q..
-3 + 3
m1 - m2 4 9
Tan θ = 1 + m m = 1+ 9 =
1 2 4 13
 9 
θ = tan-1  13  .
9. Show that the condition for the orthogonality of the curves ax 2 + by 2 = 1 and
1 1 1 1
a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 is a - b = a - b .
1 1
Sol: Given equations of the curves are

ax2 + by2 = 1 ----------- (1)
a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 --------- (2)
Let P(x1, y1) be the point of intersection of (1) & (2)
ax12 + by12 = 1
a1x12 + b1y12 = 1
(a - a1) x12 + (b - b1)y12 = 0
b - b1 -x12
a - a1 = y12 ----------- (3)
differentiating ax2 + by2 = 1
dy
a . 2x + b . 2y =0
dx
dy
by = -ax
dx
dy -ax
= by
dx

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
-ax1
slope of the tangent at P to (1) is m1 = by
1
-a1x1
similarly, slope of tangent at P to (2) is m2 = b y
1 1
since (1), (2) cut orthogonally at P,
m1m2 = -1
 -ax1   -a1x1 
    = -1.
 by1   b1y1 
aa1 x12
bb1 y12 = -1
aa1  -(b - b1 ) 
 
bb1  a - a1  = -1 from (3)
b - b1 a - a1
a - a1 = aa1
1 1 1 1
- = -
b1 b a1 a
1 1 1 1
- = -
a b a1 b1 .
IL.COM
10. Find the angle between the curves xy = 2 and x 2 + 4y = 0
@GMA 2
L
Sol: Given curves xy = 2 then x = y ___________ (1)
TORIA
U
x2 + 4y = 0 ________________________ (2)
AHKT
The points of intersection of (1) and (2) is
2
2
4
  + 4y = 0 Þ y 2 + 4y = 0
y
4 + 4y3 = 0 (  4 ) then 1 + y3 = 0
y3 = - 1 then y = -1
x=-2
P(-2, -1)
Diff xy = 2 w.r.t x Diff x2 + 4y = 0 w.r.t x
dy dy
x d x + y.1 = 0 2x + 4 d x = 0
dy y dy 2x
dx = x dx = 4
dy 1 dy
 = m1  1= m
dx 2 dx 2
m m
Let θ is the angle between the curves then, tan   1  m m
1 2
1 2
1
1
tan   2 1  2
1 = 2 1 =3
1
2
θ = Tan-1 (3)

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
11. Find the angle between the curves given below y = 4x, x + y 2 = 5
2 2
Sol: y2 = 4x __________ (1), x2 + y2 = 5 ___________ (2)

Substituting y2 = 4x in Equation (2)
x2 + 4x = 5
x + 4x - 5 = 0
2
(x - 1) (x + 5) = 0
x = 1 (or) x = - 5
x=1y= 4=+2
x = - 5 and y =  20 is not real
The point of intersection is P(1, 2) and Q (1, -2)
From equation (1) From equation (2)
Diff y = 4x w.r.t x
2
Diff x2 + y2 = 5 w.r.t x
dy dy
2y d x = 4 2x + 2y d x = 0
dy 4 2 dy  2x  x
=  =m =  = m2
dx 2y y 1 dx 2y y
2 1
Case (i) : At P(1, 2) Þ m1 = = 1 and m2 =
2 2
IL.COM m1  m2
If θ is the angle between two curves then tan θ = 1  m m
@GMA 1 2
ORIAL 1
1 3
UT
2  2
AHKT tan θ =
1
1
2
1 =3
2
θ = Tan-1 (3)
Case (ii): At Q (1, -2)
2
m1 = = -1
2
1 1
m2 = 
2 2
1
1 
2  2 1
tan θ = 1 2 1 =3
1
2
θ = Tan-1(3).

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
1. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y 4 = ax 3 at (a, a).
Sol: Equation of the given curve is y4 = ax3 P(a, a)
Differentiating w.r.t.x.
dy
4y2 = 3ax2
dx
dy 3ax 2

dx 4y 2
dy  3a3 3
 
dx (a,a) 4a3 4
3
slope of tangent at P (m) =
4
Equation of the tangent at P is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
3
y-a= (x - a)
4
4y - 4a = 3x - 3a.
3x - 4y + a = 0.
1
OM
Equation of the normal at P is y - y1 = (x - x1)
.C
m
4
GMAIL
@
y-a= (x - a)
L
3
ORIA
3y - 3a = -4x + 4a
T
AHKTU
4x + 3y - 7a = 0.
2. Find the length of normal and subnormal at a point on the curve y =  e a + e a  .

a
2
x -x


-x
a x

Sol: Equation of the curve is y = 2  e + e 
a a
 
-x
 ax 
 e +ea 
y=a
 2 
 
 
x
y = acosh  a 
 
dy x 1 x
= a sinh  a  . = sinh  a 
dx   a  
x
slope of the tangent at P(x, y) = sinh  a  = m
 
x x
Length of the normal = y 1  m = a cosh  a  1  sinh  a 
2 2
   
x x 2 x   x

= a cosh  a  cosh  a  = a cosh  a  = acosh2  a 
       
x x
Length of the sub-normal = |y1m| = a cosh  a  sinh  a 
   
a x x a 2x
= 2  2 sinh a cosh a  = 2 sinh a
 
3. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = x 3 + 4x 2 at (-1, 3).
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = x3 + 4x2 P(-1, 3)

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
= 3x2 + 8x
dx
dy 
dx ( 1,3) = 3(-1) + 8(-1) = 3 - 8 = -5
2
m = -5.
Equation of the tangent at P is y - 3 = -5(x+1)
y - 3 = -5x - 5
5x + y + 2 = 0
1
Equation of the normal at P is y - 3 = (x + 1)
5
5y - 15 = x + 1
x - 5y + 16 = 0.
4. Show that tangent at P(x 1, y 1) on curve x + y = a is y.y 1 -1/2 + x . x 1 -1/2 = a 1/2 .
Sol: Given equation of curve is x + y = a ---- (1)
since P(x1, y1) lies on the curve, x1 + y1 = a ---(2)
differentiating x + y = a with respect to x,
IL
+
.COM1 dy
dx = 0
A
2 x 2 y
L@GM dy - y
TORIA dx
=
x
AHKTU
Slope of the tangent at P is
- y1
x1
- y1
Equation of tangent at P is y - y1 = (x - x1)
x1
y y1 -x x1
- = +
y1 y1 x1 x1
x y
+ x1 + y1
x1 y1 =
x . x1-1/2 + y . y1-1/2 = a from (2)

y.y1-1/2 + x . x1-1/2 = a1/2.
5. At a point P(x 1, y1) on the curve x 3 + y 3 = 3axy, show that the equation of the tangent at
P is (x 12 - ay 1)x + (y 12 - ax 1)y = ax 1y 1.
Sol: Given equation of the curve is x3 + y3 = 3axy -----(1)
since P(x1, y1) lies on the given curve, we get
x13 + y13 = 3ax1y1 ----------- (2)
differentiating (1) w.r.t. x,
dy  dy 
3x2 + 3y2 = 3a 1. y + x . dx 
dx  
dy dy
x2 + y2 = ay + ax
dx dx
dy 2
[y - ax] = ay - x2
dx
dy ay - x 2
= 2
dx y - ax
ay1 - x12
Slope of the tangent at P = y 2 - ax
1 1

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
-(x12 - ay1 )
Equation of tangent at P is y - y1 = y 2 - ax (x - x1)
1 1
y(y12 - ax1) - y13 + ax1y1 = -x(x12 - ay1) + x13 - ax1y1
(x12 - ay1)x + (y12 - ax1)y = x13 + y13 - 2ax1y1
= 3ax1y1 - 2ax1y1 from (2)

(x12 - ay1)x + (y12 - ax1)y = ax1y1
6. Show that the tangent at any point θ on the curve x = c sec θ , y = c tan
an θ is y sin θ = x - c sec θ .
Sol: Given x = c sec θ ,
Differentiating w.r.t. θ .
dx
d
= a sec θ tan θ .
Given by y = c tan θ .
Differentiating w.r.t. θ .
dy
= asec2 θ .
d
 dy 

IL.COM
dy  d  a sec 2 

sec 
1
A
dx  dx  a sec  tan  tan  =
M
sin
G
 d 
@
 
ORIAL 1
T
slope of tangent (m) = .
TU
sin
AHK
The equation of the tangent is y - y1 = m(x - x1)
y - c tan θ =
1
(x - c sec θ )
sin
y sin θ - c tan θ . sin θ = x - c sec θ .
y sin θ = x - c sec θ + c tan
an θ sin θ .
c sin 
y sin θ = x - +c . sin θ .
cos  cos 
c
y sin θ =x- (1  sin2 )
cos 
cos2 
y sin θ =x-c
cos 
y sin θ = x - c cos θ .
 1 1
7. Show that the curves 6x 2 - 5x + 2y = 0 and 4x 2 + 8y 2 = 3 touch each other at  2 , 2  .
 
Sol: Equation of the first curve is 6x2 - 5x + 2y = 0
dy
12x - 5 + 2 = 0.
dx
dy 5 - 12x
=
dx 2
 dy   1
5 -12  
 dx  1 1  = 2
  , 
 2 2 2
5 - 6 -1
m1 = =
2 2
Equation of the second curve is 4x2 + 8y2 = 3.

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dy
8x + 16y =0
dx
dy -8x x
= 16y = - 2y
dx
1
 dy  2
 dx  1 1  =  1 
  ,  2 
 2 2
 2
1
m2 = -
2
m 1 = m2
 1 1
The given curves touch each other at  2 , 2  .
 
8. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at any point on the curve
xy = c(c  0) with the coordinate axes is constant..
Sol: Let P(x1, y1) be a point on the curve xy = c
dy
x + y(1) = 0
dx
M
dy -y
dx
=
x
AIL.CO
dy 
L@GM 
-y
dx P( x1,y1 ) x1
TORIA
AHKTU
m= x
1
-y1
-y
Equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) is y - y1 = x (x - x1)
1
x1y - x1y1 = - y1x+x1y1
y1x + x1y = 2x1y1
x y
 1
2x1 2y1
The area of the triangle formed by the tangent and coordinate axes is
1
|(2x1)(2y1)| = 2x1y1 (  x1y1 = c)
2
= 2c = a constant.
9. Find the value of k , so that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve
y = a1-k x k is a constant.
Sol: Equation of the given curve is y = a1-kxk.
Let P(x1 y1) is on a curve.
dy 
dx P(x,y) = a kx
1-k k-1
m = ka1 - k xk - 1
Length of the subnormal = |y1m|
= |y.ka1 - k xk - 1|
= |a1 - k xk. ka1 - k xk - 1|
= |ka2 - 2k x2k - 1|
In order to make these value is a constant, we should have 2k - 1 = 0
1
k= .
2

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
10. Show that at any point (x, y) on the curve y = be , the length of the subtangent is
x/a
y2
constant and the length of the sub-normal is .
a
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = bex/a
Let P(x1, y1) is on a curve
dy 1 y
= b. ex/x . =
dx a a
dy  y1
dx P = a
y1 y1
Length of the sub-tangent = m =  y 1  = a = constant
 a 
 
y
y 2
Length of the sub-normal = |y1m|= y1. a =
1
.
a
11. Find the tangent and normal to the curve y = 2e-x/3 at the point where the curve meets the
y -axis.
COM
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = 2e-x/3 .
IL.
A
The point of intersection of the curve and y-axis
GM
x = 0 and y = 2
L@
IA
then P (0, 2)
TOR
Differentiating it w.r.t. x
TU
AHK
dy  1
x
 2e 3   
dx  3
dy   2 30
  e
d x  P (0,2) 3
2 2
m (1) 
3 3
2
Equation of the tangent at P is y - 2 = (x - 0)
3
3y - 6 = - 2x
2x + 3y - 6 = 0
3
Equation of the normal at P is y - 2 = (x - 0)
2
2y - 4 = 3x
3x - 2y + 4 = 0

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHAPTER 10 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
III - MAXIMA AND MINIMA (7M )
QUESTION NO 30:
1. Show that when the curved surface of a right circular cylinder inscribed in sphere of
radius r is maximum, then the height of the cylinder is 2 r..
Sol: Let R be the base radius
H be the height of the right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius r.
2
 H
R +   = r2
2
 2
H2
R2 = r2 -
4
Curved surface area of the cylinder
C = 2 π RH
C2 = 4 π 2R2H2
 2 H2   2 2 H4 
f(H) = 4 π r -  2 r H - 
4 H = 4π
2 2
  4 
differentiating w.r.t. H,
 4H 3 
M
2
O
i) f(H) = 4 π 2  r . 2H - 4  = 4 π 2 [2r2H - H3]
MAIL.C 
ii) for minimum or maximum, f(H) = 0.
IAL@G 2Hr2 - H3 = 0
TUTOR H = 0, H2 = 2r2
K
is not possible H = 2 r..
AHiii) f(H) = 4 π [2r - 3H ]

2 2 2
iv) verification: At H = 2 r, f(H) = 4p2 [2r2 - 3(2r2)] < 0

f(H) is maximum at H = 2 r..
Hence, for maximum curved surface area, then the height of the cylinder is 2 r..
2. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which
can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
Sol: Let O be the centre of the circular base of the cone and its height be H. Let r be the radius of the
circular base of the cone.
Then AO = H, OC = R.
Let a cylinder with radius r (OE) be inscribed in the given cone. Let its height be h.
i.e., RO = QE = PD = h
Now the triangle AOC and QEC are similar.
QE EC h Rr
Therefore;  i.e., 
OA OC H R
H R  r   r 
h= = H  1  R  .............. (1)
R  
Let S denote the curved surface area of the chosen cylinder. Then
 r   r2 
S = 2 π rh = 2 π rH  1  R  = 2 π H  r  R 
   
As the cone is fixed one, the value of R and H are constants. Thus S is function of r only.
dS  2r 
i) = 2πH 1  R 
dr  
dS
ii) for minimum or maximum =0
dr

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
 2r 
2 π H 1  R  = 0
 
2r
Since H  0, 1  =0
R
2r R
1 = r=
R 2
d2S 4 H
iii) 2 = .
dr R
2
R dS 4 H
iv) verification: At r = , 2 = < 0 for all r
2 dr R
R
S is maximum at r = .
2
the radius of the cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be incribed in a given cone is R/2.
3. A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle.If the perimeter of
the window be 20ft find the maximum area.
Sol: Let 2x be the length, y be the breath of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle of radius ‘r’
Given that the Perimeter of the semicircle is 20ft
2x + 2y + π r = 20
COM
2y = 20 - 2x - π r
IL.
y=
@GMA
20  2x  r
L
2
ORIA
Total area = area of a rectangle + area of a semicircle.
T
AHKTU
Total area (A) = 2xy +
1
2
π r2
1
= 2xy + π x2 (2r = 2x) and (r = x)
2
 20  2x  r  1
= 2x  π x2
2 2
 2
A = x (20 - 2x - π x) + x
2
x 2
= 20x - 2x - π x + 2
2 2
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’

dA 2 x
i) d x = 20 - 4x - 2 π x +
2
= 20 - 4x - 2 π x + π x
= 20 - 4x - π x.
dA
ii) for a maximum or maximum d x = 0
20 - 4x - π x = 0
4x + π x = 20
x(4 + π ) = 20
20
x= 4  
d2 A
iii) d x 2 = - 4 - π
20 d2 A
iv) verification: At x = 4   , d x 2 = - 4 - π <0

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
20
A is maximum at x = 4  
40 20 
20   40
4 4 20   80  40  20 20
y = = 2(  4) =
2 2(   4) 4
2
 20   20    20 
Maximum area = 2   .   
  4   4 2   4
2
 20   
=   2  
  4  2
400 4  
=    4 2  2 
 
200
=   4 sq. unitss
4. From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30 cm x 80cm four equal squares of
side x cm are removed at the corners, and the sides are then turned up so as to
form an open rectangular box. Find x, so that volume of the box is the greatest.
M
Sol: Given dimensions of rectangular sheet are 80, 30.
IL.CO
Given that x be the side of the square cut out.
A
M
Now the dimensions of the open rectangular box are
L@G
l = 80 - 2x, b = 30 - 2x, h = x
IA
OR
volume of the box,
KTUTv = lbx = (80 - 2x) (30 - 2x) (x)
AH
= (2400 - 220x + 4x2) x
Let f(x) = 4x - 220x2 + 2400x
3
differentiating w.r.t. x,

i) f (x) = 12x2 - 440x + 2400
ii) For max or min, f (x) = 0
12x2 - 440x + 2400 = 0 (div by 4)
3x2 - 110x + 600 = 0
3x2 - 90x - 20x + 600 = 0
3x(x - 30) - 20(x - 30) = 0
20
x = 30 is impossible or x =
3
iii) f (x) = 24x - 440
20  20 
iv) Verificiation: If x = , f (x) = 24  3  - 440 = 160 - 440 = -280 < 0
3  
20
The volume of the box is maximum when x = cm.
3
5. A wire of length l is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form a
square and a circle. What are the lengths of the pieces of the wire so that the sum
of the areas is the least.
Sol: A wire of length l is cut into two parts: x, l -x
Let a be the side of the square and r be the radius of the circle.
4a = x 2πr = l - x
x x
a= r=
4 2π
2 2
x x x2 1
Sum of the areas ; S = a2 + pr2 =   + p   = + (l - x)2
4  2π  16 4π
differentiating w.r..t. x,

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
dS 2x 1
i) = + 2(l - x) (-1)
dx 16 4π
dS
ii) For max.or min. of S, =0
dx
x (  - x)
- =0
8 2π
π x - 4l + 4x = 0
x( π + 4) = 4l
4
x=
π+4
d2S 2 2
iii) = 
dx 2 16 4
4 d2S
iv) Verification: At x = , 2 >0
π + 4 dx
4
S is min. at x =
π+4
4 π
Length of other part = l - x = l - =
π+4 π+4
IL.COM
Hence S is least when the lengths of the pieces are
4
and
π
.
A
π+4 π+4
@GM
6. The profit function P(x) of a company selling x items per day is given by
L
RIA
P(x) = (150 - x) x - 1000. Find the number of items that the company should
TO
U
manufacture to get maximum profit . Also find the maximum profit.
AHKT
Sol: Given profit function is
P(x) = (150 - x) x - 1000
i) P(x) = (150 - x) 1 + x(-1)
P(x) = 150 - 2x
ii) For min. or max. P (x) = 0
150 - 2x = 0
x = 75
iii) P(x) = - 2
iv) Verification:
At x = 75, P(x) = -2 < 0.
P(x) is max. at x = 75.
The number of items is x = 75
And max. porofit = (150 - 75) 75 - 1000
= 75(75) - 1000 = 4625.
7. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of
f(x) = 2x 3 - 3x 2 - 36x + 2 on the interval [0, 5].
Sol: Given f(x) = 2x3 - 3x2 - 36x + 2 on [0, 5]
f (x) = 6x2 - 6x - 36
for minimum (or) maximum, f (x) = 0
6x2 - 6x - 36 = 0
x2 - x - 6 = 0
(x - 3) (x + 2) = 0
x - 3 = 0, x + 2 = 0
x = 3, x = -2  [0, 5]
The values, f(0) = 2
f(5) = 2(5)3 - 3(5)2 - 36(5) + 2 = 250 - 75 - 180 + 2 = -3
f(3) = 2(3)3 - 3(3)2 - 36(3) + 2 = 54 - 27 - 108 + 2 = - 79.
Absolute maximum = max. of {f(0), f(5), f(3)}
= max. of {2, -3, -79}
Absolute minimum = min. of {f(0), f(5), f(3)} = min. of {2, -3, -79} = - 79.
MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
8. Find the positive integers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy 3 is maximum.
Sol: Given positive integers x, y
Given x + y = 60
y = 60 - x
Given f(x, y) = xy3
f(x) = x(60 - x)3
i) f (x) = 1.(60 - x)3 + x 3(60 - x)2 (-1)
= (60 - x)2 [60 - x - 3x]
= (60 - x)2 [60 - 4x].
ii) for minimum (or) maximum, f (x) = 0
(60 - x)2 (60 - 4x) = 0
60 - x = 0, 60 - 4x = 0
x = 60, 4x = 60
x = 15.
iii) f (x) = 2(60 - x) (-1) (60 - 4x) + (60 - x)2 (-4)
iv) Verification: At x = 15, f (15) = 0 - 4 (60 - 15)2 = - 4(45)2 < 0
f(x) is maximum at x = 15.
y = 60 - x
= 60 - 15
= 45
M
x = 15, y = 45.
IL.CO
9. Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimeter 20.
A
M
Sol: Let x and y denote that length and the breadth of a rectangle respectively.
L@G
Given that the perimeter of the rectangle is 20.
IA
R
2(x + y) = 20
KTUTOx + y = 10 then y = 10 - x
AH
A = area of rectangle.
A = xy
A = x(10 - x) then A = 10x - x2
dA
i) = 10 - 2x
dx
dA
ii) for maxima or minima = 0.
dx
10 - 2x = 0 then x = 5
d2 A
iii) = -2.
dx 2
d2 A
iv) Verification: At x = 5, = -2 < 0.
dx 2
A is max. at x = 5
Hence y = 10 - 5 = 5
The maximum area is A = 5(5) = 25.
  
10. Find local maximum or local minima of f(x) = -sin 2x - x defined on - 3 , 2  .
 
Sol: Given f(x) = -sin 2x - x
f (x) =-2 cos 2x - 1
f (x) = 4 sin 2x
For max (or) min f (x) = 0
- 2 cos 2x - 1 = 0
1
cos 2x =
2
     
In the interval  2 , 2  then x = ,
  3 3

MS JUNIOR COLLEGE
         4 3
At x =  f  3  = 4 sin  2  3   = 4 sin (1200) = < 0
3   2

f(x) has local max at x = and
3
 2     3 
local max = -sin  3    3  = 
    2 3
IL.COM
@GMA
ORIAL
KTUT
AH

First Year Maths - IB
ii. RATE MEASURE
2. The displacement of a particle travelling in
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE a straight line in t sec. is given by
ds s = 45t + 11t2 - t3. Find the time when the
Velocity of a particle at the time ‘t’ = =v particle come rest.
dt Sol: s = 45t + 11t2 - t3
2
d s dv
Acceleration of a particle at the time ‘t’ = 2 = =a ds
dt dt v= = 45 + 22t - 3t2
dt
d Given the particle comes to rest
Angular velocity  of a particle about a point =
dt v=0
Angular acceleration of a particle about
45 + 22t - 3t2 = 0
d d2θ
a point = = 3t2 - 22t - 45 = 0
dt dt 2
 3t2 - 27t + 5t - 45 = 0
(SAQ) 3t(t - 9) + 5(t - 9) = 0
1. The distance time formula for the motion of a (3t + 5) (t - 9) = 0

particle along a straight line is s = t3 - 9t2 + 24t - 18. t = 9 (or) - 5/3
Find when and where the velocity is zero.
Sol: Given : s = t3 - 9t2 + 24t - 18 But t > 0
differentiating w.r.t. ‘t’, t = 9 sec.
ds
= 3t2 - 9(2t) + 24
dt 3. A particle is moving in a straight line so
ds that after t seconds its distance is s (in cms)
= 3t2 - 18t + 24
dt from a fixed point on the line is given by
Now, velocity = 0 s = f(t) = 8t + t3. Find
(i) the velocity at time t = 2 sec
3t2 - 18t + 24 = 0 (ii) the initial velocity
 t2 - 6t + 8 = 0 (iii) acceleration at t = 2 sec.
Sol: The distance s and time t are connected by the
(t - 2) (t - 4) = 0. relation
 t = 2, 4. s = f(t) = 8t + t3 ........... (1)
ds
when t = 2, distance s = 23 - 9(22) + 24(2) - 18 velocity v = = 8 + 3t2 ............. (2)
dt
= 8 - 36 + 48 - 18
and the acceleration is given by
= 2 units.
d2 s
when t = 4, s = 43 - 9(42) + 24(4) - 18 a= = 6t
dt 2
= 64 - 144 + 96 - 18 i) The velocity at t = 2 is v(t=2) = 8 + 3 (4)
= -2units = 20 cm/sec.
so, the particle comes to rest at t = 2 sec and ii) The initial velocity (t = 0) is v(t = 0) = 8 cm/sec.
4sec and the particle is at a distance of 2units iii) The acceleration at t = 2 is a(t= 2) = 6(2)
in either direction from the starting point. = 12 cm/sec2.
RATE MEASURE
4. A particle is moving along a line according dy dx
 = 2(2x)
to s = f(t) = 4t3 - 3t2 + 5t - 1 where s is dt dt
measured in meters and t is measured in  dy 
  dt  = 4(2) (4) = 32 units/sec
seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration  (2, 8)
at time t. At what time the acceleration is
7. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate
zero.
of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast
Sol: Given f(t) = 4t3 - 3t2 + 5t - 1,
is the surface area increasing when the
The velocity at time t is
length of the edge is 10 centimetres ?
ds Sol: Let x be the length of the edge of the cube, V be its
v= = 12t2 - 6t + 5 volume and S be its surface area.
dt
The acceleration at time t is Then, V = x3 and S = 6x2.
Given that rate of change of volume is 9 cm3/sec.
d2 s
a= = 24t - 6. dV
dt 2 Therefore, = 9 cm3/sec.
dt
The acceleration is 0 if 24t - 6 = 0
v = x3
1 Now differentiating w.r.t. t
i.e., t =
4 dV dx
The acceleration of the particle is zero at = 3 x2
dt dt
1
t= sec. dx
4 9 = 3x2
dt
5. A particle is moving on a straight line dx 3
 = 2 .
has the relation s = t3 + 2t + 3, connecting dt x
the distance s described by the particle S = 6x2
in time t. Find the velocity and Differentiating S w.r.t. t
acceleration of the particle at t = 4 sec. ds dx
Sol: Given s = t3 + 2t + 3 = 12 x
dt dt
Differentiating with respect to t for two times,
3
we get = 12 x
x2
ds
 3t 2  2 36
dt =
x
d2 s Given x = 10 cm,
 6t
dt 2 dS 36
 = 3.6 cm2/sec.
At t = 4 sec. dt 10
(i) Velocity v = 3(42) + 2 = 3(16) + 2 = 48 + 2
= 50 units/sec. 7(a). The volume of a cube is increasing at rate
(ii) Acceleration a = 6(4) = 24 units / sec2. of 8 cm3/sec. How fast is the surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is
6. A point P is moving on a curve y = 2x2. The 12 cm?
x-coordinate of P is increasing at the rate of
4 units per second. Find the rate at which the 8
Ans: cm2 / sec .
y-coordinate is increasing when the point is at 3
(2, 8).
dx
Sol: Given y = 2x2, = 4 units/sec
dt
dy
At P = (2, 8), =?
dt
differentiating y = 2x2 w.r.t. ‘t’,
RATE MEASURE
8. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and Let ‘V’ be the volume of cone
ripples move in circles at the speed of 5cm/ 1 2
sec. At the instant when the radius of a V= r h
3
circular ripple is 8 cm, how fast is the 2
enclosed area increases?  3 
V= h h
Sol: Let ‘r’ be the radius and ‘A’ be the area of circle. 3  4 
dr  9 3
given = 5 cm/sec V= . h
dt 3 16
A = r2 3 3
V h
Differentiating w.r.t.t 16
Differentiating w.r.t.t
dA dr
= 2r dv 3  dh
dt dt  .3h2
Given r = 8 cm
dt 16 dt
dv
dA Given h = 4m, = 2m 3/min.
= 2(8) (5) dt
dt
9 dh
= 80 sq.cm/sec. 2 .(4)2
16 dt
9. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at dh 2
 
the rate of
1
cm/sec. At what rate is the dt 9 m / minute
2
volume of the bubble increasing when the 11. The total cost c(x) in rupees associated with
radius is 1 cm? production of x units of an item is given by
Sol: Let ‘V’ be the volume and ‘r’ be the radius of c(x) = 0.005 x3 - 0.02x2 + 30x + 500. Find the
bubble. marginal cost when 3 units are produced.
dr 1 Sol: Let M represent the marginal cost. Then
d t = 2 cm / sec dc d
M  (0.005x3 - 0.02x2 + 30x + 500)
dx dx
4
V= r 3 M = 0.005(3x2) - 0.02(2x) + 30
3
Differentiating V w.r.t. t The marginal cost at x = 3 is
dV 4 dr (M)x = 3 = (0.005)27 - 0.02(6) + 30
 .3r 2
dt 3 dt = 30.015.
1 Hence the required marginal cost is Rs. 30.02
= 4.(1)2
2 to produce 3 units.
= 2 c.c/sec 12. The radius of circle increasing at the rate of
0.7 cm/sec. What is the rate of increasing of
its circumference.
10. A container is in the shape of an inverted
Sol: Let ‘r’ be the radius and ‘S’ be the circumference
cone has height 8m and radius 6m at the top.
of the circle.
If it is filled with water at the rate of 2m3/
minute, how fast is the height of water dr
S = 2r, = 0.7 cm/sec.
changing when the level is 4m? dt
Sol: Let ‘h’ be the height, ‘r’ be the radius of cone Differentiating w.r.t. t
PAB, PCD are similar les dS dr
= 2.
8 h dt dt

 6 r = 2(0.7)
= 1.4 cm/sec.
6h 3
 r  h
8 4 ........... (1)
RATE MEASURE
iv. MEAN VALUE THEOREMS

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE
4. Geometrical interpretation of Lagrange’s
1. Rolle’s Theorem:- theorem:-
Let f : [a, b]  R be a function satisfying the
If f : [a, b]  R be a function such that
two conditions of Lagrange’s mean value
1) f is continuous on [a, b]. theorem, (c,f(c))
2) f is derivable in (a, b). Y
3) f (a) = f(b) then there exists c  (a, b) such (a,f(a))
that f1(c) = 0. (b,f(b))
Note:- Every polynomial function is
continuous on R.
X
O a c b
2. Geometrical interpretion of Rolle’s theorem:- then the graph of f is continuous from the point
Let f ; [a, b]  R be a function satisfying (a, f(a)) to the point (b, f(b)) and f has a tangent
3 conditions of Rolle’s theorem, at every point on the graph between A and B.
Y
(c, f(c)) By Lagranges mean value theorem, there exists
a point (c, f(c)) on the curve between A and B
A (a, f(a)) at which the tangent to the curve is parallel to
B (b, f(b))
the chord AB .
5. Another form of Lagrange’s theorem:-
O a c b
X If f : [a, a + h]  R is such that
then the graph of f is continuous from 1) f is continuous on [a, a + h]
A (a, f(a)) to B(b, f(b)) and f has a 2) f is derivable in (a, a + h)
then there exists a  (0, 1)  f(a + h) = f (a)
tangent at every point on the graph and there
+ h f1 (a + h)
exists c  (a, b) such that
f(a  h)  f (a)
f1 (c) = 0. Thus, there exists a point C (c, f(c))  f1 (a + h) =
h
on the curve between A, B
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
at which the tangent to the curve is parallel to
X - axis. 1. Define Rolle’s mean value theorem.
Sol. Rolle’s Theorem:-
3. Lagrange’s mean value theorem:- If f : [a, b]  R be a function such that
If a function f : [a, b]  R is 1) f is continuous on [a, b].
1) continuous on [a, b].
2) derivable in (a b), then there exists 2) f is derivable in (a, b).
f(b) f(a) 3) f (a) = f(b) then there exists c  (a, b) such
c  (a, b) such that f1 (c) =
b a that f1(c) = 0.
2. Define Lagrange’s mean value theorem.

Sol: Lagrange’s mean value theorem:-
If a function f : [a, b]  R is
MEAN VALUE THEOREM

1) continuous on [a, b].  c  2
1
 (1, 3) such that f (c)  0
2) derivable in (a b), then there exists 3
f(b)  f(a)  Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.
c  (a, b) such that f1 (c) = .
b a 1
The roots of f (x)  0 are 2 
3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 3
y = f(x) = x2 + 4 in [-3, 3].
Sol: f(x) = x2 + 4. on [-3, 3] Both these roots lie in the open interval (1, 3)
i) since every polynomial is continous, and are such that the derivative vanishes at
f(x) = x2 + 4 is continuous on [-3, 3] these points.
ii) f (x) = 2x
6. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
clearly f(x) is differentiable on (-3, 3)
f(x) = x(x + 3) e-x/2 in [- 3, 0].
iii) Further f(3) = f(-3) = 13
Sol: f(x) = x(x + 3) e-x/2
Rolle’s theorem is applicable.
Clearly f is continuous in [-3, 0] and differentiable
cosider f (x) = 0. in (-3, 0)
2x = 0. Also f (- 3) = 0 and f(0) = 0.
x = 0 (-3, 3) x x
 1 
  c  0  (-3, 3) such that f (c)  0 and f (x)  x  x  3  e 2    e 2  2x  3  .
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.  2
1 2x
4. Find the value of ‘c’ in Rolle’s theorem for =
2

e  x 2  3x  4x  6 
the function f(x) = x2 - 1 on [-1, 1].
Sol: f(x) = x2 -1. on [-1, 1] 1 2x
i) since every polynomial is continous, =
2
e 
x2  x  6 . 
f(x) = x2 -1 is continuous on [-1, 1]
f (x)  0  - x2 + x + 6 = 0
ii) f (x) = 2x
 x = - 2 or 3.
clearly f(x) is differentiable on (-1, 1)
Of these two values, -2 is in the open interval (-
iii) Further f(1) = f(-1) = 0
3, 0) which satisfies the conclusion of Rolle’s
theorem.
cosider f (x) = 0.
2x = 0. 7. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f : [-
x = 0 (-1, 1) 3, 8]  R be defined by f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6.
  c  0  (-1, 1) such that f (c)  0 Sol: f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6, [- 3, 8]
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies. since f(x) is a polynomial, so it is continuous
on [-3, 8] and differentiable in (-3, 8).
5. Let f(x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3). Prove that Also f(-3) = 30, f(8) = 30
there is more than one ‘c’ in (1, 3) such  f(-3) = f(8)
Thus, f satisfy all conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
that f (c ) = 0 .
f (x)  2x  5 .
Sol: f(x) = (x-1) (x-2) (x-3) on [1, 3]
i) clearly f(x) is continuous on [1, 3] Now f (c)  0  2c  5  0 .
ii) f  x = (x - 2) (x - 3) + (x - 1) (x - 3)+(x-
(
)
5
1)(x-2)   3, 8 .
c 
2
= 3x2 - 12x + 11.
Hence Rolle’s theorem is verified.
iii) f(1) = f(3) = 0
8. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
f(x) = log (x2 + 2) - log 3 on [-1, 1].
consider f (x) = 0. Sol: Given f(x) = log(x2+2).log 3
3x2 - 12x + 11 = 0 i) f(x) is continuous on [-1, 1].
12  144  132 1 2x
x= =2+ (1, 3) ii) f (x) 
6 3 x2  2
MEAN VALUE THEOREM
f(x) is differentiable on (-1, 1) c = log2 e  (1, 2)
iii) f(-1) = log 3 - log 3 = 0 Lagrange’s theorem is verified.
f(1) = log 3 - log 3 = 0 11. Verify the Rolle’s theorem for the function
f(-1) = f(1) (x2 -1) (x - 2) on [-1, 2]. Find the point in the
 Rolle’s theorem is applicable interval where the derivate vanishes.
consider f (x)  0 Sol: Given f(x) = (x2 - 1) (x - 2) on [-1, 2]
i) f(x) is continous on [-1, 2]
2x ii) f (x)  2x(x  2)  (x 2  1)1
=0
x 2
2
= 2x2 - 4x + x2 -1
2x = 0 = 3x2 - 4x - 1
x=0 f is differentiable on (-1, 2)
 x = 0 (-1, 1) iii) f(-1) = 0, f(2) = 0
  c  0  (-1, 1) such that f (c)  0  f(-1) = f(2) = 0
 Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.  Rolle’s theorem is applicable
consider f (x)  0
9. Verify the conditions of the Lagrange’s 3x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
mean value theorem for the function
f(x)= x2 - 1 on [2, 3]. 4  16  12 2  7
x=   (-1, 2)
Sol: Given f(x) = x2 - 1 on [2, 3] 6 3
i) clearly f(x) is continous on [2, 3]
ii) f (x)  2x 2 7
 c   (-1, 2) such that f (c)  0
f(x) is differenitable on (2, 3) 3
Lagrange’s theorem is applicable  Rolle’s theorem is satisfies.
f b -f a
(
)
(
)
 f  c = f b -f a
(
)
(
)
(
)
b-a 12. Find the value of ‘c’ so that f  c =
(
)
b-a
f b -f a
(
)
(
)
2c = where f(x) = ex a = 0, b = 1.
3-2 Sol: f(x) = e on [0, 1]
x
2c = 8 - 3 f(b) = f(1) = e1
5 f(a) = e0 = 1
c=  (2, 3). i) f(x) is contunious on [0, 1]
2
Lagrange’s theorem is verified. ii) f (x)  e x
f(x) is differentiable on (0, 1)
10. Verify the Lagrange’s mean value theorem Lagrange’s theorem is applicable
for the function f(x) = logx on [1, 2].
f b -f a
(
)
(
)
Sol: Let f(x) = log x on [1, 2] Given that f  c =

(
)
i) f(x) is continous on [1, 2] b-a
1 e 1
ii) f  x = ec =
(
)
x 1 0
f(x) is differenitable on (1, 2) ec = e - 1
log ec = log (e - 1)
f b -f a
(
)
(
)
consider f  c = c = log2 (e - 1)  (0,1).

(
)
b-a
1 log2  log1

*******
c 21
1
= log 2
c
1
c=
log 2
MEAN VALUE THEOREM

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MATHS - B P2023 - 2024 M S JUNIOR COL-

LEGE CH - 1 : LOCUS (4M)

- 6x1 + 2y1 + 18 = 8x1 - 12y1 + 26

(x1 - 0)2 + (y 1 - 0)2 = 2 (x1 - 1)2 + (y1 - 2)2

- 8y1 - 36 = - 12 x12 + y12 + 4y1 + 4 (div by -4)

2y1 + 9 = 3 x12 + y12 + 4y1 + 4

y12 - 6y1 + 9 = 64 + y12 + 6y1 + 9 - 16  x1  22   y1  32

3y1 + 16 = 4  x1  22   y1  32

20x1 - 64 = + 16 x12 + y12 - 10x1 + 25 (div by 4)

5x1 - 16 = + 4 x12 + y12 - 10x1 + 25

3x12 - y12 = 12 (div by 12)

Transformed equation is 2(X + 3)2 + 4(X + 3) (Y + 4) + 5(Y + 4)2 = 0.

3X2 - 2 3 XY + Y2 + 2 3 ( 3 X2 + 2XY - 3 Y2) - (X2 + 2 3 XY + 3Y2) = 4(2a2)

Solving (1) and (2) we get

Solving (2) and (3) and multiply equation (2) by 3

7. Find the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines x + 2y = 0, 4x + 3y - 5 = 0 and

m1 = slope of (1) = 3 and m2 = m

5. Find the value of k if the lines 2x - 3y + k = 0, 3x - 4y - 13 = 0 and 8x - 11y - 33 = 0 are

6. If the straight lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent,

8. If x - 3y - 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points A, B.

9. F in d t he values of k, if t he a ngle between t he strai ght lines kx + y + 9 = 0 a n d

2k(k -2) + 1(k - 2) = 0

19. F i n d t h e v a lu e o f k , i f t h e s tr a i g h t l i n e s y - 3kx + 4 = 0 and

22. Find the distance between the straight lines 3x + 4y -3 = 0,and 6x + 7y - 1= 0.

Sol: Let ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

ax2+ 2hxy + by2= l1l2x2 + (l1m2 + l2m1) xy + m1m2y2

Given line is lx + my + n = 0 ------ (3)

| 12α2 +(1m2 + 2m1)αβ +mm 2

| 1 2α2 + (1m2 +  2m1)αβ + m1m2β2 |

| aα2 + 2hαβ + bβ2 |

comparing both sides, we get

1 1 m1n  - 2n   m2n  -1n 

1 n (1m2 +  2m1 ) - 41 2m1m2

(i) abc + 2fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch 2 = 0

From 2nd Determinant R1  R2 then

l1l2  l1l2  0 l1m2  m1l2  0 l1n2  n1l2  0

By Expanding the determinant we get,

12m22 +  22m12 + 21m2  2m1 - 41 2m1m2

| ( + 3m) +m(m - 3)

Now γ = 1800 - ( α+β )

7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + x (3x - y) - 2y (3x - y) - 8 =0

7x2 - 4xy + 8y2 + 3x2 - xy - 6xy + 2y2 - 2 (9x2 - 6xy + y2) = 0

CA = (42)2 (33)2 (25)2  4369  49 unitss

CA  (  6)2  (  6)2  62  108  3 12

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

BC = (-2 - 7)2 + (3 - 0)2 + (4 - 1)2 = 81 + 9 + 9 = 99 = 3 11

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln l 2  m 2  n 2  2lm  2mn  2 ln

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

0(1) + 1(0) + (-1) (-1) 1

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

-1(-2) + (-2)1 + 1(1) 2 -2 +1 1

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

6m2 - 4mn - 3mn + 2n2 = 0

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

cos CAB = |1 1 + -1 1 + -6 0 | = | 1-1+ 0 | = 0

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

MATHEMATICS 1B IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TS 2024

AHK cos θ = a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c 22

Sol: y2 = 4x (1), x2 + y2 = 5 _ (2)