DOS

(Disk Operating System)

POST (Power on Self Test) – When the computer is switch on a beep
sound is heard. It indicates that computer has received proper voltage
at proper place and the entire machine is in working condition. This is
known as POST. The beep sound is send by the CPU. It also checks the
condition of all memory units. This is known as RAM test.
BOOTING:–
COLD BOOTING: Cold Booting or simply booting performed when the machine
is started by turning on the power for the first time.
WARM BOOTING: This type of booting is performed while the computer is in
working condition, without turning off the power. This is generally
performed when the machine stop responding to the user. Warm Booting can
be executed by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del keys or by pressing reset key. The
computer starts working from the beginning i.e. from the POST, but
excluding RAM test.
The 3 main bootable files are – IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM
Timeline of Developing DOS:-
The First Version of PC-DOS 1.1 released in August, 1981.
PC-DOS 1.1 released in May, 1982.
PC-DOS 2.0 released in March, 1983.
PC-DOS 3.0 released in September, 1984.
PC-DOS 3.2 released in April, 1986.
PC-DOS 3.3 released in April, 1987.
PC-DOS 4.0 released in July, 1988.
PC-DOS 5.0 released in April, 1991.
Internal DOS Commands:
Internal commands are those command are available in the
COMMAND.COM file of DOS. These are loaded into the memory automatically
at the time of loading the operating system. We can always use these
commands after booting the machine. These commands are available in the
memory of the computer; these are known as Resident Command.
1. CLS - This command is used to clear all the contents whatever is
displayed onto the monitor.
Command Syntax: CLS <ENTER>
2. DATE – This command is used to display and change the System Date.
Command Syntax: DATE<ENTER>
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3. Time – This command is used to display and change the System Time.
Command Syntax: TIME<ENTER>
4. VER – This command is used to show the Version Number of operating
system.
Command Syntax: VER<ENTER>
5. VOL – This command display the computerized name and serial number of
the disk.
Command Syntax: VOL <DRIVE NAME> <ENTER>
6. DIR – This command is used to display a list of files and
Subdirectories in a Directory.
Command Syntax: DIR [DIR NAME] [PATH] [SPECIFIES] <ENTER>
Specifies drive, directory, and/or files or list.
/P Pause after each screen full of information.
/W Show in wide list format.
/O List by files in sorted order.
Sort order:
/N By Name (Alphabetic)
/S By Size (Smallest Fast)
/E By Extension (Alphabetic)
/D By Date & Time (Earliest First)
/G Group Directories First – Prefix to Reverse Order
/S Displays Files in specified directory and all Subdirectory
/B Uses bare format (No heading information or sum mary)
/L Uses Lowercase.
/AH Use for display only Hidden file list.
/AS Use for display only System file list.
/AR Use for display only Read only file list.
/A-D Use for display only file list.
/AD Use for display only Directory list.
7. COPY CON – To create file using this command.
Command Syntax: COPY CON [FILE NAME WITH EXTENTION]<ENTER>
8. TYPE – TO SEE THE CONTENTS OF ANY FILE (ONE FILE AT A TIME}
Command Syntax: TYPE [SOURCE PATH] <ENTER>
9. MD – Using this command we can create Directories.
Command Syntax: MD [DIRECTORI NAME]
10. RD/RMDIR – RD or RMDIR remove the empty directory.
Command Syntax: RD/RMDIR [SOURCE PATH]<ENTER>
11. CD/CHDIR – To change current path.
Command Syntax: CD/CHDIR [SOURCE PATH]
{CD.. IS USED TO COMES INTO PREVVIOUS DIRECTORY}
{CD\ IS USED TO COMES INTO ROOT DIRECTORY}
12. COPY - Copies one or more file from one location to another location
by using new name

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COPY ONLY ONE FILE THEN USE FOLLOWING COMMAND :
Command Syntax: COPY [SOURCE PATH] [TARGET PATH] <ENTER>
e.g. – COPY C:\RAM.TXT E:\MADHU.TXT
IF COPY MORE THEN ONE FILE THEN USE FOLLOWING COMMAND:
Command Syntax: COPY [1ST SOURCE]+[2ND SOURCE]+… [TARGET PATH] <ENTER>
e.g. – COPY C:\RAM.TXT+D:\SHYAM.TXT E:\JADU.TXT
13. DEL/ERASE – To erase one or more file from Hard disk.
Command Syntax: DEL/ERASE [FILE PATH]<ENTER>
14. ECHO – Display massages or turns command-echoing on or off.
Command Syntax: ECHO [ON|OFF] <ENTER>
ECHO [MASSAGE] <ENTER>
15. REN – To change the name of file or directories.
Command Syntax: REN [SOURCE PATH WITH OLD FILE NAME] [NEW NAME] <ENTER>
16. PROMPT – To change the DOS prompt.
Command Syntax: PROMPT [PARAMETER]
PARAMETER DESCRIPTION
$A & (Ampersand)
$B | (pipe)
$C ( (Left parenthesis)
$D Current date
$E Escape code (ASCII code 27)
$F ) (Right parenthesis)
$G > (greater-than sign)
$H Backspace (erases previous c
$L < (less-than sign)
$N Current drive
$P Current drive and path
$Q = (equal sign)
$S (space)
$T Current time
$V Windows XP version number
$_ Carriage return and linefeed
$$ $ (dollar sign)
17. PAUSE – This command is use to pause command.
Command Syntax: PAUSE<ENTER>
18. EXIT – Quit from DOS.
Command Syntax: EXIT <ENTER>
External DOS Command:
External commands are auxiliary programs file which may or may not
be present in the disk. We can use these commands only if the
corresponding programs files are available. Generally these commands are
found in Secondary Storage unit of the computer. This command are known
as Transient Command.

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19. DOSKEY - Edits, recalls Windows XP commands, and creates macros.
Command Syntax: DOSKEY<ENTER>
{USING F7 DISPLAY LIST OF COMMAND WHICH ARE PREVIOUSLY USED}
{USING ALT+F7 TO CLEAR COMMND HISTORY}
20. LABEL – To create, change or delete the volume label of disk.
Command Syntax: LABEL [DRIVE LATTER]<ENTER>
21. FORMAT – This command is used to erase all the contents.
Command Syntax: FORMAT [DRIVE LETTER]<ENTER>
e.g. – FROMAT D:
22. XCOPY – Using this command copy file with sub directories.
Command Syntax: XCOPY [SOURCE PATH] [DESTINATION PATH] <ENTER>
23. CHKDSK – Using this command check disk and show status.
Command Syntax: CHKDSK [DRIVE LETTER] <ENTER>
24. MORE – Display output one page at a time.
Command Syntax: MORE [SOURCE PATH] <ENTER>
25. MOVE – To move one or more file to another location.
Command Syntax: MOVE [SOURCE PATH] [DESTINATION PATH] <ENTER>
26. COLOR – To change console foreground and background color.
Command Syntax: COLOR [1ST DIGIT 2ND DEGIT] <ENTER> {WITHOUT SPACE}
Color attributes:
0 = Black 8 = Gray
1 = Blue 9 = Light Blue
2 = Green A = Light Green
3 = Aqua B = Light Aqua
4 = Red C = Light Red
5 = Purple D = Light Purple
6 = Yellow E = Light Yellow
7 = White F = Bright White
27. FIND - Searches for a text string in a file or files.
Command Syntax: FIND/[ATTRIBUTES] "string" [FILE PATH] <ENTER>
ATTRIBUTES:
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"String" Specifies the text string to find.
28. ATTRIB – Display or change file attributes.
Command Syntax: ATTRIB+/-[ATTRIBUTE] [SOURCE PATH]<ENTER>
ATTRIBUTES:
+ Sets an attribute.
- Clears an attribute.
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 R Read-only file attribute.
A Archive file attribute.
S System file attribute.
H Hidden file attribute.
/S Processes matching files in the current folder and all
subfolders.
/D Processes folders as well.
39. SORT – Using this command we can sorting line number.
Command Syntax: SORT [SOURCE FILE NAME] <ENTER>
30. TREE – Using this command we can see the structure of directory.
Command Syntax: TREE/F [DIRECTORY PATH]<ENTER>
{WITHOUT /F DONOT SHOW THE FILE IN THE STRUCTURE}
Wild Card Character:
DIR*.*/DIR??*.* - This command is using to find file or directories.
Command Syntax: DIR [FINDING LETTER]*.* <ENTER>
e.g. - DIR A?*.* {To find those file whose file name starting with A}
DIR ??.txt { To find those file whose extension is .txt}

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 31. EDIT – DOS text editor.
Command Syntax: EDIT [PATH] <ENTER>

:Edit Window:

FILE
NEW ATL+F+N CREATE A NEW FILE.
OPEN ATL+F+O OPEN A FILE.
SAVE ATL+F+S SAVE A FILE.
SAVE AS… ATL+F+A SAVE FILE IN ANOTHER LOCATION & NAME.
CLOSE ATL+F+C CLOSE FILE.
PRINT ATL+F+P PRINT A FILE.
EXIT ATL+F+X EXIT FROM EDIT WINDOW.
EDIT
CUT ATL+E+T CUT A TEXT. CTRL+X
COPY ATL+E+C COPY A TEXT. CTRL+C
PASTE ATL+E+P PASTE A TEXT. CTRL+V
CLEAR ATL+E+E DELETE A TEXT. CTRL+DEL
SEARCH
FIND ALT+S+F FIND SPECIFIC WORD.
REPEAT A
LAST FIND ALT+S+L REPEAT A LAST FIND WORD.
REPLACE ALT+S+R REPLACE SPECIFIC WORD.
VIEW
SPLIT WINDOW ALT+V+S SPLITTING THE WINDOW.
SIZE WINDOW ALT+V+Z SIZE A WINDOW.
CLOSE WINDOW ALT+V+C CLOSE A WINDOW.
F6 TO CHANGE WINDOW.
OPTION
SETTINGS… ALT+O+S TO CHANGE THE SETTING.
COLORS… ALT+O+C TO CHANGE INTO THE VARIOUS COLORS.