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Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

Chapter 8
Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem
1. a. 303 Louisiana, 5155 S. Main, 3501 Monroe, 2652 W. Central
b. Answers will vary
c. 630 Dixie Hwy, 835 S. McCord Rd., 4624 Woodville Rd.
d. Answers will vary (LO 2)

2. a. Childrens Hospital Medical Center, St. Francis-St. George Hospital, Bethesda North,
Good Samaritan Hospital, Mercy Hospital-Hamilton
b. Answers will vary
c. Jewish Hospital-Kenwood, Mercy Hospital-Anderson, Good Samaritan Hospital, St.
Elizabeth Medical Center-North unit, Emerson Behavioral Service, Shriners Burns
Institute
d. Answers will vary (LO 2)

3. a. Bob Schmidt Chevrolet, Great Lakes Ford Nissan, Grogan Towne Chrysler, Southside
Lincoln Mercury, Rouen Chrysler Jeep Eagle
b. Answers will vary
c. Yark Automotive, Thayer Chevrolet Toyota, Franklin Park Lincoln Mercury,
Matthews Ford Oregon, Inc., Valiton Chrysler (LO 2)

4. a. Denker, Brett; Wood, Tom; Keisser, Keith; Priest, Harvey

b. Answers will vary
c. Farley, Ron; Hinckley, Dave; Priest, Harvey; and Wood, Tom (LO 2)

5. a. Sample Values Sum Mean

1 12, 12 24 12
2 12, 14 26 13
3 12, 16 28 14
4 12, 14 26 13
5 12, 16 28 14
6 14, 16 30 15
b.  X = (12 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 14 + 15) / 6 = 13.5  =(12 + 12 + 14 + 16)/4 = 13.5
c. More dispersion with population compared to the sample means. The sample means
vary from 12 to 15 whereas the population varies from 12 to 16. (LO 4)

8-1
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

6. a. Sample Values Sum Mean

1 2,2 4 2
2 2,4 6 3
3 2,4 6 3
4 2,8 10 5
5 2,4 6 3
6 2,4 6 3
7 2,8 10 5
8 4,4 8 4
9 4,8 12 6
10 4,8 12 6
b.  =(2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 8)/5 = 4
 X = (2 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 6 + 6) /10 = 4
c. They are equal. The dispersion for the population is greater than that for the sample
means. The population varies from 2 to 8, whereas the sample means only vary from 2
to 6. (LO 4)

7. a. Sample Values Sum Mean

1 12,12,14 38 12.66
2 12,12,15 39 13.0
3 12,12,20 44 14.66
4 14,15,20 49 16.33
5 12,14,15 41 13.66
6 12,14,15 41 13.66
7 12,15,20 47 15.66
8 12,15,20 47 15.66
9 12,14,20 46 15.33
10 12,14,20 46 15.33
b.  X = (12.66 + 13.0 + ... + 15.33 + 15.33) /10 = 14.6
 =(12 +12 + 14 + 15 + 20)/5 = 14.6
c. The dispersion of the population is greater than that of the sample means. the sample
means vary from 12.66 to 16.33 where as the population varies from 12 to 20. (LO 4)

8-2
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

8. a. Sample Values Sum Mean

1 0,0,1 1 0.33
2 0,0,3 3 1.00
3 0,0,6 6 2.00
4 0,1,3 4 1.33
5 0,3,6 9 3.00
6 0,1,3 4 1.33
7 0,3,6 9 3.00
8 1,3,6 10 3.33
9 0,1,6 7 2.33
10 0,1,6 7 2.33
b.  X = (0.33 + 1.00 + ... + 2.33 + 2.33) /10 = 2  =(0 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 6)/5 = 2
c. The dispersion of the population is greater than the sample means. The sample means
vary from 0.33 to 3.33, the population varies from 0 to 6. (LO 4)

9. a. 20 found by 6 C3
b. Sample Cases Sum Mean
Ruud,Wu,Sass 3,6,3 12 4.0
Ruud,Sass,Flores 3,3,3 9 3.0
Ruud,Flores,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Ruud,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Wu,Sass,Flores 6,3,3 12 4.0
Wu,Flores,Wilhelms 6,3,0 9 3.0
Wu,Wilhelms,Schueller 6,0,1 7 2.33
Sass,Flores,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Sass,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Flores,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Wu, Sass, Wilhelms 6,3,0 9 3.00
Ruud,Wu,Flores 3,6,3 12 4.0
Ruud,Wu,Wilhelms 3,6,0 9 3.0
Ruud,Wu,Schueller 3,6,1 10 3.33
Ruud,Sass,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Ruud,Sass,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33
Ruud,Flores,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33
Wu,Sass,Schueller 6,3,1 10 3.33
Wu,Flores,Schueller 6,3,1 10 3.33
Sass,Flores,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33

8-3
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

53.33
c. X = = 2.67  =(3 + 6 + 3 + 3 + 1+0)/6 = 2.67 They are equal
20
d.
Population Values

0.6

Probability 0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 u 3 4 5 6
# of Case s

Dis tributio n o f S a mple Me a ns

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1.33 1.5 2.00 2.33 2.5 3.00 3.33 3.5 4.00

S a m p l e Me a n s # o f C a s e s

Sample Mean Number of Means Probability

1.33 3 0.1500
2.00 3 0.1500
2.33 4 0.2000
3.00 4 0.2000
3.33 3 0.1500
4.00 3 0.1500
20 1.0000
More of a dispersion in population compared to sample means. The sample means
vary from 1.33 to 4.0. The population varies from 0 to 6. (LO 4)

8-4
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

10. a. 10, found by (5!)/3!2!

b. Cars Sample Cars Sample
sold mean sold mean
8,6 7 6,10 8
8,4 6 6,6 6
8,10 9 4,10 7
8,6 7 4,6 5
6,4 5 10,6 8
c. 6.8 for population, 6.8 for sample means. They are identical.
d.

Population Means

2.5
Number of Sales

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cars Sold
Sample Means

4
Number of Means

3
2
1
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cars Sold

There is more dispersion in the population than in the sample. (LO 4)

8-5
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

0 + 1 + ... + 9
11. a. = = 4.5
10

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b. Sample Sum X
1 11 2.2
2 31 6.2
3 21 4.2
4 24 4.8
5 21 4.2
6 20 4.0
7 23 4.6
8 29 5.8
9 35 7.0
10 27 5.4

2
Frequency

0
2 3 4 5 6 7
Values
The mean of the 10 sample means is 4.84, which is close to the population mean of
4.5. The sample means range form 2.2 to 7.0, where as the population values range
from 0 to 9. From the above graph, the sample means tend to cluster between 4 and 5.
(LO 5)

8-6
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

12. a.

10
8

Frequency
6
4
2
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units Sold

2 + 3 + ... + 5
b. = = 3.3
20

c. Answers will vary, below is one sample

Sample Sample Values Sum X
1 2,3,2,3,3 13 2.6
2 3,3,4,2,4 16 3.2
3 3,3,4,4,2 16 3.2
4 3,2,5,5,3 18 3.6
5 3,4,4,2,7 20 4.0
2.6 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 3.6 + 4.0
X = = 3.32
5
d. Sample mean is very close to the population mean. It is not to be expected that they
are exact.
e.

2.5
2
Frequency

1.5
1
0.5
0
2.6 3.2 3.6 4.0
Sample Means

There is less dispersion in the sample means than the population. (LO 5)

13. Answers will vary. (LO 5)

14. Answers will vary. (LO 5)

8-7
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

63 − 60
15. a. z= = 0.75 So probability is 0.2266, found by 0.5000 − 0.2734.
12 / 9
56 − 60
b. z= = −1 So the probability is 0.1587, found by 0.5000 − 0.3413
12 / 9
c. 0.6147, found by 0.3413 + 0.2734. (LO 7)

74 − 75
16. a. z= = −1.26 So probability is 0.1038, found by 0.5000 − 0.3962.
5 / 40
76 − 75
b. z= = 1.26 So probability is 0.7924, found by 2(0.3962).
5 / 40
77 − 75
c. z= = 2.53 So probability is 0.0981, found by 0.4943 − 0.3962
5 / 40
d. 0.0057, found by 0.5000 − 0.4943 (LO 7)

1950 − 2200
17. z= = −7.07 So probability is 1 or virtually certain. (LO 7)
250 / 50

80
18. a. sx = = 12.649
40
320 − 330
b. z= = −0.79 So probability is 0.7852, found by 0.2852 + 0.5000.
80 / 40
350 − 330
c. z= = 1.58 So probability is 0.7281, found by 0.2852 + 0.4429.
80 / 40
d. 0.0571, found by 0.5000 − 0.4429. (LO 7)

19. a. Formal Man, Summit Stationers, Bootleggers, Leather Ltd., Petries

b. Answers will vary
c. Elder-Beerman, Frederick’s of Hollywood, Summit Stationers, Lion Store, Leather
Ltd., Things Remembered, County Seat, Coach House Gifts, Regis Hairstylists (LO
2)

20. a. Jeanne Fiorito, Douglas Smucker, Jeanine S. Huttner, Harry Mayhew, Mark
Steinmetz, and Paul Langenkamp.
b. One randomly selected group of numbers is 05, 06, 74, 64, 66, 55, 27, and 22. The
members of the sample are Janet Arrowsmith, David DeFrance, Mark Zilkoski, and
Larry Johnson.
c. Francis Aona, Paul Langenkamp, Ricardo Pena, and so on.
d. Answers will vary. (LO 2)

8-8
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

21. a. Samples Mean Deviation from Mean Square of Deviation

1,1 1.0 –1.0 1.0
1,2 1.5 –0.5 0.25
1,3 2.0 0.0 0.0
2,1 1.5 –0.5 0.25
2,2 2.0 0.0 0.0
2,3 2.5 0.5 0.25
3,1 2.0 0.0 0.0
3,2 2.5 0.5 0.25
3,3 3.0 1.0 1.0
b. Mean of sample means is (1.0 + 1.5 + 2.0 + … +3.0)/ 9 = 18/9 = 2.0
The population mean is (1 + 2 +3)/3 = 6/3= 2. They are the same value.
c. Variance of sample means is (1.0 + 0.25 + 0.0 + … + 1.0)/9 = 1/3. Variance of the
population values is (1 + 0 + 1)/3 = 2/3. The variance of the population is twice as
large as that of the sample means.
d. Sample means follow a triangular shape peaking at 2. The population is uniform
between 1 and 3. (LO 4)

22. a. 0.2, found by 2.2 / 121 or 2.2/11

b. 0.9876, found by 2(0.4938). The z-value for 6 is 2.5, found by (6 – 5.5)/0.2. Similarly
the z-value for 5 is –2.5.
c. 0.6826, found by 2(.3413). The z-value for 5.7 is 1.0, found by (5.7 – 5.5)/0.2.
Similarly the z-value for 5.3 is –1.0.
d. This is very unlikely. The z-value for 6.5 is 5.0, found by (6.5 – 5.5)/0.2. (LO 7)

23. Larger samples provide narrower estimates of a population mean. So the company with 200
sampled customers can provide more precise estimates. In addition, they are selected
consumers who are familiar with laptop computers and may be better able to evaluate the new
computer. (LO 4)

24. a. The standard error of the mean declines as the sample size grows because the sample size
is in the denominator and as the denominator increases the proportion decreases.
b. If the sample size is increased, the Central Limit theorem guarantees the distribution of
the sample means becomes more normal.
c. The shape of the distribution becomes narrower since the dispersion is less and estimates
of the mean are more precise. (LO 4)

25. a. We selected 60, 104, 75, 72, and 48. Answers will vary.
b. We selected the third observation. So the sample consists of 75, 72, 68, 82, 48. Answers
will vary.
c. Number the first 20 motels from 00 to 19. Randomly select three numbers. Then number
the last five numbers 20 to 24. Randomly select two numbers from that group. (LO 2)

26. Answers will vary. (LO 2)

8-9
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

27. a. 15 found by 6 C2
b. Sample Value Sum Mean
1 79,64 143 71.5
2 79,84 163 81.5
3 79,82 161 80.5
4 79,92 171 85.5
5 79,77 156 78.0
6 64,84 148 74.0
7 64,82 146 73.0
8 64,92 156 78.0
9 64,77 141 70.5
10 84,82 166 83.0
11 84,92 176 88.0
12 84,77 161 80.5
13 82,92 174 87.0
14 82,77 159 79.5
15 92,77 169 84.5
1195.0
1195
c. X = = 79.67  =478/6 = 79.67 They are equal
15
d. No, the student is not graded on all available information. He/she is as likely to get a
lower grade based on the sample as a higher grade. (LO 4)

8-10
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

28. a. 10, found by 5 C2

b. Sample Value Sum Mean
1 2,3 5 2.5
2 2,5 7 3.5
3 2,3 5 2.5
4 2,5 7 3.5
5 3,5 8 4.0
6 3,3 6 3.0
7 3,5 8 4.0
8 5,3 8 4.0
9 5,5 10 5.0
10 3,5 8 4.0
36.0
c.  X = 36 /10 = 3.6  =18/5 = 3.6 They are equal. (LO 4)

29. a. 10, found by 5 C2

b. Shutdowns Mean Shutdowns Mean
4,3 3.5 3,3 3.0
4,5 4.5 3,2 2.5
4,3 3.5 5,3 4.0
4,2 3.0 5,2 3.5
3,5 4.0 3,2 2.5

c.  X = (3.5 + 4.5 + ... + 2.5) /10 = 3.4  =(4 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 2)/5 = 3.4

The two means are equal.
d. The population values are uniform in shape. The distribution of the sample means
tends toward normality. (LO 4)

30. a. 15, found by 6 C2

b. # Sold Mean # Sold Mean
54,50 52 50,52 51
54,52 53 52,48 50
54,48 51 52,50 51
54,50 52 52,52 52
54,52 53 48,50 49
50,52 51 48,52 50
50,48 49 50,52 51
50,50 50
c. Sample Means Frequency Probability
49 2 0.13
50 3 0.20
51 5 0.33
52 3 0.20
53 2 0.13
d.  =51  X = 51
e. Tending toward normal
f. Sample means. Somewhat normal (LO 4)

8-11
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

31. a. The distribution will be normal.

5.5
b. x = = 1.1
25
36 − 35
c. z= = 0.91 So probability is 0.1814, found by 0.5000 - 0.3186.
5.5 25
34.5 − 35
d. z= = −0.45 So probability is 0.6736, found by 0.5000 + 0.1736.
5.5 25
e. 0.4922, found by 0.3186 + 0.1736 (LO 7)

32. a. The distribution will be normal.

8
b. x = =2
16
140 − 135
c. z= = 2.5 So probability is 0.0062, found by 0.5000 − 0.4938.
8 16
128 − 135
d. z= = −3.5 So probability is 1.0.
8 16
e. 0.9938, found by 0.5000 + 0.4938. (LO 7)

335 − 350
33. z= = −2.11 So probability is 0.9826, found by 0.5000 + 0.4826. (LO 7)
45 40

40,000
34. a. sx = = 5657 .
50
b. The distribution will be normal
112, 000 − 110, 000
c. z= = 0.35 So probability is 0.3632, found by 0.5000 - 0.1368.
40, 000 50
100, 000 − 110, 000
d. z= = −1.77 So probability is 0.9616, found by 0.5000 + 0.4616.
40, 000 50
e. 0.5984, found by 0.4616 + 0.1368. (LO 7)

25.1 − 24.8
35. z= = 0.93 So probability is 0.8238, found by 0.5000 + 0.3238. (LO 7)
2.5 60

20 − 21 23 − 21
36. a. z1 = = −1.11 and z2 = = 2.11
3.5 15 3.5 15
So probability is 0.8529, found by 0.3665 + 0.4864.
b. Since the sample size is small, you assume the population is normally distributed. (LO 7)

 150 
37. Between 5954 and 6046, found by 6000  1.96   . (LO 7)
 40 

8-12
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

25 − 23.5
38. a. z= = 2.12 So probability is 0.0170, found by 0.5000 − 0.4830.
5 50
22.5 − 23.5
b. z= = −1.41 So probability is 0.9037, found by 0.4207 + 0.4830.
5 50
 5 
c. Between 22.33 and 24.67, found by 23.50  1.65   . (LO 7)
 50 

900 − 947
39. z= = −1.78 So probability is 0.0375, found by 0.5000 – 0.4625. (LO 7)
205 60

40. a. 36
b.
Sample 1st roll 2nd roll Mean
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1.5
3 1 3 2
4 1 4 2.5
5 1 5 3
6 1 6 3.5
7 2 1 1.5
8 2 2 2
9 2 3 2.5
10 2 4 3
11 2 5 3.5
12 2 6 4
13 3 1 2
14 3 2 2.5
15 3 3 3
16 3 4 3.5
17 3 5 4
18 3 6 4.5
19 4 1 2.5
20 4 2 3
21 4 3 3.5
22 4 4 4
23 4 5 4.5
24 4 6 5
25 5 1 3
26 5 2 3.5
27 5 3 4
28 5 4 4.5
29 5 5 5
30 5 6 5.5
31 6 1 3.5
32 6 2 4
33 6 3 4.5

8-13
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

34 6 4 5
35 6 5 5.5
36 6 6 6

c.

4
Frequency

1 2 3 4 5 6
1st roll

4
Frequency

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Mean
d. Both means are 3.5. The standard deviation of individual rolls is 1.708, while the
standard deviation of sample means is 1.208. (LO 4)

41. a. Virginia, Kansas, Georgia, South Carolina, Utah, Nebraska, Connecticut, and Alaska;
found by selecting the first eight, non-repeating numbers between 00 and 49,
inclusive.
b. 02(Arizona) ,08(Florida) ,14(Iowa) ,20(Massachusetts) ,26(Nebraska) ,32(North
Carolina) ,38(Rhode Island) , and 44(Vermont). (LO 2)

8-14
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

100
42. a. x = = 12.91
60
477 − 502 527 − 502
b. z1 = = −1.94 and z 2 = = 1.94
100 100
60 60
So probability is 0.9476, found by 0.4738 + 0.4738.
492 − 502 512 − 502
c. z1 = = −0.77 and z 2 = = 0.77
100 100
60 60
So probability is 0.5588, found by 0.2794 + 0.2794.

550 − 502
d. z = = 3.72 So probability is virtually 0. (LO 7)
100
60

600 − 510
43. a. z = = 19 .93 So probability is virtually 0.
14 .28
10
500 − 510
b. z = = −2.21
14 .28
10
Probability is 0.9864, found by 0.4864 + 0.5000.
c. 0.0136, found by 0.5000 – 0.4864. (LO 7)

0.33
44. a. x = = 0.052
40
3.46 − 3.50 3.54 − 3.50
b. z1 = = −0.77 and z2 = = 0.77
0.052 0.052
Probability is 0.5588, found by 0.2794 + 0.2794.
− 0.01 0.01
c. z1 = = −0.19 and z2 = = 0.19
0.052 0.052
Probability is 0.1506, found by 0.0753 + 0.0753.
3.60 − 3.50
d. z= = 1.92 Probability is 0.0274, found by 0.5000 – 0.4726. (LO 7)
0.052

8-15
Chapter 08 - Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem

2.1
45. a. x = = 0.2333
81
6 − 6 .5 7 − 6 .5
b. z1 = = −2.14 and z 2 = = 2.14
2 .1 2 .1
81 81
Probability is 0.9676, found by 0.4838 + 0.4838.
6.25 − 6.5 6.75 − 6.5
c. z1 = = −1.07 and z 2 = = 1.07
2.1 2.1
81 81
Probability is 0.7154, found by 0.3577 + 0.3577.

d. Probability is 0.0162, found by 0.5000 – 0.4838. (LO 7)

46. Answers will vary. (LO 7)

47. Mean 2010 attendance is 2.436 million. Likelihood of a sample mean this large or larger is
2.436 − 2.25
0.2005, found by 0.5000 – 0.2995, where z = = 0.84 . (LO 7)
0.70
10

48. Likelihood of a sample mean this small or smaller is 0.2177, found by 0.5000 – 0.2823,
450 .29 − 455
where z = = −0.78 . (LO 7)
53 .69
80

8-16
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COMPROMISES
 COMPROMISES
BY

AGNES REPPLIER, Litt. D.

“On court, hélas! après la vérité;

Ah! croyez moi, l’erreur a son mérite.”
Voltaire

BOSTON AND NEW YORK

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
The Riverside Press, Cambridge
1905
COPYRIGHT 1904 BY AGNES REPPLIER
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Published September 1904

To C. F.
 CONTENTS
The Luxury of Conversation 1
The Gayety of Life 20
The Point of View 34
Marriage in Fiction 49
Our Belief in Books 66
The Beggar’s Pouch 88
The Pilgrim’s Staff 105
A Quaker Diary 125
French Love-Songs 153
The Spinster 170
The Tourist 185
The Headsman 199
Consecrated to Crime 219
Allegra 240
 COMPROMISES

THE LUXURY OF CONVERSATION

Of indoor entertainments, the truest and most human is
conversation.—Mark Pattison.

In an age when everybody is writing Reminiscences, and when

nothing is left untold, we hear a great deal about the wit and
brilliancy of former days and former conversations. Elderly
gentlemen, conscious of an ever increasing dulness in life, would
fain have us believe that its more vivacious characteristics vanished
with their youth, and can never be tempted to return. Mournful
prophecies anent the gradual decay of social gifts assail us on every
side. Mr. Justin McCarthy, recalling with a sigh the group of semi-
distinguished men who were wont to grace George Eliot’s Sunday
afternoons, can “only hope that the art of talking is not destined to
die out with the art of letter-writing.” Mr. George W. E. Russell
entertains similar misgivings. He found his ideal talker in Mr.
Matthew Arnold, “a man of the world without being frivolous, and a
man of letters without being pedantic;” and he considers this
admirable combination as necessary as it is rare. American
chroniclers point back to a little gleaming band of Northern lights,
and assure us sadly that if we never heard these men in their prime,
we must live and die uncheered by wit or wisdom. We are born in a
barren day.
But conversation, the luxury of conversation, as De Quincey
happily phrases it, does not depend upon one or two able talkers. It
is not, and never has been, a question of stars, but of a good stock
company. Neither can it decay like the art—or the habit—of letter-
writing. The conditions are totally different. Letters form a by-path of
literature, a charming, but occasional, retreat for people of cultivated
leisure. Conversation in its happiest development is a link, equally
exquisite and adequate, between mind and mind, a system by which
men approach one another with sympathy and enjoyment, a field for
the finest amenities of civilization, for the keenest and most
intelligent display of social activity. It is also our solace, our
inspiration, and our most rational pleasure. It is a duty we owe to one
another; it is our common debt to humanity. “God has given us
tongues,” writes Heine, “wherewith we may say pleasant things to
our neighbours.” To refuse a service so light, so sweet, so fruitful, is
to be unworthy of the inheritance of the ages.
It is claimed again, by critics disposed to be pessimistic, that our
modern development of “specialism” is prejudicial to good
conversation. A man devoted to one subject can seldom talk well
upon any other. Unless his companions share his tastes and his
knowledge, he must—a sad alternative—either lecture or be still.
There are people endowed with such a laudable thirst for information
that they relish lectures,—professional and gratuitous. They enjoy
themselves most when they are being instructed. They are eager to
form an audience. Such were the men and women who experienced
constant disappointment because Mr. Browning, a specialist of high
standing, declined to discuss his specialty. No side-lights upon
“Sordello” could be extracted from him. We realize how far the spirit
of the lecture had intruded upon the spirit of conversation forty years
ago, when Mr. Bagehot admitted that, with good modern talkers, “the
effect seems to be produced by that which is stated, and not by the
manner in which it is stated,”—a reversal of ancient rules. We are
aware of its still further encroachment when we see a little book by
M. Charles Rozan, characteristically christened “Petites Ignorances
de la Conversation,” and find it full of odds and ends of information,
of phrases, allusions, quotations, facts,—all the minute details which
are presumably embodied in the talk of educated men. The world to-
day devoutly believes that everything can be taught and learned.
When we have been shown how a thing is done, we can of course
do it. There are even little manuals composed with serious simplicity,
the object of which is to enable us to meet specialists on their own
grounds; to discuss art with artists, literature with authors, politics
with politicians, science with scientists,—the last, surely, a
dangerous experiment. “Conversation,” I read in one of these
enchanting primers, “cannot be entirely learned from books,”—a
generous admission in a day given over to the worship of print.
But in good truth, the contagious ardour, the urbane freedom of
the spoken word lift it immeasurably from the regions of pen and ink.
Those “shy revelations of affinity,” which now and then open to the
reader sweet vistas of familiarity and friendship, are frequent,
alluring, persuasive, in well-ordered speech. It is not what we learn in
conversation that enriches us. It is the elation that comes of swift
contact with tingling currents of thought. It is the opening of our
mental pores, and the stimulus of marshaling our ideas in words, of
setting them forth as gallantly and as graciously as we can. “A
language long employed by a delicate and critical society,” says Mr.
Bagehot, “is a treasure of dexterous felicities;” and the recognition of
these felicities, the grading of terms, the enlarging of a narrow and
stupid vocabulary make the charm of civilized social contact.
Discussion without asperity, sympathy without fusion, gayety
unracked by too abundant jests, mental ease in approaching one
another,—these are the things which give a pleasant smoothness to
the rough edge of life.
So much has been said about good talkers,—brilliant soloists for
the most part,—and so little about good talk! So much has been said
about good listeners, and so little about the interchange of thought!
“Silent people never spoil company,” remarked Lord Chesterfield; but
even this negative praise was probably due to the type of silence
with which he was best acquainted,—a habit of sparing speech, not
the muffled stillness of genuine and hopeless incapacity. A man who
listens because he has nothing to say can hardly be a source of
inspiration. The only listening that counts is that of the talker who
alternately absorbs and expresses ideas. Sainte-Beuve says of
Fontenelle that, while he had neither tears nor laughter, he smiled at
wit, never interrupted, was never excited, nor ever in a hurry to
speak. These are endearing traits. They embody much of the art of
conversation. But they are as remote from unadorned silence as
from unconsidered loquacity.
The same distinction may be drawn between the amenity which
forbids bickering, and the flabbiness which has neither principles to
uphold, nor arguments with which to uphold them. Hazlitt’s counsel,
“You should prefer the opinion of the company to your own,” is good
in the main, but it can easily be pushed too far. Proffered by a man
who bristled with opinions which he never wearied of defending, it is
perhaps more interesting than persuasive. If everybody floated with
the tide of talk, placidity would soon end in stagnation. It is the strong
backward stroke which stirs the ripples, and gives animation and
variety. “Unison is a quality altogether obnoxious in conversation,”
said Montaigne, who was at least as tolerant as Hazlitt was
combative, but who dearly loved stout words from honest men. Dr.
Johnson, we know, was of a similar way of thinking. He scorned
polite tepidity; he hated chatter; he loved that unfeeling logic which
drives mercilessly to its goal. No man knew better than he the
unconvincing nature of argument. He had too often thrust his friends
from the fortress of sound reason which they were not strong enough
to hold. But his talk, for all its aggressiveness, and for all its tendency
to negation, was real talk; not—as with Coleridge—a monologue, nor
—as with Macaulay—a lecture. He did not infringe upon other
people’s conversational freeholds, and he was not, be it always
remembered, anecdotal. The man who lived upon “potted stories”
inspired him with righteous antipathy.
Perhaps the saddest proof of intellectual inertia, of our failure to
meet one another with ease and understanding, is the tendency to
replace conversation by story-telling. It is no uncommon thing to hear
a man praised as a good talker, when he is really a good raconteur.
People will speak complacently of a “brilliant dinner,” at which strings
of anecdotes, disconnected and illegitimate, have usurped the field,
to the total exclusion of ideas. After an entertainment of this order—
like a feast of buns and barley sugar—we retire with mental
indigestion for a fortnight. That it should be relished betrays the
crudeness of social conditions. “Of all the bores,” writes De Quincey
with unwonted ill-temper, “whom man in his folly hesitates to hang,
and Heaven in its mysterious wisdom suffers to propagate his
species, the most insufferable is the teller of good stories.” This is a
hard saying. The story, like its second cousin the lie, has a sphere of
usefulness. It is a help in moments of emergency, and it serves
admirably to illustrate a text. But it is not, and never can be, a
substitute for conversation. People equipped with reason, sentiment,
and a vocabulary should have something to talk about, some
common ground on which they can meet, and penetrate into one
another’s minds. The exquisite pleasure of interchanging ideas, of
awakening to suggestions, of finding sympathy and companionship,
is as remote from the languid amusement yielded by story-telling as
a good play is remote from the bald diversion of the music hall.
Something to talk about appears to be the first consideration.
The choice of a topic, or rather the possession of a topic which will
bear analysis and support enthusiasm, is essential to the enjoyment
of conversation. We cannot go far along a stony track. Diderot
observed that whenever he was in the company of men and women
who were reading Richardson’s books, either privately or aloud, the
talk was sure to be animated and interesting. Some secret springs of
emotion were let loose by this great master of sentiment. Our
ancestors allowed themselves a wider field of discussion than we are
now in the habit of conceding; but after all, as Stevenson reminds us,
“it is not over the virtues of a curate-and-tea-party novel that people
are abashed into high resolutions.” We may not covet Socratic
discourses at the dinner table, but neither can we long sustain what
has been sadly and significantly called “the burden of conversation”
on the lines adopted by William the Fourth, who, when he felt the
absolute necessity of saying something, asked the Duke of
Devonshire where he meant to be buried.
The most perfect and pitiful pictures of intercourse stripped bare
of interest have been given us in Miss Austen’s novels. Reading
them, we grow sick at heart to think what depths of experience they
reflect, what hours of ennui lie back of every page. The conversation
of the ladies after Mrs. John Dashwood’s dinner must stand forever
as a perfect example of sustained stupidity, of that almost miraculous
dulness which can be achieved only by “want of sense, want of
elegance, want of spirits, and want of temper.” Equal to it in its way is
the brief description of Lady Middleton’s first call upon the
Dashwoods.
“Conversation was not lacking, for Sir John was very chatty, and
Lady Middleton had taken the wise precaution of bringing with her
their eldest child, a fine little boy about six years old. By this means
there was one subject always to be recurred to by the ladies in case
of extremity, for they had to enquire his name and age, admire his
beauty, and ask him questions which his mother answered for him,
while he hung about her and held down his head, to the great
surprise of her ladyship, who wondered at his being so shy before
company, as he could make noise enough at home. On every formal
visit a child ought to be of the party, by way of provision for
discourse. In the present case, it took up ten minutes to determine
whether the boy were most like his father or mother, and in what
particular he resembled either, for of course everybody differed, and
everybody was astonished at the opinion of the others.”
How real it is! How many of us have lived through similar half-
hours, veiling with decent melancholy the impetuous protest of our
souls!
Charles Greville is responsible for the rather unusual statement
that a dinner at which all the guests are fools is apt to be as
agreeable as a dinner at which all the guests are clever men. The
fools, he says, are tolerably sure to be gay, and the clever men are
perfectly sure to be heavy. How far the gayety of fools is an
engaging trait it might be difficult to decide (there is a text which
throws some doubt upon the subject), but Greville appears to have
suffered a good deal from the ponderous society of the learned. We
are struck in the first place by the very serious topics which made the
table-talk of his day. Do people now discuss primogeniture in ancient
Rome over their fish and game? It sounds almost as onerous as the
Socratic discourses. Then again it was his special hardship to listen
to the dissertations of Macaulay, and he resented this infliction with
all the ardour of a vain and accomplished man. “Macaulay’s
astonishing knowledge is every moment exhibited,” he writes in his
Memoirs, “but he is not agreeable. He has none of the graces of
conversation, none of the exquisite tact and refinement which are the
result of a felicitous intuition, or of a long acquaintance with good
society.... His information is more than society requires.”
The last line is a master-stroke of criticism. It embodies all that
goes before and all that follows,—for Greville airs his grievance at
length,—and it is admirably illustrated in his account of that famous
evening at Holland House, when Lady Holland, in captious mood,
rebelled against a course of instruction. Somebody having chanced
to mention Sir Thomas Munro, the hostess rashly admitted that she
had never heard of him, whereupon Macaulay “explained all he had
said, done, written, or thought, and vindicated his claim to the title of
a great man, till Lady Holland, getting bored, said she had had
enough of Sir Thomas, and would hear no more. This might have
dashed and silenced an ordinary talker; but to Macaulay it was no
more than replacing a book upon the shelf, and he was just as ready
as ever to open on any other topic.” The Fathers of the Church were
next discussed (it was not a frivolous company), and Macaulay at
once called to mind a sermon of Saint Chrysostom’s in praise of the
Bishop of Antioch. “He proceeded to give us the substance of this
sermon till Lady Holland got tired of the Fathers, and put her
extinguisher on Chrysostom as she had done on Munro. Then with a
sort of derision, and as if to have the pleasure of puzzling Macaulay,
she turned to him and said: ‘Pray what was the origin of a doll?
When were dolls first mentioned in history?’ Macaulay, however, was
just as much up in dolls as in the Fathers, and instantly replied that
the Roman children had their dolls, which they offered to Venus
when they grew older. He quoted Persius,—
‘Veneri donatae a virgine puppae,’
and I have not the least doubt that if he had been allowed to
proceed, he would have told us who was the Chenevix of ancient
Rome, and the name of the first baby that ever handled a doll.”
This was indeed more information than society required. It is not
surprising that Sydney Smith, perhaps the most charming talker of
his day, was quickly silenced by such an avalanche of words, and
sat mute and limp in the historian’s company. Upon one occasion
Greville went to visit the Marquis of Lansdowne at Bowood, and
found Macaulay among the guests. “It was wonderful how quiet the
house seemed after he had gone,” comments the diarist grimly, “and
it was not less agreeable.”
That a rude invasion of the field is fatal to the enjoyment of
intercourse we know from the sentiment of revolt expressed on every
side. How little the people who heard Mme. de Staël’s brilliant
conversation appear to have relished the privilege! Mackintosh
admitted that she was agreeable in a tête-à-tête, but too much for a
general assembly. Heine hated her, as a hurricane in petticoats.
“She hears but little, and never the truth, because she is always
talking.” Byron, who felt a genuine admiration for her cleverness, and
was grateful for her steadfast friendship, confessed ruefully that she
overwhelmed him with words, buried him beneath glittering snow
and nonsense. The art of being amusing in a lovable way was not
hers; yet this is essentially the art which lifted French conversation to
its highest level, which made it famous three hundred years ago, and
which has preserved it ever since as a rational and engaging
occupation. A page of history lies revealed and elucidated in Saint-
Simon’s little sentence anent Mme. de Maintenon’s fashion of
speech. “Her language was gentle, exact, well chosen, and naturally
eloquent and brief.”
No wonder she reigned long. Eloquent and brief! What a
magnificent “blend”! How persuasive the “well-chosen” words,
immaculately free from harsh emphasis and the feminine fault of
iteration! Who would not be influenced by a woman who talked
always well, and never too much; who, knowing the value of flattery,
administered it with tact and moderation; and who shrank
instinctively from the exaggerated terms which destroy balance and
invite defeat? From the reign of Louis the Fourteenth to the
Revolution, conversation was cultivated in France with intelligent
assiduity. Its place in the fabric of civilization was clearly understood.
No time was begrudged to its development, no labour was spared to
its perfecting. Mr. Henry James is of the opinion that it flowered
brilliantly in the middle of the eighteenth century. “This was surely,”
he says, “in France at least, the age of good society, the period when
the right people made haste to be born in time. The sixty years that
preceded the Revolution were the golden age of fireside talk, and of
those amenities that are due to the presence of women in whom the
social art is both instinctive and acquired. The women of that period
were, above all, good company. The fact is attested in a thousand
documents. Chenonceaux offered a perfect setting to free
conversation; and infinite joyous discourse must have mingled with
the liquid murmur of the Cher.”
“Joyous discourse” is a beguiling phrase. It carries with it the
echo of laughter long since silenced,—light laughter following the
light words, so swiftly spoken, yet so surely placed. The time was
coming fast when this smooth graciousness of speech would inspire
singular mistrust, and when Rousseau—ardently embracing nature
—would write of the “fine and delicate irony called politeness, which
gives so much ease and pliability to the intercourse of civilized man,
enabling him to assume the appearance of every virtue without the
reality of one.” Later on, illusions being dispelled, the painful
discovery was made that the absence of politeness does not
necessarily imply the presence of virtue, and that taciturnity may be
wholly disassociated with the truth. We owe to one another all the wit
and good humour we can command; and nothing so clears our
mental vistas as sympathetic and intelligent conversation. It can
never languish in an age like ours, teeming with new interests widely
shared, and with new wonders widely known. We must talk, because
we have so much to talk about; and we ought to talk well, because
our inspirations are of a noble order. Each new discovery made by
science, each fresh emotion awakened by contemporaneous history,
each successive pleasure yielded by literature or by art is a spur to
rational speech. These things are our common heritage, and we
share them in common, through the medium of the aptly spoken
word.
 THE GAYETY OF LIFE
Grief is the sister of doubt and ill-temper, and, beyond all
spirits, destroyeth man.—Shepherd of Hermas.

In the beginning of the last century an ingenious gentleman, Mr.

James Beresford, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, diverted himself
and—let us hope—his friends, by drawing up and publishing an
exhaustive list of the minor miseries of life. It is a formidable
document, realistic in character, and ill calculated to promote the
spirit of content. No one would ever imagine that so many
disagreeable things could happen in the ordinary course of
existence, until the possibilities of each and every one are plainly
and pitilessly defined. Some of these possibilities have passed away
in the hundred years that lie between King George’s day and ours;
but others remain for our better discipline and subjection. Political
discussions at the dinner-table rank high among Mr. Beresford’s
grievances; also weak tea,—“an infusion of balm, sage, and
rosemary,” he calls it,—and “being expected to be interested in a
baby.”
A great deal of modern literature, and not a little modern
conversation, closely resemble this unhappy gentleman’s “black list.”
There is the same earnest desire to point out what we would rather
not observe. Life is so full of miseries, minor and major; they press
so close upon us at every step of the way, that it is hardly worth
while to call one another’s attention to their presence. People who
do this thing on a more imposing scale than Mr. Beresford are
spoken of respectfully as “unfaltering disciples of truth,” or as
“incapable of childish self-delusion,” or as “looking with clear eyes
into life’s bitter mysteries;” whereas in reality they are merely
dwelling on the obvious, and the obvious is the one thing not worth
consideration. We are all painfully aware of the seamy side, because