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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e Chapter 2, Genetics and Prenatal Development
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Chapter 2 Genetics and Prenatal Development

Section 1 Genetic Influences on Development................................................................ 2
Multiple Choice Questions ......................................................................................... 3
Short Answer Questions ........................................................................................... 33
Essay Questions ........................................................................................................ 35
Section 2 Prenatal Development and Prenatal Care ................................................... 36
Multiple Choice Questions ....................................................................................... 37
Essay Questions ........................................................................................................ 66
Section 3 Pregnancy Problems....................................................................................... 68
Multiple Choice Questions ....................................................................................... 69
Essay Question.......................................................................................................... 86
Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions.............................................. 87
1
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e Chapter 2, Genetics and Prenatal Development
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT Chapter 2, Section 1
Genetics and Prenatal Development
GUIDE
Learning Remember the Understand Apply What
Objective Facts the Concepts You Know Analyze It
Learning Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 5, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 14, 15, 16, 20, 17
Objective 2.1 12, 27 22, 25, 26, 28, 29 21, 23
Short Answer 93
Essay 98
Learning Multiple Choice 31 30, 32, 33, 39 34, 35, 36, 37, 41 38, 40
Objective 2.2 Short Answer 94, 95
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 47, 50, 51, 54 46, 52, 58, 60, 57, 61, 62
Objective 2.3 49, 53, 55, 56, 59, 64, 65
63
Short Answer 96
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 68 66, 67, 71 69, 70
Objective 2.4 Short Answer 97
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 72, 73, 74, 75
Objective 2.5 Short Answer
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 80, 82 86 81
Objective 2.6 85
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Multiple Choice 91, 92 87, 88, 89, 90
Objective 2.7 Short Answer
Essay 99
2
Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e Chapter 2, Section 1
Section 1 Genetic Influences on Development

Multiple Choice Questions
1. Nearly all human cells have chromosomes.

a. 46
b. 42
c. 26
d. 23
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Learning Objective: 2.1 Distinguish between genotype and phenotype and identify the different
forms of genetic inheritance.
Topic: Genotype and Phenotype
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in
psychology.
% correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 14 d= 1 r = .19
2. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

a. 23
b. 46
c. 69
d. 92
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 24 c= 0 d= 0 r = .33
3. How many chromosomes from each pair are inherited from the mother?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Answer: a
psychology.
3
4. Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules of _.

a. genes
b. nucleotide pairs
c. DNA
d. genomes
Answer: c
psychology.
5. Chromosomes are organized into segments called _, the basic units of hereditary
information.
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. genes
d. nucleotides
Answer: c
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
psychology.
6. Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called .

a. genes
b. RNA
c. DNA
d. nucleotides
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Moderate
psychology.
4
7. Approximately how many genes constitute the human genome?

a. 10,000
b. 19,000
c. 23,000
d. 76,000
Answer: b
psychology.
8. How many nucleotide pairs constitute the human genome?

a. 100,000
b. 150 million
c. 3 billion
d. 5 trillion
Answer: c
psychology.
9. The totality of an individual’s hereditary information is referred to as his or her .

a. phenotype
b. genotype
c. inheritance
d. genome
Answer: b
psychology.
5
10. An individual’s unique genetic makeup is his or her _.

a. genotype
b. phenotype
c. allele
d. reaction range
Answer: a
psychology.
11. A person’s is/are his or her genetic inheritance, whereas a person’s

is/are his or her expressed characteristics.
a. phenotype; genotype
b. genotype; phenotype
c. nucleotides; DNA
d. DNA; nucleotides
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 12 b= 88 c= 0 d= 0 r = .43
12. The characteristics of an individual’s genetic material are referred to as his or her
.
a. phenotype
b. genotype
c. inheritance
d. environment
Answer: a
psychology.
6
13. The difference between an individual’s genotype and its expression in his or her phenotype is
a consequence of the person’s .
a. genes
b. DNA
c. environment
d. parents
Answer: c
psychology.
14. Jill’s mother was an All-American in the 1500m and qualified for the Olympic team in the
marathon. Jill is a freshman in high school and does not think that she will need to train to
become a member of the school’s cross-country team. Jill keeps telling you that her mother was a
great runner, so she will also be a great runner. What do you think?
a. She is correct; she will be a great runner no matter what she does.
b. It is unlikely that Jill even has the genotype for running.
c. Jill might have the genotype for running ability, but she will need to train to become a great
runner.
d. Jill has also inherited the genes for superior intelligence.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
psychology.
15. Alejandro was born into a family with high musical talent. Both of his parents were
professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development. Throughout
childhood, he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional
musician himself. Which of the following best describes Alejandro’s phenotype?
a. Alejandro’s musical genes
b. Alejandro’s musical talent
c. Alejandro’s nurturing parents
d. Alejandro’s practice of the guitar
Answer: c
psychology.
7
16. Thomas’s biological mother and father are both gifted athletes. He was adopted by a couple
who had no interest in him being involved in sports. Although Thomas likely inherited athletic
ability, it was never expressed in his _.
a. genotype
b. phenotype
c. genes
d. alleles
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 3 d= 2 r = .18
17. Which statement accurately describes the concept of dominant–recessive inheritance?

a. a pattern of inheritance in which one gene is expressed and one gene is suppressed
b. a pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one
recessive gene, but only the recessive gene is expressed in the genotype
c. a pattern of inheritance in which one gene is dominant and one gene is recessive
d. a pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one
recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is expressed in the phenotype
Answer: d
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of
psychology.
18. Each form of a gene that is contained in a chromosome is referred to as a(n) .

a. dominant gene
b. recessive gene
c. allele
d. single gene
Answer: c
psychology.
8
19. What type of gene, if it is present, will be expressed in the phenotype?

a. recessive gene
b. dominant gene
c. expressed gene
d. controller gene
Answer: b
psychology.
20. If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive, from a
dominant–recessive pairing, which of the following would be an individual’s phenotype?
a. straight hair
b. curly hair
c. wavy hair
d. their complete genetic makeup
Answer: b
psychology.
21. Jill’s mother and father both have brown eyes, yet she has blue eyes. She has come to believe
that she is not her parents’ actual biological daughter. What would you tell her?
a. Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
b. She is correct; there is no way that she would have blue eyes if she were really her parents’
biological daughter.
c. Blue eyes are dominant, so her parents should have blue eyes, too.
d. Only the environment determines eye color once the fetus has been born.
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 1 d= 0 r = .20
9
22. For a recessive gene to be expressed in the phenotype, it must be paired with a .
a. dominant gene
b. recessive gene
c. expressed gene
d. controller gene
Answer: b
psychology.
23. How would you create an individual who will definitely have blue eyes?
a. Make sure they have one recessive gene for blue eyes and one dominant gene for brown eyes.
b. Make sure they have one pair of recessive genes for blue eyes.
c. Make sure they have a pair of alleles for eye color.
d. Make sure they have one recessive gene for blue eyes and one dominant gene for green eyes.
Answer: b
psychology.
24. What is occurring when the phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by the
dominant gene?
a. expression of the dominant gene
b. expression of the recessive gene
c. incomplete dominance
d. failure of expression
Answer: c
psychology.
10
25. Which of the following is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance?

a. Down syndrome
b. Fragile X
c. sickle-cell anemia
d. HIV
Answer: c
psychology.
26. What recessive disorder results in non-normal-shaped blood cells that clog blood vessels and
cause pain, increased susceptibility to disease, and early death, particularly among Africans and
African American populations?
a. Tay-Sachs
b. trisomy-21
c. sickle-cell anemia
d. malaria
Answer: c
psychology.
27. Sickle-cell anemia is a defense against what disease?

a. sickle-cell trait
b. malaria
c. smallpox
d. Nile fever
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 88 c= 0 d= 6 r = .57
11
28. Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development. However, it is more common that
developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes. This is known as
.
a. inheritability
b. polygenic inheritance
c. bimodal inheritance
d. single dominance
Answer: b
psychology.
29. Which type of inheritance influences characteristics such as height, weight, skin color,
intelligence, personality, and disease susceptibility?
a. recessive–dominant inheritance
b. incomplete dominance
c. dominant-recessive inheritance
d. polygenetic inheritance
Answer: d
psychology.
% correct 47 a= 6 b= 18 c= 29 d= 47 r = .16
30. The chromosomes that determine whether a fetus will be male or female are known as the
_.
a. sex chromosomes
b. gender chromosomes
c. male chromosomes
d. female chromosomes
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe the sex chromosomes and identify what makes them different
from other chromosomes.
Topic: The Sex Chromosomes
psychology.
12
31. A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a(n) , whereas a person with an

XX pairing of chromosomes is a(n) .
a. male; female
b. female; male
c. incomplete dominant gene; polygenetic inherited gene
d. polygenetic inherited gene; incomplete dominant gene
Answer: a
psychology.
32. Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30%
less genetic material?
a. X
b. Y
c. O
d. They are both the same.
Answer: b
psychology.
33. What happens during fertilization that determines the sex of the offspring?
a. The egg or ovum contains the X chromosome and the sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.
The sperm cell that is involved in fertilization determines the sex of the offspring.
b. The sperm cells all carry the X chromosome. The ovum contains both the X and Y, so it is the
ovum that determines the sex of the offspring.
c. The ovum and sperm cells both carry X chromosomes. The placenta carries both the X and Y,
and it determines the sex of the offspring.
d. The ovum and the sperm cells both contain the X chromosome. During the course of
fertilization, either an X or a Y will be created, which determines the sex of the offspring.
Answer: a
psychology.
13
34. Your older brother has a friend who was angry with his wife because they have two sons and
he wanted to have a daughter. He thought that she was responsible for having two boys rather
than a boy and a girl. What would you tell your brother?
a. His friend was correct; she was purposefully having sons instead of a daughter.
b. It was not anyone’s “fault,” but the sperm determined the sex of the offspring.
c. It was not anyone’s “fault” even though her ovum determined the sex of the offspring.
d. Sex of the offspring is determined by day of the week. Both parents should have known what
day they were trying to conceive.
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 76 a= 6 b= 76 c= 12 d= 6 r = .17
35. While having a conversation with a friend who is pregnant, she says that because she is
“carrying high” she will have a girl. Based on the textbook, which of the following statements are
you thinking?
a. There is no scientific evidence to support her belief, as “carrying high” is folklore.
b. There are countless research studies that support her belief.
c. Statistically speaking, she is correct.
d. She is wrong; a pregnant woman who is “carrying high” is more likely to be carrying a boy.
Answer: a
psychology.
36. According to ancient Mayan folklore, how can one predict whether they are having a girl?
a. if the mother’s age and the month of conception are both even or odd
b. if a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen
c. if a woman’s right breast is larger than her left
d. if a woman craves salty and sour food
Answer: a
psychology.
14
37. According to ancient Chinese folklore, how can one predict whether a pregnant woman is
having a boy?
a. if the mother’s age and the month of conception are both even or odd
b. if a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen
c. if a woman’s right breast is larger than her left
d. if a woman craves salty and sour food
Answer: b
psychology.
38. Which statement accurately reflects sex ratios of boys to girls across the world?
a. The natural human ratio is 105 boys per 100 girls.
b. South Korea’s ratio has declined to 100 boys per 110 girls.
c. China remains the country with the most skewed ratio of 120 boys per 100 girls.
d. The natural human ratio favors girls over boys to ensure that enough females exist to carry
offspring.
Answer: a
psychology.
39. are more affected by X-linked inherited disorders while are

generally carriers of X-linked disorders.
a. Females; males
b. Males; females
c. children under one year of age; individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
d. adults with mutations; individuals with a trisomy
Answer: b
psychology.
15
40. Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?
a. If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, a boy’s Y chromosome has
no dominant gene to prevent it from being expressed.
b. Boys are generally more immature at birth.
c. Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur.
d. If the Y chromosome does not develop properly, the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent
the disorder from occurring.
Answer: a
psychology.
41. Your friend has hemophilia and is worried that he will pass it to his offspring when he has
children. What would you tell him?
a. He is probably correct; he will pass on hemophilia.
b. Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder, and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male
offspring. It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers, though.
c. X-linked disorders are not inherited; he has no worries.
d. Since he has hemophilia, he is probably sterile and unable to father children.
Answer: b
psychology.
42. Nature is to as nurture is to .

a. conditioning; learning
b. learning; conditioning
c. environment; genetics
d. genetics; environment
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain how behavior geneticists use heritability estimates and
concordance rates in their research.
Topic: Principles of Behavior Genetics
psychology.
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 6 c= 12 d= 82 r = .32
16
43. What have researchers concluded about the nature–nurture debate in terms of development?
a. Genetic influences are more important.
b. Environmental influences are more important.
c. Both are important.
d. Genetic influences are more important in infancy and environmental influences are more
important in childhood.
Answer: c
psychology.
44. Which statement best describes the nature–nurture debate?

a. Most characteristics develop solely from nature or nurture, but not both.
b. Most characteristics develop from a combination of nature and nurture.
c. Most characteristics develop from nature only.
d. Most characteristics develop from nurture only.
Answer: b
psychology.
45. What field addresses the extent to which genes influence behavior?
a. embryology
b. behavior genetics
c. developmental psychology
d. genetics
Answer: b
psychology.
17
46. Which question would a behavior geneticist work to answer?

a. How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory processes?
b. Which human behaviors are determined genetically and which are determined by
environmental factors?
c. At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human
development?
d. Which genes are responsible for childhood behavior, and which genes are responsible for adult
behavior?
Answer: a
psychology.
47. A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the
influence of genetics?
a. longitudinal studies
b. cross-sectional studies
c. quasi-experimental studies
d. twin and adoption studies
Answer: d
psychology.
48. Another term for identical twins is twins.

a. fraternal
b. monozygotic (MZ)
c. dizygotic (DZ)
d. conjoined
Answer: b
psychology.
18
49. Monozygotic (MZ) twins have genes in common.

a. 40%
b. 60%
c. 80%
d. 100%
Answer: d
psychology.
50. If temperament were genetically based, which of the following would have the greatest
degree of similarity?
a. monozygotic (MZ) twins
b. dizygotic (DZ) twins
c. parents and children
d. cousins
Answer: a
psychology.
51. Fraternal twins are also known as twins.

a. dizygotic (DZ)
b. identical
c. monozygotic (MZ)
d. conjoined
Answer: a
psychology.
19
52. You are pushing a stroller that has two babies in it, a boy, dressed in blue, and a girl, dressed
in pink. Someone stops you and tells you how beautiful your baby boy and girl are. Then the
person asks whether the babies are “identical twins.” You tell them they are not, but what are you
thinking?
a. It is impossible to have identical twins of different sexes.
b. They could be identical; that was a great question.
c. Fraternal twins are usually both girls.
d. Fraternal twins are usually both boys.
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 13 c= 1 d= 1 r = .20
53. Which of the following have a 40% to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance?
a. identical twins
b. fraternal twins
c. cousins
d. adopted siblings
Answer: b
psychology.
54. studies allow researchers to study whether certain behaviors or traits are more
closely related to genetics or environment.
a. Genetics
b. Temperament
c. Chromosomal
d. Adoption
Answer: d
psychology.
20
55. is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences
among persons in a specific population.
a. Heritability
b. Reaction range
c. Genetic ratio
d. Environmental coefficient
Answer: a
psychology.
56. What is the name of the statistic that ranges from 0 to 1.00 and is used to estimate the degree
to which genes are responsible for differences among people from a specific population?
a. genetic correlation
b. heritability estimate
c. concordance rate
d. chromosomal correction
Answer: b
psychology.
57. Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80. Which of the
following statements does Professor Glossner propose?
a. A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics.
b. A large portion of temperament is determined by environment.
c. Eighty percent of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
d. Twenty percent of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
Answer: a
psychology.
21
58. Your friend’s mother is extremely intelligent. As a result, even though your friend usually
does OK in school (2.8 GPA), he is convinced that he is a genius. What do you think?
a. Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50, so he is probably overestimating his intelligence.
b. He is definitely correct; he is likely a genius.
c. Actually, children of intellectually gifted adults are usually much lower in intelligence.
d. With a 2.8 GPA, he must be correct.
Answer: a
psychology.
59. Concordance rate is defined as _.

a. the degree of similarity in characteristics among peoples of a cultural group
b. the influence of genes on development by comparing people who share different amounts of
their genes
c. the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members
d. the degree of difference as expressed by variations in environment
Answer: c
psychology.
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 0 c= 88 d= 6 r = .29
60. If you were to design a research study that examines sociability in relation to concordance
rate, which of the following would be the best groups to use for comparison?
a. identical twins and fraternal twins
b. college students and the general public
c. brothers and sisters
d. parent(s) and children
Answer: a
psychology.
22
61. When concordance rates are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, this
indicates which of the following?
a. There is partially a genetic basis.
b. There is partially an environmental basis.
c. There is a 100% environmental cause.
d. There is a 100% genetic cause.
Answer: a
psychology.
62. Which measure allows behavior geneticists to determine the percentage of similarity in
phenotype among pairs of family members and is mostly used to examine mental disorders?
a. genetic correlation
b. heritability estimate
c. concordance rate
d. chromosomal correction
Answer: c
psychology.
63. Which of the following pairs would have a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia?
a. monozygotic twins
b. dizygotic twins
c. adopted siblings
d. cousins
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 80 a= 80 b= 18 c= 1 d= 1 r = .38
23
64. If Robert has schizophrenia, how likely is it that his monozygotic twin brother James will
also have schizophrenia?
a. James will also have schizophrenia.
b. There is an 80% probability that James will have schizophrenia.
c. There is a 50% probability that James will have schizophrenia.
d. James will not have schizophrenia.
Answer: c
psychology.
65. If Cecilia has schizophrenia, how likely is it that her dizygotic twin sister Deirdre will also
have schizophrenia?
a. Deirdre will also have schizophrenia.
b. There is a 38% probability that Deirdre will have schizophrenia.
c. There is an 18% probability that Deirdre will have schizophrenia.
d. Deirdre will not have schizophrenia.
Answer: c
psychology.
66. According to _, development results from the bidirectional interactions between

genotype and environment.
a. genetics
b. molecular genetics
c. evolutionary genetics
d. epigenetics
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain how the concepts of epigenetics and reaction ranges address
gene-environment interactions.
Topic: Gene–Environment Interactions: Epigenetics and Reaction Ranges
psychology.
24
67. Genes establish a potential of expression, and environment determines where a person’s
phenotype will fall. This boundary of genetic influence is referred to as .
a. environmental influence
b. gene boundaries
c. he inheritability estimate
d. the reaction range
Answer: d
psychology.
68. The concept of reaction range proposes that establish(es) boundaries, whereas
determines where a person falls within that range.
a. genetics; environment
b. environment; genetics
c. phenotype; genotype
d. polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance
Answer: a
psychology.
% correct 53 a= 53 b= 12 c= 0 d= 29 r = .48
69. Elizabeth was just born. Her father is 6’8” tall and her mother is 5’11” tall. It is quite likely
that Elizabeth will be tall as well. However, the environment will play a role in her eventual
height. The genetic potential for Elizabeth’s height is known as the .
a. environmental range
b. reaction range
c. genetic range
d. interaction range
Answer: b
psychology.
% correct 50 a= 9 b= 50 c= 32 d= 8 r = .40
25
70. Which of the following individuals is an example of a person who is closer to the peak of his
or her reaction range?
a. Samir was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching
environment, and is a highly motivated learner.
b. Joseppi, who was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally
deprived environment and is an unmotivated learner.
c. Susan was born with the potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an educationally
deprived environment, and is an unmotivated learner.
d. Iman, who was born with the potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an
educationally enriching environment and is an unmotivated learner who makes little progress.
Answer: a
psychology.
71. In the past few decades, the average height of adults in Western countries has not changed
much. This indicates that height for adults in these countries has reached the upper boundary of
their .
a. socioeconomic range
b. health status
c. reaction range
d. range of genetic dominance
Answer: c
psychology.
72. Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment
effects. Which subtype occurs in biological families because parents provide both genes and
environment to their children?
a. passive genotype → environment effects
b. evocative genotype → environment effects
c. active genotype → environment effects
d. inactive genotype → environment effects
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 2.5 Explain how the theory of genotype → environment effects casts new
light on the old nature–nurture debate.
Topic: The Theory of Genotype → Environment Effects
psychology.
26
effects. Which subtype occurs when a person’s inherited characteristics bring about responses
from others in their environment?
d. inactive genotype →environment effects
Answer: b
psychology.
effects. Which subtype occurs when people seek out environments that correspond to their
genotypic characteristics?
d. inactive genotype → environment effects
Answer: c
psychology.
% correct 81 a= 7 b= 10 c= 81 d= 2 r = .37
75. Which of the following is the best example of active genotype → environment effects?
a. Since Jacob is good at math, his parents encourage further learning by playing math games
with him each night.
b. Because everyone in the Martin family sunburns easily, they rarely go to the beach and have
moved to a state with colder weather.
c. Maria has a green thumb and can grow anything in her garden. When her children were small,
they played in the garden next to her. As they grew up, each child decided to go into agricultural
fields.
d. Millie was a very round baby and was big for her age. Everyone in her family made comments
about her large size and nicknamed her “Big Millie.”
Answer: b
psychology.
27
76. What are the only cells in the human body that do not contain 46 chromosomes?
a. lens cells
b. neurons
c. hair cells
d. gametes
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 2.6 Outline the process of meiosis in the formation of reproductive cells and
specify how the process differs for males and females.
Topic: Sperm and Egg Formation
psychology.
% correct 81 a= 4 b= 8 c= 7 d= 81 r = .31
77. Human sex cells, sperm and ova, each contain chromosomes.
a. 23
b. 46
c. 23 pairs
d. 46 pairs
Answer: a
psychology.
78. Sperm and ova are produced by which of the following, respectively?
a. penis and uterus
b. scrotum and vulva
c. testes and ovaries
d. kidneys and pancreas
Answer: c
psychology.
28
79. is known as the normal process of cell reproduction in which chromosomes

duplicate themselves and the cells divide to become two cells.
a. Meiosis
b. Mitosis
c. Polar bodies
d. Crossing over
Answer: b
psychology.
80. In the process of meiosis, the original cell contains chromosomes, and once the
gametes are formed, chromosomes.
a. 92; 46
b. 69; 46
c. 46; 23
d. 23; 23
Answer: c
psychology.
81. At the conclusion of meiosis, have been formed and have been
formed.
a. 2 sperm cells; 1 ovum with 2 polar bodies
b. 4 sperm cells; 1 ovum with 3 polar bodies
c. 8 sperm cells; 3 ova with 1 polar body
d. 16 sperm cells; 4 ova with no polar bodies
Answer: b
psychology.
29
82. The ovum contains an excessive amount of cytoplasm _.

a. so that there is ample room for the sperm’s nucleus once it arrives
b. to help protect against invading cells
c. so that the ovum can be easily found by the sperm cells
d. because it will be the ovum’s main source of nutrition
Answer: d
psychology.
83. is the process that allows pieces of genetic material to be exchanged between
paired chromosomes, resulting in a virtually infinite possible combination of genes.
a. Meiosis
b. Gamete swapping
c. Crossing over
d. Mitosis
Answer: c
psychology.
84. Males begin producing sperm , whereas females produce ova .

a. at puberty; at puberty
b. while in the womb; at puberty
c. at puberty; while in the womb
d. while in the womb; while in the womb
Answer: c
psychology.
30
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
centre of Russia, and on the other to the new northern through
route, which, via Kotlass and Archangel, is this year to bring
the cereals of Siberia to London."
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command: Miscellaneous Series No. 533,
1900, pages 5-7).
"It may be a wild idea, but Russian engineers are actually

talking of a railroad from Stryetensk to Bering Strait, over a
comparatively easy route that does not enter the Arctic
Circle. This imaginary line, they hope, would connect with the
American line which is now being built to Dawson City, the
distance from which to Stryetensk is about three thousand
miles. If this road ever is completed they figure that New
York will be placed in railroad connection with London,
Calcutta and Cape Town."
A. H. Ford,
The Warfare of Railways in Asia
(Century, March, 1900).
"Siberia and the Amur lands are rich beyond belief. … This
vast territory, long looked upon as a barren waste, is
destined to be one of the world's richest and most productive
sections. In northern France, wheat ripens in 137 days; in
Siberia, in 107. Even heavy night frosts do not injure the
young seed. Under such conditions, the possibilities of
agriculture are practically unlimited. I may add that oats
require, in Siberia and in the Amur country, only 96 days, and
in the regions of the Yenisei only 107. The frost period lasts
only 97 days in the Irkutsk country. Transbaikalia lies
entirely within the agricultural regions; so, too, almost the
entire territory traversed by the Amur as far north as it
runs. Efforts are being made to obtain along the Amur at least
300,000 square kilometers (115,835 square miles) for the
higher forms of northern agriculture. Climatically, the best
of northern Asia's territory, for planting purposes, is the
Usuri country, which, in spite of its vast tracts of wood and
grazing lands, has 195,000 square kilometers (75,292 square
miles) of arable ground. The building of the Trans-Siberian
Railroad has already added to the Empire's wheat product.
"The mineral resources of western Siberia are vast. Between

Tomsk and Kooznesk lie 60,000 square kilometers (23,167 square
miles) of coal lands which have never been touched. The coal
is said to be excellent. In eastern Siberia, with its 280,000
square kilometers (108,112 square miles) of fruitful soil,
there are 400 places yielding gold. Rich mineral
deposits—graphite, lapis lazuli; iron mines, particularly rich
in quality (as high as 60 per cent); hard and soft coals, i.
e., black and brown coals—await hands willing to work for
them. To-day, thousands of colonists are hurrying to these
promising lands. Russia's output in gold and silver is already
very large, and is constantly increasing.
"The industries of Siberia are in their infancy; still, they

are growing and are bound to grow, so rich are the rewards
promised. Chemical, sugar, and paper mills have been put up in
several places and are paying well. Even Manchuria, a province so
vast that it might make an empire, is looking to Russia for
its future development. The wealth of this province, like that
of Siberia and all eastern Russia, is ripe for harvesting. The
traffic in Siberia and eastern Russia is increasing faster
than even the advocates of the great Trans-Siberian road
anticipated. The Ob, one of the world's big rivers, emptying
through the Gulf of Ob into the Arctic Ocean, has 102 steamers
and 200 tugs running already. On the Yenisei, 10 steamers
carry the mails regularly. The mouths of both these rivers
were visited last summer by English and Russian ships. This
proves the practicability of connecting eastern and western
Siberia with Europe by water."
United States Consular Reports,

November, 1899, page 411.
An official publication of the year 1900 from St. Petersburg,

furnished to American journals by the Russian embassy at
Washington, is the source of the following statements relative
to the rapid development of the vast Siberian country along
the line of the great railway:
"When viewed with reference to colonization Siberia divides

itself naturally into two zones, extending east and west, and
differing essentially from one another. The first of these
embraces the region traversed by the new Siberian railway, the
more populous southern portion of Siberia, in which the
conditions of climate and soil are favorable to the
development of agriculture and colonization. The other zone
occupies the extensive, deserted northern region, the land of
tundras, or polar marshes, with a constantly frozen subsoil
and a severe climate, a dreary tract of land totally unfit for
agriculture. Between these two zones stretches a broad belt of
forests of tall trees, partly primeval pine and fir, partly
leafy trees. The wealth of these broad agricultural and timber
areas is, moreover, augmented by mineral deposits of every
conceivable nature, as abundant and diversified as those of
America, and into this whole region immigration is pouring in
volume unequalled except in the history of American
colonization. Ever since the serfs were emancipated in 1861
they have formed the bulk of the emigrants from the thickly
populated agricultural districts of European Russia, but the
great tide of settlers in the new territory is only now
assuming tremendous proportions. During the twenty years'
period of 1860 to 1880 about 110,000 persons emigrated to
Siberia, while for the thirteen years from 1880 to 1892 there
were over 440,000, and for the succeeding years since the
great railway has been building the number of immigrants of
both sexes has been as follows:
1893, 65,000;
1894, 76,000;
1895, 109,000;
1896, 203,000;
1897, 87,000;
1898, 206,000;
1899, 225,000.
Total, 971,000.
According to the census of 1897, the population of Siberia had

risen to 8,188,368 inhabitants, of which the Russian peasantry
formed over 25 per cent."
RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1899 (May).

Steps toward the abolition of transportation.
See (in this volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1899 (MAY).
{430}
RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1900.

Russian railway building and railway projects in
Persia and Afghanistan.
By several writers who seem to have knowledge of what is doing

in those parts of the eastern world, it was reported in the
spring of 1900 that an active projection, planning, and
building (to some extent) of railroads in Persia and
Afghanistan was on foot among the Russians. From Tiflis, it
was said, their plans contemplated a line of rail to Teheran;
thence to be extended by one branch, southward, via Ispahan,
to the Persian Gulf, and by another branch westward to Herat,
in Afghanistan. From their Central Asian acquisitions they had
advanced their railway to within 70 miles of Herat, and were
said to be confidently expecting to push it on, through
Kandahar and through Baluchistan, to the Arabian Sea. If these
extensive plans could be carried out, and if Russian influence
in Persia, said to be growing fast, should become actually
controlling, the Muscovite Power would have made an enormous
gain, by planting itself on the shores of the Indian Ocean.
How far Russia can continue to press forward in this line of
policy without collision with Great Britain and with
Germany—which seems to have aims in the same direction,
through Asiatic Turkey—is an interesting question for the
future.
The following is from a despatch to the "London Times" from

its correspondent at Vienna, February 24, 1901:
"According to trustworthy information from Teheran, Russia is

particularly active just now in Persia and the Persian Gulf. …
The road from Resht to Teheran, which has been built by a
Russian company, is of no value for European trade in the
absence of an agreement with Russia respecting the transit
traffic through that country. European commerce is dependent
upon the long and expensive caravan routes via Trebizond,
Bushire, Baghdad, Mochamera,&c. These occupy from four to six
months."
RUSSO-CHINESE BANK, Concessions to the.

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).
S.
SAGASTA, Señor Praxedes Mateo:

Resignation from Spanish Ministry.

SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.

Return to power.

SPAIN: A. D. 1897 (AUGUST-OCTOBER).

Resignation.

SPAIN: A. D. 1899.
SAGHALIEN.

SAKHALIN.
SAHARA, The: French possessions.

NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.
ST. KITTS: Industrial condition.

WEST INDIES, THE BRITISH: A. D. 1897.
ST. LOUIS: A. D. 1896.

Republican National Convention.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).
ST. VINCENT, The British colony of.

WEST INDIES, THE BRITISH: A. D. 1897.
SAKHALIN.
"Of late years … its increasing importance as a place of exile

for Russian political and criminal offenders has invested
Sakhalin with a certain interest, derived, perhaps, more from
penal associations than physical resources, which latter may,
when fully developed, materially affect trade and commerce in
the far East. The island of Sakhalin is 584 miles in length,
its breadth varying from 18 to 94 miles. The southern
extremity is separated from the island of Yezo, twenty miles
distant, by the Straits of La Perouse, and its western coast
by the shallow Gulf of Tartary (at one point barely five miles
across) from the mainland of Siberia. Although Dutch explorers
are said to have landed here in 1643, the first reliable
survey of the island was probably obtained in the year 1787 by
La Perouse. Russian fur traders followed in the early part of
the present century, but it was only in 1853 that,
disturbances having occurred with the natives, a score or so
of Cossacks were stationed at Dui on the west coast. In 1867
negotiations were entered into by the Russian and Japanese
Governments for joint occupation of Sakhalin, but the
subsequent discovery of coal, and consequent influx of Russian
convicts, rendered this arrangement highly unsatisfactory.
Further negotiations, therefore, ensued, with the result that,
in 1875, the island was formally ceded to Russia, Japan
receiving, in exchange, the entire Kurile Archipelago.
"Sakhalin is by no means easy of access. Even during the open

season (from May to September) but very few vessels visit the
island, and, with the exception of the monthly arrival of
convict-ships from Europe, and a couple of small Russian trading
steamers, there is no fixed service with Vladivostok, which, with
the exception of Nikolaefsk, is the only Siberian port whence
Sakhalin may, in three days, be reached. During the winter months
the island is completely ice-bound and unapproachable by water.
Communication with the mainland is then maintained by means of
dog-sledges, and the mails for Europe are dispatched across
the frozen Gulf of Tartary—a journey, under favourable
circumstances, of about three months. …
"Sakhalin is, for administrative purposes, divided into three

districts, viz.: Korsakovsky-Post in the south, Tymovsk in the
north, and Alexandrovsky-Post on the western coast. The
latter, which is situated in the centre of the coal district,
is a picturesque, straggling town of about 7,000 inhabitants,
consisting almost entirely of officials and convicts. This is
the most important penal settlement on the island, contains
the largest prison, and is, moreover, the residence of the
Governor of Sakhalin, a subordinate of the Governor-General of
Eastern Siberia. Alexandrovsky is garrisoned by about 1,500
men, and contains large foundries and workshops for convict
labour, but most of the prisoners are employed in the adjacent
coal mines of Dui. … Korsakovsky-Post, on the south coast, is
the next largest settlement, containing about 5,000 convicts
who are chiefly employed in agricultural pursuits. Although it
may seem a paradox, the remaining prisons in the interior of
the island, Derbynskaya, Rykovskaya, and Onor are not prisons
at all, but huge wooden barracks, innocent of bolts and bars.
Here, also, the work done is solely agricultural."
Harry de Windt,
The Island of Sakhalin
(Fortnightly Review, May, 1897).
SALISBURY, Lord Robert Cecil, Marquis of:

Third Ministry.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.
{431}

Correspondence with the Government of the United States
on the Venezuela boundary question.

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (JULY) and (NOVEMBER).

Fourth Ministry.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

Tribute to Queen Victoria.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).
SALISBURY PLAIN: Purchase by Government.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY).
SALVADOR.

CENTRAL AMERICA.
SALVATION ARMY, The:

Secession of the American Volunteers.
Late account of the Army's work.
Much feeling in the American branch of the Salvation Army, and

among those who valued its work, was caused in January, 1896,
by an order from the London headquarters of the Army recalling
Mr. Ballington Booth, who had been its American Commander for
nine years. Commander Booth and Mrs. Booth had been remarkably
successful in their organization and direction of the
Salvation Army work, and had won a high place in the esteem,
not only of their own followers, but of the American public at
large. A wide and strong movement of protest against their
removal from the field failed to change the London order,
which was said to be made in obedience to a necessary rule of
the Army against long service in any one post. Miss Eva Booth,
representing her father, General Booth, with Colonel Nicol, from
London, and Commandant Herbert Booth, from Canada, came to New
York as mediators, endeavoring to heal a threatened breach in
the ranks; but their mission failed. Commander Ballington
Booth resigned his office, and withdrew from the Salvation
Army service, declining to return to London. After a time, he
and Mrs. Booth became the heads of a new organization called
the "Volunteers of America," for religious work, not in
rivalry with that of the Salvation Army, but directed more
towards the awakening of the interest of the working people,
Mr. Ballington Booth was succeeded as Commander in America by
a son-in-law of General Booth, Commissioner Frederick St.
Clair Tucker. —For an account of the origin and growth of the
Salvation Army see, under that heading, in the Supplement
(volume 5) of the original edition of this work, or in volume
4 of the revised edition.
Of results accomplished in that part of the work of the

Salvation Army known as the "Darkest England Scheme," General
Booth wrote, early in 1900, an extended account in the "Sunday
Strand." He stated that the public had subscribed altogether
for his scheme about $1,300,000. "It is a debated point," he
wrote, "with the intelligent admirers of the scheme and the
careful observers of its progress whether the benefits
bestowed on the wretched classes for whom it was originated
have been greater within than without our borders. The
copyists of our plan have been legion, both at home and
abroad, in church and state. The representatives of the
different governments specially charged with the
responsibility for the outcast classes have been gradually
coming to appreciate the principles and methods involved in
the scheme, and to show willingness to cooperate in giving it
a chance. They have done this in two ways:
(1) In attempting similar tasks themselves;

(2) in using and subsidizing the army for doing the work for
them.
Many governments make grants to our various institutions in

varying amounts toward the cost of dealing with different
classes of the submerged."
The following is a summary of the agencies which have been set

at work by the general: "We have now 158 shelters and food
depots for homeless men and women, 121 slum posts, each with
its own slum sisters, 37 labor bureaus, (10 labor factories
for the unemployed, 11 land colonies, 91 rescue homes for
women, 11 labor homes for ex-criminals, several nursing
institutions, 2 maternity hospitals for deserted women, an
institution with branches in forty-five countries and colonies
for finding lost and missing persons, together with a host of
allied and minor agencies which I am not able here to
enumerate. The total number of institutions named above is now
545, under the care of more than 2,000 trained officers and
others wholly employed, all working in harmony with the
principles I have laid down for helping the poorest and most
unfortunate of their fellows, and all more or less experts at
their work.
"Nearly 20,000 destitute men and women are in some way or

other touched by the operations of the scheme every day. No
less than 15,000 wretched and otherwise homeless people are
housed under our roofs every night, having their needs met, at
least in part, with sympathy and prayer and the opportunity
for friendly counsel. More than 300 ex-criminals are to-day in
our houses of reformation, having before them another chance
for this life, and in many cases the first they have ever had
for preparing for the life to come. More than 5,000 women
taken from lives of darkness and shame are safely sheltered in
our homes each year, on the way—as we have abundantly proved
in the case of others, in respect of a large proportion of
them—to a future of virtue, goodness, and religion. Over 1,000
men are employed on the land colonies. Many of them are working
out their own deliverance, and at the same time helping to
solve one of the most difficult problems of modern times, and
proving that many of the helpless loafers of the great cities
can be made useful producers on the soil. Over the gates of
every one of these homes, elevators, labor factories, and
colonies there might be written: 'No man or woman need starve,
or beg, or pauperize, or steal, or commit suicide. If willing
to work, apply within. Here there is hope for all.'" General
Booth adds that he has always 2,000 women in the rescue homes
of the army.
SAMOAN ISLANDS, The:

Ending of the joint control of the Islands by Germany,
England and the United States.
Partition between Germany and the United States.
Retirement of England.
Said President Cleveland, in his annual Message to the

Congress of the United States, December 4, 1893: "Led by a
desire to compose differences and contribute to the
restoration of order in Samoa, which for some years previous
had been the scene of conflicting foreign pretensions and
native strife, the United States, departing from its policy
consecrated by a century of observance, entered [in 1889] …
into the, treaty of Berlin [see, in volume 4, SAMOA], thereby
becoming jointly bound with England and Germany to establish
and maintain Malietoa Laupepa as King of Samoa.
{432}
The treaty provided for a foreign court of justice; a
municipal council for the district of Apia, with a foreign
president thereof, authorized to advise the King; a tribunal
for the settlement of native and foreign land titles, and a
revenue system for the Kingdom. It entailed upon the three
powers that part of the cost of the new Government not met by
the revenue of the islands. Early in the life of this triple
protectorate the native dissensions it was designed to quell
revived. Rivals defied the authority of the new King, refusing
to pay taxes and demanding the election of a ruler by native
suffrage. Mataafa, an aspirant to the throne, and a large
number of his native adherents were in open rebellion on one
of the islands. Quite lately, at the request of the other
powers and in fulfillment of its treaty obligation, this
Government agreed to unite in a joint military movement of
such dimensions as would probably secure the surrender of the
insurgents without bloodshed. The war ship Philadelphia was
accordingly put under orders for Samoa, but before she arrived
the threatened conflict was precipitated by King Malietoa's
attack upon the insurgent camp. Mataafa was defeated and a
number of his men killed. The British and German naval vessels
present subsequently secured the surrender of Mataafa and his
adherents. The defeated chief and ten of his principal
supporters were deported to a German island of the Marshall
group, where they are held as prisoners under the joint
responsibility and cost of the three powers. This incident and
the events leading up to it signally illustrate the impolicy
of entangling alliances with foreign powers."
United States, Message and Documents

(Abridgment), 1893-1894.
In his next annual Message, December 3, 1894, the President

thus summarized the later situation in the islands: "The
suppression of the Mataafa insurrection by the powers and the
subsequent banishment of the leader and eleven other chiefs,
as recited in my last message, did not bring lasting peace to
the islands. Formidable uprisings continued, and finally a
rebellion broke out in the capital island, Upolu, headed in
Aana, the western district, by the younger Tamasese, and in
Atua, the eastern district, by other leaders. The insurgents
ravaged the country and fought the Government's troops up to
the very doors of Apia. The King again appealed to the powers
for help, and the combined British and German naval forces
reduced the Atuans to apparent subjection, not, however,
without considerable loss to the natives. A few days later
Tamasese and his adherents, fearing the ships and the marines,
professed submission. Reports received from our agents at Apia
do not justify the belief that the peace thus brought about
will be of long duration. It is their conviction that the
natives are at heart hostile to the present Government, that
such of them as profess loyalty to it do so from fear of the
powers, and that it would speedily go to pieces if the war
ships were withdrawn. … The present Government has utterly
failed to correct, if indeed it has not aggravated, the very
evils it was intended to prevent. It has not stimulated our
commerce with the islands. Our participation in its
establishment against the wishes of the natives was in plain
defiance of the conservative teachings and warnings of the
wise and patriotic men who laid the foundations of our free
institutions, and I invite an expression of the judgment of
Congress on the propriety of steps being taken by this
Government looking to the withdrawal from its engagements with
the other powers on some reasonable terms not prejudicial to
any of our existing rights."
United States, Message and Documents

(Abridgment, 1894-1895).
In the Message of 1895 the subject was again pressed on the

attention of Congress without result.
In August, 1898, Malietoa Laupepa died. By the Berlin Treaty

of 1889 "it was provided that in case any question should
arise in Samoa, respecting the rightful election of King, or
of any other Chief claiming authority over the islands, or
respecting the validity of the powers which the King or any
Chief might claim in the exercise of his office, such question
should not lead to war, but should be presented for decision
to the Chief Justice of Samoa, who should decide it in
writing, conformably to the provisions of the Act, and to the
laws and customs of Samoa not in conflict therewith, and that
the Signatory Governments would accept and abide by such
decision. After the death of Malietoa an exchange of views
took place between the Powers, and it was agreed that there
should be no interference with the right of the Samoans to
elect a King, and that the election should proceed strictly in
accordance with the provisions of the Final Act. Some time
elapsed before any action was taken, pending the completion of
certain ceremonial usages customary in Samoa on the death of a
High Chief. … As soon as the funeral ceremonies were at an end,
deliberation and discussion among the Chiefs ensued. There
were in the first instance several candidates for the
succession. Their number was eventually reduced to two:
1. Malietoa Tanu, the son of the late King.

2. The High Chief Mataafa.
This Chief had been in rebellion against Malietoa Laupepa, but

had suffered defeat, and with other Chiefs had been deported,
by agreement between the three Powers, to the Marshall
Islands. On the recommendation of the Consular officers at
Apia, the Powers, in July 1898, consented to his return. … On
the 19th September, Mataafa and the other exiled Chiefs landed
in Samoa. It does not appear that he took any overt steps to
claim the vacant throne, but a section of the natives
pronounced in his favour and announced on the 12th November to
the Consuls and to the Chief Justice that he had been duly
elected King. On the 13th November the opposing faction
declared that the real election of a King had not taken place,
and on the following day announced that their choice had
fallen upon Malietoa Tanu. Both parties appealed to Mr.
Chambers, the Chief Justice, who considered himself then in a
position to take cognisance of the matter, according to the
provisions of the Final Act, a question having arisen 'in
Samoa respecting the rightful election or appointment of
King.'"
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command: Samoa, Number 1, 1899).
The decision of the Chief Justice was in favor of Malietoa

Tanu, and the adherents of Mataafa took up arms, defeating
those of the favored candidate and driving many of them to
take refuge on British and German ships of war. Subsequent
events were related by the President of the United States in
his Message to Congress, December 5, 1899, as follows: "In
this emergency a joint commission of representatives of the
United States, Germany, and Great Britain was sent to Samoa to
investigate the situation and provide a temporary remedy.
{433}
By its active efforts a peaceful solution was reached for the
time being, the kingship being abolished and a provisional
government established. Recommendations unanimously made by
the commission for a permanent adjustment of the Samoan
question were taken under consideration by the three powers
parties to the General Act. But the more they were examined
the more evident it became that a radical change was necessary
in the relations of the powers to Samoa. The inconveniences
and possible perils of the tripartite scheme of supervision
and control in the Samoan group by powers having little
interest in common in that quarter beyond commercial rivalry
had been once more emphasized by the recent events. The
suggested remedy of the Joint Commission, like the scheme it
aimed to replace, amounted to what has been styled a
'tridominium,' being the exercise of the functions of
sovereignty by an unanimous agreement of three powers. The
situation had become far more intricate and embarrassing from
every point of view than it was when my predecessor, in 1894,
summed up its perplexities and condemned the participation in
it of the United States. The arrangement under which Samoa was
administered had proved impracticable and unacceptable to all
the powers concerned. To withdraw from the agreement and
abandon the islands to Germany and Great Britain would not be
compatible with our interests in the archipelago. To
relinquish our rights in the harbor of Pago Pago, the best
anchorage in the Pacific, the occupancy of which had been
leased to the United States in 1878 by the first foreign
treaty ever concluded by Samoa, was not to be thought of
either as regards the needs of our Navy or the interests of
our growing commerce with the East. We could not have
considered any proposition for the abrogation of the
tripartite control which did not confirm us in all our rights
and safeguard all our national interests in the islands. Our
views commended themselves to the other powers. A satisfactory
arrangement was concluded between the Governments of Germany
and of England, by virtue of which England retired from Samoa
in view of compensations in other directions, and both powers
renounced in favor of the United States all their rights and
claims over and in respect to that portion of the group lying
to the east of the one hundred and seventy-first degree of
west longitude, embracing the islands of Tutuila, Ofoo,
Olosenga, and Manua."
United States, Message and Documents (Abridgment),

1899-1900, volume 1.
The compensations to England "in other directions" were given

by Germany, in the following provisions of a treaty signed at
London, November 14, 1899:
"ARTICLE II.
Germany renounces in favour of Great Britain all her rights
over the Tonga Islands, including Vavau, and over Savage
Island, including the right of establishing a naval station
and coaling station, and the right of extra-territoriality in
the said islands. … She recognizes as falling to Great Britain
those of the Solomon Islands, at present belonging to Germany,
which are situated to the east and southeast of the Island of
Bougainville, which latter shall continue to belong to
Germany, together with the Island of Buka, which forms part of
it. The western portion of the neutral zone in West Africa, as
defined in Article V of the present Convention, shall also
fall to the share of Great Britain. …
"ARTICLE IV.
The arrangement at present existing between Germany and Great
Britain and concerning the right of Germany to freely engage
labourers in the Solomon Islands belonging to Great Britain
shall be equally extended to those of the Solomon Islands
mentioned in Article II, which fall to the share of Great
Britain.
"ARTICLE V.
In the neutral zone the frontier between the German and
English territories shall be formed by the River Daka as far
as the point of its intersection with the 9th degree of north
latitude, thence the frontier shall continue to the north,
leaving Morozugu to Great Britain, and shall be fixed on the
spot by a Mixed Commission of the two Powers, in such manner
that Gambaga and all the territories of Mamprusi shall fall to
Great Britain, and that Yendi and all the territories of Chakosi
shall fall to Germany.
"ARTICLE VI.
Germany is prepared to take into consideration, as much and as
far as possible, the wishes which the Government of Great
Britain may express with regard to the development of the
reciprocal Tariffs in the territories of Togo and of the Gold
Coast.
"ARTICLE VII.
Germany renounces her rights of extra-territoriality in
Zanzibar, but it is at the same time understood that this
renunciation shall not effectively come into force till such
time as the rights of extra-territoriality enjoyed there by
other nations shall be abolished."
To the treaty was appended the following "Declaration":
"It is clearly understood that by Article II of the Convention

signed to-day, Germany consents that the whole group of the
Howe Islands, which forms part of the Solomon Islands, shall
fall to Great Britain. It is also understood that the
stipulations of the Declaration between the two Governments
signed at Berlin on the 10th April, 1886, respecting freedom
of commerce in the Western Pacific, apply to the islands
mentioned in the aforesaid Convention. It is similarly
understood that the arrangement at present in force as to the
engagement of labourers by Germans in the Solomon Islands
permits Germans to engage those labourers on the same
conditions as those which are or which shall be imposed on
British subjects nonresident in those islands."
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publication,

(Papers by Command: Treaty Series, Number 7, 1900).
Article III of the general treaty between the United States,

Germany and Great Britain stipulated: "It is understood and
agreed that each of the three signatory Powers shall continue
to enjoy, in respect to their commerce and commercial vessels,
in all the islands of the Samoan group, privileges and
conditions equal to those enjoyed by the sovereign Power, in
all ports which may be open to the commerce of either of
them."
United States, 56th Congress, 1st Session,

Senate Document Number 157.
{434}
On the 17th of April, 1900, an "instrument of cession" was

signed by the marks of twenty-two chiefs, conveying to the
United States the islands of the Samoan group lying east of
the 171st degree of west longitude, and the American flag was
raised over the naval station at Pago-Pago. From Pago-Pago,
March 27, 1901, a Press despatch announced: "The natives under
the United States Government number 5,800, according to a
census just taken, while the natives in the other islands
under German rule number 32,000. The population has increased
very slightly in the last thirty years, and the main cause of
this failure to increase is the infant mortality, due to the
violation of the simplest health principles in the care and
diet of children. … Reports from the six islands under United
States control show that the natives are improving in general
conditions, and that they show a desire to keep their houses
neat and to educate their children. Not a single native has
been arrested for drunkenness since the Americans assumed
control of Tutuila island."
SAMPSON, Rear-Admiral William T.:

Commanding North Atlantic Station.
Blockade of Cuban ports.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY: CUBA).

Operations at Santiago de Cuba.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-JUNE).

Destruction of Spanish squadron.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY 3).
SAN DOMINGO.

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Chapter 2 Genetics and Prenatal Development

Section 1 Genetic Influences on Development

1. Nearly all human cells have chromosomes.

2. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

4. Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules of _.

6. Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called .

7. Approximately how many genes constitute the human genome?

8. How many nucleotide pairs constitute the human genome?

9. The totality of an individual’s hereditary information is referred to as his or her .

10. An individual’s unique genetic makeup is his or her _.

11. A person’s is/are his or her genetic inheritance, whereas a person’s

17. Which statement accurately describes the concept of dominant–recessive inheritance?

18. Each form of a gene that is contained in a chromosome is referred to as a(n) .

19. What type of gene, if it is present, will be expressed in the phenotype?

25. Which of the following is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance?

27. Sickle-cell anemia is a defense against what disease?

31. A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a(n) , whereas a person with an

39. are more affected by X-linked inherited disorders while are

42. Nature is to as nurture is to .

44. Which statement best describes the nature–nurture debate?

46. Which question would a behavior geneticist work to answer?

48. Another term for identical twins is twins.

49. Monozygotic (MZ) twins have genes in common.

51. Fraternal twins are also known as twins.

59. Concordance rate is defined as _.

66. According to _, development results from the bidirectional interactions between

79. is known as the normal process of cell reproduction in which chromosomes

82. The ovum contains an excessive amount of cytoplasm _.

84. Males begin producing sperm , whereas females produce ova .

Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

"It may be a wild idea, but Russian engineers are actually

"The mineral resources of western Siberia are vast. Between

"The industries of Siberia are in their infancy; still, they

United States Consular Reports,

An official publication of the year 1900 from St. Petersburg,

"When viewed with reference to colonization Siberia divides

According to the census of 1897, the population of Siberia had

RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1899 (May).

See (in this volume)

RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1900.

By several writers who seem to have knowledge of what is doing

The following is from a despatch to the "London Times" from

"According to trustworthy information from Teheran, Russia is

RUSSO-CHINESE BANK, Concessions to the.

See (in this volume)

SAGASTA, Señor Praxedes Mateo:

See (in this volume)

SAGASTA, Señor Praxedes Mateo:

See (in this volume)

SAGASTA, Señor Praxedes Mateo:

See (in this volume)

See (in this volume)

SAHARA, The: French possessions.